The Role of Conversational Implicature Generated By Flouting The Gricean Maxims In Jokes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................
i
ABSTRACT ………………………………… ……………………...
ii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ...............................................
Statement of the Problem ..............................................
Purpose of the Study ...................................................
Method of Research ..................................................
Organization of the Thesis ...........................................
1
3
4
4
4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................
5
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL
IMPLICATURE GENERATED BY FLOUTING
THE GRICEAN MAXIMS IN JOKES ..........................
9
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION
.......................................
31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................
35
i
Maranatha Christian University
ABSTRACT
Dalam skripsi ini saya membahas implikatur atau makna yang tersirat yang
dapat menciptakan hal-hal yang lucu melalui percakapan yang ditemukan dalam
lelucon dalam bahasa Inggris. Humor dapat dibangun dengan menggunakan ujaran
atau ungkapan yang sebenarnya mempunyai arti yang tersirat. Agar dapat lebih
menikmati lelucon, sebagai pembaca, kita harus lebih memperhatikan bahasa yang
digunakan di dalam cerita tersebut, termasuk jika membaca lelucon dalam bahasa
Inggris.
Dalam menciptakan humor dalam sebuah cerita, hal yang ditangkap oleh
karakter-karakter dalam suatu pembicaraan di dalam cerita itu sering digunakan
sebagai alat untuk membangun kelucuan. Pendekatan linguistik yang digunakan
dalam menganalisis humor-humor tersebut adalah Pragmatik, khususnya teori Grice
tentang bidal.
Dari hasil penelitian saya dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam suatu lelucon,
kesalahpahaman sangat efektif dalam menciptakan hal-hal yang lucu. Penulis cerita
humor juga sering menggunakan permainan kata dan membuat ucapan-ucapan yang
mengandung makna yang tersirat, sehingga terjadi kesalahpahaman antara apa yang
dikatakan dan apa yang ditangkap oleh karakter-karakter dalam cerita tersebut.
ii
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Basically, everybody likes humor. Moreover, these days many people need
humor in their life because of the stressful conditions that they cannot avoid in their
life. According to Dr. Norman Cousins, laughter may or may not activate the
endorphins or enhance respiration. Laughter is an antidote to apprehension and panic
(Cousins). Laughing increases people’s desire and makes them have a good mood.
Bernie Siegel, M.D. in his book Love, Medicine and Miracles, says “Our state of
mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body” (Siegel). Stress,
depression and anger are the negative emotions that can influence our immunity and
increase the heart problem and slow the healing of illness. On the other hand, positive
emotions such as love, hope and humor are effective to keep illness away from our
body. Therefore, laughing is one of the important parts of our life.
We can find a funny thing that can make us laugh in jokes. We can find jokes
in movies, books, articles, the Internet sites and even in our daily interactions with
other people. In creating jokes, we may use language in building the funny thing and
make people laugh.
1
Maranatha Christian University
Sometimes we have a problem in understanding some jokes, especially those
in foreign language, that we read and hear in many kinds of text. We do not know and
do not understand which part of the jokes that can make us laugh, because sometimes
in creating the funny thing, the writer adds an implicit message in the jokes. As
readers, sometimes we do not catch those implicit messages that actually the writer
wants to convey. As a result, we cannot understand the jokes, and of course, we do
not laugh. In short, the main point of the jokes that can make people laugh cannot be
understood by readers. That is the reason why I choose to analyze jokes for my thesis.
In my thesis, I would like to make readers more aware of those implicit
messages in the jokes, so that readers can enjoy reading the jokes more. Actually
those implicit sentences are related to one linguistic aspect, namely conversational
implicature. For some people, linguistics may be unfamiliar and they may not be
aware that actually linguistics is an important aspect in understanding jokes,
especially when the funny thing is conveyed implicitly. Many writers tell jokes in an
implicit way. That is why readers must be more aware of one particular linguistic
aspect, in this case implicature, in understanding jokes.
In analyzing the jokes in my thesis, I use H. P. Grice’s theory ‘Conversational
Implicature’. By applying that theory, I can analyze the implicit meaning of the jokes.
I understand what the speakers actually intend to say and what their words mean in
the jokes. In some sentences, there is something that is more than what the words
mean. Or, it is also possible that the speaker meaning is completely different from
what the words literally mean. This additional or different meaning is called
implicature.
2
Maranatha Christian University
In linguistics, there are some factors and rules in observing those implicatures.
They are called conversational maxims. These maxims are introduced by H. P. Grice.
According to Grice, there are four maxims in conversation as follows:
1. Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required and do not
make your contribution more informative than is required.
2. Quality: Do not say what you believe to be false or do not say that for which
you lack adequate evidence.
3. Relation: Be relevant.
4. Manner: Avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief and be
orderly.
(Thomas 63-64)
Through my thesis, I hope I can help people become more aware of the
importance of linguistics, so that people appreciate linguistic aspects more. More
specifically, I hope readers can appreciate the joke writers’ creativity more; it is not as
easy as we probably think to build the funny thing through sentences, especially when
they contain an implicit meaning. Through my thesis, I also hope readers will have
better language competence in order to be able to observe the implicature in the jokes
so that they can enjoy reading the jokes and can laugh at them more.
Statement of the Problem
The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are:
1. What utterances in the jokes flout the Gricean maxims so as to produce the
humorous effect?
2. What maxims are being flouted?
3. What implicature does the utterance contain?
3
Maranatha Christian University
Purpose of the Study
Based on the problems above, I would like:
1. To find out the utterances in the jokes that flout the Gricean maxims so as to
produce the humorous effect.
2. To describe the maxims that are being flouted.
3. To find out the implicature the utterance contains.
Method of Research
The first step is that I browse the Internet to find jokes which contain some
implicit meaning that makes the jokes funny. And then, I analyze the role of
conversational implicature in each joke. Finally, I write a research report.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One, the Introduction, contains
the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the Study,
Method of Research and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two contains the
theoretical framework used to analyze the data. Chapter Three contains the analysis of
the conversational implicature in the jokes. Chapter Four contains the conclusion of
the analysis, and then the thesis ends with the Bibliography.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
There are twenty-two data in my thesis. After analyzing those jokes using
Grice’s theory, I find that actually, based on how the humor is created, the jokes in the
discussion belong to three different groups.
Data 1 until 13 are jokes that consist of utterances that contain implicatures
that require reader’s language competence in observing the implicatures. If they fail to
do that, they will not be able to detect the funny part of the joke. Furthermore, in this
group of jokes, the utterances that contain the implicature or an additional meaning
which makes the joke funny must be put as the punch line, that is at the end of the
story. The jokes end without any further explanation about the other character’s
response.
Data 14 until 20 are jokes in which the funny thing is caused by the fact that
one of the characters fail to observe the implicature. Jokes belonging to this group
will have the implicature in the middle of the story. It can also be put before the punch
line. There is a response of the other character which shows that the character does
not catch the right implicature of the previous utterance.
31
Maranatha Christian University
Data 21 and 22 are jokes that not only require reader’s language competence
in observing the implicature, but also build the funny thing by one of the character’s
failure to understand the implicature. This kind of jokes has two implicatures. The
utterances which contain the implicature are put as the punch line. Other utterances
containing an implicature are put in the middle of the story.
After analyzing the jokes, I also find that the most common maxim that is
flouted in the jokes is the maxim of Manner. Out of the twenty-two data I use, twenty
of them contain utterances which flout the maxim of Manner. The maxim of Manner
is often used because it deals with utterances which must be expressed briefly and
orderly to avoid obscurity of expression, as well as ambiguity. When there is an
utterance that does not express the meaning briefly or even have an ambiguous
meaning, it flouts the maxim of Manner. I think the flouting of this maxim is often
used in creating the funny part of the jokes because it is funnier if the writer of the
jokes gives an implicit meaning in the joke rather than if he states everything
explicitly and clearly. In creating the funny thing in the jokes, utterances which can
make the hearer misunderstand the meaning is essential.
The maxim of Relation is also used quite often in creating the funny part of
the joke. Eleven of my data contain utterances that flout the maxim of Relation. I am
of the opinion that this happens because relation deals with utterances that must be
relevant with the topic of the conversation. Commonly, the funny thing can occur
when there is a response or utterance from one of the speakers that is irrelevant with
the context.
In my analysis, I also find that none of my data contains utterances that flout
the maxim of Quality. I believe the maxim of Quality is rarely used in creating the
funny part in the joke because when someone says something untrue, it is not as
32
Maranatha Christian University
interesting as when someone utters an ambiguous statement. Commonly, the response
of the speaker when hearing an ambiguous statement is funnier that when hearing an
untrue statement.
Another thing that I find after completing my analysis is that it is possible that
one joke has more than one utterance which contains implicature that makes the joke
funny. In joke number 22, for example, there is an implicature in the teacher’s
utterance that makes little Johnny fail to catch the correct meaning. After hearing the
mother’s utterance, the little boy replies to it with an utterance that also contains an
implicature. But in my analysis, I only find two jokes that use more than one
implicature. They are jokes numbers 21 and 22. I believe this means that in creating
the funny part, the writers of the jokes tend to use just one implicature.
To end my conclusion, I would like to give a suggestion to those who are
interested in analyzing jokes using Gricean maxims. Sometimes I encountered some
difficulties to find out the right utterance which contains an implicature or an
additional meaning that makes the joke funny. First, we must understand the story.
We must read the joke carefully and pay attention to the vocabularies in that joke.
Because the joke is not written in our first language, sometimes there are some words
that we do not understand. The problem is that the writers of the jokes sometimes play
with the words in creating the funny part. And we must also imagine the situation that
occurs in the story. It will help us to understand the condition of the speaker in the
joke better. After that, we can find the utterance that flouts the maxims. Usually, that
utterance is put as the punch line of the story or the utterance that makes other speaker
fail to catch its meaning.
Second, to understand and appreciate jokes that we read, we have background
knowledge. Sometimes we cannot understand which part of the joke makes the joke
33
Maranatha Christian University
funny. Although we understand the implicature, we may not find the joke funny if we
do not have some background knowledge about what is happening in the joke. Joke
14 is the clear example of joke which needs our background knowledge in
understanding the humor.
If we do not know that only Labrador and Golden Retriever are used to assist
the blind, we will not be able to understand why the second man’s utterance is funny.
Personally, I prefer reading jokes in which the implicature is put as the punch
line. I must understand the whole story to find out the funny part. It is more enjoyable
to realize the funny thing by ourselves. For me, it is funnier when the funny thing in
the joke is put implicitly in the utterance. It is not funny anymore if the funny thing is
said explicitly. Our language competence is important to help us realize the implicit
meaning. In understanding it, we deal with pragmatics, which concerns with what the
hearer or the reader catches from the speaker or the writer. That is why I strongly
believe that pragmatics plays an important role in jokes, both in creating and
understanding them.
34
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. London and
New York: Longman Group Ltd, 1995
Electronic Publications:
Cousins, Norman. “Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient: Reflections on
Healing and Regeneration.” Vidyaonline. 27 February 2008
Durbin, Chaplain Paul G. “Notes from Love, Medicine & Miracles.” Rev. of Love,
Medicine & Miracles, by Dr. Bernie Siegel. Human Trinity
Hypnotherapy 25 February 2008. 27 Feb 2008
Ahajokes.com. 2005. 24 February 2007
Jokeswarehouse.com. 2000. 29 February 2008
Littlejohnnyjoke.com. 2003. 7 March 2008
Iteslj.org. The Internet TESL Journal. 1998-2008. 7 March 2008
Fropki.com. phpBB Group. 2000, 2002, 2005, 2007. 7 March 2008
Maranatha Christian University
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................
i
ABSTRACT ………………………………… ……………………...
ii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ...............................................
Statement of the Problem ..............................................
Purpose of the Study ...................................................
Method of Research ..................................................
Organization of the Thesis ...........................................
1
3
4
4
4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................
5
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL
IMPLICATURE GENERATED BY FLOUTING
THE GRICEAN MAXIMS IN JOKES ..........................
9
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION
.......................................
31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................
35
i
Maranatha Christian University
ABSTRACT
Dalam skripsi ini saya membahas implikatur atau makna yang tersirat yang
dapat menciptakan hal-hal yang lucu melalui percakapan yang ditemukan dalam
lelucon dalam bahasa Inggris. Humor dapat dibangun dengan menggunakan ujaran
atau ungkapan yang sebenarnya mempunyai arti yang tersirat. Agar dapat lebih
menikmati lelucon, sebagai pembaca, kita harus lebih memperhatikan bahasa yang
digunakan di dalam cerita tersebut, termasuk jika membaca lelucon dalam bahasa
Inggris.
Dalam menciptakan humor dalam sebuah cerita, hal yang ditangkap oleh
karakter-karakter dalam suatu pembicaraan di dalam cerita itu sering digunakan
sebagai alat untuk membangun kelucuan. Pendekatan linguistik yang digunakan
dalam menganalisis humor-humor tersebut adalah Pragmatik, khususnya teori Grice
tentang bidal.
Dari hasil penelitian saya dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam suatu lelucon,
kesalahpahaman sangat efektif dalam menciptakan hal-hal yang lucu. Penulis cerita
humor juga sering menggunakan permainan kata dan membuat ucapan-ucapan yang
mengandung makna yang tersirat, sehingga terjadi kesalahpahaman antara apa yang
dikatakan dan apa yang ditangkap oleh karakter-karakter dalam cerita tersebut.
ii
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Basically, everybody likes humor. Moreover, these days many people need
humor in their life because of the stressful conditions that they cannot avoid in their
life. According to Dr. Norman Cousins, laughter may or may not activate the
endorphins or enhance respiration. Laughter is an antidote to apprehension and panic
(Cousins). Laughing increases people’s desire and makes them have a good mood.
Bernie Siegel, M.D. in his book Love, Medicine and Miracles, says “Our state of
mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body” (Siegel). Stress,
depression and anger are the negative emotions that can influence our immunity and
increase the heart problem and slow the healing of illness. On the other hand, positive
emotions such as love, hope and humor are effective to keep illness away from our
body. Therefore, laughing is one of the important parts of our life.
We can find a funny thing that can make us laugh in jokes. We can find jokes
in movies, books, articles, the Internet sites and even in our daily interactions with
other people. In creating jokes, we may use language in building the funny thing and
make people laugh.
1
Maranatha Christian University
Sometimes we have a problem in understanding some jokes, especially those
in foreign language, that we read and hear in many kinds of text. We do not know and
do not understand which part of the jokes that can make us laugh, because sometimes
in creating the funny thing, the writer adds an implicit message in the jokes. As
readers, sometimes we do not catch those implicit messages that actually the writer
wants to convey. As a result, we cannot understand the jokes, and of course, we do
not laugh. In short, the main point of the jokes that can make people laugh cannot be
understood by readers. That is the reason why I choose to analyze jokes for my thesis.
In my thesis, I would like to make readers more aware of those implicit
messages in the jokes, so that readers can enjoy reading the jokes more. Actually
those implicit sentences are related to one linguistic aspect, namely conversational
implicature. For some people, linguistics may be unfamiliar and they may not be
aware that actually linguistics is an important aspect in understanding jokes,
especially when the funny thing is conveyed implicitly. Many writers tell jokes in an
implicit way. That is why readers must be more aware of one particular linguistic
aspect, in this case implicature, in understanding jokes.
In analyzing the jokes in my thesis, I use H. P. Grice’s theory ‘Conversational
Implicature’. By applying that theory, I can analyze the implicit meaning of the jokes.
I understand what the speakers actually intend to say and what their words mean in
the jokes. In some sentences, there is something that is more than what the words
mean. Or, it is also possible that the speaker meaning is completely different from
what the words literally mean. This additional or different meaning is called
implicature.
2
Maranatha Christian University
In linguistics, there are some factors and rules in observing those implicatures.
They are called conversational maxims. These maxims are introduced by H. P. Grice.
According to Grice, there are four maxims in conversation as follows:
1. Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required and do not
make your contribution more informative than is required.
2. Quality: Do not say what you believe to be false or do not say that for which
you lack adequate evidence.
3. Relation: Be relevant.
4. Manner: Avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief and be
orderly.
(Thomas 63-64)
Through my thesis, I hope I can help people become more aware of the
importance of linguistics, so that people appreciate linguistic aspects more. More
specifically, I hope readers can appreciate the joke writers’ creativity more; it is not as
easy as we probably think to build the funny thing through sentences, especially when
they contain an implicit meaning. Through my thesis, I also hope readers will have
better language competence in order to be able to observe the implicature in the jokes
so that they can enjoy reading the jokes and can laugh at them more.
Statement of the Problem
The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are:
1. What utterances in the jokes flout the Gricean maxims so as to produce the
humorous effect?
2. What maxims are being flouted?
3. What implicature does the utterance contain?
3
Maranatha Christian University
Purpose of the Study
Based on the problems above, I would like:
1. To find out the utterances in the jokes that flout the Gricean maxims so as to
produce the humorous effect.
2. To describe the maxims that are being flouted.
3. To find out the implicature the utterance contains.
Method of Research
The first step is that I browse the Internet to find jokes which contain some
implicit meaning that makes the jokes funny. And then, I analyze the role of
conversational implicature in each joke. Finally, I write a research report.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One, the Introduction, contains
the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the Study,
Method of Research and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two contains the
theoretical framework used to analyze the data. Chapter Three contains the analysis of
the conversational implicature in the jokes. Chapter Four contains the conclusion of
the analysis, and then the thesis ends with the Bibliography.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
There are twenty-two data in my thesis. After analyzing those jokes using
Grice’s theory, I find that actually, based on how the humor is created, the jokes in the
discussion belong to three different groups.
Data 1 until 13 are jokes that consist of utterances that contain implicatures
that require reader’s language competence in observing the implicatures. If they fail to
do that, they will not be able to detect the funny part of the joke. Furthermore, in this
group of jokes, the utterances that contain the implicature or an additional meaning
which makes the joke funny must be put as the punch line, that is at the end of the
story. The jokes end without any further explanation about the other character’s
response.
Data 14 until 20 are jokes in which the funny thing is caused by the fact that
one of the characters fail to observe the implicature. Jokes belonging to this group
will have the implicature in the middle of the story. It can also be put before the punch
line. There is a response of the other character which shows that the character does
not catch the right implicature of the previous utterance.
31
Maranatha Christian University
Data 21 and 22 are jokes that not only require reader’s language competence
in observing the implicature, but also build the funny thing by one of the character’s
failure to understand the implicature. This kind of jokes has two implicatures. The
utterances which contain the implicature are put as the punch line. Other utterances
containing an implicature are put in the middle of the story.
After analyzing the jokes, I also find that the most common maxim that is
flouted in the jokes is the maxim of Manner. Out of the twenty-two data I use, twenty
of them contain utterances which flout the maxim of Manner. The maxim of Manner
is often used because it deals with utterances which must be expressed briefly and
orderly to avoid obscurity of expression, as well as ambiguity. When there is an
utterance that does not express the meaning briefly or even have an ambiguous
meaning, it flouts the maxim of Manner. I think the flouting of this maxim is often
used in creating the funny part of the jokes because it is funnier if the writer of the
jokes gives an implicit meaning in the joke rather than if he states everything
explicitly and clearly. In creating the funny thing in the jokes, utterances which can
make the hearer misunderstand the meaning is essential.
The maxim of Relation is also used quite often in creating the funny part of
the joke. Eleven of my data contain utterances that flout the maxim of Relation. I am
of the opinion that this happens because relation deals with utterances that must be
relevant with the topic of the conversation. Commonly, the funny thing can occur
when there is a response or utterance from one of the speakers that is irrelevant with
the context.
In my analysis, I also find that none of my data contains utterances that flout
the maxim of Quality. I believe the maxim of Quality is rarely used in creating the
funny part in the joke because when someone says something untrue, it is not as
32
Maranatha Christian University
interesting as when someone utters an ambiguous statement. Commonly, the response
of the speaker when hearing an ambiguous statement is funnier that when hearing an
untrue statement.
Another thing that I find after completing my analysis is that it is possible that
one joke has more than one utterance which contains implicature that makes the joke
funny. In joke number 22, for example, there is an implicature in the teacher’s
utterance that makes little Johnny fail to catch the correct meaning. After hearing the
mother’s utterance, the little boy replies to it with an utterance that also contains an
implicature. But in my analysis, I only find two jokes that use more than one
implicature. They are jokes numbers 21 and 22. I believe this means that in creating
the funny part, the writers of the jokes tend to use just one implicature.
To end my conclusion, I would like to give a suggestion to those who are
interested in analyzing jokes using Gricean maxims. Sometimes I encountered some
difficulties to find out the right utterance which contains an implicature or an
additional meaning that makes the joke funny. First, we must understand the story.
We must read the joke carefully and pay attention to the vocabularies in that joke.
Because the joke is not written in our first language, sometimes there are some words
that we do not understand. The problem is that the writers of the jokes sometimes play
with the words in creating the funny part. And we must also imagine the situation that
occurs in the story. It will help us to understand the condition of the speaker in the
joke better. After that, we can find the utterance that flouts the maxims. Usually, that
utterance is put as the punch line of the story or the utterance that makes other speaker
fail to catch its meaning.
Second, to understand and appreciate jokes that we read, we have background
knowledge. Sometimes we cannot understand which part of the joke makes the joke
33
Maranatha Christian University
funny. Although we understand the implicature, we may not find the joke funny if we
do not have some background knowledge about what is happening in the joke. Joke
14 is the clear example of joke which needs our background knowledge in
understanding the humor.
If we do not know that only Labrador and Golden Retriever are used to assist
the blind, we will not be able to understand why the second man’s utterance is funny.
Personally, I prefer reading jokes in which the implicature is put as the punch
line. I must understand the whole story to find out the funny part. It is more enjoyable
to realize the funny thing by ourselves. For me, it is funnier when the funny thing in
the joke is put implicitly in the utterance. It is not funny anymore if the funny thing is
said explicitly. Our language competence is important to help us realize the implicit
meaning. In understanding it, we deal with pragmatics, which concerns with what the
hearer or the reader catches from the speaker or the writer. That is why I strongly
believe that pragmatics plays an important role in jokes, both in creating and
understanding them.
34
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. London and
New York: Longman Group Ltd, 1995
Electronic Publications:
Cousins, Norman. “Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient: Reflections on
Healing and Regeneration.” Vidyaonline. 27 February 2008
Durbin, Chaplain Paul G. “Notes from Love, Medicine & Miracles.” Rev. of Love,
Medicine & Miracles, by Dr. Bernie Siegel. Human Trinity
Hypnotherapy 25 February 2008. 27 Feb 2008
Ahajokes.com. 2005. 24 February 2007
Jokeswarehouse.com. 2000. 29 February 2008
Littlejohnnyjoke.com. 2003. 7 March 2008
Iteslj.org. The Internet TESL Journal. 1998-2008. 7 March 2008
Fropki.com. phpBB Group. 2000, 2002, 2005, 2007. 7 March 2008
Maranatha Christian University