Perseus' leadership style shown through directive acts in Clash of the Titans movie.

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Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree

of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Novella Dara Adista

Reg. Number A03213042

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

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Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree

of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Novella Dara Adista

Reg. Number A03213042

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

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ABSTRACT

Adista, N. D. 2017.

Perseus’ Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts in

Clash of the Titans Movie. English Department, Faculty of Arts And

Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The advisor: Murni Fidiyanti, M. A.

Key words: leadership style, speech acts, directive acts.

This thesis examines leadership style through directive acts which focus

on Perseus as the main character in Clash of the Titans movie. The types of

directive acts is analyzed by using Searle’s theory. Then, Holmes theory applied

for analyzing the form of directive acts. After knowing the types and form of the

directive acts, the writer examines the leadership style through the directive acts

by using the theory from Lewin and Lippitt. As the research design, the writer

chooses qualitative content analysis and descriptive research design to be used in

this research. The instrument of the research is definitely the writer herself. The

human instrument is

applied since the collection and identification of Perseus’

utterances based on the types, forms of directive acts and style of leadership are

managed by the writer.

From the data analysis, the writer has found

127 Perseus’ utterances and

94 data are included into types and forms of directive acts from beginning until

the end of Clash of the Titans movie. With the detail, 37 data are categorized as

command in imperative, declarative and interrogative forms, then 9 data are

categorized as request in imperative and declarative forms, while 13 data are

categorized as prohibition in imperative and declarative forms, the last is 35 data

are categorized as asking in interrogative form. The writer also finds that from 94

Perseus’ directive utterances, 74 data are classified as leadership style. With the

detail 45 data are show the autocratic leadership style and 29 data are show the

democratic leadership style. In conclusion, Perseus tends to uses the autocratic

style in direct his group. Although the autocratic leadership style usually viewed

as a controlling way of direct, but it is best applied to the war situation.

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INTISARI

Adista, N. D. 2017.

Perseus’ Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts in

Clash of the Titans Movie. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora.

Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Murni Fidiyanti, M. A.

Kata kunci: gaya kepemimpinan, tindak tutur, tindakan direktif.

Skripsi ini meneliti gaya kepemimpinan melalui tindakan direktif yang

berfokus pada Perseus sebagai karakter utama dalam film Clash of the Titans.

Jenis tindakan direktif dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori Searle. Kemudian,

teori Holmes diaplikasikan dengan menganalisis bentuk tindakan direktif. Setelah

mengetahui jenis dan bentuk tindakan direktif, penulis meneliti gaya

kepemimpinan melalui tindakan direktif dengan menggunakan teori dari Lewin

dan Lippitt. Sebagai bentuk penelitian, penulis memilih analisis isi kualitatif dan

desain penelitian deskriptif untuk digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Instrumen

penelitian dengan pasti penulisnya sendiri. Instrumen manusia diterapkan karena

pengumpulan dan identifikasi ucapan Perseus berdasarkan jenis dan bentuk

tindakan direktif dan gaya kepemimpinan dikelola oleh penulis.

Dari analisis data, penulis telah menemukan 127 ucapan-ucapan Perseus

dan 94 data yang dikategorikan ke dalam jenis dan bentuk tindakan direktif dari

awal sampai akhir film Clash of the Titans. Dengan perincian, 37 data yang

dikategorikan sebagai perintah dalam imperatif, deklaratif dan interogatif, lalu 9

data dikategorikan sebagai permintaan dalam bentuk imperatif dan deklaratif,

sedangkan 13 data dikategorikan sebagai larangan dalam bentuk imperatif dan

deklaratif, yang terakhir adalah 35 data dikategorikan sebagai pertanyaan dalam

bentuk interogatif. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa dari 94 ucapan direktif

Perseus, 74 data diklasifikasikan sebagai gaya kepemimpinan. Dengan rincian, 45

data menunjukan gaya kepemimpinan otokratik dan 29 data menunjukan gaya

demokratis. Kesimpulannya, Perseus cenderung menggunakan gaya otokratis

dalam mengarahkan kelompoknya. Meski gaya kepemimpinan otokratis biasanya

dipandang sebagai cara pengendali langsung, tapi gaya ini paling tepat diterapkan

pada situasi perang.

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Inside Cover Page...i

Inside Title Page...ii

Declaration Page...iii

Motto...iv

Dedication Page...v

Thesis Advisor’s A

pproval Page...vi

Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page

...vii

Acknowledgement...viii

Table of Contents...x

List of Appendices...xiii

Abstract...xiv

Intisari...xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study...1

1.2 Research Problems...4

1.3 Research Objectives...4

1.4 Significance of the Study...5

1.5 Scope and Limitation

s………

...5

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Speech Act...7

2.1.1 Locutionary Act...7

2.1.2 Illocutionary Act...8

2.1.3 Perlocutionary Act...9

2.2 Classification of Illocutionary Act

‘

...10

2.2.1 Assertives...10

2.2.2 Directives...10

2.2.3 Commissives...11

2.2.4 Expressives...11

2.2.5 Declarations...11

2.3 Directive Acts...12

2.4 Form of Directive Acts...13

2.5 Leadership Style...15

2.6 Previous Study...17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design...19

3.2 Data and Data Sources...20

3.3 Research Instruments...20

3.4 Techniques of Data Collection...21

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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Findings...27

4.1.1 Types and Forms of Directive Acts...27

4.1.1.1 Command...29

4.1.1.2 Request...36

4.1.1.3 Prohibition...41

4.1.1.4 Asking...45

4.1.2 P

erseus’ Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts

...49

4.1.2.1 The Autocratic Style...51

4.1.2.2 The Democratic Style...57

4.1.2.3 Laissez Faire Style...60

4.2 Discuss

ion………

...61

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclu

sion………

...65

5.2 Suggestio

n…….………

...67

REFERENCES

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about some important points of Perseus’

Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts In Clash of The Titans

Movie. Those are background of study, research problem, research objectives,

significance of the research, scope and limitation and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Leadership style is a big tool as the weapon and one of factor that

have been considered as fundamental for organizational success (Chaudhry &

Javed, 2012:258). A capable leader provides direction for the organization and

lead followers towards achieving desired goals. The concept of leadership

encompasses a wide range of different interpretations regarding the

characteristics of the leader, his behavior, and his impact on followers and their

activities. Leaders are categorized by different criteria and one of them is the

style of leadership (Bosiok & Sad, 2013:64).

The earliest studies of leadership styles (defined as the manner by

which individuals in a position of authority influenced group activity) were

conducted by Lewin and colleagues in the late 1930s (Lewin et al, 1939). In

these research there was little concern about personal characteristics and

attributes; the focus was on how leaders influenced followers and directed

group activities. Consistent with the tenets of scientific management, these

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researchers sought the most effective style of leadership and concluded that the

democratic style leads to higher member satisfaction and involvement.

Besides, leadership style has become one of the significant impacts on

various social-macro areas such as at state corporations (Koech and

Namusonge, 2012), hotel (Arzi, 2014), public sector organizations (Voon et al.

2012), police office (Huberts et al, 2007), council development area (Obiwuru

et al, 2011), university (Ng’ethe, 2012), firm performance (Puni, 2014),

organizational politics performance (Gadot, 2006), schools (Dereli, 2003; Jay,

2014; Bhatti et al, 2012), and bank (Ojokuku et al, 2012).

Moreover, others current studies of leadership style not only

developed on social-macro areas but also on social-micro areas such as in

parenting and teaching scope (Dreikurs, Cassel, & Ferguson, 2004; Dreikurs,

Grunwald, & Pepper, 1999; Grunwald & McAbee, 1999). These studies

emphasizing how parents’ and teachers’ leadership styles affect the personality

development and interpersonal patterns of children and youths. Dreikurs (1995)

considered leadership styles to be crucial for understanding parenting because

of the effects these leadership styles had on the social climate and group

dynamics of the whole family and on the personality development of all the

children.

In fact, some of those studies are conducted in commonplace. Thus,

the writer chooses the different place to enrich the previous researches on

leadership style by conduct this research in war situations. The writer chooses

new subject, the main character of a movie. He is Perseus. Perseus is a

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protagonist and also as a major character in Clash of the Titans Movie. Perseus

is one the most famous of all Greek heroes and he's still popular today. He is

illustrated as a demigod man who brave, daring, and handsome, defeating all

the villains in his way. The transcript of a British-American historical fantasy

adventure movie entitled Clash of the Titans by Louis Letterier is the data

sources which is investigated in this study. Some researches of this movie were

conducted in the term of written text: essay (Romy, 2015) and journal (Winn,

2011). Both of the researchers were just reviewing what about Clash of the

Titans movie is. Therefore, this research is significantly needed because the

writer finds that the other writers are not interested to do research on leadership

style in a movie.

The writer espouses the data of leadership style shown by Perseus in

Clash of the Titans movie by examining the types of leadership style through

directive acts which uttered by Perseus. Since, other researches above

repeatedly talk about the impact or and effect of leadership style shown

through the behaviour or characteristics of a leader. Thus, this research is a

new package which relates leadership style and directive acts. Because when

people apply style of leadership is not only through his/her behaviour but also

through language use. Some studies of directive acts related to Linguistics in

language use, are produced in: journal (Oktoberia, 2012), language (Racova &

Horecky, 2016), movie (Kusumawati, 2014). Several studies are also

specifically done in politeness strategy topics (Trisnawati, 2011), (Navratilova,

2005).

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All in all, to make an unbiased research, the writer analyzes the types

and forms of directive acts by using Searle

’s and Holme

s

’

theory and the writer

wants to explore more of leadership style by using Lewin and Lippitt

’s theory.

Hence, this study is an important analysis, since there are several types of

leadership style through directive acts which uttered by Perseus.

1.2 Research Problem

The writer formulates the problems by making the research question

below:

1. What are types and forms of directive acts performed by Perseus in

Clash

of the Titans movie?

2. How is the leadership style

shown through Perseus’ directive acts in

Clash

of the Titans movie?

1.3 Research Objectives

The goals of this research are:

1. To identify the types and forms of directive acts performed by Perseus in

Clash of the Titans movie.

2. To describe

the leadership style that shown through Perseus’ directive acts

in Clash of the Titans movie.

1.4 Significance of the Research

In conducting this research, the writer hopes that this research gives

benefits for the readers who have an anxiety of leadership style, and give more

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knowledge about the style of leadership that show through directive acts in

Clash of the Titans movie. In addition, this study can be easily valuable for

anyone who watches this movie. They can easily understand Perseus’

leadership style. This research is also hoped to be useful as reference for

everyone who want to conduct further research about leadership style.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research is conducted in two major analysis, directive acts and

leadership style, but the writer creates just one focus because they are related

each other. The d

irective acts are analyzed by taking Perseus’ directive

utterances. The types of directive acts are analyzed by us

ing Searle’s theory,

while the forms of directive acts are analyzed by Holmes theory. The

le

adership style are analyzed by seeing first the types and forms of Perseus’

directive utterances, from those the writer can determine what the style of

leadership perseus is. The leadership styles are analyzed by using Lewin and

Lippitt’s theory when the w

riter classifies the styles.

1.6 Definition of the Key Term

-

Directives are statements that attempt to make the other person’s actions

fit

the proposition contented. They are try to get the listener to do something

(requesting, prohibiting, asking and commanding) (Liu, 2011:1803).

- Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,

implementing plans, and motivating people (Ojokuku et al, 2012: 202)

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- Perseus is a protagonist and also as a major character in Clash of the Titans

Movie. (

clash-of-the-titans.wikia.com/wiki/Perseus)

- Clash of the Titans movie is a 2010 British-American historical fantasy

adventure film directed by Louis Leterrier and released on April 2, 2010.

(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This framework consists of some needed theories. The writer analyzes

Perseus‟

directive acts and leadership style. Since this research integrates two

theories in order to make unusually analysis. Those theories are Speech Act,

Classification of Illocutionary Act, Directive acts, Form of Directive Acts, and

Leadership Style.

2.1 Speech Act

In the past three decades,

speech act theory

has become an important

branch of the contemporary theory of language mainly to the influence of J.R

Searle (1969) and H.P Grice (1957) whose ideas on meaning and communication

have stimulated research in philosophy and in human and cognitive sciences.

Speech acts is the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using

language in the context, the meaning of which is inferred by hearer (Fromkin,

2003:78). There are some terms to represent the action of speech acts such as

stating, requesting, informing, or promising.

2.1.1 Locutionary Act

Locutionary act is the aspect of language which has been the traditional

concern of linguistics (Stubbs 1983:152). The locutionary act is the act of saying

something: producing a series of sounds which means something. On other word,

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locutionary act is the act simply uttering a sentence from a language; it is a

description of what the speaker says. It is the act of using a referring expressions

and a predicating expression. It is the acts of saying something in which each

word in the sentences is uttered exactly the same as its meaning in the ordinary.

Austin (1962:407) states that the content of locutionary act (what is said) is not

always determined by what is meant by the sentences being uttered. In order to

make the understanding about locutionary act, observe the following example.

For example, that a bartender utters the words,

“

The bar will be closed in

ten minutes

”

, reported by means of direct quotation. He is thereby performing the

locutionary act of saying that the bar (i.e., the one he is tending) will be closed in

ten minutes (from the utterance), and what is said is reported by indirect quotation

(notice that what the bartender is saying, the content of his locutionary act, is not

fully determined by the words he is using, for they do not specify the bar in

question or the time of the utterance). When the bartender does not utter it to a

definite hearer, the utterance has no sense. However, the utterance is absolutely

right because everyone can get the meaning easily.

2.1.2 Illocutionary Act

Illocutionary act is performed in saying something, and includes acts such

as betting, promising, denying, stating, promising, apologizing, threatening,

predicting, ordering and requesting, and ordering (Liu, 2011). Some of the verbs

used to label illocutionary acts can themselves be used performatively. Coulthard

(1977:18) states that basically an illocutionary act is a linguistic act performed in

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The most significant level of action in a speech acts the illocutionary act

because the force, which has been desired by the speakers, determines this act.

Illocutionary act can be the real description of interaction condition. For example

the bartender says, “The bar will be closed in five minutes”. In saying this, the

bartender is performing the illocutionary act of inf

orming the patrons of the bar‟s

imminent closing and perhaps also the act of urging them to order a last drink.

Whereas the result of the illocutionary acts is the understanding on the part of the

audience.

2.1.2 Perlocutionary Act

The bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the

sentence, such effects being special to the circumstance of utterance (Sadock,

1974:69).

Therefore, perlocutionary act is hearer‟s behavioral

response to the

meaning of utterance. It can be a physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a

mental or emotional response of some kind. As Austin (1962:109) states that

perlocutionary act would include such effects as persuading, embarrassing,

intimidating, boring, irritating, or inspiring the hearer.

For instance a bartender utters the words, „The bar will be closed in five

minutes‟. Perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a

further effect. The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of

causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to

want and to order one last drink. He is performing all these speech acts, at all

three levels, just by uttering certain words.

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2.2 Classification of Illocutionary Act

From Searle (1976:105) view, there are only five illocutionary points that

speakers can achieve on propositions in an utterance, namely: the

assertive,

directive, commissive, expressive and declaration illocutionary points.

2.2.1 Assertives are statements that may be judged true or false because they

aim to describe a state of affairs in the world (stating, reporting, concluding,

telling, asserting, and hypothesizing).

Example:

“Jones is a disreputable businessman.”

The sentence is a form of a statement. The speaker can state the sentence based on

the fact or just gives his or her own opinion about a person. It can be his or her

subjective opinion.

2.2.2 Directives are statements that attempt to make the other person‟s ac

tions

fit the proposition contented. They are tries to get the listener to do something

(requesting, ordering, and command, asking) (Liu, 2011:1803).

Example:

“

Close the door

”

.

The speaker in this case “sister” gives command to the hearer

which is

symbolized by “h

er brother

” to close the door.

2.2.3 Commissives are defined by Searle (1976:107) as the speech acts that

commit the speaker to some future course of act. They show the intention of

speaker to do something. It indicates the speaker will do something in the future.

Example:

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

“I promise I‟ll be there tomorrow.”

This could be a threat or a promise, depending on whether his presence

tomorrow is a disadvantage or an advantage to the listener. Contrast the

sentence above with:



“If you don‟t behave, I promise you there‟s going to be trouble.”

This sentence says it‟s a “promise,” but it‟s a “threat.”

2.2.4 Expressives are statements that express the „„sincerity condition of the

speech act‟‟. The

y express the attitude of speaker to a certain state of affairs

detailed in the proposition contented (thanking, apologizing, congratulating).

Example:



“I really sorry.”



“I am very grateful.”



“Congratulation for your wedding celebration.”

2.2.5 Declarations are statements that bring about correspondence between the

proposition contented and the world (declaring, naming) (Liu, 2011: 1803).

Example: “Now, I pronounce both of you as husband and wife.”

The sentence declared by a priest on a wedding‟s bestowal of blessing.

2.3 Directive Acts

Directives are statements that try to make the other person‟s actio

ns fit the

proposition contented. They are tries to get the hearer to do something such as

requesting, ordering, and command (Liu, 2011: 1803). According to Rohmah

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(2011)

in the directive‟s types,

the speaker wants to reach a future situation in

which the world will match with his words. Based on its function, directive acts is

differentiated into some types as follows:

a.

Command

Command is sentences which generally have no obvious grammatical

focus, and whose verb is in the imperative mood (Quirk, 1972: 386). The function

of command is used to instruct somebody to do something. It tends to be

demanding, means that the command must be fulfilled.

Example: Chiro! Stop running!

The speaker command Chiro (his dog) to stop running.

b.

Request

Request is not like command, it is generally less demanding. Searle (1976:

59) states that sometimes a speaker may utter the sentence

I want you to do it by

way of requesting the hearer to do something. The utterances are parenthetically

intended as a statement, but actually it is also meant primarily as a request made

by way of making statement.

c. Prohibition

Prohibition here means to prevent the hearer from doing something.

Prohibitive performatives include: enjoin, forbid, prohibit, proscribe, restrict

Example:

You don‟t have to come with me.

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The speaker prohibited hearer to follow him climbing the Ferris wheel to get a

good vantage point to find the flag of another team.

d.

Question/Asking

According to Quirk (1972: 386), question is primarily used to express

lack of info on a detailed point, and commonly to request the hearer to supply this

information verbally. Question can be divided into three classes based on the type

of answer they expert.

1. Yes or no question such as “Have you been to Paris?”

2. Wh-

questions such as “What is your name?”

3. The alternative questions such as “Would you like steak or chicken?”

2.4 Form of directive acts

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divides the directive acts into

three major classifications based on their form:

a. Imperatives

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) states that the imperative

sentence tends to occur as realizations of directive in address to subordinate.

Usually uses by speaker who has higher authority than the hearer. There are six

structural variants of imperative sentence:

a)

Base form the Verb

e.g.: „Speak Up‟, „don‟t shout out‟, „has a look at the picture‟

b)

You+Imperative

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c)

Present Participle form of Verb

e.g.: „Just listening‟, „looking at me‟, „looking this way‟

d)

Verb+Ellipsis

e.g.: „Hands up‟, „now this one‟, „everybody on the mat‟

e)

Imperative+Modifier

e.g.: „Children looking this flower please‟, „put your finger

on your ear

everyone‟

f)

Let+First person pronoun

e.g: „Let‟s finish there‟, „let‟s see who can sit down rapidly‟

b. Interrogatives

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided interrogatives into

two forms. First is a modal and second is non-modal interrogative directive.

a)

Modals

e.g: „Would you open the door?‟, „Can you read that announcement

for me?‟

b)

Non-modal interrogative directive

e.g:

„Have you tried it?‟, „Who can I see sitting quietly?‟

c. Declaratives

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided declarative into two

contrasting categories according to their relative explicitness and the amount of

inference required interpreting the directive intent, they are:

a)

Embedded Agent

e.g: „I‟d like everyone sitting on the mat‟, „I want you to draw a picture‟

b)

Hints

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Hints require addresses to infer what is required from their knowledge of

the rules for appropriate behavior

in the context, for example: „That‟s all‟

.

2.5 Leadership Style

Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,

implementing plans, and motivating people (Ojokuku et al, 2012: 202). In 1939, a

group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin set out to identify different

styles of leadership. While further research has identified more specific types of

leadership, this early study was very influential and established three major

leadership styles. Lewin (1979: 379) divides as The Autocratic style, The

Democratic and The Laissez-Fair leader style.

a.

The Autocratic Style

Authoritarian

leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear

expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should

be done (Cherry, 2012:39). There is also a clear division between the leader and

the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no

input from the rest of the group. The writer thoughts that decision-making was

less creative under authoritarian leadership. Because this style usually viewed as

controlling, bossy, and dictatorial.

Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little

time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable

member of the group, useful when there is no essential for input on the decision

and when decisions need to be made quickly without consulting with a large

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group of people. Some projects require strong leadership in order to get things

accomplished quickly and efficiently. Those explanation also supported by

Herbert (1976:379) who states that the leader controls the future (giving one step

at a time instruction), information (giving only orders, not sharing his knowledge),

work (making all task and team assignment), member satisfactions (allowing no

initiative or judgement to be used and using personal terms in criticism and

praise), and relationship (each member is dependent on the leader anything new

comes up).

b.

The Democratic Style

Lewin (1979: 382) found that democratic leadership, also known as

participative leadership, is generally the most effective leadership style.

Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in

the group and allow input from other group members (Ojokuku et al, 2012:204).

Participative leaders encourage group members to participate, but retain the final

say over the decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process

and are more motivated and creative.

c.

The Laissez-Faire

The laissez-faire style

also known as delegative leadership is a type of

leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to

make

their own the decisions (the leader minimizes his/her

involvement in decision making

)

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in making their own choices and where there is no necessity for a central

coordination.

2.6 Previous Study

In this part, the writer presents some review of previous studies which

related with this research

.

_{The first previous study was conducted by Voon et al}

(2011) entitled “

The Influence of Leadership Styles on E

mployees‟

Job

Satisfaction in Public Sector O

rganizations in Malaysia”.

The research tried to

find out how the influence of the two types of leadership styles on Malaysian

executives worker in public sectors voluntarily was. They were transactional and

transformational style. The data was collected through survey questionnaires from

targeted employees. The results showed that transformational leadership style had

a stronger relationship with job satisfaction. This implies that transformational

leadership was deemed suitable for managing government organizations.

The second previous study was cond

ucted by Puni et al (2014) entitled “The

Effect of Leadership Style on Firm Performance in Ghana”

This research examines the

effect of leadership on financial performance of two Ghanaian banks. Multiple

Regression test was used to test the hypothesis in the study. The result showed

that, none of the leadership styles significantly predicted financial performance of

the two banks. but the democratic leadership style was found to account for more

variance in financial performance than autocratic and laissez faire style. The result

of their research shows there is no lot of difference. Based on those previous

studies explained above, the writer decides to be different with them by conduct

the research which connects leadership style and directive acts. Those theory are

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related because style of leadership can be seen from any ways, one of the ways is

from directive acts. Since leadership style not only shown through behaviour but

also shown through language use. Then, the finding is quite interesting, since the

leadership styles are analyzed by seeing first the types and forms of directive acts,

from those the writer can determine what the style of leadership is. By any

consideration above, the writer uses the two theories to examine Clash of the

Titans

(30)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This framework consists of some needed theories. The writer analyzes

Perseus‟

directive acts and leadership style. Since this research integrates two

theories in order to make unusually analysis. Those theories are Speech Act,

Classification of Illocutionary Act, Directive acts, Form of Directive Acts, and

Leadership Style.

2.1 Speech Act

In the past three decades,

speech act theory

has become an important

branch of the contemporary theory of language mainly to the influence of J.R

Searle (1969) and H.P Grice (1957) whose ideas on meaning and communication

have stimulated research in philosophy and in human and cognitive sciences.

Speech acts is the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using

language in the context, the meaning of which is inferred by hearer (Fromkin,

2003:78). There are some terms to represent the action of speech acts such as

stating, requesting, informing, or promising.

2.1.1 Locutionary Act

Locutionary act is the aspect of language which has been the traditional

concern of linguistics (Stubbs 1983:152). The locutionary act is the act of saying

something: producing a series of sounds which means something. On other word,

(31)

locutionary act is the act simply uttering a sentence from a language; it is a

description of what the speaker says. It is the act of using a referring expressions

and a predicating expression. It is the acts of saying something in which each

word in the sentences is uttered exactly the same as its meaning in the ordinary.

Austin (1962:407) states that the content of locutionary act (what is said) is not

always determined by what is meant by the sentences being uttered. In order to

make the understanding about locutionary act, observe the following example.

For example, that a bartender utters the words,

“

The bar will be closed in

ten minutes

”

, reported by means of direct quotation. He is thereby performing the

locutionary act of saying that the bar (i.e., the one he is tending) will be closed in

ten minutes (from the utterance), and what is said is reported by indirect quotation

(notice that what the bartender is saying, the content of his locutionary act, is not

fully determined by the words he is using, for they do not specify the bar in

question or the time of the utterance). When the bartender does not utter it to a

definite hearer, the utterance has no sense. However, the utterance is absolutely

right because everyone can get the meaning easily.

2.1.2 Illocutionary Act

Illocutionary act is performed in saying something, and includes acts such

as betting, promising, denying, stating, promising, apologizing, threatening,

predicting, ordering and requesting, and ordering (Liu, 2011). Some of the verbs

used to label illocutionary acts can themselves be used performatively. Coulthard

(1977:18) states that basically an illocutionary act is a linguistic act performed in

(32)

The most significant level of action in a speech acts the illocutionary act

because the force, which has been desired by the speakers, determines this act.

Illocutionary act can be the real description of interaction condition. For example

the bartender says, “The bar will be closed in five minutes”. In saying this, the

bartender is performing the illocutionary act of inf

orming the patrons of the bar‟s

imminent closing and perhaps also the act of urging them to order a last drink.

Whereas the result of the illocutionary acts is the understanding on the part of the

audience.

2.1.2 Perlocutionary Act

The bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the

sentence, such effects being special to the circumstance of utterance (Sadock,

1974:69).

Therefore, perlocutionary act is hearer‟s behavioral

response to the

meaning of utterance. It can be a physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a

mental or emotional response of some kind. As Austin (1962:109) states that

perlocutionary act would include such effects as persuading, embarrassing,

intimidating, boring, irritating, or inspiring the hearer.

For instance a bartender utters the words, „The bar will be closed in five

minutes‟. Perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a

further effect. The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of

causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to

want and to order one last drink. He is performing all these speech acts, at all

three levels, just by uttering certain words.

(33)

2.2 Classification of Illocutionary Act

From Searle (1976:105) view, there are only five illocutionary points that

speakers can achieve on propositions in an utterance, namely: the

assertive,

directive, commissive, expressive and declaration illocutionary points.

2.2.1 Assertives are statements that may be judged true or false because they

aim to describe a state of affairs in the world (stating, reporting, concluding,

telling, asserting, and hypothesizing).

Example:

“Jones is a disreputable businessman.”

The sentence is a form of a statement. The speaker can state the sentence based on

the fact or just gives his or her own opinion about a person. It can be his or her

subjective opinion.

2.2.2 Directives are statements that attempt to make the other person‟s ac

tions

fit the proposition contented. They are tries to get the listener to do something

(requesting, ordering, and command, asking) (Liu, 2011:1803).

Example:

“

Close the door

”

.

The speaker in this case “sister” gives command to the hearer

which is

symbolized by “h

er brother

” to close the door.

2.2.3 Commissives are defined by Searle (1976:107) as the speech acts that

commit the speaker to some future course of act. They show the intention of

speaker to do something. It indicates the speaker will do something in the future.

Example:

(34)



“I promise I‟ll be there tomorrow.”

This could be a threat or a promise, depending on whether his presence

tomorrow is a disadvantage or an advantage to the listener. Contrast the

sentence above with:



“If you don‟t behave, I promise you there‟s going to be trouble.”

This sentence says it‟s a “promise,” but it‟s a “threat.”

2.2.4 Expressives are statements that express the „„sincerity condition of the

speech act‟‟. The

y express the attitude of speaker to a certain state of affairs

detailed in the proposition contented (thanking, apologizing, congratulating).

Example:



“I really sorry.”



“I am very grateful.”



“Congratulation for your wedding celebration.”

2.2.5 Declarations are statements that bring about correspondence between the

proposition contented and the world (declaring, naming) (Liu, 2011: 1803).

Example: “Now, I pronounce both of you as husband and wife.”

The sentence declared by a priest on a wedding‟s bestowal of blessing.

2.3 Directive Acts

Directives are statements that try to make the other person‟s actio

ns fit the

proposition contented. They are tries to get the hearer to do something such as

requesting, ordering, and command (Liu, 2011: 1803). According to Rohmah

(35)

(2011)

in the directive‟s types,

the speaker wants to reach a future situation in

which the world will match with his words. Based on its function, directive acts is

differentiated into some types as follows:

a.

Command

Command is sentences which generally have no obvious grammatical

focus, and whose verb is in the imperative mood (Quirk, 1972: 386). The function

of command is used to instruct somebody to do something. It tends to be

demanding, means that the command must be fulfilled.

Example: Chiro! Stop running!

The speaker command Chiro (his dog) to stop running.

b.

Request

Request is not like command, it is generally less demanding. Searle (1976:

59) states that sometimes a speaker may utter the sentence

I want you to do it by

way of requesting the hearer to do something. The utterances are parenthetically

intended as a statement, but actually it is also meant primarily as a request made

by way of making statement.

c. Prohibition

Prohibition here means to prevent the hearer from doing something.

Prohibitive performatives include: enjoin, forbid, prohibit, proscribe, restrict

Example:

You don‟t have to come with me.

(36)

The speaker prohibited hearer to follow him climbing the Ferris wheel to get a

good vantage point to find the flag of another team.

d.

Question/Asking

According to Quirk (1972: 386), question is primarily used to express

lack of info on a detailed point, and commonly to request the hearer to supply this

information verbally. Question can be divided into three classes based on the type

of answer they expert.

1. Yes or no question such as “Have you been to Paris?”

2. Wh-

questions such as “What is your name?”

3. The alternative questions such as “Would you like steak or chicken?”

2.4 Form of directive acts

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divides the directive acts into

three major classifications based on their form:

a. Imperatives

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) states that the imperative

sentence tends to occur as realizations of directive in address to subordinate.

Usually uses by speaker who has higher authority than the hearer. There are six

structural variants of imperative sentence:

a)

Base form the Verb

e.g.: „Speak Up‟, „don‟t shout out‟, „has a look at the picture‟

b)

You+Imperative

(37)

c)

Present Participle form of Verb

e.g.: „Just listening‟, „looking at me‟, „looking this way‟

d)

Verb+Ellipsis

e.g.: „Hands up‟, „now this one‟, „everybody on the mat‟

e)

Imperative+Modifier

e.g.: „Children looking this flower please‟, „put your finger

on your ear

everyone‟

f)

Let+First person pronoun

e.g: „Let‟s finish there‟, „let‟s see who can sit down rapidly‟

b. Interrogatives

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided interrogatives into

two forms. First is a modal and second is non-modal interrogative directive.

a)

Modals

e.g: „Would you open the door?‟, „Can you read that announcement

for me?‟

b)

Non-modal interrogative directive

e.g:

„Have you tried it?‟, „Who can I see sitting quietly?‟

c. Declaratives

Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided declarative into two

contrasting categories according to their relative explicitness and the amount of

inference required interpreting the directive intent, they are:

a)

Embedded Agent

e.g: „I‟d like everyone sitting on the mat‟, „I want you to draw a picture‟

b)

Hints

(38)

Hints require addresses to infer what is required from their knowledge of

the rules for appropriate behavior

in the context, for example: „That‟s all‟

.

2.5 Leadership Style

Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,

implementing plans, and motivating people (Ojokuku et al, 2012: 202). In 1939, a

group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin set out to identify different

styles of leadership. While further research has identified more specific types of

leadership, this early study was very influential and established three major

leadership styles. Lewin (1979: 379) divides as The Autocratic style, The

Democratic and The Laissez-Fair leader style.

a.

The Autocratic Style

Authoritarian

leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear

expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should

be done (Cherry, 2012:39). There is also a clear division between the leader and

the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no

input from the rest of the group. The writer thoughts that decision-making was

less creative under authoritarian leadership. Because this style usually viewed as

controlling, bossy, and dictatorial.

Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little

time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable

member of the group, useful when there is no essential for input on the decision

and when decisions need to be made quickly without consulting with a large

(39)

group of people. Some projects require strong leadership in order to get things

accomplished quickly and efficiently. Those explanation also supported by

Herbert (1976:379) who states that the leader controls the future (giving one step

at a time instruction), information (giving only orders, not sharing his knowledge),

work (making all task and team assignment), member satisfactions (allowing no

initiative or judgement to be used and using personal terms in criticism and

praise), and relationship (each member is dependent on the leader anything new

comes up).

b.

The Democratic Style

Lewin (1979: 382) found that democratic leadership, also known as

participative leadership, is generally the most effective leadership style.

Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in

the group and allow input from other group members (Ojokuku et al, 2012:204).

Participative leaders encourage group members to participate, but retain the final

say over the decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process

and are more motivated and creative.

c.

The Laissez-Faire

The laissez-faire style

also known as delegative leadership is a type of

leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to

make

their own the decisions (the leader minimizes his/her

involvement in decision making

)

(40)

in making their own choices and where there is no necessity for a central

coordination.

2.6 Previous Study

In this part, the writer presents some review of previous studies which

related with this research

.

_{The first previous study was conducted by Voon et al}

(2011) entitled “

The Influence of Leadership Styles on E

mployees‟

Job

Satisfaction in Public Sector O

rganizations in Malaysia”.

The research tried to

find out how the influence of the two types of leadership styles on Malaysian

executives worker in public sectors voluntarily was. They were transactional and

transformational style. The data was collected through survey questionnaires from

targeted employees. The results showed that transformational leadership style had

a stronger relationship with job satisfaction. This implies that transformational

leadership was deemed suitable for managing government organizations.

The second previous study was cond

ucted by Puni et al (2014) entitled “The

Effect of Leadership Style on Firm Performance in Ghana”

This research examines the

effect of leadership on financial performance of two Ghanaian banks. Multiple

Regression test was used to test the hypothesis in the study. The result showed

that, none of the leadership styles significantly predicted financial performance of

the two banks. but the democratic leadership style was found to account for more

variance in financial performance than autocratic and laissez faire style. The result

of their research shows there is no lot of difference. Based on those previous

studies explained above, the writer decides to be different with them by conduct

the research which connects leadership style and directive acts. Those theory are

(41)

related because style of leadership can be seen from any ways, one of the ways is

from directive acts. Since leadership style not only shown through behaviour but

also shown through language use. Then, the finding is quite interesting, since the

leadership styles are analyzed by seeing first the types and forms of directive acts,

from those the writer can determine what the style of leadership is. By any

consideration above, the writer uses the two theories to examine Clash of the

Titans

(42)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the writer explained the procedures how this research

conducted. In order to get the systematic order to conduct this research, the writer

divided this chapter into several parts. Those are Research Design, Data and Data

Sources, Research Instruments, Techniques of Data Collection and Techniques of

Data Analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The writer used qualitative content analysis in conducting this research.

Trace (2001: 1) defined qualitative content analysis as an overall approach, a

method, and an analytic strategy that entails the systematic examination of forms

of communication to document patterns objectively. Content analysis is generally

applied to narrative texts such as political speeches, transcribed interviews, movie

transcript and published literature, and seeks to elucidate, through close

examination of the content and language of these texts, what could be learned

about authors’ or respondents’ understanding of phenomena and terminology, a

s

well as their beliefs. In using content analysis as a method, the objective was to

get at aspects of meaning by examining the data qualitatively. In effect the method

used to examine how authors or respondents view and understand certain issues.

Content analysis was the suitable design to be used in this research. The writer

analyzed the data in order to find out and produce how leadership style used by

Perseus through his directive acts.

(43)

Additionally, the writer also used descriptive research design in analyzing

the data. According to Bigman (1998: 91), descriptive research was the best

methods for collecting information to demonstrate relationships and describe the

world as it exists. This approach used to describe how the situation or the world

when Perseus utters his directive acts which was showing his style of leadership.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

The data source of this research was taken from a movie.

Clash of the

Titans movie is a 2010 British-American historical fantasy adventure film directed

by Louis Leterrier and released on April 2, 2010. The writer downloaded this

movie from http://indexmovie.me/get/clash-titans-2010/ on August 19, 2015.

Furthermore, data which used are transcription of Perseus utterances which

contains directive acts. Meanwhile, the data for leadership styles were taken from

directive acts utterances which showing each style of leadership.

3.3 Research Instruments

The research instrument of this study was the writer herself. As Atieno

(2009: 14) states that the qualitative researcher was the primary instrument for

data collection and analysis. Data were mediated through this human instrument,

rather than through inventories, questionnaires, or machines. This instrument was

applied since the collection and identification of Perseus’ utterances based on the

types and forms of directive acts were managed by the writer. Also, the utterances

of Perseus’ directive acts that showing the style of leadership were co

llected and

identified by the writer herself.

(44)

3.4 Techniques of Data Collection

1. The writer started conducting this research by downloading Clash of the

Titans

movie.

The

writer

donwloaded

the

movie

from

http://indexmovie.me/get/clash-titans-2010/ on August 19, 2015.

2. The writer watched Clash of the Titans movie for several times in order to

got understanding of the whole story.

3. The writer looked for the transcript of the movie from the internet and

matched it with the movie for making the writer easier.

4. The writer gave underline

to Perseus’s utterances from transcript which

contain the types and forms of directive acts and also gave underline the

directive acts that was showing the leadership style. The example of

underlinig the data:

3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer did several steps to analyze the data.

1. Identifying the data

-

_{Types and Forms of directive acts}

The writer identified

Perseus’ utterances which categorized into

directive acts. To answer the first research problem, the writer

(45)

looked

into the directive acts using Searle’s theor

y to determine the

data which was included into directive acts and their types; there

were command, asking, prohibition and request. The next process

was to find out the form which appears in that directive acts based

on Holmes’ theory. Each of them has its own code.

Each code

represented each types and forms of directive acts as presented in the

table below:

Types of Directive acts

Abbreviated (Code)

Command

Co

Asking

Ask

Prohibition

Pr

Request

Rq

Forms of Dirctive Acts

Abbreviated (Code)

Imperatives

Imp

Declaratives

Dec

(46)

Meanwhile, the data identification coded as the example below:

-

_{Types of Leadership}

The second step was to answer the second research problem. The

writer identified the leadership style of Perseus through his

directives acts using theory by Lewin’s

and

Lippitt’s. Each of them

had their own code.

Each code represented each types of leadership as presented in the

table below:

Styles of Leadership

Abbreviated (Code)

Autocratic Style

AS

Democratic Style

DS

(47)

Meanwhile, the data identification was coded as the example below:

2. Classifying the data

The second step was classifying the identified data by making table.

There were two tables. The first table was for the types of directive

acts and its form.

The table as presented below:

Table. 1

Types

Form

Number of

Occurrence

Command

Declaratives

1 Request

Imp/Dec/Int

……

Prohibition

Imp/Dec/Int

……

Question

Imp/Dec/Int

……

The second table was for types of leadership style which seen after the

writer classified the types and form of directive acts.

(48)

Table. 2

Types-Form

Types of Leadership Style

Autocratic

Style

Democratic

Style

Laissez-Faire

Style

Question-Intterogatives

…

Command-Declaratives

X

…

Request-Declaratives

…

Prohibition-Imperatives

…

Request-Intterogatives

…

Command-Imperatives

…

Number of

Occurance

(49)

3. Analyzing the data

The last step was analyze the leadership style through directive acts.

From the table above, the writer was able to know how

Perseus’

leadership style shown through directive acts in Clash of the Titans

movie was.

(50)

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter depicts the results of the research analysis which is

mentioned as Findings. Afterward, there is also the discussion of the research

findings.

4.1 Findings

This chapter where all of the data are processed. The writer divides this

chapter into two points. The first point contains the findings of this research by

answering the first research question that is what are the types and forms of

directive acts performed by Perseus in Clash of the Titans movie. While the

second point contains the findings of this research by answering the second

research question that is how is the leadership style shown through Perseus‟

directive acts in Clash of the Titans movie. After all, from all the data that have

bee

n analyzed, the writer takes a conclusion about Perseus‟ leadership style.

4.1.1 Types and Forms of Directive Acts

In this point, the types of directive acts are analyzed by using

Searle‟s

theory. While the forms of directive acts is analyze

d by using Holmes‟ theory.

In

analizing, the writer finds 127 Perseus‟ utterances and 94 data are included into

types and forms of directive acts from beginning until the end of Clash of the

(51)

Titans movie. The figure 4.1 below sum up the finding data that have been

analyzed from the movie.

Figure 4.1 Types and Forms of Directive Acts

In the figure 4.1 above, Perseus‟ types and for

m of directive acts is drawn. The

blue bars depict imperatives form, the red bars depict declaratives form and the

green bars depict interrogatives form. The directive acts‟ „command‟ reaches the

highest frequency among types of directive acts. It is used by Perseus for 37

times. With the details 30 times using imperatives form, followed by declaratives

form which is used for 6 times, and the last followed by interrogatives which is

uttered only for once. While „request‟ uttered for 9 times. 6 times used by Perseus

in imperatives form and in declaratives forms which are performed 3 times.

„Prohibition‟ produced for 13 times. 6 times used in imperatives form and 7 times

used in declaratives form. The last type is „asking‟. It used by Perseus only in

6 6

0 6

0 1

0 0

Command

Request

Prohibition

Asking

Types and Forms of Directive Acts

(1)

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id

66 Meanwhile, for Perseus’ leadership style shown through his directive acts,

the style of leadership is analyzed by using Lewin and Lippitt’s theory. They are

(1) autocratic style, (2) democratic style, and (3) the laissez faire style. In

analyzing, the writer finds there are 74 Perseus’ directive utterances which show

his leadership style. The autocratic style reaches the highest frequency among the

other style of leadership. It is shown by Perseus’ directive acts for 44 times. With

the details 32 times shown through his command utterances in imperatives form,

followed by 4 times shown through his command utterances in declaratives form.

While through request in imperatives form, Perseus performed his autocratic style

for twice. Then, Perseus’ prohibition utterances in imperatives form show his

autocratic style for 3 times. Only differ 1 frequency than prohibition-imperatives,

Perseus’ prohibition utterances in declaratives shown his autocratic style for 4

times.

Continued by the democratic style that shown by Perseus through his

directive acts for 29 times. Perseus shows only for once through his request

utterances in imperatives form and 28 times shown through his question in

interrogatives form. Unfortunately, the writer finds there is no Perseus’ directive

acts which shows that he uses laissez faire style in applied his leadership style. It

is caused by the characteristic of laissez faire style in which leaders are hands-off

and allow group members to make their own the decisions. The characteristic is

highly contrast with what Perseus has done in the long journey to find the way to

kill The Kraken. Which is basically verbal communication becomes the important

(2)

To conclude all of the data, Perseus eventually tends to use the autocratic

style that shown through his command utterances in all of the three forms. He

entirely produces 37 data of command utterances and 36 data that show his

autocratic style. Since on a war situation need an authoritarian leader who

provides clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done and

how it should be done, because leader is the most knowledgeable member of

group. The authoritarian leader makes decisions independently with no much time

to think. Although the autocratic leadership style usually viewed as a controlling

way of direct, but it is best applied to the war situation.

5.2 Suggestion

This present research focuses the analysis on leadership style by

connecting with directive acts. The leadership style can be seen through types and

forms of directive acts. Further research is suggested to use or apply the other

theories in order to see the style of leadership of a person. Combining leadership

style with other various related theories would make the further research more

(3)

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id

68

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