EFFECT OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND BLAST
Jurna l Te kno lo g i
Full Pa p e r
A rtic le histo ry
EFFEC T O F G EO LO G IC AL STRUC TURE AND BLASTING
PRAC TIC E IN FLY RO C K AC C IDENT AT JO HO R,
Re c e ive d
18 Ja nua ry 2016
Re c e ive d in re vise d fo rm
8 Ma rc h 2016
Ac c e p te d
18 Ma rc h 2016
M ALAYSIA
Ed y To nniza m Mo ha ma d a , Bha ta wd e ka r Ra me sh Murlid ha rb *,
Da nia l Ja he d Arm a g ha nia , Ro sli Sa a d c , C ha ng Shia ng Yib
aC e
ntre o f Tro p ic a l G e o e ng ine e ring , Fa c ulty o f C ivil
Eng ine e ring , Unive rsiti Te kno lo g i Ma la ysia , 81310 UTM Jo ho r
Ba hru, Jo ho r, Ma la ysia
b De p a rtme nt o f G e o te c hnic s a nd Tra nsp o rta tio n, Fa c ulty o f
C ivil Eng ine e ring , Unive rsiti Te kno lo g i Ma la ysia , 81310 UTM
Jo ho r Ba hru, Jo ho r, Ma la ysia
c Sc ho o l o f Physic s, Unive rsiti Sa ins Ma la ysia , Pe na ng , Ma la ysia
*C o rre sp o nd ing a utho r
rmb ha ta w d e ka r@ ya ho o .c o m
Abstra c t
Bla sting o p e ra tio n is c o mmo n me tho d in ha rd ro c k e xc a va tio n a t c ivil e ng ine e ring a nd mining site s.
Ro c k b la sting re sults in the fra g me nta tio n a lo ng w ith e nviro nme nta l ha za rd s suc h a s fly ro c k, g ro und
vib ra tio n, a ir-b la st, d ust a nd fum e s. Mo st o f the c o m mo n a c c id e nts a sso c ia te d w ith b la sting a re
d ue to fly ro c k. A fly ro c k a c c id e nt ha d o c c urre d o n 15 July 2015 a t a c o nstruc tio n site a t Jo ho r,
Ma la ysia . Due to this a c c id e nt, ne a r b y fa c to ry w o rke r w a s kille d w hile tw o o the r w o rke rs w e re
se rio usly injure d a fte r hit b y ro c k d e b ris fro m a n e xp lo sio n a t c o nstruc tio n site w hic h w e re 200 m
a w a y fro m the fa c to ry. The ma in p urp o se o f this stud y is to inve stig a te c a use s o f fly ro c k a c c id e nt
b a se d o n g e o lo g ic a l struc ture s a nd b la sting p ra c tic e suc h a s b la st d e sig n, p re insp e c tio n o n
g e o lo g ic a l struc ture s, id e ntifying d a ng e r zo ne d ue to b la sting a nd c o mmunic a tio n a nd e va c ua tio n
o f p e rso nne l b e fo re b la st. It c a n b e c o nc lud e d tha t fly ro c k c o uld b e ha ve b e e n c o ntro lle d in
thre e sta g e s; initia l d rilling o f ho le s b a se d o n b la st d e sig n, e nsure limiting c ha rg e fo r ho le s ha ving le ss
b urd e n o r ha ving g e o lo g ic a l d isc o ntinuity a nd se le c ting p ro p e r se q ue nc e o f initia tio n o f ho le s.
Ke ywo rd s: Ro c k b la sting , fly ro c k a c c id e nt, g e o lo g ic a l struc ture , b la sting p ra c tic e
Abstra k
Ke rja le tup a n a d a la h ka e d a h lumra h d a la m p e ng o re ka n b a tua n ke ra s d i ta p a k ke jurute ra a n
a w a m d a n p e rlo mb o ng a n. Le tup a n b a tu a ka n me ng ha silka n p e c a ha n b a tua n d a la m sa iz ya ng
mud a h d ike rja ka n, d isa mp ing me ng a kib a tka n p e rma sa la ha n a la m se kita r d a n me ng a nc a m
ke se la ma ta n se p e rti b a tu lia r, g e g a ra n ta na h, le tup a n ud a ra , ha b uk d a n p e mb e b a sa n g a s
me rb a ha ya . Ke ma la ng a n me lib a tka n b a tu lia r te la h b e rla ku p a d a 15 Jula i 2015 d i ta p a k
p e mb ina a n d i Jo ho r, Ma la ysia . Akib a t ke ma la ng a n ini, se o ra ng p e ke rja d i kila ng b e rha mp ira n
te la h te rko rb a n m a na ka la d ua o ra ng la g i te la h te rc e d e ra a p a b ila te rke na b a tu lia r ya ng
b e rte rb a ng a n d a ri ta p a k p e mb ina a n ya ng te rle ta k 200 m d a ri kila ng . Tujua n ka jia n ini a d a la h b a g i
me ng ka ji se b a b -se b a b ke ma la ng a n b a tu lia r b e rd a sa rka n struktur g e o lo g i d a n ta ta c a ra ke rja
le tup a n se p e rti re ka b e ntuk le tup a n, p e ng e na lp a stia n zo n p e na m p a n, se rta ko munika si d a n
p e mind a ha n p e ke rja se b e lum le tup a n. Bo le h d isimp ulka n b a ha w a b a tu lia r b o le h d ika w a l me la lui
tig a p e ring ka t; p e ng g e rud ia n a w a l lub a ng b e rd a sa rka n re ka b e ntuk le tup a n, me ma stika n ha d c a j
untuk lub a ng ya ng me mp unya i b e b a na n ya ng ke c il a ta u m e mp unya i ke tid a kse la nja ra n g e o lo g i,
d a n me milih uruta n lub a ng ya ng b e tul untuk me mula ka n le tup a n.
Ka ta kunc i: Le tup a n b a tu, ke ma la ng a n b a tu lia r, struktur g e o lo g i, ta ta c a ra le tup a n
© 2016 Pe ne rb it UTM Pre ss. All rig ht se rve d
72:1 (2016 ) 1–8 | www.jurna lte kno lo g i.utm .m y | e ISSN 2180– 3722 |
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1.0 INTRO DUC TIO N
In ha rd ro c k e xc a va tio n fo r c ivil c o nstruc tio n a nd
mining site s, e xp lo sive s a re the b e st e c o no mic a nd
c he a p e st so urc e fo r ro c k fra g me nta tio n. He nc e ,
b la sting is c o mmo n me tho d use d . Sma ll a m o unt o f
e ne rg y is utlise d a nd re st is w a ste d in the fo rm o f
g ro und vib ra tio n, fly ro c k, b a c k b re a ks, a ir b la st e tc
[1]. Fly ro c k d ue to ro c k b la sting ha s b e e n se rio us
p ro b le m c a using d a ng e r to huma n b e ing s a nd
d a ma g e to p ro p e rty [2]. Enviro nme nta l ha za rd s o f
surfa c e b la sting a re ma inly d ue to fly ro c k, la c k o f
a d e q ua te se c urity in b la sting a re a , misfire a nd
p re ma ture b la st [3]. During 21 ye a r p e rio d o f fro m
1978 to 1998 in surfa c e mine s, the ma jo r c a use s o f
b la st injurie s w e re d ue to fly ro c k a nd la c k o f
se c urity a c c o unte d fo r 68.2 % o f to ta l b la st injurie s
[4]. The ma in c a use s o f fly ro c k in lime sto ne q ua rry
w e re g e o lo g ic a l c o nd itio ns, ina d e q ua te ste m ming
le ng th a nd b a c k b re a k fro m p re vio us b la st [5].
Ma ximum fly ro c k d ista nc e in stud y a t lime sto ne
q ua rrie s sho w e d d ista nc e o f 300 m a nd sa fe
d ista nc e re c o mme nd e d is 500 m [2].
Bla st a re a is the a re a in w hic h injury to p e rso ns
ma y o c c ur d ue to surfa c e b la sting invo lving flying
ma te ria l o r g a se s fro m e xp lo sive s [6]-[9]. Bla st a re a
sha ll d e p e nd o n g e o lo g y o f a re a to b e b la ste d ,
b la st g e o me try (ho le d ia me te r, d e p th, sp a c ing ,
b urd e n a nd a ng le o f ho le ), typ e o f ste mming a nd
le ng th, ma ximum c ha rg e p e r d e la y, p o w d e r
fa c to r, d e la y syste m , typ e a nd a mo unt o f
e xp lo sive s. Bla ste r sha ll b e g ive n tra ining fo r
d e te rmining b la st a re a [10]. In the p re se nt p a p e r, a
fly ro c k a c c id e nt is first re p o rte d a nd the n the
p o ssib le re a so ns fo r tha t a re d isc usse d .
ma jo r c a use o f fly ro c k a c c id e nt in Ma sa i, Jo ho r in
2013 [12].
Va rio us a c c id e nts w hic h o c c urre d in c o a l mine s
w e re d ue to la c k o f a d e q ua te se c urity, no t ta king
she lte r b y p e rso ns in b la sting a re a , ina d e q ua te
tra ining fo r b la sting p e rso nne l [4]. In c a se o f fly ro c k
a c c id e nt in Ma sa i Jo ho r, o the r m a jo r c a use s w e re
c o mp e te nc y o f p e rso ns, b la st d e sig n, no t g ive n
a tte ntio n fo r c lo se d ista nc e o f ne a rb y re sid e nts
[12].
3.0 FLYRO C K AC C IDENT IN MALA YSIA
3.1
Ba c kg ro und
O n July 2015, ro c k b la sting c o ntra c to r he ld a ro c k
b la sting w o rk a t a c o nstruc tio n site in Jo ho r. The
ro c k b la sting w o rk w a s fo r le ve ling c o nstruc tio n site
in the a re a . Ho w e ve r, o n the d a y the b la sting , a n
unp re c e d e nte d c a ta stro p he o c c urre d in w hic h a
p a rt o f the ro c k ma ss a p p ro xima te ly 2,000 m 3 fro m
b la ste d g ra nite fle w a w a y fo r a d ista nc e up to 200
m fro m the b la sting fa c e . Fro m site surve y, it w a s
fo und tha t the size o f the fly ro c k va rie d fro m 5 c m 3
to 0.3 m 3. Fig ure 1 sho w s the lo c a tio n o f the a re a s
invo lve d .
As a re sult o f the e xp lo sio n, une xp e c te d fly ro c k
c o ve re d surro und ing a re a o f the lo c a tio n. This
une xp e c te d a c c id e nt kille d a w o rke r a nd injure d
tw o o the rs. Wo rke rs invo lve d w e re a b o ut 150 m to
the w e st o f the b la sting lo c a tio n. Se ve ra l ve hic le s
w e re a lso d e stro ye d a nd d a ma g e d . So me sma ll
fra g me nts fle w to a fa c to ry in so uthw e st (a b o ut 50
m a w a y). Fig ure s 2 to 4 sho w the e ffe c t o f the
b la sting .
2.0 HISTO RY O F FLYRO CK AC CIDENTS
869 b la sting a c c id e nts in US [11] surfa c e mine s
stud ie d fo r a p e rio d o f 16 ye a rs fro m 1978 to 1993
w he re a n a nnua l a ve ra g e o f a b o ut 58 no nfa ta l
injurie s w e re c a use d b y mine b la sting a c c id e nts
a nd 4.75 fa ta litie s p e r ye a r fo r the p e rio d 1990—
1993. The ma in c a use s o f b la sting a c c id e nts w e re
b la st a re a se c urity a nd fly ro c k [3] fo r tw o d e c a d e s
(1978 to 1998) fo r US surfa c e m ine s w he re the re
w e re 19 fa ta litie s, 167 no nfa ta l injurie s in c o a l mine s
a nd 26 fa ta litie s a nd 200 no n fa ta l injurie s in no n
c o a l/ me ta l mine . The ma in re a so n fo r fly ro c k
a c c id e nts w a s d ue to w e a kne ss in g e o me c ha nic a l stre ng th o f ro c k ha ving
le a st
re sista nc e w he re e xp lo sive s e ne rg y c o uld b lo w
ro c ks e a sily. .
G e o lo g ic a l fa c to rs suc h a s sud d e n c ha ng e in
g e o lo g y c a n c a use misma tc h b e tw e e n e xp lo sive
e ne rg y a nd ro c k re sista nc e re sulting in fly ro c k e .g .
mud se a ms o r vo id s le a d to hig h e xp lo sive s e ne rg y
c o nc e ntra tio n [4]. Lo w sta b ility a t b la sting fa c e
ma y b e c a use d in a p a rtic ula r d ire c tio n d ue to
d isc o ntinuity o r c ra c ks. G e o lo g ic a l c o nd itio n w a s
Fig ure 1 Lo c a tio n sho w ing d ire c tio n o f fly ro c k
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b la sting c a rrie d o ut a re ma rke d w ith a ye llo w c irc le
line .
Fig ure 2 Lo c a tio n o f the a rro w s sho w n in re d a nd the
e ffe c ts o f w ild sto ne w ith o ra ng e a rro w s (150 m fro m the
b la st lo c a tio n)
Fig ure 5 Po sitio n o f the b la st lo c a tio n a nd 100 m ra d ius
a re a o f the w ild ro c k d rift d ire c tio n fro m the b la st
3.3
De sig n Ho le a nd Exp lo sive s
A c o mp a ny re p o rte d tha t, a to ta l o f 21 ho le s w e re
d rille d w ith b urd e n x sp a c ing a s 4.9 m x 5.2 m a nd
ste mming o f 3.7 m. The b la st d e sig n a nd typ e o f
e xp lo sive s use d (p ro vid e d b y c o ntra c to r) is sho w n
in Fig ure 6, w hile the lo c a tio n o f the b la sting is
sho w n in Fig ure s 7 a nd 8.
Fig ure 3 The e ffe c t o f d a ma g e – Ve hic le s d a m a g e d (150
m fro m the b la sting site )
Fig ure 6 De sig n o f b la st re p o rte d b y c o ntra c to r
Fig ure 4 A ne a rb y fa c to ry
3.2
Enviro nme nta l C o nd itio ns
The a re a surro und ing the b la st site is sho w n in
Fig ure 5. The b la sting a re a ma rke d w ith a re d sta r
a nd the ra d ius o f 100 m fro m the a re a w he re the
Fig ure 7 The lo c a tio n o f the b la sting site (p ic ture d o n July
18, 2015)
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Fig ure 10 The ro c k sp lit in line s 2 a nd 3 a nd no t mo v e d fa r
8 Insp e c tio n c a rrie d o ut o n site . Re d a rro w
ind ic a te s the d ire c tio n o f jo int d o mina nc e (to the w e st)
Fig ure
With o b se rva tio ns o n site a nd the info rm a tio n
sup p lie d b y the c o ntra c to r, the e stima te d vo lume
o f b la ste d ro c k ma ss is 3,000 m 3, w hile the a mo unt
o f e xp lo sive use d w a s 1 to nne . Po w d e r fa c to r use d
in the b la st w a s 0.33 kg / m 3. It ta ke s into a c c o unt
the 21 d rill ho le s w hic h id e ntifie d the c a use o f the
a c c id e nt. Also id e ntifie d fro m the insp e c tio n site ,
the so urc e o f this fly ro c k is fro m the line o f d rill
ho le s in the fro nt line . It w a s a lso o b se rve d the
thro w fa c to r fro m se c o nd a nd third ro w s d id no t
mo ve fa r (Fig ure s 9 to 11).
Fig ure 1 1 Sha re o f first ho le tha t d e stro ye d – b e lie ve d to
c a use fly ro c k
3.4
Factory
Fig ure 9 Sta tus o f ro w s o f ho le s 2 a nd 3 a fte r b la st (no t
mo ve d fa r)
G e o lo g ic a l Struc ture
The stud y w a s c o nd uc te d a t a g e o lo g ic a l struc ture
o f the ro c k ma ss a ffe c te d to o b ta in p re se nc e
info rma tio n a nd o rie nta tio n d isc o ntinuitie s tha t
e xist. The stud y w a s c o nd uc te d a fte r the inc id e nt,
b ut the struc ture o f ro c k le ft b e hind c a n still b e
use d a s a g uid e . Pic ture o f ro c k fa c e invo lve d is
sho w n in Fig ure 7. It sho uld b e no te d tha t the
q ua rry b la ste d a nd o p e ne d a site w he re se ria l
b la sts ha d b e e n c a rrie d o ut. This me a ns tha t the
p re vio us e xp lo sio ns ha d c re a te d the ne w
d isc o ntinuitie s a nd c ra c ks a nd fissure s le a ve a
la rg e r a p e rture (up to 5-10 c m).
A to ta l o f 4 se ts o f fra c ture s ha ve b e e n id e ntifie d
to e xist a t the b la st site . This d isc o ntinuity o c c urre d
na tura lly a nd the re a re a lso ne w c ra c ks a s a re sult
o f the w o rk o f p re vio us e xp lo sio ns. Ho w e ve r, the
jo int se t to the w e st is the mo st sig nific a nt
(d o mina nt). As a re sult o f the fie ld m e a sure me nt o n
tra c e s o f struc ture s, a ste re o ne t is d ra w n a s sho w n
in Fig ure 12.
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o b se rve d tha t ro w 2 a nd 3 d id no t mo ve .
This c o uld ha ve b e e n d ue to c ut o ff o f
ho le s d ue to le ss time to mo ve fro nt ro w
3.6
Fig ure 12 Ana lysis o f d isc o ntinuity ind ic a ting insta b ility
d ire c tio n to w a rd s the fa c to ry
Lo c a l g e o lo g y p la ys a n imp o rta nt ro le .
O rie nta tio n o f jo int, e xte nd e d c ra c ks a nd
unfa vo ura b le o rie nta tio n c o uld p o se d d a ng e r.
Exp lo sive lo a d ing sho uld b e mo d ifie d to suit the
c o mp e nsa te c ha ng e s in g e o lo g y.
3.5
Bla st De sig n
A numb e r o f fly ro c k a c c id e nts ha d o c c urre d in
Ma la ysia . In 2013, a fa ta l a c c id e nt ha p p e ne d in
Ma sa i, Jo ho r [12]. Bo th b la sting site s a re c lo se to
p o p ula tio n a nd re q uire sp e c ia l c o nsid e ra tio ns fo r
fly ro c k ma na g e me nt. Fo r suc h site s, a w e ll
p la nne d b la st d e sig n a nd g o o d und e rsta nd ing o n
the g e o lo g ic a l c ha ra c te ristic s a re p a ra mo unt
imp o rta nt.
Fly ro c k ha p p e ne d w he n misma tc h d istrib utio n
o f e xp lo sive e ne rg y, stre ng th o f ro c k ma ss a nd
c o nfine me nt o f c ha rg e . Pro p e r b la st d e sig n ha s to
ta ke into a c c o unt o n the g e o lo g ic a l struc ture
(w e a kne ss p la ne ) a nd p ro p e r a d justme nt o n
p o w d e r fa c to r sho uld b e ma d e in the d e sig n.
During c ha rg ing , tra ine d b la sting p e rso nne l a nd
b la st d e sig ne r sho uld c lo se ly sup e rvise the w o rk to
e nsure the d e sig ns a re fo llo w e d .
It ha s b e e n re p o rte d in Ind ia tha t fly ro c k
tra ve lle d 550 m d uring a b la st [16] w a s d ue to
insuffic ie nt b urd e n, ste mming a nd imp ro p e r fire
d e la y se q ue nc e . In a d d itio n, fa c to rs like e xiste nc e
o f fissure s, jo ints, w e a kne ss p la ne a nd vo id s ha s
muc h c o ntrib ute d to the a c c id e nt. This c a se ha s
hig hlig hte d the imp o rta nc e to a d just the e ne rg y
d istrib utio n w ith the g e o lo g ic a l a b no rma litie s.
Re g a rd ing b la st d e sig n, it c a n b e c o nc lud e d
tha t fly ro c k c o uld b e ha ve b e e n c o ntro lle d in 3
sta g e s:
i)
Initia l d rilling o f ho le s b a se d o n b la st d e sig n
ii)
Insp e c ting ho le s o n the d a y o f b la sting a nd
limiting c ha rg e fo r ho le s ha ving le ss b urd e n
o r ha ving g e o lo g ic a l d isc o ntinuity
iii) Se le c ting p ro p e r se q ue nc e o f initia tio n o f
ho le s. Fro m Fig ure s 9 a nd 10, it c a n
De m a rc a tio n o f Fly Ro c k Da ng e r Zo ne
Ba se d o n d e ma rc a tio n o f fly ro c k d a ng e r zo ne
[17], jo int p ro p e rtie s a nd c ha ra c te ristic s, slo p e fa c e
c o nd itio n, p re se nc e o f w e a k zo ne a nd vo id s a re
the unc o ntro lla b le fa c to rs tha t c o ntrib ute to fly
ro c k. G e o lo g ic a l struc ture s a re the unc o ntro lla b le
p a ra me te rs fo r fly ro c k. All p a ra me te rs inc lud e d in
b la st d e sig n a re c o nsid e re d a s c o ntro lla b le
p a ra me te rs. The sa fe ty rule d e ve lo p e d a s fa c to r o f
sa fe ty (FSH) [17] fo r b la sting , w hic h c o nsid e rs b la st
d e sig n a nd ro c k c o nd itio n. Fro m the c ha rt (fly ro c k
d ista nc e ve rsus fa c to r o f sa fe ty), the fa c to r o f
sa fe ty (FSH) fo r the p re se nt c a se stud y is < 0.5 a nd
the fly ro c k is c la ssifie d a s unsa fe .
He re a re se ve ra l fa c to rs tha t c o ntrib ute to
unc o ntro lle d b la sting a nd c a n b e c la ssifie d into :
a ) Disc o ntinuity stud ie s c o nd uc te d fo und tha t
the fra c ture o r insta b ility o f the d o mina nt
ro c k is to w a rd s the w e st
b ) The d isc o ntinuity e xists na tura lly a nd a lso a s
a re sult o f p re vio us b la sting . This c a n b e
visua lize d
fro m c ha ra c te ristic s o f the
fra c ture .
c ) The c lo se p ro ximity o f the b la sting site to
se nsitive a re a is a no the r fa c to r to b e g ive n
a tte ntio n. The sho rte st d ista nc e b e tw e e n the
q ua rry fa c e b la sting a re a s w ith fa c to rie s, is
150 m a nd 50 m o nly. Amo ng the thing s tha t
c a n b e d o ne is lim it the num b e r o f ho le s fo r
a mo re c o ntro lle d b la sting .
3.7
Suppo rt Ve c to r Ma c hine
Sup p o rt ve c to r ma c hine (SVM) is a ne w mo d e l
d e ve lo p e d tha t c a n b e use d fo r p re d ic ting fly ro c k
d ista nc e [18]. SVM ne tw o rk w a s d e ve lo p e d b y
c o lle c ting 234 b la st d a ta se ts fro m So ung un
C o p p e r Mine , Ira n w ith 187 d a ta se ts fo r tra ining
a nd 47 fo r te sting . In the SVM mo d e l, the inp uts
p a ra me te rs a re ho le le ng th, sp a c ing , b urd e n,
ste mming , p o w d e r fa c to r a nd sp e c ific d rilling w hile
the o utp ut is fly ro c k d ista nc e . The a c tua l fly ro c k
d ista nc e in the p re se nt c a se stud y is 150 m a nd the
p re d ic te d d ista nc e b y using SVM is 98.8 m. The
va ria nc e sug g e ste d o the r g e o lo g ic a l fa c to rs suc h
a s o rie nta tio n o f d o mina nt jo ints a nd ro c k ma ss
p ro p e rtie s tha t ne e d to b e inc lud e d in the
p re d ic tio n.
3.8
Bla sting Pra c tic e
Va rio us a sp e c ts w hic h liste d b e lo w sho uld b e
e mp ha size d :
i) c o mmunic a tio n
b e tw e e n
ne a rb y
p e rso nne l b e fo re b la sting
6
Edy To nizam Mo ham ad e t a l. / Jurna l Te kno lo g i (Sc ie nc e s & Eng ine e ring ) 72:1 (2016) 1–6
ii)
c o mp e te nt b la sting sup e rviso r sho uld
insp e c t the a re a d uring c ha rg ing a nd
p rio r firing
iii) e va c ua tio n o f a ll p e rso nne l in the b la st
zo ne a re a
Re fe re nc e s
[1]
4.0 C O NCLUSIO N
[2]
The re a re se ve ra l fa c to rs tha t c o ntrib ute to
unc o ntro lle d b la sting a nd c a n b e c la ssifie d into
struc ture o f the ro c k a nd c lo se p ro ximity. Furthe r
info rma tio n is d e ta ile d a s fo llo w s:
(a ) Disc o ntinuity stud ie s c o nd uc te d fo und tha t
the fra c ture o r insta b ility o f the d o mina nt ro c k
is to w a rd s the w e st
(b ) The d isc o ntinuity e xists na tura lly a nd a lso a s a
re sult o f p re vio us b la sting . This c a n b e
visua lise d fro m c ha ra c te ristic s o f the fra c ture .
(c ) The c lo se p ro ximity o f the b la sting site to
se nsitive a re a is a no the r fa c to r tha t w hic h w a s
no t g ive n a tte ntio n. The sho rte st d ista nc e
b e tw e e n the q ua rry fa c e b la sting a re a s w ith
fa c to rie s, is 150 m a nd 50 m o nly. Amo ng the
thing s tha t c a n b e d o ne is limit the numb e r o f
ho le s fo r mo re c o ntro lle d b la sting .
(d ) It c a n b e c o nc lud e d tha t fly ro c k c o uld b e
ha ve b e e n c o ntro lle d in 3 sta g e s. First, initia l
d rilling o f ho le s b a se d o n b la st d e sig n ne e d to
b e c o nsid e re d . The n, insp e c ting ho le s o n the
d a y o f b la sting a nd limiting c ha rg e fo r ho le s
ha ving le ss b urd e n o r ha ving g e o lo g ic a l
d isc o ntinuity ne e d to b e c a rrie d o ut. Fina lly,
se le c ting p ro p e r se q ue nc e o f initia tio n o f
ho le s.
(e ) Va rio us a sp e c t re g a rd ing b la st ma na g e me nt
p ra c tic e s ne e d to b e e sta b lishe d . Amo ng
fa c to rs a re o nly c o mp e te nt p e rso nne l sho uld
b e a llo w e d to p e rfo rm b la sting w o rks, g o o d
c o mmunic a tio n a nd p re b la st insp e c tio n.
[3]
Thus it c a n b e c o nc lud e d tha t in p re se nt c a se
stud y g e o lo g ic a l struc ture o f ro c k-d isc o ntinuity o f
ro c k in w e st c o ntrib ute d to fly ro c k a nd b la sting
p ra c tic e o f b la st d e sig n, c o mmunic a tio n, se c urity
a rra ng e me nt, e va c ua tio n o f p e rso ns fro m b la sting
zo ne , re sulte d into fly ro c k a c c id e nt.
Ac kno wle dg e m e nt
Au tho rs a re g ra te ful fo r the re se a rc h g ra nt
p ro vid e d b y the Ma la ysia n G o ve rnme nt thro ug h
Vo te Numb e r 4F406 a nd the Unive rsiti Te kno lo g i
Ma la ysia fo r p ro vid ing fa c ilitie s to p re p a re this
p a p e r.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Sing h, T. N. (1995). A stud y o f b la st ind uc e d g ro und
vib ra tio n a t Dha ra p a ni Ma g ne site Mine , Pito rg a rh,
Hima la ya , UP, Ind ia . In Susta ina b le Re c o nstruc tio n o f
Hig hla nd a nd He a d wa te r Re g io ns: Pro c e e d ing s o f Third
Inte rna tio na l Sym p o sium o n He a d w a te r C o ntro l, Ne w
De lhi, O c to b e r 6-8, 1995 (p . 183). O xfo rd & Ib h
Pub lishing C o mp a ny Priva te , Lim ite d
Ad hika ri, G . R. (1999). Stud ie s o n flyro c k a t lime sto ne
q ua rrie s. Ro c k m e c ha nic s a nd ro c k e ng ine e ring , 32(4),
291-301.
Ve ra kis, H., & Lo b b , T. (2001, Ja nua ry). Bla sting
a c c id e nts in surfa c e mine s, a two d e c a d e summ a ry. In
Pro c e e d ing s o f the a nnua l c o nfe re nc e o n e xp lo sive s
a nd b la sting te c hniq ue (Vo l. 1, p p . 145-152). ISEE; 1999.
Ba jp a ye e , T. S., Re ha k, T. R., Mo wre y, G . L., & Ing ra m, D.
K. (2004). Bla sting injurie s in surfa c e mining with
e mp ha sis o n flyro c k a nd b la st a re a se c urity. Jo urna l o f
sa fe ty re se a rc h, 35(1), 47-57.
Ve nka te sh, H. S., Bha ta wd e ka r, R. M., Ad hika ri, G . R., &
The re sra j, A. I. (1999). Asse ssm e nt a nd Mitig a tio n o f
G ro und Vib ra tio ns a nd Flyro c k a t a Lime sto ne Q ua rry. In
p ro c e e d ing s o f the a nnua l c o nfe re nc e o n e xp lo sive s
a nd b la sting
te c hniq ue
(Vo l. 2, p p . 145-152).
Inte rna tio na l So c ie ty o f Exp lo sive s Eng ine e rs.
Ha sa nip a na h, Ma hd i, Da nia l Ja he d Arma g ha ni,
Ho sse in Kha me si, Ha ssa n Ba khsha nd e h Am nie h, a nd
Sa b e r G ho ra b a (2015). "Se ve ra l no n-line a r mo d e ls in
e stim a ting a ir-o ve rp re ssure re sulting fro m mine b la sting ."
Eng ine e ring with C o mp ute rs DO I 10.1007/ s00366-0150425-y
Arma g ha ni, D. J., Ha jiha ssa ni, M., Ma rto , A.,
Fa ra d o nb e h, R. S., & Mo ha ma d , E. T. (2015a ). Pre d ic tio n
o f b la st-ind uc e d a ir o ve rp re ssure : a hyb rid AI-b a se d
p re d ic tive mo d e l. Enviro nm e nta l mo nito ring a nd
a sse ssm e nt, 187(11), 1-13.
Arma g ha ni, D. J., M o ha ma d , E. T., Ha jiha ssa ni, M .,
Ab a d , S. A. N. K., M a rto , A., & Mo g ha d d a m, M . R.
(2015b ). Eva lua tio n a nd p re d ic tio n o f flyro c k re sulting
fro m
b la sting
o p e ra tio ns using
e mp iric a l a nd
c o mp uta tio na l m e tho d s. Eng ine e ring with C o mp ute rs,
DO I 10.1007/ s00366-015-0402-5
Sa g ha tfo ro ush, A., Mo nje zi, M., Fa ra d o nb e h, R. S., &
Arma g ha ni, D. J. (2015). C o mb ina tio n o f ne ura l ne two rk
a nd a nt c o lo ny o p timiza tio n a lg o rithms fo r p re d ic tio n
a nd o p timiza tio n o f flyro c k a nd b a c k-b re a k ind uc e d b y
b la sting .
Eng ine e ring
with
C o mp ute rs,
DO I
10.1007/ s00366-015-0415-0
Re ha k, T., Ba jp a ye e , T., Mo wre y, G ., & Ing ra m , D. (2001,
Ja nua ry). Flyro c k issue s in b la sting . In Pro c e e d ing s o f the
a nnua l c o nfe re nc e o n e xp lo sive s a nd b la sting
te c hniq ue (Vo l. 1, p p . 165-176). ISEE; 1999.
Siskind , D. E., & Ko p p , J. W. (1995). Bla sting a c c id e nts in
mine s, a 16-ye a r summ a ry (No . C O NF-950247--).
Inte rna tio na l So c ie ty o f Exp lo sive s Eng ine e rs, C le ve la nd ,
O H (Unite d Sta te s).
Mo ha m a d , E. T., Arm a g ha ni, D. J., & Mo ta g he d i, H.
(2013) The Effe c t o f G e o lo g ic a l Struc ture a nd Po wd e r
Fa c to r in Flyro c k Ac c id e nt, Ma sa i, Jo ho r, Ma la ysia .
Ele c tro nic Jo urna l o f G e o te c hnic a l Eng ine e ring , 18.
Se n, G . C ., & Do wns, G . (2008, Ja nua ry). An a p p ro a c h
to
a d d re ssing
e xp lo sive
re la te d
a c c id e nts b y
im p le m e nting stra te g ic tra ining . In C o a l O p e ra to rs'
C o nfe re nc e (p . 28).
Fle tc he r, L. R., & D'And re a , D. V. (1987). Re d uc ing
a c c id e nt
thro ug h
imp ro ve d
b la sting
sa fe ty.
Pro c e e d ing s o f the Bure a u o f Mine s Te c hno lo g y
Tra nsfe r Se m , 6-18.
Arma g ha ni, D. J., Ha jiha ssa ni, M., M o ha m a d , E. T.,
Ma rto , A., & No o ra ni, S. A. (2014). Bla sting -ind uc e d
flyro c k a nd g ro und vib ra tio n p re d ic tio n thro ug h a n
e xp e rt a rtific ia l ne ura l ne two rk b a se d o n p a rtic le swa rm
o p timiza tio n. Ara b ia n Jo urna l o f G e o sc ie nc e s, 7(12),
5383-5396.
Mishra , A. K., & Ro ut, M. (2011). Flyro c ks–De te c tio n a nd
Mitig a tio n
at
C o nstruc tio n
Site
in
Bla sting
O p e ra tio n. Wo rld Enviro nme nt, 1(1), 1-5.
Ra ina , A. K., C ha kra b o rty, A. K., C ho ud hury, P. B., &
Sinha , A. (2011). Flyro c k d a ng e r zo ne d e m a rc a tio n in
o p e nc a st mine s: a risk b a se d a p p ro a c h.Bulle tin o f
e ng ine e ring g e o lo g y a nd the e nviro nme nt, 70(1), 163172.
Ma no j, K., & Mo nje zi, M. (2013). Pre d ic tio n o f flyro c k in
o p e n p it b la sting o p e ra tio n using m a c hine le a rning
me tho d . Inte rna tio na l Jo urna l o f Mining Sc ie nc e a nd
Te c hno lo g y, 23(3), 313-316.
Full Pa p e r
A rtic le histo ry
EFFEC T O F G EO LO G IC AL STRUC TURE AND BLASTING
PRAC TIC E IN FLY RO C K AC C IDENT AT JO HO R,
Re c e ive d
18 Ja nua ry 2016
Re c e ive d in re vise d fo rm
8 Ma rc h 2016
Ac c e p te d
18 Ma rc h 2016
M ALAYSIA
Ed y To nniza m Mo ha ma d a , Bha ta wd e ka r Ra me sh Murlid ha rb *,
Da nia l Ja he d Arm a g ha nia , Ro sli Sa a d c , C ha ng Shia ng Yib
aC e
ntre o f Tro p ic a l G e o e ng ine e ring , Fa c ulty o f C ivil
Eng ine e ring , Unive rsiti Te kno lo g i Ma la ysia , 81310 UTM Jo ho r
Ba hru, Jo ho r, Ma la ysia
b De p a rtme nt o f G e o te c hnic s a nd Tra nsp o rta tio n, Fa c ulty o f
C ivil Eng ine e ring , Unive rsiti Te kno lo g i Ma la ysia , 81310 UTM
Jo ho r Ba hru, Jo ho r, Ma la ysia
c Sc ho o l o f Physic s, Unive rsiti Sa ins Ma la ysia , Pe na ng , Ma la ysia
*C o rre sp o nd ing a utho r
rmb ha ta w d e ka r@ ya ho o .c o m
Abstra c t
Bla sting o p e ra tio n is c o mmo n me tho d in ha rd ro c k e xc a va tio n a t c ivil e ng ine e ring a nd mining site s.
Ro c k b la sting re sults in the fra g me nta tio n a lo ng w ith e nviro nme nta l ha za rd s suc h a s fly ro c k, g ro und
vib ra tio n, a ir-b la st, d ust a nd fum e s. Mo st o f the c o m mo n a c c id e nts a sso c ia te d w ith b la sting a re
d ue to fly ro c k. A fly ro c k a c c id e nt ha d o c c urre d o n 15 July 2015 a t a c o nstruc tio n site a t Jo ho r,
Ma la ysia . Due to this a c c id e nt, ne a r b y fa c to ry w o rke r w a s kille d w hile tw o o the r w o rke rs w e re
se rio usly injure d a fte r hit b y ro c k d e b ris fro m a n e xp lo sio n a t c o nstruc tio n site w hic h w e re 200 m
a w a y fro m the fa c to ry. The ma in p urp o se o f this stud y is to inve stig a te c a use s o f fly ro c k a c c id e nt
b a se d o n g e o lo g ic a l struc ture s a nd b la sting p ra c tic e suc h a s b la st d e sig n, p re insp e c tio n o n
g e o lo g ic a l struc ture s, id e ntifying d a ng e r zo ne d ue to b la sting a nd c o mmunic a tio n a nd e va c ua tio n
o f p e rso nne l b e fo re b la st. It c a n b e c o nc lud e d tha t fly ro c k c o uld b e ha ve b e e n c o ntro lle d in
thre e sta g e s; initia l d rilling o f ho le s b a se d o n b la st d e sig n, e nsure limiting c ha rg e fo r ho le s ha ving le ss
b urd e n o r ha ving g e o lo g ic a l d isc o ntinuity a nd se le c ting p ro p e r se q ue nc e o f initia tio n o f ho le s.
Ke ywo rd s: Ro c k b la sting , fly ro c k a c c id e nt, g e o lo g ic a l struc ture , b la sting p ra c tic e
Abstra k
Ke rja le tup a n a d a la h ka e d a h lumra h d a la m p e ng o re ka n b a tua n ke ra s d i ta p a k ke jurute ra a n
a w a m d a n p e rlo mb o ng a n. Le tup a n b a tu a ka n me ng ha silka n p e c a ha n b a tua n d a la m sa iz ya ng
mud a h d ike rja ka n, d isa mp ing me ng a kib a tka n p e rma sa la ha n a la m se kita r d a n me ng a nc a m
ke se la ma ta n se p e rti b a tu lia r, g e g a ra n ta na h, le tup a n ud a ra , ha b uk d a n p e mb e b a sa n g a s
me rb a ha ya . Ke ma la ng a n me lib a tka n b a tu lia r te la h b e rla ku p a d a 15 Jula i 2015 d i ta p a k
p e mb ina a n d i Jo ho r, Ma la ysia . Akib a t ke ma la ng a n ini, se o ra ng p e ke rja d i kila ng b e rha mp ira n
te la h te rko rb a n m a na ka la d ua o ra ng la g i te la h te rc e d e ra a p a b ila te rke na b a tu lia r ya ng
b e rte rb a ng a n d a ri ta p a k p e mb ina a n ya ng te rle ta k 200 m d a ri kila ng . Tujua n ka jia n ini a d a la h b a g i
me ng ka ji se b a b -se b a b ke ma la ng a n b a tu lia r b e rd a sa rka n struktur g e o lo g i d a n ta ta c a ra ke rja
le tup a n se p e rti re ka b e ntuk le tup a n, p e ng e na lp a stia n zo n p e na m p a n, se rta ko munika si d a n
p e mind a ha n p e ke rja se b e lum le tup a n. Bo le h d isimp ulka n b a ha w a b a tu lia r b o le h d ika w a l me la lui
tig a p e ring ka t; p e ng g e rud ia n a w a l lub a ng b e rd a sa rka n re ka b e ntuk le tup a n, me ma stika n ha d c a j
untuk lub a ng ya ng me mp unya i b e b a na n ya ng ke c il a ta u m e mp unya i ke tid a kse la nja ra n g e o lo g i,
d a n me milih uruta n lub a ng ya ng b e tul untuk me mula ka n le tup a n.
Ka ta kunc i: Le tup a n b a tu, ke ma la ng a n b a tu lia r, struktur g e o lo g i, ta ta c a ra le tup a n
© 2016 Pe ne rb it UTM Pre ss. All rig ht se rve d
72:1 (2016 ) 1–8 | www.jurna lte kno lo g i.utm .m y | e ISSN 2180– 3722 |
2
Edy To nizam Mo ham ad e t a l. / Jurna l Te kno lo g i (Sc ie nc e s & Eng ine e ring ) 72:1 (2016) 1–6
1.0 INTRO DUC TIO N
In ha rd ro c k e xc a va tio n fo r c ivil c o nstruc tio n a nd
mining site s, e xp lo sive s a re the b e st e c o no mic a nd
c he a p e st so urc e fo r ro c k fra g me nta tio n. He nc e ,
b la sting is c o mmo n me tho d use d . Sma ll a m o unt o f
e ne rg y is utlise d a nd re st is w a ste d in the fo rm o f
g ro und vib ra tio n, fly ro c k, b a c k b re a ks, a ir b la st e tc
[1]. Fly ro c k d ue to ro c k b la sting ha s b e e n se rio us
p ro b le m c a using d a ng e r to huma n b e ing s a nd
d a ma g e to p ro p e rty [2]. Enviro nme nta l ha za rd s o f
surfa c e b la sting a re ma inly d ue to fly ro c k, la c k o f
a d e q ua te se c urity in b la sting a re a , misfire a nd
p re ma ture b la st [3]. During 21 ye a r p e rio d o f fro m
1978 to 1998 in surfa c e mine s, the ma jo r c a use s o f
b la st injurie s w e re d ue to fly ro c k a nd la c k o f
se c urity a c c o unte d fo r 68.2 % o f to ta l b la st injurie s
[4]. The ma in c a use s o f fly ro c k in lime sto ne q ua rry
w e re g e o lo g ic a l c o nd itio ns, ina d e q ua te ste m ming
le ng th a nd b a c k b re a k fro m p re vio us b la st [5].
Ma ximum fly ro c k d ista nc e in stud y a t lime sto ne
q ua rrie s sho w e d d ista nc e o f 300 m a nd sa fe
d ista nc e re c o mme nd e d is 500 m [2].
Bla st a re a is the a re a in w hic h injury to p e rso ns
ma y o c c ur d ue to surfa c e b la sting invo lving flying
ma te ria l o r g a se s fro m e xp lo sive s [6]-[9]. Bla st a re a
sha ll d e p e nd o n g e o lo g y o f a re a to b e b la ste d ,
b la st g e o me try (ho le d ia me te r, d e p th, sp a c ing ,
b urd e n a nd a ng le o f ho le ), typ e o f ste mming a nd
le ng th, ma ximum c ha rg e p e r d e la y, p o w d e r
fa c to r, d e la y syste m , typ e a nd a mo unt o f
e xp lo sive s. Bla ste r sha ll b e g ive n tra ining fo r
d e te rmining b la st a re a [10]. In the p re se nt p a p e r, a
fly ro c k a c c id e nt is first re p o rte d a nd the n the
p o ssib le re a so ns fo r tha t a re d isc usse d .
ma jo r c a use o f fly ro c k a c c id e nt in Ma sa i, Jo ho r in
2013 [12].
Va rio us a c c id e nts w hic h o c c urre d in c o a l mine s
w e re d ue to la c k o f a d e q ua te se c urity, no t ta king
she lte r b y p e rso ns in b la sting a re a , ina d e q ua te
tra ining fo r b la sting p e rso nne l [4]. In c a se o f fly ro c k
a c c id e nt in Ma sa i Jo ho r, o the r m a jo r c a use s w e re
c o mp e te nc y o f p e rso ns, b la st d e sig n, no t g ive n
a tte ntio n fo r c lo se d ista nc e o f ne a rb y re sid e nts
[12].
3.0 FLYRO C K AC C IDENT IN MALA YSIA
3.1
Ba c kg ro und
O n July 2015, ro c k b la sting c o ntra c to r he ld a ro c k
b la sting w o rk a t a c o nstruc tio n site in Jo ho r. The
ro c k b la sting w o rk w a s fo r le ve ling c o nstruc tio n site
in the a re a . Ho w e ve r, o n the d a y the b la sting , a n
unp re c e d e nte d c a ta stro p he o c c urre d in w hic h a
p a rt o f the ro c k ma ss a p p ro xima te ly 2,000 m 3 fro m
b la ste d g ra nite fle w a w a y fo r a d ista nc e up to 200
m fro m the b la sting fa c e . Fro m site surve y, it w a s
fo und tha t the size o f the fly ro c k va rie d fro m 5 c m 3
to 0.3 m 3. Fig ure 1 sho w s the lo c a tio n o f the a re a s
invo lve d .
As a re sult o f the e xp lo sio n, une xp e c te d fly ro c k
c o ve re d surro und ing a re a o f the lo c a tio n. This
une xp e c te d a c c id e nt kille d a w o rke r a nd injure d
tw o o the rs. Wo rke rs invo lve d w e re a b o ut 150 m to
the w e st o f the b la sting lo c a tio n. Se ve ra l ve hic le s
w e re a lso d e stro ye d a nd d a ma g e d . So me sma ll
fra g me nts fle w to a fa c to ry in so uthw e st (a b o ut 50
m a w a y). Fig ure s 2 to 4 sho w the e ffe c t o f the
b la sting .
2.0 HISTO RY O F FLYRO CK AC CIDENTS
869 b la sting a c c id e nts in US [11] surfa c e mine s
stud ie d fo r a p e rio d o f 16 ye a rs fro m 1978 to 1993
w he re a n a nnua l a ve ra g e o f a b o ut 58 no nfa ta l
injurie s w e re c a use d b y mine b la sting a c c id e nts
a nd 4.75 fa ta litie s p e r ye a r fo r the p e rio d 1990—
1993. The ma in c a use s o f b la sting a c c id e nts w e re
b la st a re a se c urity a nd fly ro c k [3] fo r tw o d e c a d e s
(1978 to 1998) fo r US surfa c e m ine s w he re the re
w e re 19 fa ta litie s, 167 no nfa ta l injurie s in c o a l mine s
a nd 26 fa ta litie s a nd 200 no n fa ta l injurie s in no n
c o a l/ me ta l mine . The ma in re a so n fo r fly ro c k
a c c id e nts w a s d ue to w e a kne ss in g e o me c ha nic a l stre ng th o f ro c k ha ving
le a st
re sista nc e w he re e xp lo sive s e ne rg y c o uld b lo w
ro c ks e a sily. .
G e o lo g ic a l fa c to rs suc h a s sud d e n c ha ng e in
g e o lo g y c a n c a use misma tc h b e tw e e n e xp lo sive
e ne rg y a nd ro c k re sista nc e re sulting in fly ro c k e .g .
mud se a ms o r vo id s le a d to hig h e xp lo sive s e ne rg y
c o nc e ntra tio n [4]. Lo w sta b ility a t b la sting fa c e
ma y b e c a use d in a p a rtic ula r d ire c tio n d ue to
d isc o ntinuity o r c ra c ks. G e o lo g ic a l c o nd itio n w a s
Fig ure 1 Lo c a tio n sho w ing d ire c tio n o f fly ro c k
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b la sting c a rrie d o ut a re ma rke d w ith a ye llo w c irc le
line .
Fig ure 2 Lo c a tio n o f the a rro w s sho w n in re d a nd the
e ffe c ts o f w ild sto ne w ith o ra ng e a rro w s (150 m fro m the
b la st lo c a tio n)
Fig ure 5 Po sitio n o f the b la st lo c a tio n a nd 100 m ra d ius
a re a o f the w ild ro c k d rift d ire c tio n fro m the b la st
3.3
De sig n Ho le a nd Exp lo sive s
A c o mp a ny re p o rte d tha t, a to ta l o f 21 ho le s w e re
d rille d w ith b urd e n x sp a c ing a s 4.9 m x 5.2 m a nd
ste mming o f 3.7 m. The b la st d e sig n a nd typ e o f
e xp lo sive s use d (p ro vid e d b y c o ntra c to r) is sho w n
in Fig ure 6, w hile the lo c a tio n o f the b la sting is
sho w n in Fig ure s 7 a nd 8.
Fig ure 3 The e ffe c t o f d a ma g e – Ve hic le s d a m a g e d (150
m fro m the b la sting site )
Fig ure 6 De sig n o f b la st re p o rte d b y c o ntra c to r
Fig ure 4 A ne a rb y fa c to ry
3.2
Enviro nme nta l C o nd itio ns
The a re a surro und ing the b la st site is sho w n in
Fig ure 5. The b la sting a re a ma rke d w ith a re d sta r
a nd the ra d ius o f 100 m fro m the a re a w he re the
Fig ure 7 The lo c a tio n o f the b la sting site (p ic ture d o n July
18, 2015)
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Edy To nizam Mo ham ad e t a l. / Jurna l Te kno lo g i (Sc ie nc e s & Eng ine e ring ) 72:1 (2016) 1–6
Fig ure 10 The ro c k sp lit in line s 2 a nd 3 a nd no t mo v e d fa r
8 Insp e c tio n c a rrie d o ut o n site . Re d a rro w
ind ic a te s the d ire c tio n o f jo int d o mina nc e (to the w e st)
Fig ure
With o b se rva tio ns o n site a nd the info rm a tio n
sup p lie d b y the c o ntra c to r, the e stima te d vo lume
o f b la ste d ro c k ma ss is 3,000 m 3, w hile the a mo unt
o f e xp lo sive use d w a s 1 to nne . Po w d e r fa c to r use d
in the b la st w a s 0.33 kg / m 3. It ta ke s into a c c o unt
the 21 d rill ho le s w hic h id e ntifie d the c a use o f the
a c c id e nt. Also id e ntifie d fro m the insp e c tio n site ,
the so urc e o f this fly ro c k is fro m the line o f d rill
ho le s in the fro nt line . It w a s a lso o b se rve d the
thro w fa c to r fro m se c o nd a nd third ro w s d id no t
mo ve fa r (Fig ure s 9 to 11).
Fig ure 1 1 Sha re o f first ho le tha t d e stro ye d – b e lie ve d to
c a use fly ro c k
3.4
Factory
Fig ure 9 Sta tus o f ro w s o f ho le s 2 a nd 3 a fte r b la st (no t
mo ve d fa r)
G e o lo g ic a l Struc ture
The stud y w a s c o nd uc te d a t a g e o lo g ic a l struc ture
o f the ro c k ma ss a ffe c te d to o b ta in p re se nc e
info rma tio n a nd o rie nta tio n d isc o ntinuitie s tha t
e xist. The stud y w a s c o nd uc te d a fte r the inc id e nt,
b ut the struc ture o f ro c k le ft b e hind c a n still b e
use d a s a g uid e . Pic ture o f ro c k fa c e invo lve d is
sho w n in Fig ure 7. It sho uld b e no te d tha t the
q ua rry b la ste d a nd o p e ne d a site w he re se ria l
b la sts ha d b e e n c a rrie d o ut. This me a ns tha t the
p re vio us e xp lo sio ns ha d c re a te d the ne w
d isc o ntinuitie s a nd c ra c ks a nd fissure s le a ve a
la rg e r a p e rture (up to 5-10 c m).
A to ta l o f 4 se ts o f fra c ture s ha ve b e e n id e ntifie d
to e xist a t the b la st site . This d isc o ntinuity o c c urre d
na tura lly a nd the re a re a lso ne w c ra c ks a s a re sult
o f the w o rk o f p re vio us e xp lo sio ns. Ho w e ve r, the
jo int se t to the w e st is the mo st sig nific a nt
(d o mina nt). As a re sult o f the fie ld m e a sure me nt o n
tra c e s o f struc ture s, a ste re o ne t is d ra w n a s sho w n
in Fig ure 12.
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o b se rve d tha t ro w 2 a nd 3 d id no t mo ve .
This c o uld ha ve b e e n d ue to c ut o ff o f
ho le s d ue to le ss time to mo ve fro nt ro w
3.6
Fig ure 12 Ana lysis o f d isc o ntinuity ind ic a ting insta b ility
d ire c tio n to w a rd s the fa c to ry
Lo c a l g e o lo g y p la ys a n imp o rta nt ro le .
O rie nta tio n o f jo int, e xte nd e d c ra c ks a nd
unfa vo ura b le o rie nta tio n c o uld p o se d d a ng e r.
Exp lo sive lo a d ing sho uld b e mo d ifie d to suit the
c o mp e nsa te c ha ng e s in g e o lo g y.
3.5
Bla st De sig n
A numb e r o f fly ro c k a c c id e nts ha d o c c urre d in
Ma la ysia . In 2013, a fa ta l a c c id e nt ha p p e ne d in
Ma sa i, Jo ho r [12]. Bo th b la sting site s a re c lo se to
p o p ula tio n a nd re q uire sp e c ia l c o nsid e ra tio ns fo r
fly ro c k ma na g e me nt. Fo r suc h site s, a w e ll
p la nne d b la st d e sig n a nd g o o d und e rsta nd ing o n
the g e o lo g ic a l c ha ra c te ristic s a re p a ra mo unt
imp o rta nt.
Fly ro c k ha p p e ne d w he n misma tc h d istrib utio n
o f e xp lo sive e ne rg y, stre ng th o f ro c k ma ss a nd
c o nfine me nt o f c ha rg e . Pro p e r b la st d e sig n ha s to
ta ke into a c c o unt o n the g e o lo g ic a l struc ture
(w e a kne ss p la ne ) a nd p ro p e r a d justme nt o n
p o w d e r fa c to r sho uld b e ma d e in the d e sig n.
During c ha rg ing , tra ine d b la sting p e rso nne l a nd
b la st d e sig ne r sho uld c lo se ly sup e rvise the w o rk to
e nsure the d e sig ns a re fo llo w e d .
It ha s b e e n re p o rte d in Ind ia tha t fly ro c k
tra ve lle d 550 m d uring a b la st [16] w a s d ue to
insuffic ie nt b urd e n, ste mming a nd imp ro p e r fire
d e la y se q ue nc e . In a d d itio n, fa c to rs like e xiste nc e
o f fissure s, jo ints, w e a kne ss p la ne a nd vo id s ha s
muc h c o ntrib ute d to the a c c id e nt. This c a se ha s
hig hlig hte d the imp o rta nc e to a d just the e ne rg y
d istrib utio n w ith the g e o lo g ic a l a b no rma litie s.
Re g a rd ing b la st d e sig n, it c a n b e c o nc lud e d
tha t fly ro c k c o uld b e ha ve b e e n c o ntro lle d in 3
sta g e s:
i)
Initia l d rilling o f ho le s b a se d o n b la st d e sig n
ii)
Insp e c ting ho le s o n the d a y o f b la sting a nd
limiting c ha rg e fo r ho le s ha ving le ss b urd e n
o r ha ving g e o lo g ic a l d isc o ntinuity
iii) Se le c ting p ro p e r se q ue nc e o f initia tio n o f
ho le s. Fro m Fig ure s 9 a nd 10, it c a n
De m a rc a tio n o f Fly Ro c k Da ng e r Zo ne
Ba se d o n d e ma rc a tio n o f fly ro c k d a ng e r zo ne
[17], jo int p ro p e rtie s a nd c ha ra c te ristic s, slo p e fa c e
c o nd itio n, p re se nc e o f w e a k zo ne a nd vo id s a re
the unc o ntro lla b le fa c to rs tha t c o ntrib ute to fly
ro c k. G e o lo g ic a l struc ture s a re the unc o ntro lla b le
p a ra me te rs fo r fly ro c k. All p a ra me te rs inc lud e d in
b la st d e sig n a re c o nsid e re d a s c o ntro lla b le
p a ra me te rs. The sa fe ty rule d e ve lo p e d a s fa c to r o f
sa fe ty (FSH) [17] fo r b la sting , w hic h c o nsid e rs b la st
d e sig n a nd ro c k c o nd itio n. Fro m the c ha rt (fly ro c k
d ista nc e ve rsus fa c to r o f sa fe ty), the fa c to r o f
sa fe ty (FSH) fo r the p re se nt c a se stud y is < 0.5 a nd
the fly ro c k is c la ssifie d a s unsa fe .
He re a re se ve ra l fa c to rs tha t c o ntrib ute to
unc o ntro lle d b la sting a nd c a n b e c la ssifie d into :
a ) Disc o ntinuity stud ie s c o nd uc te d fo und tha t
the fra c ture o r insta b ility o f the d o mina nt
ro c k is to w a rd s the w e st
b ) The d isc o ntinuity e xists na tura lly a nd a lso a s
a re sult o f p re vio us b la sting . This c a n b e
visua lize d
fro m c ha ra c te ristic s o f the
fra c ture .
c ) The c lo se p ro ximity o f the b la sting site to
se nsitive a re a is a no the r fa c to r to b e g ive n
a tte ntio n. The sho rte st d ista nc e b e tw e e n the
q ua rry fa c e b la sting a re a s w ith fa c to rie s, is
150 m a nd 50 m o nly. Amo ng the thing s tha t
c a n b e d o ne is lim it the num b e r o f ho le s fo r
a mo re c o ntro lle d b la sting .
3.7
Suppo rt Ve c to r Ma c hine
Sup p o rt ve c to r ma c hine (SVM) is a ne w mo d e l
d e ve lo p e d tha t c a n b e use d fo r p re d ic ting fly ro c k
d ista nc e [18]. SVM ne tw o rk w a s d e ve lo p e d b y
c o lle c ting 234 b la st d a ta se ts fro m So ung un
C o p p e r Mine , Ira n w ith 187 d a ta se ts fo r tra ining
a nd 47 fo r te sting . In the SVM mo d e l, the inp uts
p a ra me te rs a re ho le le ng th, sp a c ing , b urd e n,
ste mming , p o w d e r fa c to r a nd sp e c ific d rilling w hile
the o utp ut is fly ro c k d ista nc e . The a c tua l fly ro c k
d ista nc e in the p re se nt c a se stud y is 150 m a nd the
p re d ic te d d ista nc e b y using SVM is 98.8 m. The
va ria nc e sug g e ste d o the r g e o lo g ic a l fa c to rs suc h
a s o rie nta tio n o f d o mina nt jo ints a nd ro c k ma ss
p ro p e rtie s tha t ne e d to b e inc lud e d in the
p re d ic tio n.
3.8
Bla sting Pra c tic e
Va rio us a sp e c ts w hic h liste d b e lo w sho uld b e
e mp ha size d :
i) c o mmunic a tio n
b e tw e e n
ne a rb y
p e rso nne l b e fo re b la sting
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Edy To nizam Mo ham ad e t a l. / Jurna l Te kno lo g i (Sc ie nc e s & Eng ine e ring ) 72:1 (2016) 1–6
ii)
c o mp e te nt b la sting sup e rviso r sho uld
insp e c t the a re a d uring c ha rg ing a nd
p rio r firing
iii) e va c ua tio n o f a ll p e rso nne l in the b la st
zo ne a re a
Re fe re nc e s
[1]
4.0 C O NCLUSIO N
[2]
The re a re se ve ra l fa c to rs tha t c o ntrib ute to
unc o ntro lle d b la sting a nd c a n b e c la ssifie d into
struc ture o f the ro c k a nd c lo se p ro ximity. Furthe r
info rma tio n is d e ta ile d a s fo llo w s:
(a ) Disc o ntinuity stud ie s c o nd uc te d fo und tha t
the fra c ture o r insta b ility o f the d o mina nt ro c k
is to w a rd s the w e st
(b ) The d isc o ntinuity e xists na tura lly a nd a lso a s a
re sult o f p re vio us b la sting . This c a n b e
visua lise d fro m c ha ra c te ristic s o f the fra c ture .
(c ) The c lo se p ro ximity o f the b la sting site to
se nsitive a re a is a no the r fa c to r tha t w hic h w a s
no t g ive n a tte ntio n. The sho rte st d ista nc e
b e tw e e n the q ua rry fa c e b la sting a re a s w ith
fa c to rie s, is 150 m a nd 50 m o nly. Amo ng the
thing s tha t c a n b e d o ne is limit the numb e r o f
ho le s fo r mo re c o ntro lle d b la sting .
(d ) It c a n b e c o nc lud e d tha t fly ro c k c o uld b e
ha ve b e e n c o ntro lle d in 3 sta g e s. First, initia l
d rilling o f ho le s b a se d o n b la st d e sig n ne e d to
b e c o nsid e re d . The n, insp e c ting ho le s o n the
d a y o f b la sting a nd limiting c ha rg e fo r ho le s
ha ving le ss b urd e n o r ha ving g e o lo g ic a l
d isc o ntinuity ne e d to b e c a rrie d o ut. Fina lly,
se le c ting p ro p e r se q ue nc e o f initia tio n o f
ho le s.
(e ) Va rio us a sp e c t re g a rd ing b la st ma na g e me nt
p ra c tic e s ne e d to b e e sta b lishe d . Amo ng
fa c to rs a re o nly c o mp e te nt p e rso nne l sho uld
b e a llo w e d to p e rfo rm b la sting w o rks, g o o d
c o mmunic a tio n a nd p re b la st insp e c tio n.
[3]
Thus it c a n b e c o nc lud e d tha t in p re se nt c a se
stud y g e o lo g ic a l struc ture o f ro c k-d isc o ntinuity o f
ro c k in w e st c o ntrib ute d to fly ro c k a nd b la sting
p ra c tic e o f b la st d e sig n, c o mmunic a tio n, se c urity
a rra ng e me nt, e va c ua tio n o f p e rso ns fro m b la sting
zo ne , re sulte d into fly ro c k a c c id e nt.
Ac kno wle dg e m e nt
Au tho rs a re g ra te ful fo r the re se a rc h g ra nt
p ro vid e d b y the Ma la ysia n G o ve rnme nt thro ug h
Vo te Numb e r 4F406 a nd the Unive rsiti Te kno lo g i
Ma la ysia fo r p ro vid ing fa c ilitie s to p re p a re this
p a p e r.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
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