Reformasi: Jalan Panjang Perubahan.
Pikiran Rakyat
O S e n in
O Jan
0Rabu
o
K a m is
o
Jumat
•
O ·M in g g u
S a b tu
8
9
14
15
10.
11
12
13
3
4
5
67
2930
@20cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
21·
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
2
17
0 S e la s a
18
0
P eb
O M ar·
0
A p r .M e i
O JunO
Jut
0
Ags
O Sep
O O kt
O Nov
31
O D es
Reformasi:
'~~~----------~--~~:~
Jalan Panjang Perubahan
Kepa da
... Mei
21
Mei
h a n ya
m e m b u ka ka n
p in tu .
( J u a n d i R e w a n g , A n to lo g i P u is i)
I a n ta r a p a r a a k tiv is g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a y a n g m e n c e tu s k a n g e jo la k
s o s ia l- p o litik d i ta h u n 1 9 9 8 , tid a k
d a p a t d im u n g k ir i m a s ih a d a s e ju m la h p e r ta n y a a n y a n g m e n g g a n tu n g . S e la in s e n a n tia s a m e n u n tu t r e a lis a s i a g e n d a r e f o r m a s i
y a n g d ip a n d a n g m a s ih " ja u h p a n g g a n g d a r i
a p i" , k e g e lis a h a n la in h a d ir p a d a b e b e r a p a
is u s u b s ta n s ia l m e n y a n g k u t g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a d a n c ita - c ita r e f o r m a s i.
D
P r a k tis , P a s c a - 1 9 9 8 , g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a
n y a r is s e la lu g a g a l m e m o s is ik a n d ir in y a s e b a g a i r e p r e s e n ta s i s o s ia l d a n m o r a l m a s y a r a k a t. D i k a la n g a n m a h a s is w a s e n d ir i te r ja d i
d e m o r a lis a s i g e r a k a n y a n g d ita n d a i d e n g a n
tid a k d iin d a h k a n n y a p r in s ip - p r in s ip g e r a k a n
y a n g p a d a m u la n y a d ia n u t d e n g a n s a n g a t
k e ta t. M a h a s is w a , e n ta h k a r e n a e u f o r ia a ta u
k e le n g a h a n n y a , te r b u a i d e n g a n im in g - im in g
k e k u a s a a n ( d a la m b e n tu k ja b a ta n
a ta u k e d u d u k a n ) d a n m a te r i. H a l- h a l te r s e b u t k e r a p m e n ja tu h k a n k r e d ib ilita s d a n in te g r ita s
g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a , b a ik d i d a la m m a u p u n
k e m u d ia n b e r k e m b a n g k e lu a r h in g g a s u lit
p u b lik m e r a s a k a n k e te r w a k ila n d a la m g e r a k a n - g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a y a n g m e n g a ta s n a m a k a n r a k y a t.
P e n u lis m e n g k a ji d is k u r s u s te k s r e f o r m a s i
d a n m e n e m u k a n a d a n y a d is k o n tin u ita s p a d a g e r a k a n s o s ia l d a n m o r a l m a h a s is w a
1 9 9 8 . M e n g e m u k a la h k e m b a li p e r ta n y a a n
y a n g s e la m a in i m u n g k in lu p u t a ta u te r la lu
d ig e n e r a lis a s i ja w a b a n n y a : D a r i m a n a a s a l
( k a ta ) r e f o r m a s i?
B a s is m o ra l
S e b e lu m m e m b e s a r n y a g e r a k a n k o le k tif
m a h a s is w a 1 9 9 8 , is u - is u p e n g g u s u r a n ta n a h
d a n la h a n p e ta n i, p e n g a b a ia n h a k - h a k b u -
m a h a s is w a 1 9 9 8 m e n g h e n d a k i p e r u b a h a n
m e n y e lu r u h p a d a p e n y e le n g g a r a a n k e ta ta n e g a r a a n I n d o n e s ia , y a n g p e r m u la a n n y a d ita n d a i d e n g a n p e n g g a n tia n k e p e m im p in a n
n a s io n a l. N a r n u n , e n ta h m e n g a p a s u b s ta n s i
g e r a k a n d a n tu n tu ta n g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a
te r s e b u t te r s im p lif ik a s i ju s tr u d e n g a n
la h im y a id io m r e f o r m a s i, I n d ik a to r p e n c a p a ia n g e r a k a n d ir e d u k s i m e n ja d i p e r u b a h a n
p r o s e d u r a l- s is te m ik .
D a n k e tik a p a d a g ilir a n n y a g e r a k a n m o r a l d a n s o s ia l m a h a s is w a
p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 8 b e lu m te r k o n s o lid a s i, p a d a
s a a t itu la h r e f o r m a s i d ib a ja k o le h k e k u a ta n k e k u a ta n la m a d a n p a r a o p o r tu n is p o litik .
S e ja k itu p u la la h , p o la r is a s i g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a te r ja d i d i m a n a - m a n a . A d a y a n g
m e n g a n u t " s e tia " p a d a c ita - c ita p e r u b a h a n
r a d ik a l ( d e n g a n ja r g o n r e v o lu s i a ta u r e f o r m a s i to ta l) . A d a p u la y a n g m e n a s b ih k a n
d ir in y a s e b a g a i b a g ia n d a r i g e r a k a n r e f o r m a s i y a n g b e r ta h a p d a n s is te m ik . I d io m
la in n y a ju g a b e r te b a r a n , s e p e r ti r e f o r m a s i
ta n p a k e k e r a s a n , p e r u b a h a n k o n s titu s io n a l
d a n in k o n s titu s io n a l, d im la in - la in . P o la r is a s i in i d ip e r p a r a h d e n g a n k e tia d a a n b a s is
m o r a l g e r a k a n y a n g c u k u p k u a t.
.1 4 t a h u n
re fo rm a si
A k h ir - a k h ir in i k ita d is u g u h l o le h k o n f lik
h o r iz o n ta l d a n v e r tik a l. A d a in tim id a s i d e n g a n k e k e r a s a n d a r i k e lo m p o k m a s y a r a k a t
te r h a d a p k e lo m p o k m a s y a r a k a t la in , a ta u
te k a n a n s a tu o r g a n is a s i m a s y a r a k a t te r h a d a p le m b a g a - I e m b a g a n e g a r a , s e p e r ti
p e n g a d ila n d a n k e p o lis ia n . T id a k k a la h
m e m p r ih a tin k a n n y a
a d a la h k e k e r a s a n y a n g
ju g a d ila k u k a n o le h a p a r a t te r h a d a p
m a s y a r a k a t. P o litik u a n g d a la m p e r h e la ta n
p e m ilu d a n s u a p d a la m ta ta k e lo la la y a n a n
p e m e r in ta h a n s u d a h m e n ja d i lu m r a h .
F e n o m e n a in i s e a k :m m e n g u ta r a k a n k e ~ e r a s a n d a n m a te r i m ~ n ] a d i s a tu - s a tu n y a
ja la n ? ~ ~ m e n y e le s a ik a n p e r s o a la n d i
f
.h
d ia k u i
r u h , p e n y in g k ir a n p a r a p e d a g a n g k a k i lim a , n e D g ~ n~l lll...
ia k
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k aky
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I a m S I S I ,s e ]
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a ta n a m n y a s u
dah b
ak
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ah
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tu
a d v o k a s i o le h m a h a s is w a . I n i m e n ja d i f a s e d s u
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.
b
. basi
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Id
ia l
a s a r s is te r n e ta ta n e g a r a a n
a
onsp e n tm g
a g i a s is g e r
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an SO SI
i) M
h
k a D w if u
. A B R I (T N I)
ahasi
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tU S I .
eng apus
n W l ngsi
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e m u ia n p a b a lik
k d
I t
aky t
I I .
m
a s is w a
u g ro 0 , 2 0 0
d a ta h u n 1 9 9 7 , e le m e n m a h a s is w a d i B a n m enge~
an. e au a an r
a me a Ul
d u n g m u la i m e n y u a r a k a n p e n o la k a n p e m ilu m e k a n is m e p e m ilu l~ g s u ~ g , s ~ ~ a m e m . n g g a p h aann vy aa m
m ee leezgiitim
.. a s i
b u k.a dle b a r ltir u a n g p., a r tis p a saik p o litik
k a r e n a d ia
b
. d a ladm .
k e k u a s a a n o to r ite r S o e h a r to .
w u ] u . m u p a r ta r m e ~ p
a n a g ia n a n
P e n o la k a n P e m ilu 1 9 9 7 m e r u p a k a n p u n c a p a ia n g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a 1 9 9 8 . I n s tr u c a k d a r i g e r a k a n m e n u n tu t p e r u b a h a n
m e n d a n k ~ le m b ll:g a a n ~ e t~ ta n e g a r a a n p u n
r a d ik a l y a n g d iu s u n g m a h a s is w a u n tu k
m .e n g a l~ 1 p e r b a ik a n s lg lllf ik ~ . E le m e n
m e n g g a n ti to ta l k e k u a s a a n p e m e r in ta h y a n g tr ia s - p o litik a d ip e r k u a t d e n g a n m s ~ m e n
tid a k p e d u li b a h k a n m e n z a lim i r a k y a tn y a
s e r ta l~ m b a g a - I e m b a g ~ p e r m a n e n la m n y a .
· n s i . d a n s o I Iid iita s m a h aassiis w a
s esbia gKa i k o..n trYo l,d is e.p eI r ti
s e n d iI n.. M ·I Iita
tu
d bM
. a h k a m a h K o n s tite r b a n g u n d a n te r ja g a d e n g a n is u b e r s a m a
S I , o m ls ~ u s ia i, a n s e a g a in y a .
. .
di
I k
di
L a n ta s , d i m a n a k a h le ta k p e r s o a la n n y a ?
im , P u c u k tu n tu ta n y a n g I p O p U e r a n I
M
In d o n e si t k k u n i
b ik ?
a n ta r a g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a k e m u d ia n d ie ja
e T n g a p a k n no n e s lla a
u n ] tu b n gml e ta h mm .
d e n g a n k e r a s m e n ja. d ·I : ''T u r u n k a n S o e h a r am
eI a .s
u n re fi a m p.a d y a , s e la
h a e m pd a
to ! "
o rm a si a a m a sa
m en asar ~ m nya yang
D e n l~ g ~ a ~ n .! k ~ an ~! !ta
.'.k
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p ~ma ~
t!d· a ~ d :! :a ~s ?g::a
.:'er rn~~ayk~~aa2n' ~ tla k K I { T b- -T.A
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lb nnar h1 fl-ica rkftr
· alm
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p
••
uma ...•.. npdU
O S e n in
O Jan
0Rabu
o
K a m is
o
Jumat
•
O ·M in g g u
S a b tu
8
9
14
15
10.
11
12
13
3
4
5
67
2930
@20cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
21·
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
2
17
0 S e la s a
18
0
P eb
O M ar·
0
A p r .M e i
O JunO
Jut
0
Ags
O Sep
O O kt
O Nov
31
O D es
Reformasi:
'~~~----------~--~~:~
Jalan Panjang Perubahan
Kepa da
... Mei
21
Mei
h a n ya
m e m b u ka ka n
p in tu .
( J u a n d i R e w a n g , A n to lo g i P u is i)
I a n ta r a p a r a a k tiv is g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a y a n g m e n c e tu s k a n g e jo la k
s o s ia l- p o litik d i ta h u n 1 9 9 8 , tid a k
d a p a t d im u n g k ir i m a s ih a d a s e ju m la h p e r ta n y a a n y a n g m e n g g a n tu n g . S e la in s e n a n tia s a m e n u n tu t r e a lis a s i a g e n d a r e f o r m a s i
y a n g d ip a n d a n g m a s ih " ja u h p a n g g a n g d a r i
a p i" , k e g e lis a h a n la in h a d ir p a d a b e b e r a p a
is u s u b s ta n s ia l m e n y a n g k u t g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a d a n c ita - c ita r e f o r m a s i.
D
P r a k tis , P a s c a - 1 9 9 8 , g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a
n y a r is s e la lu g a g a l m e m o s is ik a n d ir in y a s e b a g a i r e p r e s e n ta s i s o s ia l d a n m o r a l m a s y a r a k a t. D i k a la n g a n m a h a s is w a s e n d ir i te r ja d i
d e m o r a lis a s i g e r a k a n y a n g d ita n d a i d e n g a n
tid a k d iin d a h k a n n y a p r in s ip - p r in s ip g e r a k a n
y a n g p a d a m u la n y a d ia n u t d e n g a n s a n g a t
k e ta t. M a h a s is w a , e n ta h k a r e n a e u f o r ia a ta u
k e le n g a h a n n y a , te r b u a i d e n g a n im in g - im in g
k e k u a s a a n ( d a la m b e n tu k ja b a ta n
a ta u k e d u d u k a n ) d a n m a te r i. H a l- h a l te r s e b u t k e r a p m e n ja tu h k a n k r e d ib ilita s d a n in te g r ita s
g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a , b a ik d i d a la m m a u p u n
k e m u d ia n b e r k e m b a n g k e lu a r h in g g a s u lit
p u b lik m e r a s a k a n k e te r w a k ila n d a la m g e r a k a n - g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a y a n g m e n g a ta s n a m a k a n r a k y a t.
P e n u lis m e n g k a ji d is k u r s u s te k s r e f o r m a s i
d a n m e n e m u k a n a d a n y a d is k o n tin u ita s p a d a g e r a k a n s o s ia l d a n m o r a l m a h a s is w a
1 9 9 8 . M e n g e m u k a la h k e m b a li p e r ta n y a a n
y a n g s e la m a in i m u n g k in lu p u t a ta u te r la lu
d ig e n e r a lis a s i ja w a b a n n y a : D a r i m a n a a s a l
( k a ta ) r e f o r m a s i?
B a s is m o ra l
S e b e lu m m e m b e s a r n y a g e r a k a n k o le k tif
m a h a s is w a 1 9 9 8 , is u - is u p e n g g u s u r a n ta n a h
d a n la h a n p e ta n i, p e n g a b a ia n h a k - h a k b u -
m a h a s is w a 1 9 9 8 m e n g h e n d a k i p e r u b a h a n
m e n y e lu r u h p a d a p e n y e le n g g a r a a n k e ta ta n e g a r a a n I n d o n e s ia , y a n g p e r m u la a n n y a d ita n d a i d e n g a n p e n g g a n tia n k e p e m im p in a n
n a s io n a l. N a r n u n , e n ta h m e n g a p a s u b s ta n s i
g e r a k a n d a n tu n tu ta n g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a
te r s e b u t te r s im p lif ik a s i ju s tr u d e n g a n
la h im y a id io m r e f o r m a s i, I n d ik a to r p e n c a p a ia n g e r a k a n d ir e d u k s i m e n ja d i p e r u b a h a n
p r o s e d u r a l- s is te m ik .
D a n k e tik a p a d a g ilir a n n y a g e r a k a n m o r a l d a n s o s ia l m a h a s is w a
p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 8 b e lu m te r k o n s o lid a s i, p a d a
s a a t itu la h r e f o r m a s i d ib a ja k o le h k e k u a ta n k e k u a ta n la m a d a n p a r a o p o r tu n is p o litik .
S e ja k itu p u la la h , p o la r is a s i g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a te r ja d i d i m a n a - m a n a . A d a y a n g
m e n g a n u t " s e tia " p a d a c ita - c ita p e r u b a h a n
r a d ik a l ( d e n g a n ja r g o n r e v o lu s i a ta u r e f o r m a s i to ta l) . A d a p u la y a n g m e n a s b ih k a n
d ir in y a s e b a g a i b a g ia n d a r i g e r a k a n r e f o r m a s i y a n g b e r ta h a p d a n s is te m ik . I d io m
la in n y a ju g a b e r te b a r a n , s e p e r ti r e f o r m a s i
ta n p a k e k e r a s a n , p e r u b a h a n k o n s titu s io n a l
d a n in k o n s titu s io n a l, d im la in - la in . P o la r is a s i in i d ip e r p a r a h d e n g a n k e tia d a a n b a s is
m o r a l g e r a k a n y a n g c u k u p k u a t.
.1 4 t a h u n
re fo rm a si
A k h ir - a k h ir in i k ita d is u g u h l o le h k o n f lik
h o r iz o n ta l d a n v e r tik a l. A d a in tim id a s i d e n g a n k e k e r a s a n d a r i k e lo m p o k m a s y a r a k a t
te r h a d a p k e lo m p o k m a s y a r a k a t la in , a ta u
te k a n a n s a tu o r g a n is a s i m a s y a r a k a t te r h a d a p le m b a g a - I e m b a g a n e g a r a , s e p e r ti
p e n g a d ila n d a n k e p o lis ia n . T id a k k a la h
m e m p r ih a tin k a n n y a
a d a la h k e k e r a s a n y a n g
ju g a d ila k u k a n o le h a p a r a t te r h a d a p
m a s y a r a k a t. P o litik u a n g d a la m p e r h e la ta n
p e m ilu d a n s u a p d a la m ta ta k e lo la la y a n a n
p e m e r in ta h a n s u d a h m e n ja d i lu m r a h .
F e n o m e n a in i s e a k :m m e n g u ta r a k a n k e ~ e r a s a n d a n m a te r i m ~ n ] a d i s a tu - s a tu n y a
ja la n ? ~ ~ m e n y e le s a ik a n p e r s o a la n d i
f
.h
d ia k u i
r u h , p e n y in g k ir a n p a r a p e d a g a n g k a k i lim a , n e D g ~ n~l lll...
ia k
d
.
.
k aky
I·
dah di
I a m S I S I ,s e ]
r e o r r n a s i, a r u s
ill
a n IS U -IS U e r
a ta n a m n y a s u
dah b
ak
b
ah
dal
tu
a d v o k a s i o le h m a h a s is w a . I n i m e n ja d i f a s e d s u
. any kPem en
a n k ita m ( k a r tiC J ?
.
b
. basi
ak
Id
ia l
a s a r s is te r n e ta ta n e g a r a a n
a
onsp e n tm g
a g i a s is g e r
a n m o ra
an SO SI
i) M
h
k a D w if u
. A B R I (T N I)
ahasi
(N
h
8) K
d·
tU S I .
eng apus
n W l ngsi
,
.
e m u ia n p a b a lik
k d
I t
aky t
I I .
m
a s is w a
u g ro 0 , 2 0 0
d a ta h u n 1 9 9 7 , e le m e n m a h a s is w a d i B a n m enge~
an. e au a an r
a me a Ul
d u n g m u la i m e n y u a r a k a n p e n o la k a n p e m ilu m e k a n is m e p e m ilu l~ g s u ~ g , s ~ ~ a m e m . n g g a p h aann vy aa m
m ee leezgiitim
.. a s i
b u k.a dle b a r ltir u a n g p., a r tis p a saik p o litik
k a r e n a d ia
b
. d a ladm .
k e k u a s a a n o to r ite r S o e h a r to .
w u ] u . m u p a r ta r m e ~ p
a n a g ia n a n
P e n o la k a n P e m ilu 1 9 9 7 m e r u p a k a n p u n c a p a ia n g e r a k a n m a h a s is w a 1 9 9 8 . I n s tr u c a k d a r i g e r a k a n m e n u n tu t p e r u b a h a n
m e n d a n k ~ le m b ll:g a a n ~ e t~ ta n e g a r a a n p u n
r a d ik a l y a n g d iu s u n g m a h a s is w a u n tu k
m .e n g a l~ 1 p e r b a ik a n s lg lllf ik ~ . E le m e n
m e n g g a n ti to ta l k e k u a s a a n p e m e r in ta h y a n g tr ia s - p o litik a d ip e r k u a t d e n g a n m s ~ m e n
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