MAXIM VIOLATION AND THEIR IMPLICATURE IN THE DEBATE OF JAKARTA GOVERNOR.
MAXIM VIOLATION AND THEIR IMPLICATURE IN THE DEBATE
OF JAKARTA GOVERNOR
A THESIS
Submitted To English Department, Faculty of Language and Arts,
In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements
for The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
JAMES T. TARIGAN
Registration Number. 208222032
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Tarigan, James. NIM. 208222032, Maxim Violation And Their Implicature
In The Debate of Jakarta Governor. A Thesis. The Faculty of Languages and
Art (FBS). State University of Medan (UNIMED). MEDAN. 2013.
The objectives of this research were to find out the types of maxim are violated in
the Jakarta governor debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko
Widodo (maxim quality, maxim quantity, maxim relation, and maxim manner)
and to describe what implicature is caused by violated maxim. This study deals
with the analysis of types maxim violation and implicature caused by violated
maxim. This research was conducted by using descriptive and qualitative method.
The data were taken from internet sites (youtube) in which the debate program of
gubernatorial debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko
Widodo by Metro TV on September 16, 2012. The result of analyzing found the
violated maxim in the Jakarta governor debate, they were: violated maxim quality,
maxim quantity, maxim relation, maxim manner. The findings of the data analysis
showed that all of maxims are violated in the jakarta governor debate, these types
are the same as those in the theory of cooperative principle. And from the
violation maxim, there is an implicature by the candidates’ utterances to the
viewers who watcing the debate forum, because in this debate the goals from the
candidates to get more support and sympaty from the voters.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT.......................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. iv
LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1
A. The Background of the Study ................................................. 1
B. The Problem of the Study ...................................................... 4
C. The Objective of the Study..................................................... 4
D. The Scope of the Study .......................................................... 5
E. The Significance of the Study ................................................ 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................... 6
A. Pragmatics ............................................................................. 6
B. Cooperative Principle ............................................................. 7
1. Maxim Quality .................................................................. 7
2. Maxim Quantity ................................................................ 8
3. Maxim Relation................................................................. 8
4. Maxim Manner .................................................................. 9
C. Maxim Violation.................................................................... 9
D. Purpose of Violated Maxim ................................................... 12
1. To Show respect ................................................................ 12
2. To Create Hyperbole and Irony ......................................... 12
3. To Change Topic ............................................................... 13
4. To Keep Secret .................................................................. 13
5. To Create Humors ............................................................. 14
E. Implicature............................................................................. 15
1. Conventional Implicature .................................................. 17
iv
2. Conversational Implicature ................................................ 18
a. Generalized Conversational Implicature........................ 19
b. Particularized Conversational Implicature ..................... 20
F. Debate ................................................................................... 21
G. PEMILUKADA ..................................................................... 22
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ................................................ 24
A. The Research Design ............................................................. 24
B. The Source of Data ................................................................ 24
C. The Technique of Data Collection .......................................... 24
D. The Technique of Data Analysis ............................................ 25
CHAPTER IV DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .......................................... 26
A. Types of Maxim Violation .................................................... 26
1. Violation Maxim Quality................................................... 26
2. Violation Maxim Quantity ................................................. 28
3. Violation Maxim Relation ................................................. 30
4. Violation Maxim Manner .................................................. 31
B. Implicature Caused from Violation Maxim ............................ 33
1. Implicature of Violated Maxim Quality ............................. 33
2. Implicature of Violated Maxim Quantity ........................... 35
3. Implicature of Violated Maxim Relation............................ 36
4. Implicature of Violated Maxim Manner ............................. 38
C. Research Findings .................................................................. 39
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................. 41
A. Conclusions........................................................................... 41
B. Suggestions ........................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 42
APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 44
v
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 44
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of The Study
Language is a complex system of communication to enable human to
cooperate. As a tool of communication, language is very important in human life.
Because almost all of people’s activities use language to communication. Leech
(1983; 54) said language is communication. Means that it is impossible for people
to do interaction and understand each other without language, by using language
people can express everything, such as ideas, thoughts, fellings, opinions to
another. Without language people will get difficulty to interact to others. For
example we had a headache and want to tell our friend about it, because we need
the help to buy some medicine. We would have use some sign such as pointing at
our head, our eyes, but our friend may not understand about what we meant is we
had headache and need a help, so that is why the language is important.
Language is related to communication and communication itself is
speaking which is done by having a conversation. Conversation is communication
by two or more people on a particular topic. Conversation needs to be someone as
the speakers and the listeners. In order to communicate accurately and efficiently,
speakers and listeners should try to cooperate to another to make the
communication successful. A successful conversation needs to give contributions
and message which can be understood by listeners.
1
2
There are rules to make communication successful which listeners and
speakers should be followed in order to achieve a cooperative communication,
called the cooperative principle. The cooperative principle describes how people
interact with one another. By Paul Grice the cooperative principle divided into
four maxims, maxim is a rule which must obey by the speakers and the listeners,
called the conversational maxims. These principles enable to make effective
communication, make it became meaningful.
Specifically, he claimed those speakers are expected to observe the
following rules or maxims. In the maxim of quantity, speaker should be as
informative as necessary to communicate the intended meaning. In the maxim of
quality, speakers are required to say what is true. In the maxim of relation,
utterances are relative to the context of the speech. And maxim of manner,
speaker try to present meaning clearly and concisely, avoiding ambiguity. By
following these rules, a pleasant conversation may be required.
Sometimes people did not follow the cooperative principle in their
conversation, when the speakers not following the principles, the speakers is
violate the maxim, and the conversation between the speaker and listener can be
unsuccessful or meaningless. For example the conversation when Jane asked
Tony about where is his mother, then Tony responds Jane’s question by giving the
answer his mother is in the bedroom or in the kitchen. Tony does not give a much
information and he is not following the cooperative principle or violate the
maxim.
3
Based on the explanation above, the writer choose the debate candidate
forum as the object of this research, because one form of communication is
conversation and in debate forum uses the spoken conversation. And the writer
interested to analyze the conversation in the newest “Jakarta Governor Debate
Candidates” forum in Indonesia between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor
Joko Widodo which presented by television program on September 16, 2012. The
writer was interested in analyze the violated maxim because of the writer
experiences in watching Jakarta governor debate candidates that not all the
candidates are speak cooperatively according the cooperative principle and they
often disobey and not following the maxim in their conversation during the
debate.
All the the candidates in debate forum are demand to speak cooperatively
with a good language, politely, and use a right word, the language context must be
calculable with the people situation. But they often disobey the cooperative
principles, and violate maxims, it might happen to the candidates when give an
answer when the panelist give a questions to them, they might to be give a untrue
answer (quality maxim), give the answer with so many information which not
nessecary (quantity maxim), not relevant with the question (relation maxim), and
might give an abiguity answer (manner maxim).
There so many violation of the cooperative principle which happen in the
debate forum, this reaserch the writer want to discuss the violated maxim and get
the conversational implicature in debate forum between Governor Fauzi Bowo
4
and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo. Even the writer himself realizes that he also
disobey the cooperative principle rules in his daily conversation with others.
B.
The Problem of The Study
The research problem is to describe the violated maxim and their
conversational implicature that occur in The Jakarta Governor Debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo. To help the writer do this
research, the research questions are formulated as the following:
1. What types of maxim are violated in the Jakarta governor debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo?
2. What implicature is caused by violated maxim in the Jakarta governor
debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo?
C.
The Objective of The Study
The objectives of the study are to discover the violated maxim and their
conversational implicature that occur in The Jakarta Governor Debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo. It is directed:
1. To describe what types of maxim are violated in the Jakarta governor
debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo.
2. To describe what implicature is caused by violated maxim in the Jakarta
governor debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko
Widodo.
5
D.
The Scope of The Study
The Scope of The Study is related to the violated maxim and their
conversational implicature which happen from the violated cooperative principle
by the candidates of Jakarta governor debate. The data were taken from internet
sites (youtube) in which the debate program of gubernatorial debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo which presented by Metro
TV on September 16, 2012 are available.
E.
The Significance of The Study
The writer hopes of this study are expected to be useful for:
1. The students of university and those people who would like to know more
about the cooperative principle and its maxims.
2. The teachers as a teaching material to be used in an understanding the
meaning of utterances in conversation.
3. The writer hopes this research paper is useful for the all candidates of
debate forum to speak cooperatively and to obey the cooperative
principle.
4. The writer want this research paper became an inspiration to other writer
to make the next research.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
Having collected and analyzed the data, some conclusions are given below:
1) All maxim are violated in the Debate Jakarta Governor, they are violation
of maxim quality, maxim quantity, maxim relation, and maxim manner;
these types are the same as those in the theory cooperative principle.
2) From the violation maxim, it creates an implicature (special messages) by
their utterances to the viewers who watching the debate forum, because in
this debate the goals from each candidates is to get more support and
sympathy from the voters.
B.
Suggestions
Having conducted a research about an analysis of violation of maxim and
implicature, it is useful to consider the following suggestions:
1) To everyone especially student of applied linguistics, who are speaking
especially in a formal situation like the candidates of debate forum who
watched by many viewers, should follow the cooperative principle, by
giving complete, clear, true, and orderly information.
2) To candidates of debate forum, it is suggested to avoid the violation
maxim which create an implicature, because not everyone knows the
implication from the utterance which created by violation maxim.
41
REFERENCES
Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Davies, Rory. 2005. Implicature and the Cooprative Principle. Volume 1 (25)
Page 25-33
Devito, Joseph A. 2007. The Interpersonal Communication book. United States of
America: Pearson Education Inc
Grice, H. P. 1989. Logic and conversation: Studies in the Way of Words
Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Leech, Geoffrey, Terj. M.D.D Oka. 1993. Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia
Levinson, C.S. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Nugroho, Rudi. 2007, Analisis Implikatur Percakapan dalam Tindak Komunikasi
Kelompok teater UNS. Volume 1 (1) Page 1-8
Snider, Alfred and Schnurer, Maxwell. 2002. Many Sides, Debates Across The
Curriculum. New York: The International Debate Education Association
Strauss, Anselm L and Corbin, Juliet M. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research:
Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory 2nd edition.
United States of America: SAGE
Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics.
Longman: University Michigan
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language fourth edition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Yule,
George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
42
OF JAKARTA GOVERNOR
A THESIS
Submitted To English Department, Faculty of Language and Arts,
In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements
for The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
JAMES T. TARIGAN
Registration Number. 208222032
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Tarigan, James. NIM. 208222032, Maxim Violation And Their Implicature
In The Debate of Jakarta Governor. A Thesis. The Faculty of Languages and
Art (FBS). State University of Medan (UNIMED). MEDAN. 2013.
The objectives of this research were to find out the types of maxim are violated in
the Jakarta governor debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko
Widodo (maxim quality, maxim quantity, maxim relation, and maxim manner)
and to describe what implicature is caused by violated maxim. This study deals
with the analysis of types maxim violation and implicature caused by violated
maxim. This research was conducted by using descriptive and qualitative method.
The data were taken from internet sites (youtube) in which the debate program of
gubernatorial debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko
Widodo by Metro TV on September 16, 2012. The result of analyzing found the
violated maxim in the Jakarta governor debate, they were: violated maxim quality,
maxim quantity, maxim relation, maxim manner. The findings of the data analysis
showed that all of maxims are violated in the jakarta governor debate, these types
are the same as those in the theory of cooperative principle. And from the
violation maxim, there is an implicature by the candidates’ utterances to the
viewers who watcing the debate forum, because in this debate the goals from the
candidates to get more support and sympaty from the voters.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT.......................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. iv
LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1
A. The Background of the Study ................................................. 1
B. The Problem of the Study ...................................................... 4
C. The Objective of the Study..................................................... 4
D. The Scope of the Study .......................................................... 5
E. The Significance of the Study ................................................ 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................... 6
A. Pragmatics ............................................................................. 6
B. Cooperative Principle ............................................................. 7
1. Maxim Quality .................................................................. 7
2. Maxim Quantity ................................................................ 8
3. Maxim Relation................................................................. 8
4. Maxim Manner .................................................................. 9
C. Maxim Violation.................................................................... 9
D. Purpose of Violated Maxim ................................................... 12
1. To Show respect ................................................................ 12
2. To Create Hyperbole and Irony ......................................... 12
3. To Change Topic ............................................................... 13
4. To Keep Secret .................................................................. 13
5. To Create Humors ............................................................. 14
E. Implicature............................................................................. 15
1. Conventional Implicature .................................................. 17
iv
2. Conversational Implicature ................................................ 18
a. Generalized Conversational Implicature........................ 19
b. Particularized Conversational Implicature ..................... 20
F. Debate ................................................................................... 21
G. PEMILUKADA ..................................................................... 22
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ................................................ 24
A. The Research Design ............................................................. 24
B. The Source of Data ................................................................ 24
C. The Technique of Data Collection .......................................... 24
D. The Technique of Data Analysis ............................................ 25
CHAPTER IV DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .......................................... 26
A. Types of Maxim Violation .................................................... 26
1. Violation Maxim Quality................................................... 26
2. Violation Maxim Quantity ................................................. 28
3. Violation Maxim Relation ................................................. 30
4. Violation Maxim Manner .................................................. 31
B. Implicature Caused from Violation Maxim ............................ 33
1. Implicature of Violated Maxim Quality ............................. 33
2. Implicature of Violated Maxim Quantity ........................... 35
3. Implicature of Violated Maxim Relation............................ 36
4. Implicature of Violated Maxim Manner ............................. 38
C. Research Findings .................................................................. 39
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................. 41
A. Conclusions........................................................................... 41
B. Suggestions ........................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 42
APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 44
v
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 44
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of The Study
Language is a complex system of communication to enable human to
cooperate. As a tool of communication, language is very important in human life.
Because almost all of people’s activities use language to communication. Leech
(1983; 54) said language is communication. Means that it is impossible for people
to do interaction and understand each other without language, by using language
people can express everything, such as ideas, thoughts, fellings, opinions to
another. Without language people will get difficulty to interact to others. For
example we had a headache and want to tell our friend about it, because we need
the help to buy some medicine. We would have use some sign such as pointing at
our head, our eyes, but our friend may not understand about what we meant is we
had headache and need a help, so that is why the language is important.
Language is related to communication and communication itself is
speaking which is done by having a conversation. Conversation is communication
by two or more people on a particular topic. Conversation needs to be someone as
the speakers and the listeners. In order to communicate accurately and efficiently,
speakers and listeners should try to cooperate to another to make the
communication successful. A successful conversation needs to give contributions
and message which can be understood by listeners.
1
2
There are rules to make communication successful which listeners and
speakers should be followed in order to achieve a cooperative communication,
called the cooperative principle. The cooperative principle describes how people
interact with one another. By Paul Grice the cooperative principle divided into
four maxims, maxim is a rule which must obey by the speakers and the listeners,
called the conversational maxims. These principles enable to make effective
communication, make it became meaningful.
Specifically, he claimed those speakers are expected to observe the
following rules or maxims. In the maxim of quantity, speaker should be as
informative as necessary to communicate the intended meaning. In the maxim of
quality, speakers are required to say what is true. In the maxim of relation,
utterances are relative to the context of the speech. And maxim of manner,
speaker try to present meaning clearly and concisely, avoiding ambiguity. By
following these rules, a pleasant conversation may be required.
Sometimes people did not follow the cooperative principle in their
conversation, when the speakers not following the principles, the speakers is
violate the maxim, and the conversation between the speaker and listener can be
unsuccessful or meaningless. For example the conversation when Jane asked
Tony about where is his mother, then Tony responds Jane’s question by giving the
answer his mother is in the bedroom or in the kitchen. Tony does not give a much
information and he is not following the cooperative principle or violate the
maxim.
3
Based on the explanation above, the writer choose the debate candidate
forum as the object of this research, because one form of communication is
conversation and in debate forum uses the spoken conversation. And the writer
interested to analyze the conversation in the newest “Jakarta Governor Debate
Candidates” forum in Indonesia between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor
Joko Widodo which presented by television program on September 16, 2012. The
writer was interested in analyze the violated maxim because of the writer
experiences in watching Jakarta governor debate candidates that not all the
candidates are speak cooperatively according the cooperative principle and they
often disobey and not following the maxim in their conversation during the
debate.
All the the candidates in debate forum are demand to speak cooperatively
with a good language, politely, and use a right word, the language context must be
calculable with the people situation. But they often disobey the cooperative
principles, and violate maxims, it might happen to the candidates when give an
answer when the panelist give a questions to them, they might to be give a untrue
answer (quality maxim), give the answer with so many information which not
nessecary (quantity maxim), not relevant with the question (relation maxim), and
might give an abiguity answer (manner maxim).
There so many violation of the cooperative principle which happen in the
debate forum, this reaserch the writer want to discuss the violated maxim and get
the conversational implicature in debate forum between Governor Fauzi Bowo
4
and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo. Even the writer himself realizes that he also
disobey the cooperative principle rules in his daily conversation with others.
B.
The Problem of The Study
The research problem is to describe the violated maxim and their
conversational implicature that occur in The Jakarta Governor Debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo. To help the writer do this
research, the research questions are formulated as the following:
1. What types of maxim are violated in the Jakarta governor debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo?
2. What implicature is caused by violated maxim in the Jakarta governor
debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo?
C.
The Objective of The Study
The objectives of the study are to discover the violated maxim and their
conversational implicature that occur in The Jakarta Governor Debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo. It is directed:
1. To describe what types of maxim are violated in the Jakarta governor
debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo.
2. To describe what implicature is caused by violated maxim in the Jakarta
governor debate between Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko
Widodo.
5
D.
The Scope of The Study
The Scope of The Study is related to the violated maxim and their
conversational implicature which happen from the violated cooperative principle
by the candidates of Jakarta governor debate. The data were taken from internet
sites (youtube) in which the debate program of gubernatorial debate between
Governor Fauzi Bowo and Solo Mayor Joko Widodo which presented by Metro
TV on September 16, 2012 are available.
E.
The Significance of The Study
The writer hopes of this study are expected to be useful for:
1. The students of university and those people who would like to know more
about the cooperative principle and its maxims.
2. The teachers as a teaching material to be used in an understanding the
meaning of utterances in conversation.
3. The writer hopes this research paper is useful for the all candidates of
debate forum to speak cooperatively and to obey the cooperative
principle.
4. The writer want this research paper became an inspiration to other writer
to make the next research.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
Having collected and analyzed the data, some conclusions are given below:
1) All maxim are violated in the Debate Jakarta Governor, they are violation
of maxim quality, maxim quantity, maxim relation, and maxim manner;
these types are the same as those in the theory cooperative principle.
2) From the violation maxim, it creates an implicature (special messages) by
their utterances to the viewers who watching the debate forum, because in
this debate the goals from each candidates is to get more support and
sympathy from the voters.
B.
Suggestions
Having conducted a research about an analysis of violation of maxim and
implicature, it is useful to consider the following suggestions:
1) To everyone especially student of applied linguistics, who are speaking
especially in a formal situation like the candidates of debate forum who
watched by many viewers, should follow the cooperative principle, by
giving complete, clear, true, and orderly information.
2) To candidates of debate forum, it is suggested to avoid the violation
maxim which create an implicature, because not everyone knows the
implication from the utterance which created by violation maxim.
41
REFERENCES
Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Davies, Rory. 2005. Implicature and the Cooprative Principle. Volume 1 (25)
Page 25-33
Devito, Joseph A. 2007. The Interpersonal Communication book. United States of
America: Pearson Education Inc
Grice, H. P. 1989. Logic and conversation: Studies in the Way of Words
Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Leech, Geoffrey, Terj. M.D.D Oka. 1993. Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia
Levinson, C.S. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Nugroho, Rudi. 2007, Analisis Implikatur Percakapan dalam Tindak Komunikasi
Kelompok teater UNS. Volume 1 (1) Page 1-8
Snider, Alfred and Schnurer, Maxwell. 2002. Many Sides, Debates Across The
Curriculum. New York: The International Debate Education Association
Strauss, Anselm L and Corbin, Juliet M. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research:
Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory 2nd edition.
United States of America: SAGE
Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics.
Longman: University Michigan
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language fourth edition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Yule,
George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
42