chap01.ppt 318KB May 20 2010 09:29:44 PM
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E
Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Computer-Based
Information System
1-1
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Information Management
Information:
The most valuable resource
1-2
Five Main Resources
Personnel
Material
Machines
– (including facilities and energy)
Money
Information (and data)
}
}
Physical
Conceptual
1-3
How Resources are
Managed
Acquire
Assemble, or prepare
Maximize use
Replace
1-4
Factors Stimulating
Interest in Information
Management
Increasing complexity of business activity
–
–
–
–
–
International economy
Worldwide competition
Increasing complexity of technology
Shrinking time frames
Social constraints
Improved computer capabilities
– Size
– Speed
1-5
Who are the Users?
Managers
Nonmanagers
Persons & organizations in the firm’s
environment
1-6
The Influence of
Management Level on
Information Source
Strategic planning level
Environmental
Management control level
Operational control level
Internal
1-7
The Influence of
Management Level on
Information Form
Strategic planning level
Summary
Management control level
Operational control level
Detail
1-8
Managers Can Be Found
on All Levels and in All
Functional
Areas of the Firm
Strategic planning level
Management Control Level
Operational Control
Level
Finance
Function
Human
Resources
Function
Information
Services
Function
Manufacturing
Function
Marketing
Function
1-9
What Managers do -Fayol’s Functions
Strategic
Management
Operational
Planning Level
Control Level
Control Level
Plan
Direct
Staff
Organize
Control
Plan
Control
Organize
Control
Direct
Staff
Direct
Organize
Staff
Plan
1-10
What Managers do -Mintzberg’s Roles
Interpersonal roles
– Figurehead
– Leader
– Liaison
Informational roles
–
–
–
Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson
Decisional roles
– Entrepreneur
– Disturbance
handler
– Resource allocator
– Negotiator
1-11
Management Skills
Communications
Problem solving
}
How can an
information
specialist help?
1-12
Problem Solving
Business Meals
Tours
Voice Mail
Telephone
Written Media
Unscheduled Meetings
Scheduled Meetings
Periodicals
Electronic mail
Letters & Memos
Noncomputer reports
Computer Reports
Problem Solving
Information Comes in
Many Forms
Internal Sources
External Sources
Oral Media
1-13
Management Knowledge
Computer literacy
Information literacy
What’s the difference?
1-14
System Components
Component parts of a system that
can control its own operations
Objectives
Control
mechanism
Input
Transformation
Output
1-15
Open-Loop System
Input
Transformation
Output
1-16
Open versus Closed
Systems
Open system
– Connected to its environment by means of
resource flows
Closed system
– Not connected to its environment
1-17
Systems
Can Be Composed of Subsystems or Elemental Parts
System
Subsystem A
Subsystem B
Subsystem A-1
Subsystem B-1
Subsystem A-2
Subsystem B-2
Subsystem A-3
Elemental
part B1
Elemental
Part C
1-18
Physical and Conceptual
Systems
Physical system
– The business firm
– Composed of physical resources
Conceptual system
–
–
Represents a physical system
Uses conceptual resources
» Information
» Data
1-19
A Systems View
Business operations are embedded within a larger environmental setting
– Reduces complexity
– Requires good objectives
– Emphasizes working together
– Acknowledges interconnections
– Values feedback
1-20
Data and Information
Information processor
–
–
–
–
Key element in the conceptual system
Computer
Noncomputer
Combination
Data is the raw material transformed into
information
1-21
Evolution of the CBIS
Data Processing (DP)
Management Information Systems (MIS) 1964
– IBM promoted the concept as a means of selling disk files and
terminals
Decision Support Systems (DSS) 1971
– Text book’s distinction:
» MIS: Organizational/group - general
» DSS: Individual - specific
Office Automation (OA) 1964
Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ Expert Systems (ES) - 1990s
– Heavy investment by businesses
1-22
The CBIS Model
Computer-based
Information System
(CBIS)
Accounting
Information System
Problem
Decisions
Information
Management
Information System
Decision Support
Systems
Problem
Solution
The Virtual
Office
Knowledge-based
Systems
1-23
Information Services
Information specialists have
full-time responsibility for
developing and maintaining
computer-based systems
1-24
Traditional Communication
Chain
Database
Administrator
User
Systems
Analyst
Programmer
Operator
Computer
Network
Specialist
1-25
End-User Computing (EUC)
End-user computing
– Development of all or part of applications
– Information specialists act as consultants
Stimulants to EUC
– Increased computer literacy
– IS backlog
– Low-cost hardware (the PC)
– Prewritten software (electronic spreadsheets)
1-26
IS and EUC
The End-User Computing
Communication Chain
Information
Specialists
Support
Communication
User
Computer
1-27
Justifying the CBIS
Justify in the same manner as any other
large investment
Economic
–
–
–
Cost reduction
Reduced inventory investment
Increased productivity (CAD/CAM)
Noneconomic
– Perceived value
1-28
Achieving the CBIS
1-29
Reengineering the CBIS
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
– Reworking systems
– Good system features retained
– Becoming development methodology of
choice
1-30
Roles Played by the
Manager
and by the Information
Phase
Manager
Information Specialist
Specialist
Planning
Define problem
Support
Analysis
Control
Design
Control
Implementation
Control
Implement system
Use
Control
Make available
System Study
Design system
1-31
Summary
Information is one of five main resources
Computer output used by managers and
nonmanagers
A system is an integration of elements working
toward an objective
– Physical
– Conceptual
Data vs. Information
1-32
Summary [cont.]
CBIS composed of various components
–
–
–
–
–
AIS
MIS
DSS
Virtual office
Knowledge-based systems
End-user computing trends
CBIS development
1-33
Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Computer-Based
Information System
1-1
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Information Management
Information:
The most valuable resource
1-2
Five Main Resources
Personnel
Material
Machines
– (including facilities and energy)
Money
Information (and data)
}
}
Physical
Conceptual
1-3
How Resources are
Managed
Acquire
Assemble, or prepare
Maximize use
Replace
1-4
Factors Stimulating
Interest in Information
Management
Increasing complexity of business activity
–
–
–
–
–
International economy
Worldwide competition
Increasing complexity of technology
Shrinking time frames
Social constraints
Improved computer capabilities
– Size
– Speed
1-5
Who are the Users?
Managers
Nonmanagers
Persons & organizations in the firm’s
environment
1-6
The Influence of
Management Level on
Information Source
Strategic planning level
Environmental
Management control level
Operational control level
Internal
1-7
The Influence of
Management Level on
Information Form
Strategic planning level
Summary
Management control level
Operational control level
Detail
1-8
Managers Can Be Found
on All Levels and in All
Functional
Areas of the Firm
Strategic planning level
Management Control Level
Operational Control
Level
Finance
Function
Human
Resources
Function
Information
Services
Function
Manufacturing
Function
Marketing
Function
1-9
What Managers do -Fayol’s Functions
Strategic
Management
Operational
Planning Level
Control Level
Control Level
Plan
Direct
Staff
Organize
Control
Plan
Control
Organize
Control
Direct
Staff
Direct
Organize
Staff
Plan
1-10
What Managers do -Mintzberg’s Roles
Interpersonal roles
– Figurehead
– Leader
– Liaison
Informational roles
–
–
–
Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson
Decisional roles
– Entrepreneur
– Disturbance
handler
– Resource allocator
– Negotiator
1-11
Management Skills
Communications
Problem solving
}
How can an
information
specialist help?
1-12
Problem Solving
Business Meals
Tours
Voice Mail
Telephone
Written Media
Unscheduled Meetings
Scheduled Meetings
Periodicals
Electronic mail
Letters & Memos
Noncomputer reports
Computer Reports
Problem Solving
Information Comes in
Many Forms
Internal Sources
External Sources
Oral Media
1-13
Management Knowledge
Computer literacy
Information literacy
What’s the difference?
1-14
System Components
Component parts of a system that
can control its own operations
Objectives
Control
mechanism
Input
Transformation
Output
1-15
Open-Loop System
Input
Transformation
Output
1-16
Open versus Closed
Systems
Open system
– Connected to its environment by means of
resource flows
Closed system
– Not connected to its environment
1-17
Systems
Can Be Composed of Subsystems or Elemental Parts
System
Subsystem A
Subsystem B
Subsystem A-1
Subsystem B-1
Subsystem A-2
Subsystem B-2
Subsystem A-3
Elemental
part B1
Elemental
Part C
1-18
Physical and Conceptual
Systems
Physical system
– The business firm
– Composed of physical resources
Conceptual system
–
–
Represents a physical system
Uses conceptual resources
» Information
» Data
1-19
A Systems View
Business operations are embedded within a larger environmental setting
– Reduces complexity
– Requires good objectives
– Emphasizes working together
– Acknowledges interconnections
– Values feedback
1-20
Data and Information
Information processor
–
–
–
–
Key element in the conceptual system
Computer
Noncomputer
Combination
Data is the raw material transformed into
information
1-21
Evolution of the CBIS
Data Processing (DP)
Management Information Systems (MIS) 1964
– IBM promoted the concept as a means of selling disk files and
terminals
Decision Support Systems (DSS) 1971
– Text book’s distinction:
» MIS: Organizational/group - general
» DSS: Individual - specific
Office Automation (OA) 1964
Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ Expert Systems (ES) - 1990s
– Heavy investment by businesses
1-22
The CBIS Model
Computer-based
Information System
(CBIS)
Accounting
Information System
Problem
Decisions
Information
Management
Information System
Decision Support
Systems
Problem
Solution
The Virtual
Office
Knowledge-based
Systems
1-23
Information Services
Information specialists have
full-time responsibility for
developing and maintaining
computer-based systems
1-24
Traditional Communication
Chain
Database
Administrator
User
Systems
Analyst
Programmer
Operator
Computer
Network
Specialist
1-25
End-User Computing (EUC)
End-user computing
– Development of all or part of applications
– Information specialists act as consultants
Stimulants to EUC
– Increased computer literacy
– IS backlog
– Low-cost hardware (the PC)
– Prewritten software (electronic spreadsheets)
1-26
IS and EUC
The End-User Computing
Communication Chain
Information
Specialists
Support
Communication
User
Computer
1-27
Justifying the CBIS
Justify in the same manner as any other
large investment
Economic
–
–
–
Cost reduction
Reduced inventory investment
Increased productivity (CAD/CAM)
Noneconomic
– Perceived value
1-28
Achieving the CBIS
1-29
Reengineering the CBIS
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
– Reworking systems
– Good system features retained
– Becoming development methodology of
choice
1-30
Roles Played by the
Manager
and by the Information
Phase
Manager
Information Specialist
Specialist
Planning
Define problem
Support
Analysis
Control
Design
Control
Implementation
Control
Implement system
Use
Control
Make available
System Study
Design system
1-31
Summary
Information is one of five main resources
Computer output used by managers and
nonmanagers
A system is an integration of elements working
toward an objective
– Physical
– Conceptual
Data vs. Information
1-32
Summary [cont.]
CBIS composed of various components
–
–
–
–
–
AIS
MIS
DSS
Virtual office
Knowledge-based systems
End-user computing trends
CBIS development
1-33