English laid out version CAN REDD Discussion Paper

Re d uc ing Em issio ns fro m

De fo re sta tio n a nd Fo re st

De g ra d a tio n (REDD)

A Disc ussio n Pa p e r fo r the

C lim a te A c tio n Ne two rk (C A N)

No ve m b e r, 2007

This Disc ussio n Pa p e r w a s d ra fte d b y m e m b e rs o f the C lima te Ac tio n Ne tw o rk (C AN) to p ro vid e b a c kg ro und info rm a tio n fo r tho se a tte nd ing the Ba li C o nfe re nc e , o n re d uc ing e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n a nd fo re st d e g ra d a tio n (REDD). It is a se p a ra te d o c um e nt fro m the C AN Po sitio n Sta te m e nt o n re d uc ing e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n a nd fo re st d e g ra d a tio n, a nd d o e s no t re p re se nt C AN’ s p o sitio ns o n REDD issue s. Ra the r, it is inte nd e d to sum m a rize the m a in p o ints und e r d isc ussio n, g iving the a rg um e nts o f b o th sid e s o n issue s in c o ntro ve rsy.

The p rinc ip a l d ra fte rs o f this d isc ussio n p a p e r we re : Ric h Bla uste in, De fe nd e rs o f Wild life ; Re b e c c a Bo lt Ettling e r, Ne p e nthe s a nd the Da nish 92 g ro up ; Do ug Bo uc he r, Unio n o f C o nc e rne d Sc ie ntists; Kirste n Ma c e y,

G re e np e a c e ; Fio na Rya n, Wild e rne ss So c ie ty o f Austra lia ; a nd Ste p ha n Sc hw a rtzm a n, Enviro nm e nta l De fe nse Fund .

Fo r furthe r info rm a tio n c o nc e rning this d o c um e nt a nd its tra nsla tio ns in o the r la ng ua g e s (Sp a nish, Ba ha sa Ind o ne sia a nd o the rs), p le a se c o nta c t: Do ug Bo uc he r, UC S a t d b o uc he r@ uc susa .o rg

1. Tro p ic a l De fo re sta tio n a nd C lim a te C ha ng e

Be tw e e n 8 m illio n a nd 16 m illio n he c ta re s o f tro p ic a l fo re st w a s d e stro ye d ye a rly in the 1980s a nd 1990s, se nd ing fro m 0.8 b illio n to 2.4 b illio n to ns o f c a rb o n1 _into the a tm o sp he re . De fo re sta tio n c a use s a b o ut 20% o f g lo b a l w a rm ing , a b o ut a s m uc h a s the Unite d Sta te s, the w o rld ’ s le a d ing e m itte r. The re a re m a ny d rive rs o f d e fo re sta tio n, a nd the y va ry a g re a t d e a l b y re g io n. Ma jo r c a use s o f

d e fo re sta tio n inc lud e c a ttle p a sture , ind ustria l a g ric ulture (so y, o il p a lm ), a nd lo g g ing o f tro p ic a l tim b e rs fo r e xp o rt, la rg e ly in So uth Am e ric a , SE Asia a nd C e ntra l Afric a . G lo b a l g re e nho use g a s e m issio ns fro m d e ve lo p e d a nd d e ve lo p ing c o untry fo ssil fue ls a nd tro p ic a l d e fo re sta tio n m ust sta rt to c o m e d o w n in the ne xt d e c a d e if w a rming is to re m a in b e lo w 2°C b y2050.

G lo b a l w a rm ing will ha ve m a jo r e ffe c ts o n the w o rld ’ s fo re sts, a nd w ill ve ry like ly a c c e le ra te the d e struc tio n o f tro p ic a l fo re sts. Fo re st fire s a nd d ying tre e s c a n d o ub le c a rb o n e m issio ns in El Niño a nd o the r d ry ye a rs. In the 1998 El Niño e ve nt, p e a t a nd fo re st fire s in Ind o ne sia re le a se d 0.8 – 2.6 b illio n e xtra to ns o f c a rb o n

into the a tm o sp he re2_{. Ma ny c lim a te m o d e ls p re d ic t a wa rm e r, d rye r c lima te in} tro p ic a l re g io ns und e r b usine ss-a s-usua l sc e na rio s, a nd so m e p ro je c t tha t la rg e p a rt o f the Am a zo n fo re st c o uld b e c o m e sa va nna . Unc he c ke d , c lima te

c ha ng e w ill d e va sta te the fo re sts’ im m e nse sp e c ie s d ive rsity a nd the re so urc e b a se o n w hic h ind ig e no us a nd fo re st p e o p le s d e p e nd . This d o c um e nt fo c use s o n fo re sts in the tro p ic s, the re g io n fro m whic h ne a rly a ll e m issio ns fro m

d e fo re sta tio n c urre ntly c o m e .

2. Me a suring De fo re sta tio n, De g ra d a tio n a nd Fo re st C a rb o n

Ra te s o f d e fo re sta tio n c a n b e m e a sure d using a va rie ty o f re m o te se nsing instrum e nts c o m b ine d w ith fie ld surve ys3_{. Fo re st b io m a ss m ust b e m e a sure d to} c a lc ula te e m issio ns. The a c c ura c y o f b o th d e fo re sta tio n ra te a nd fo re st b io m a ss m e a sure m e nts d e p e nd o n te c hno lo g ic a l a nd fo re st m o nito ring c a p a c ity, whic h va rie s g re a tly a m o ng tro p ic a l c o untrie s.

While the re a re va rio us p e e r-re vie w e d m e tho d o lo g ie s, sc ie ntists ha ve o nly d o ne e xte nsive fo re st c a rb o n inve nto rie s in a fe w c o untrie s, a nd o nly Bra zil a nd Ind ia no w m e a sure the ir d e fo re sta tio n re g ula rly using hig h re so lutio n sa te llite d a ta. The se m e tho d s m ust b e a p p lie d to o the r tro p ic a l re g io ns to re d uc e unc e rta inty

1

Houghton, R. 2005. Tropical deforestation as a source of greenhouse gases. In Tropical Deforestation and Climate Change, Edited by P. Moutinho and S. Schwartzman, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM) and Environmental Defense. www.ipam.org.br

2

Page, S E, Sigert F, Riley J O, Boehm H-DV, Jaya, A, Limin S (2002). The amount of carbon released during peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature 420:61-65.

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a b o ut d e fo re sta tio n e m issio ns.4 _{It is the re fo re ve ry im p o rta nt tha t sig nific a nt} inve stm e nt is ma d e in sc ie ntific a nd te c hnic a l wo rk o n inve nto rie s.

Figure 1. Forest burning for soy plantation, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

The c urre nt sta te o f m o nito ring te c hno lo g y w a s sum m a rize d b y the C lim a te Ac tio n Ne tw o rk in Fe b rua ry, 2007 a s fo llo w s:

- Suffic ie nt te c hnic a l a nd d a ta a c q uisitio n m e tho d o lo g ie s e xist a t p re se nt to und e rta ke a na tio na l-le ve l inve nto ry o f la nd use c ha ng e , inc lud ing

p e rio d ic m o nito ring a nd d e te c tio n o f inte ra nnua l va ria b ility;

- C o nsid e ra b le sc ie ntific a nd te c hno lo g ic a l c ha lle ng e s re m a in in the d e ve lo p m e nt o f re m o te se nsing te c hno lo g ie s to m e a sure a nd m o nito r b io m a ss c ha ng e s with a hig h d e g re e o f a c c ura c y.

The Inte rg o ve rnm e nta l Pa ne l o n C lim a te C ha ng e (IPC C ) ha s a p p ro ve d

sta nd a rd m e tho d s fo r m e a suring e missio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n in se ve ra l re p o rts (1996, 2003, 2006). The hig he r the sa te llite im a g e ’ s re so lutio n, the m o re it c o sts.

De g ra d a tio n, w hic h c a use s c a rb o n e m issio ns b ut d o e s no t c o m p le te ly d e stro y fo re st, c a n a lso b e m e a sure d , b ut re q uire s m o re so p histic a te d a nd e xp e nsive m e tho d s5_{. Inc lud ing d e g ra d a tio n in a d e fo re sta tio n re g im e is like ly to}

sig nific a ntly inc re a se the b urd e n o f m o nito ring , a nd c o nse q ue ntly c a p a c ity

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DeFries 2004; Achard et al 2006; Houghton 2005. 5

b uild ing e ffo rts to o . While re m o te se nsing c o uld b e use d to m o nito r fo re st c o ve r a nd he nc e d e fo re sta tio n fa irly re lia b ly, the sa m e is no t g e ne ra lly true o f

d e g ra d a tio n, w he re m o re g ro und -b a se d m e a sure m e nt a re re q uire d . Sa te llite a nd a irp la ne -b a se d se nso rs und e r d e ve lo p m e nt, suc h a s ra d a r a nd LIDAR, a re like ly to imp ro ve o ur c a p a b ilitie s.

3. Fo re sts a nd the UNFC C C

De fo re sta tio n a nd re la te d e m issio ns ha ve b e e n a n im p o rta nt p a rt o f the sc ie ntific a nd p o litic a l d isc ussio ns sinc e the sta rt o f the ne g o tia tio ns o n the UNFC C C a nd its Kyo to Pro to c o l. All c o untrie s tha t sig ne d the UNFC C C (o r

“ Pa rtie s to the UNFC C C ” ) a g re e d to p ro te c t a nd c o nse rve re se rvo irs o f c a rb o n, inc lud ing fo re sts6_{, b ut so fa r this ha s ha d little e ffe c t. Whe n p a rtie s to the}

UNFC C C c re a te d the Kyo to Pro to c o l in 1997, e sta b lishing m a nd a to ry re d uc tio ns ta rg e ts fo r ind ustria lize d c o untrie s, the y a lso se t up the C le a n De ve lo p m e nt

Me c ha nism (C DM), a llo wing c o untrie s with tho se ta rg e ts to g e t c a rb o n c re d it fo r p ro je c ts in d e ve lo p ing c o untrie s. Whe the r d e fo re sta tio n w o uld b e inc lud e d in the C DM w a s c o ntro ve rsia l a s the re w e re m a ny p ro b le m s with a p ro je c t-b a se d a p p ro a c h: b a se line unc e rta inty, d isp la c e m e nt b e yo nd the p ro je c t b o und a rie s, a b ility to a c hie ve b io d ive rsity o b je c tive s if le a ka g e o c c urs, a nd c o nc e rns with the und e rm ining o f e ffo rts to re d uc e fo ssil fue l e m issio ns if a la rg e num b e r o f c re d its b e c o m e a va ila b le a t lo w c o st. The re fo re , so -c a lle d “ a vo id e d

d e fo re sta tio n” c re d its w e re e xc lud e d fro m the Kyo to Pro to c o l.

At the 11th _{C o nfe re nc e o f the Pa rtie s (C O P) to the UNFC C C in De c e m b e r 2005,} Pa p ua Ne w G uine a , C o sta Ric a a nd a g ro up o f tro p ic a l fo re st c o untrie s (the C o a litio n fo r Ra info re st Na tio ns, C fRN) p ut fo rw a rd a p ro p o sa l to c o nsid e r a p p ro a c he s to re d uc e e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n (RED) in d e ve lo p ing

c o untrie s using a na tio na l e m issio ns a p p ro a c h. This p ro p o sa l w a s w e lc o m e d b y m a ny Pa rtie s, p rima rily b e c a use o f the ne w fo c us, w hic h re so lve s so m e o f the issue s fro m the p re vio us ‘ a vo id e d d e fo re sta tio n’ d isc ussio n fo c using o n p ro je c t le ve l o r sub -na tio na l a p p ro a c he s. The C O P re fe rre d the issue to the Sub sid ia ry Bo d y fo r Sc ie ntific a nd Te c hnic a l A d vic e (SBSTA ), w hic h ha s re c e ive d num e ro us sub m issio ns a nd he ld tw o w o rksho p s (FC C C / SBSTA/ 2006/ 10 a nd

FC C C / SBSTA/ 2007/ 3). The SBSTA c ha ir ha s p ro p o se d d ra ft c o nc lusio ns a nd p re p a re d d ra ft d e c isio n te xt o n RED to b e d isc usse d a t C O P13 in Ba li

(FC C C / SBSTA/ 2007/ L.10).

4. Po lic y o p tio ns fo r Re d uc ing Em issio ns fro m De fo re sta tio n a nd Fo re st De g ra d a tio n (REDD)

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The re is b ro a d a g re e m e nt tha t the p o st-2012 e m issio ns c o ntro l re g im e sho uld inc lud e inc e ntive s to re d uc e e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n fo r tro p ic a l c o untrie s a nd tha t a ny re d uc tio ns m ust b e re a l a nd ve rifia b le . The re is a lso b ro a d

a g re e m e nt tha t if Anne x I Pa rtie s a re to use re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n to m e e t p a rt o f the ir na tio na l c o m m itm e nts, the y m ust ta ke c o rre sp o nd ing ly d e e p e r

re d uc tio n ta rg e ts. Re lia b le fund ing is ne e d e d fo r a ll d e ve lo p ing c o untrie s w he re tro p ic a l d e fo re sta tio n o c c urs, a nd the re is a g re e me nt tha t a va rie ty o f fund ing so urc e s a nd p o lic y o p tio ns will b e ne e d e d to a c hie ve na tio na l le ve l re d uc tio ns in d e fo re sta tio n.

The re a re a va rie ty o f m a rke t a nd no n- m a rke t p o lic y o p tio ns o n the ta b le to re d uc e e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n. NG O s a nd m a ny Pa rtie s g e ne ra lly a g re e tha t b o th m a rke t a nd no n-m a rke t inc e ntive s will b e ne e d e d to p ro vid e

a d e q ua te re so urc e s to a ffe c t d e fo re sta tio n ra te s. Bo th a p p ro a c he s ha ve p ro s a nd c o ns. So m e a rg ue tha t if d e fo re sta tio n re d uc tio ns a re re a l a nd ve rifia b le the y sho uld b e fre e ly tra d a b le fo r fo ssil fue l re d uc tio ns o r e m issio ns a llo w a nc e s, o r “ fully fung ib le ” . O the rs a re c o nc e rne d tha t a llo wing fo re st c re d its unlim ite d a c c e ss to c a rb o n m a rke ts will w e a ke n inc e ntive s fo r re d uc ing fo ssil fue l

e m issio ns.

Fina nc ing fro m so urc e s no t c o up le d to the inte rna tio na l c a rb o n m a rke t is a lso p o ssib le . Ho w e ve r, a fund a p p ro a c h m a y no t b e a b le to p ro vid e e no ug h fund ing to m e e t d e ve lo p ing c o untry ne e d s.

Figure 2. Deforestation in the Amazon. Source: Greg Asner, Stanford University and Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, USA

Any e ffe c tive re g im e to re d uc e na tio na l d e fo re sta tio n will ne e d , a t le a st, to 1) sup p o rt g o ve rnm e nts to m o nito r a nd m e a sure d e fo re sta tio n tra nsp a re ntly a nd to im p ro ve e nviro nm e nta l la w e nfo rc e m e nt a nd fo re st g o ve rna nc e ; 2) p ro vid e d ire c t b e ne fits to lo c a l, ind ig e no us a nd tra d itio na l fo re st p e o p le s; a nd 3) o ffe r inc e ntive s fo r b usine sse s with le g a l rig hts to d e fo re st, to fo rg o tho se rig hts. The C fRN sup p o rts a “ fle xib le b a ske t” o f m e c ha nism s, inc lud ing c a rb o n m a rke t c re d iting fo r na tio na l-le ve l d e fo re sta tio n re d uc tio ns b e lo w a n histo ric a l b a se line , o ffic ia l a ssista nc e fund s, a nd ta xe s o n Kyo to o r p o st-2012 e missio ns a llo w a nc e s.

Bra zil sup p o rts a fund m a d e up fro m No rthe rn c o untry d o na tio ns tha t w o uld p ro vid e inc e ntive s fo r tro p ic a l c o untrie s fo r re d uc ing na tio na l d e fo re sta tio n b e lo w a n histo ric a l b a se line . Ind ia a nd C hina a lso w a nt so m e typ e o f c o m p e nsa tio n fo r m a inta ining c a rb o n sto c ks . C o ng o Ba sin c o untrie s w a nt m a rke t inc e ntive s a nd a id fo r c o nse rving la rg e a re a s o f fo re st tha t ha ve

histo ric a lly no t ha d hig h d e fo re sta tio n ra te s. The EU sup p o rts p o sitive inc e ntive s fo r REDD a nd hig hlig hts the ne e d fo r a p e rfo rm a nc e b a se d a p p ro a c h. Tuva lu is p ro p o sing a “ c o m m unity re te ntio n fund ” to p ro vid e inc e ntive s to re d uc e

e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n.

5. Ba se line s, p e rm a ne nc e a nd le a ka g e

C e rta in te c hnic a l issue s a rise re g a rd le ss o f p o lic y a p p ro a c h, a nd c a n b e a d d re sse d in va rio us w a ys. The y inc lud e :

- The se tting o f b a se line s (o r re fe re nc e p e rio d s)

- Ho w to e nsure “p e rm a ne nc e ” o f re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n

- Le a ka g e – ho w to e nsure tha t re d uc tio ns a c hie ve d in o ne p la c e a re no t c a nc e lle d b y inc re a se s e lse w he re

The se tting o f b a se line le ve ls – the le ve ls b e lo w w hic h re d uc tio ns will b e c re d ite d o r c o m p e nsa te d -- c a n b e d o ne in d iffe re nt w a ys. The sim p le st is to use the a ve ra g e d e fo re sta tio n ra te fo r a c o untry o ve r a histo ric a l m ulti- ye a r p e rio d. G lo b a liza tio n is inc re a sing d e ma nd fo r tro p ic a l c o m m o d itie s inc lud ing tim b e r, b e e f, so y a nd p a lm o il, a nd a lm o st a ll o f the la nd a va ila b le fo r inc re a se d p ro d uc tio n o f the se c o m m o d itie s is in the tro p ic s. Ad o p tio n o f b io fue ls will furthe r inc re a se inc e ntive s to c le a r fo re st. Thus in the a b se nc e o f la rg e -sc a le inc e ntive s fo r c o nse rva tio n, d e fo re sta tio n w ill te nd to c o ntinue o r inc re a se o ve r tim e . Any re d uc tio n o f na tio na l – le ve l d e fo re sta tio n b e lo w histo ric ra te s

c o ntrib ute s to b ring ing d o w n o ve ra ll g lo b a l e m issio ns, a nd thus to lim iting wa rm ing to 2° C . The se tting o f ta rg e ts a nd b a se line s m ust e nsure tha t the

c o m m itm e nts re q uire re a l d e fo re sta tio n e missio n re d uc tio ns a nd d o no t p ro vid e inc e ntive s to inc re a se the ra te s o f d e fo re sta tio n b e fo re the syste m sta rts.

O ne o f the ke y issue s is ho w to e nsure “p e rm a ne nc e” – tha t is, to m a ke sure tha t re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n is no t a nnulle d b y inc re a se d d e fo re sta tio n o r d a m a g e suc h a s fire s la te r. The re a re m a ny p ro p o sa ls o n ho w to a d d re ss p e rm a ne nc e thro ug h insura nc e m e c ha nism s suc h a s b a nking o r re q uire m e nts fo r se tting a sid e a re se rve . So m e a rg ue fo r o nly te m p o ra ry c re d it fo r re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n o n the se g ro und s. O the rs ho ld tha t REDD c re d its sho uld no t b e tre a te d d iffe re ntly fro m fo ssil fue l c re d its, a nd tha t if a c o untry re c e ive s REDD c re d it a nd the n surp a sse s its b a se line , it sho uld b e o b lig e d to m a ke up the e xc e ss witho ut

c o m p e nsa tio n, o r sho uld no t b e a llo w e d a c c e ss to the m a rke t until it ha s m a d e up the e xc e ss. Pe rm a ne nc e p e rta ins no t o nly to fo re st c a rb o n, b ut to a ny

e m issio ns re d uc tio n tha t is tra d e d . The q ue stio n o f lia b ility if ta rg e ts a re no t m e t, o r if a c o untry tra d e s a llo w a nc e s a t o ne m o m e nt b ut inc re a se s e m issio ns a b o ve its lim it la te r, ne e d s to b e w o rke d o ut fo r the e ntire e m issio ns c o ntro l re g im e , no t o nly fo r REDD.

The risk tha t re d uc tio ns in o ne p la c e c a n b e c a nc e lle d b y inc re a se s e lse w he re is c a lle d “le a ka g e” . Na tio na l-le ve l m o nito ring e lim ina te s the issue o f le a ka g e within a c o untry, b ut m a y no t a d d re ss le a ka g e tha t o c c urs a t the inte rna tio na l le ve l. This to o a p p lie s to a ll se c to rs – c o m p a nie s c a n m o ve hig h-e m issio ns a c tivitie s o ut o f re g ula te d re g io ns suc h a s the EU to unre g ula te d c o untrie s. Ultim a te ly o nly invo lving a ll o f the m a jo r e m itte rs in the inte rna tio na l e missio ns c o ntro l re g im e will so lve the p ro b le m . No t a ll c o untrie s m a y b e a b le to a c c o unt a t a na tio na l le ve l, a nd the re fo re ne e d sup p o rt fo r c a p a c ity b uild ing to d o so . So m e Pa rtie s a rg ue tha t p ro je c t-le ve l a c tivitie s sho uld b e c re d ite d a s a w a y fo r c o untrie s tha t a re no t re a d y to sta rt na tio na lly to b e g in to a d d re ss d e fo re sta tio n. O the rs a rg ue tha t this ra ise s the sa m e issue s a s in the p o le m ic a l d isc ussio n o n d e fo re sta tio n in the C DM a nd its a sso c ia te d p ro b le m s, w hic h ha ve a lo ng histo ry o f c o nte ntio us d e b a te in the UNFC C C p ro c e ss. Ultim a te ly the e nviro nm e nta l inte g rity o f re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n (w he the r fund e d b y the m a rke t o r b y p ub lic fund s) d e p e nd s o n a c hie ving o ve ra ll re d uc tio ns in d e fo re sta tio n ra te s, no t just suc c e ss in ind ivid ua l p ro je c ts.

6. C o - b e ne fits

Ind ig e no us p e o p le s

The re a re m a ny c o nc e rns tha t ind ig e no us o r o the r fo re st c o m m unitie s m a y no t b e ne fit fro m inc e ntive s fo r REDD, o r m a y e ve n suffe r ne g a tive e ffe c ts if

a utho rita ria n g o ve rnm e nts o r la rg e la nd o w ne rs d isp la c e the m to re c e ive

inc e ntive s fro m REDD7_{. O n the o the r ha nd , Am a zo n ind ig e no us a nd tra d itio na l} p e o p le s’ o rg a niza tio ns ha ve c a lle d o n the ir g o ve rnm e nts to p ursue m a rke t-b a se d c o m p e nsa tio n fo r re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n in the UNFC C C .

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Figure 3. Schoolhouse, La Union Cooperative, R.A.A.S., Nicaragua

Inc e ntive s fo r re d uc ing e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n m a y o ffe r p o te ntia l b e ne fits a s w e ll a s risks fo r ind ig e no us p e o p le s. In m o st o f the tro p ic a l w o rld , ind ig e no us p e o p le s no t o nly d o no t b e ne fit fro m the a c tivitie s tha t d rive d e fo re sta tio n (ind ustria l a g ric ulture , c a ttle ra nc hing , lo g g ing ) b ut lo se la nd , live liho o d s a nd life -w a ys b e c a use o f the m . Sto p p ing d e fo re sta tio n w o uld itse lf b e ne fit m a ny ind ig e no us g ro up s. Na tio na l syste m s c a n a nd sho uld b e d e sig ne d with

ind ig e no us p e o p le s a nd e nsure tha t the y b e ne fit. Fo r e xa m p le , the “ Ag re e m e nt o n Ac kno wle d g ing the Va lue o f the Fo re st a nd End ing Am a zo n De fo re sta tio n” la unc he d O c to b e r 3, 2007 b y nine Bra zilia n NG O s, with the sup p o rt o f Bra zil’ s Ministry o f Enviro nm e nt, fo ur Am a zo n sta te g o ve rnm e nts, a nd the Na tio na l Ba nk fo r Ec o no m ic a nd So c ia l De ve lo p m e nt, o utline s a na tio na l syste m o f fina nc ia l inc e ntive s fo r e c o syste m se rvic e s a nd e nd ing d e fo re sta tio n tha t w o uld inc lud e ind ig e no us a nd tra d itio na l p e o p le s a s m a jo r b e ne fic ia rie s.

Fo re sts p ro vid e so urc e s o f live liho o d fo r hund re d s o f m illio ns o f p e o p le g lo b a lly. The re fo re , e xtra a tte ntio n sho uld b e p a id to la nd te nure a nd c usto m a ry usa g e rig hts. Whe n d e vising REDD p ro g ra m s a nd p o lic ie s, re fe re nc e to o the r g uid e line s a nd inte rna tio na l fo ra d e c isio ns (fo r e xa m p le the C o nve ntio n o n Bio lo g ic a l Dive rsity a nd the Inte rna tio na l La b o r O rg a niza tio n) will he lp to e nsure ind ig e no us

a nd lo c a l p e o p le s p ro p e rly b e ne fit. The se g uid e line s ha ve o fte n b e e n

c o nc e p tua lize d fo r p ro te c te d a re a s, g e ne tic re so urc e a c q uisitio n, o r ind ustria l e ffo rts a nd the y o fte n fo c us o n the m e c ha nism o f Fre e a nd Prio r a nd Info rm e d C o nse nt (FPIC ). Inte rna tio na l hum a n rig hts jurisp rud e nc e a nd p ro visio ns a lso g ive g uid a nc e a s to ho w lo c a l a nd ind ig e no us p e o p le s’ c o nc e rns a nd rig hts m ust b e ta ke n into a c c o unt fo r la nd use p o lic ie s.

The d e sig n o f na tio na l syste m s fo r inc e ntive s is c e ntra l to a ny e ffe c tive REDD m e c ha nism . C AN m e m b e rs a nd o the r inte rna tio na l NG O s sho uld w o rk w ith ind ig e no us p e o p le s’ a nd o the r lo c a l o rg a niza tio ns to inc o rp o ra te the ir vie w s, p ro m o ting o p e nne ss, tra nsp a re nc y, fo re st p e o p le s’ p a rtic ip a tio n a nd e q uity in na tio na l syste m s.

Bio d ive rsity

Pre se rving b io d ive rsity a nd sa fe g ua rd ing e c o syste m s sta nd o ut a s the m o st p ro m ine nt e nviro nm e nta l c o -b e ne fits fro m we ll-c o nsid e re d REDD p ro g ra m s. Pre se rving ke y sp e c ie s, m a inta ining via b le p o p ula tio n le ve ls, a nd p ro te c ting uniq ue na tura l a re a s – a ll c a n re sult fro m REDD p ro g ra m s, e sp e c ia lly in the tro p ic s a nd o n isla nd e c o syste m s. In a d d itio n to b e ing the “ g lue ” fo r he a lthy e c o syste m s, b io d ive rsity se rve s a s the so urc e fo r num e ro us m e d ic ina l a nd ind ustria l p ro d uc ts, a s w e ll a s the live liho o d b a se fo r fo re st p e o p le s.

Pa rtie s ha ve a re sp o nsib ility to a d he re to the a g re e d p rinc ip le s g o ve rning LULUC F. Whe n d e a ling with so c ia l a nd e nviro nm e nta l issue s, the m o st sta rkly re le va nt p rinc ip le is tha t LULUC F p ro je c ts “ …c o ntrib ute to the c o nse rva tio n o f b io lo g ic a l d ive rsity a nd susta ina b le use o f na tura l re so urc e s”8_{. Thus Pa rtie s ne e d} to d e te rm ine m e tho d s b y w hic h the y c a n e nsure tha t the y a re ind e e d a d he ring to this a g re e d p rinc ip le .

It is c le a r tha t p re se rving b io d ive rsity o fte n c o rre la te s with re d uc ing

d e fo re sta tio n. In fa c t, hig h b io d ive rsity inc re a se s the re silie nc e o f fo re sts a nd o the r e c o syste m s. Thus p re se rving b io d ive rsity c a n inc re a se the lo ng te rm m itig a tio n e ffe c t o f REDD. Ho we ve r, ha stily im p le m e nte d REDD p ro g ra m s m a y fa il to m a xim ize b io d ive rsity p ro te c tio n. The UNFC C C d e c isio n o n REDD sho uld thus c a ll fo r syne rg ie s w ith o the r inte rna tio na l a g re e m e nts a nd b o d ie s, suc h a s the C o nve ntio n o n Bio lo g ic a l Dive rsity’ s e xp a nd e d a c tio n-o rie nte d wo rk

p ro g ra m o n a ll typ e s o f fo re st b io lo g ic a l d ive rsity.

Sim ila rly, e c o syste m s a nd the se rvic e s the y p ro vid e w o uld b e sa fe g ua rd e d b y REDD inc lud ing m a inta ining p o p ula tio ns o f na tura l c ro p p e st p re d a to rs a nd o f

8

p o llina to rs, w a te r re g ula tio n, tim b e r a nd fo o d p ro visio n a s we ll a s m a ny o the r b e ne fits to a g ric ulture a nd rura l c o m m unitie s.9

Figure 4. Lowland swamp forest and mangroves, R.A.A.S., Nicaragua

Pro g ra m m e e xa m p le s c o m b ining c o m m unity, e nviro nm e nt a nd c lim a te b e ne fits

The Pilo t Pro g ra m to Pro te c t the Bra zilia n Ra in Fo re st (PP-G 7) a nd the Am a zo n Re g io n Pro te c te d Are a s (ARPA) p ro g ra m , Bra zil:

The a im o f PP-G 7 w a s to re d uc e d e fo re sta tio n in the Bra zilia n Am a zo n, w hile ARPA a im s to e xp a nd the a m o unt o f p ro te c te d a re a s in the re g io n a nd to susta in this p ro te c tio n in the lo ng te rm .

PP-G 7 initia te d a la rg e ra ng e o f p ro je c ts to re d uc e d e fo re sta tio n, m a ny invo lving lo c a l c o m m unitie s. ARPA, fund e d b y the Bra zilia n G o ve rnm e nt, the G e rm a n De ve lo p m e nt Ba nk, the G EF a nd WWF, e sta b lishe s ne w p a rks a nd re se rve s a nd stre ng the ns m a na g e m e nt o f o ld o ne s. To susta in the re se rve s in the lo ng te rm , a Trust Fund is b e ing se t up .

In ARPA, lo c a l c o m m unitie s a re invo lve d in se tting up susta ina b le use re se rve s, while in PP-G 7 ind ig e no us la nd s w e re le g a lly re c o g nize d a nd d e m a rc a te d , susta ina b le use b y lo c a l c o m m unitie s wa s sup p o rte d , a nd c o m m unitie s sta rte d ta king p a rt in fo re st m a na g e m e nt a nd m o nito ring . Also , a so c ia l ne two rk o f o ve r 700 c ivil so c ie ty o rg a niza tio ns w a s initia te d . PP-G 7 a nd ARPA w e re no t d e sig ne d to q ua ntify the a m o unt o f g re e nho use g a s e m issio ns the y a ve rt.

9

Kapos, V., Herkenrath, P., Miles, L, “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation: A Key Opportunity for Attaining Multiple Benefits”. UNEP-WCMC, p.9.

Ho we ve r, b o th m o st like ly ha ve c o ntrib ute d to re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n a nd thus re d uc e d e m issio ns10_.

Ze ro De fo re sta tio n La w , Pa ra g ua y:Fro m 2004 to 2006 a c o m p le te b a n o n lo g g ing w a s e sta b lishe d in the Up p e r Pa ra na Atla ntic Fo re st in Pa ra g ua y. The b a n w o rke d - d e fo re sta tio n w e nt d o w n b y 85% - a nd the la w ha s b e e n e xte nd e d until the e nd o f 2008. In o rd e r to m a inta in the fo re sts in the lo ng run, WWF initia te d a ‘So c ia l Pa c t’ a s we ll, whic h wo rke d to find e c o no m ic

a lte rna tive s to d e fo re sta tio n fo r the lo c a l p o p ula tio n in the Atla ntic Fo re st re g io n a nd e nc o ura g e d susta ina b le use o f na tura l re so urc e s11_.

Lo c a l-le ve l p ro je c ts

The re a re m a ny lo c a l le ve l p ro je c ts a ro und the w o rld tha t ha ve c o m b ine d fo re st c o nse rva tio n a nd p o ve rty a lle via tio n – o ne g o o d p la c e to find e xa m p le s is

w w w .p o ve rtya nd c o nse rva tio n.info, w hic h is a ne tw o rk se t up b y the

Inte rna tio na l Institute fo r Enviro nm e nt a nd De ve lo p m e nt, IIED. O nly a fe w o f the se p ro je c ts ha ve inc o rp o ra te d c a rb o n a c c o unting .

7. C o nc lusio ns

Re d uc ing Em issio ns fro m De fo re sta tio n a nd Fo re st De g ra d a tio n is inc re a sing ly re c o g nize d a s c ritic a lly im p o rta nt to c o m b a ting g lo b a l w a rm ing , a nd m a ny e le m e nts o f REDD ha ve g a ine d w id e sp re a d a g re e m e nt. The se inc lud e :

- the ne e d to p ro vid e suffic ie nt fina nc ing fro m ind ustria lize d c o untrie s, b o th to c o m p e nsa te fo r o p p o rtunity c o sts a nd fo r c a p a c ity b uild ing ;

- the im p o rta nc e o f te c hnic a l a nd institutio na l c a p a c ity b uild ing ; - the im p o rta nc e o f na tio na l b a se line s;

- the ne e d to d e a l w ith q ua lity issue s suc h a s p e rm a ne nc e a nd le a ka g e ;

- the ke y ro le o f c o -b e ne fits suc h a s b io d ive rsity a nd the rig hts a nd live liho o d s o f fo re st p e o p le s.

10

Dutschke, M. and Wolf, R. (2007). “Reduced Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries – The way forward.” Pp 16-20 in Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Climate Protection Programme in Developing Countries; WWF (2007). “A future for protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon”. Accessed Oct. 10, 2007. URL:

www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/latin_america_and_caribbean/region/amazon/our_solutions/amazon_p rotected_areas/financing/arpa/index.cfm

11 WWF (2006). “Deforestation Rates Slashed in Paraguay.” Accessed Oct. 10, 2007. URL:

www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/successes/index.cfm?uNewsID=79520; Mongabay (2006). “Paraguay extends deforestation law that has cut forest loss by 85%.” Accessed Oct. 10, 2007. URL:

At the sa m e tim e , the re is b ro a d a g re e m e nt tha t se ve ra l d iffe re nt fina nc ia l m e c ha nism s will b e ne c e ssa ry to a c c o m p lish the se g o a ls: c a rb o n m a rke ts, fund s, d e ve lo p m e nt a id a nd / o r le nd ing . The Ba li C O P a nd sub se q ue nt

m e e ting s will ne e d to re so lve the se q ue stio ns to m a ke REDD a n e ffe c tive to o l in the fig ht a g a inst g lo b a l w a rming .

O ne o f the ke y issue s is ho w to e nsure “p e rm a ne nc e” – tha t is, to m a ke sure tha t re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n is no t a nnulle d b y inc re a se d d e fo re sta tio n o r d a m a g e suc h a s fire s la te r. The re a re m a ny p ro p o sa ls o n ho w to a d d re ss p e rm a ne nc e thro ug h insura nc e m e c ha nism s suc h a s b a nking o r re q uire m e nts fo r se tting a sid e a re se rve . So m e a rg ue fo r o nly te m p o ra ry c re d it fo r re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n o n the se g ro und s. O the rs ho ld tha t REDD c re d its sho uld no t b e tre a te d d iffe re ntly fro m fo ssil fue l c re d its, a nd tha t if a c o untry re c e ive s REDD c re d it a nd the n surp a sse s its b a se line , it sho uld b e o b lig e d to m a ke up the e xc e ss witho ut

c o m p e nsa tio n, o r sho uld no t b e a llo w e d a c c e ss to the m a rke t until it ha s m a d e up the e xc e ss. Pe rm a ne nc e p e rta ins no t o nly to fo re st c a rb o n, b ut to a ny

e m issio ns re d uc tio n tha t is tra d e d . The q ue stio n o f lia b ility if ta rg e ts a re no t m e t, o r if a c o untry tra d e s a llo w a nc e s a t o ne m o m e nt b ut inc re a se s e m issio ns a b o ve its lim it la te r, ne e d s to b e w o rke d o ut fo r the e ntire e m issio ns c o ntro l re g im e , no t o nly fo r REDD.

The risk tha t re d uc tio ns in o ne p la c e c a n b e c a nc e lle d b y inc re a se s e lse w he re is c a lle d “le a ka g e” . Na tio na l-le ve l m o nito ring e lim ina te s the issue o f le a ka g e within a c o untry, b ut m a y no t a d d re ss le a ka g e tha t o c c urs a t the inte rna tio na l le ve l. This to o a p p lie s to a ll se c to rs – c o m p a nie s c a n m o ve hig h-e m issio ns a c tivitie s o ut o f re g ula te d re g io ns suc h a s the EU to unre g ula te d c o untrie s. Ultim a te ly o nly invo lving a ll o f the m a jo r e m itte rs in the inte rna tio na l e missio ns c o ntro l re g im e will so lve the p ro b le m . No t a ll c o untrie s m a y b e a b le to a c c o unt a t a na tio na l le ve l, a nd the re fo re ne e d sup p o rt fo r c a p a c ity b uild ing to d o so . So m e Pa rtie s a rg ue tha t p ro je c t-le ve l a c tivitie s sho uld b e c re d ite d a s a w a y fo r c o untrie s tha t a re no t re a d y to sta rt na tio na lly to b e g in to a d d re ss d e fo re sta tio n. O the rs a rg ue tha t this ra ise s the sa m e issue s a s in the p o le m ic a l d isc ussio n o n d e fo re sta tio n in the C DM a nd its a sso c ia te d p ro b le m s, w hic h ha ve a lo ng histo ry o f c o nte ntio us d e b a te in the UNFC C C p ro c e ss. Ultim a te ly the e nviro nm e nta l inte g rity o f re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n (w he the r fund e d b y the m a rke t o r b y p ub lic fund s) d e p e nd s o n a c hie ving o ve ra ll re d uc tio ns in d e fo re sta tio n ra te s, no t just suc c e ss in ind ivid ua l p ro je c ts.

6. C o - b e ne fits

Ind ig e no us p e o p le s

The re a re m a ny c o nc e rns tha t ind ig e no us o r o the r fo re st c o m m unitie s m a y no t b e ne fit fro m inc e ntive s fo r REDD, o r m a y e ve n suffe r ne g a tive e ffe c ts if

a utho rita ria n g o ve rnm e nts o r la rg e la nd o w ne rs d isp la c e the m to re c e ive

inc e ntive s fro m REDD7_{. O n the o the r ha nd , Am a zo n ind ig e no us a nd tra d itio na l} p e o p le s’ o rg a niza tio ns ha ve c a lle d o n the ir g o ve rnm e nts to p ursue m a rke t-b a se d c o m p e nsa tio n fo r re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n in the UNFC C C .

7

Figure 3. Schoolhouse, La Union Cooperative, R.A.A.S., Nicaragua

Inc e ntive s fo r re d uc ing e m issio ns fro m d e fo re sta tio n m a y o ffe r p o te ntia l b e ne fits a s w e ll a s risks fo r ind ig e no us p e o p le s. In m o st o f the tro p ic a l w o rld , ind ig e no us p e o p le s no t o nly d o no t b e ne fit fro m the a c tivitie s tha t d rive d e fo re sta tio n (ind ustria l a g ric ulture , c a ttle ra nc hing , lo g g ing ) b ut lo se la nd , live liho o d s a nd life -w a ys b e c a use o f the m . Sto p p ing d e fo re sta tio n w o uld itse lf b e ne fit m a ny ind ig e no us g ro up s. Na tio na l syste m s c a n a nd sho uld b e d e sig ne d with

ind ig e no us p e o p le s a nd e nsure tha t the y b e ne fit. Fo r e xa m p le , the “ Ag re e m e nt o n Ac kno wle d g ing the Va lue o f the Fo re st a nd End ing Am a zo n De fo re sta tio n” la unc he d O c to b e r 3, 2007 b y nine Bra zilia n NG O s, with the sup p o rt o f Bra zil’ s Ministry o f Enviro nm e nt, fo ur Am a zo n sta te g o ve rnm e nts, a nd the Na tio na l Ba nk fo r Ec o no m ic a nd So c ia l De ve lo p m e nt, o utline s a na tio na l syste m o f fina nc ia l inc e ntive s fo r e c o syste m se rvic e s a nd e nd ing d e fo re sta tio n tha t w o uld inc lud e ind ig e no us a nd tra d itio na l p e o p le s a s m a jo r b e ne fic ia rie s.

Fo re sts p ro vid e so urc e s o f live liho o d fo r hund re d s o f m illio ns o f p e o p le g lo b a lly. The re fo re , e xtra a tte ntio n sho uld b e p a id to la nd te nure a nd c usto m a ry usa g e rig hts. Whe n d e vising REDD p ro g ra m s a nd p o lic ie s, re fe re nc e to o the r g uid e line s a nd inte rna tio na l fo ra d e c isio ns (fo r e xa m p le the C o nve ntio n o n Bio lo g ic a l Dive rsity a nd the Inte rna tio na l La b o r O rg a niza tio n) will he lp to e nsure ind ig e no us

a nd lo c a l p e o p le s p ro p e rly b e ne fit. The se g uid e line s ha ve o fte n b e e n

c o nc e p tua lize d fo r p ro te c te d a re a s, g e ne tic re so urc e a c q uisitio n, o r ind ustria l e ffo rts a nd the y o fte n fo c us o n the m e c ha nism o f Fre e a nd Prio r a nd Info rm e d C o nse nt (FPIC ). Inte rna tio na l hum a n rig hts jurisp rud e nc e a nd p ro visio ns a lso g ive g uid a nc e a s to ho w lo c a l a nd ind ig e no us p e o p le s’ c o nc e rns a nd rig hts m ust b e ta ke n into a c c o unt fo r la nd use p o lic ie s.

The d e sig n o f na tio na l syste m s fo r inc e ntive s is c e ntra l to a ny e ffe c tive REDD m e c ha nism . C AN m e m b e rs a nd o the r inte rna tio na l NG O s sho uld w o rk w ith ind ig e no us p e o p le s’ a nd o the r lo c a l o rg a niza tio ns to inc o rp o ra te the ir vie w s, p ro m o ting o p e nne ss, tra nsp a re nc y, fo re st p e o p le s’ p a rtic ip a tio n a nd e q uity in na tio na l syste m s.

Bio d ive rsity

Pre se rving b io d ive rsity a nd sa fe g ua rd ing e c o syste m s sta nd o ut a s the m o st p ro m ine nt e nviro nm e nta l c o -b e ne fits fro m we ll-c o nsid e re d REDD p ro g ra m s. Pre se rving ke y sp e c ie s, m a inta ining via b le p o p ula tio n le ve ls, a nd p ro te c ting uniq ue na tura l a re a s – a ll c a n re sult fro m REDD p ro g ra m s, e sp e c ia lly in the tro p ic s a nd o n isla nd e c o syste m s. In a d d itio n to b e ing the “ g lue ” fo r he a lthy e c o syste m s, b io d ive rsity se rve s a s the so urc e fo r num e ro us m e d ic ina l a nd ind ustria l p ro d uc ts, a s w e ll a s the live liho o d b a se fo r fo re st p e o p le s.

Pa rtie s ha ve a re sp o nsib ility to a d he re to the a g re e d p rinc ip le s g o ve rning LULUC F. Whe n d e a ling with so c ia l a nd e nviro nm e nta l issue s, the m o st sta rkly re le va nt p rinc ip le is tha t LULUC F p ro je c ts “ …c o ntrib ute to the c o nse rva tio n o f b io lo g ic a l d ive rsity a nd susta ina b le use o f na tura l re so urc e s”8_{. Thus Pa rtie s ne e d} to d e te rm ine m e tho d s b y w hic h the y c a n e nsure tha t the y a re ind e e d a d he ring to this a g re e d p rinc ip le .

It is c le a r tha t p re se rving b io d ive rsity o fte n c o rre la te s with re d uc ing

d e fo re sta tio n. In fa c t, hig h b io d ive rsity inc re a se s the re silie nc e o f fo re sts a nd o the r e c o syste m s. Thus p re se rving b io d ive rsity c a n inc re a se the lo ng te rm m itig a tio n e ffe c t o f REDD. Ho we ve r, ha stily im p le m e nte d REDD p ro g ra m s m a y fa il to m a xim ize b io d ive rsity p ro te c tio n. The UNFC C C d e c isio n o n REDD sho uld thus c a ll fo r syne rg ie s w ith o the r inte rna tio na l a g re e m e nts a nd b o d ie s, suc h a s the C o nve ntio n o n Bio lo g ic a l Dive rsity’ s e xp a nd e d a c tio n-o rie nte d wo rk

p ro g ra m o n a ll typ e s o f fo re st b io lo g ic a l d ive rsity.

Sim ila rly, e c o syste m s a nd the se rvic e s the y p ro vid e w o uld b e sa fe g ua rd e d b y REDD inc lud ing m a inta ining p o p ula tio ns o f na tura l c ro p p e st p re d a to rs a nd o f

8

p o llina to rs, w a te r re g ula tio n, tim b e r a nd fo o d p ro visio n a s we ll a s m a ny o the r b e ne fits to a g ric ulture a nd rura l c o m m unitie s.9

Figure 4. Lowland swamp forest and mangroves, R.A.A.S., Nicaragua

Pro g ra m m e e xa m p le s c o m b ining c o m m unity, e nviro nm e nt a nd c lim a te b e ne fits

The Pilo t Pro g ra m to Pro te c t the Bra zilia n Ra in Fo re st (PP-G 7) a nd the Am a zo n Re g io n Pro te c te d Are a s (ARPA) p ro g ra m , Bra zil:

The a im o f PP-G 7 w a s to re d uc e d e fo re sta tio n in the Bra zilia n Am a zo n, w hile ARPA a im s to e xp a nd the a m o unt o f p ro te c te d a re a s in the re g io n a nd to susta in this p ro te c tio n in the lo ng te rm .

PP-G 7 initia te d a la rg e ra ng e o f p ro je c ts to re d uc e d e fo re sta tio n, m a ny invo lving lo c a l c o m m unitie s. ARPA, fund e d b y the Bra zilia n G o ve rnm e nt, the G e rm a n De ve lo p m e nt Ba nk, the G EF a nd WWF, e sta b lishe s ne w p a rks a nd re se rve s a nd stre ng the ns m a na g e m e nt o f o ld o ne s. To susta in the re se rve s in the lo ng te rm , a Trust Fund is b e ing se t up .

In ARPA, lo c a l c o m m unitie s a re invo lve d in se tting up susta ina b le use re se rve s, while in PP-G 7 ind ig e no us la nd s w e re le g a lly re c o g nize d a nd d e m a rc a te d , susta ina b le use b y lo c a l c o m m unitie s wa s sup p o rte d , a nd c o m m unitie s sta rte d ta king p a rt in fo re st m a na g e m e nt a nd m o nito ring . Also , a so c ia l ne two rk o f o ve r 700 c ivil so c ie ty o rg a niza tio ns w a s initia te d . PP-G 7 a nd ARPA w e re no t d e sig ne d to q ua ntify the a m o unt o f g re e nho use g a s e m issio ns the y a ve rt.

9

Kapos, V., Herkenrath, P., Miles, L, “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation: A Key Opportunity for Attaining Multiple Benefits”. UNEP-WCMC, p.9.

Ho we ve r, b o th m o st like ly ha ve c o ntrib ute d to re d uc e d d e fo re sta tio n a nd thus re d uc e d e m issio ns10_.

Ze ro De fo re sta tio n La w , Pa ra g ua y:Fro m 2004 to 2006 a c o m p le te b a n o n lo g g ing w a s e sta b lishe d in the Up p e r Pa ra na Atla ntic Fo re st in Pa ra g ua y. The b a n w o rke d - d e fo re sta tio n w e nt d o w n b y 85% - a nd the la w ha s b e e n e xte nd e d until the e nd o f 2008. In o rd e r to m a inta in the fo re sts in the lo ng run, WWF initia te d a ‘So c ia l Pa c t’ a s we ll, whic h wo rke d to find e c o no m ic

a lte rna tive s to d e fo re sta tio n fo r the lo c a l p o p ula tio n in the Atla ntic Fo re st re g io n a nd e nc o ura g e d susta ina b le use o f na tura l re so urc e s11_.

Lo c a l-le ve l p ro je c ts

The re a re m a ny lo c a l le ve l p ro je c ts a ro und the w o rld tha t ha ve c o m b ine d fo re st c o nse rva tio n a nd p o ve rty a lle via tio n – o ne g o o d p la c e to find e xa m p le s is

w w w .p o ve rtya nd c o nse rva tio n.info, w hic h is a ne tw o rk se t up b y the

Inte rna tio na l Institute fo r Enviro nm e nt a nd De ve lo p m e nt, IIED. O nly a fe w o f the se p ro je c ts ha ve inc o rp o ra te d c a rb o n a c c o unting .

7. C o nc lusio ns

Re d uc ing Em issio ns fro m De fo re sta tio n a nd Fo re st De g ra d a tio n is inc re a sing ly re c o g nize d a s c ritic a lly im p o rta nt to c o m b a ting g lo b a l w a rm ing , a nd m a ny e le m e nts o f REDD ha ve g a ine d w id e sp re a d a g re e m e nt. The se inc lud e :

- the ne e d to p ro vid e suffic ie nt fina nc ing fro m ind ustria lize d c o untrie s, b o th to c o m p e nsa te fo r o p p o rtunity c o sts a nd fo r c a p a c ity b uild ing ;

- the im p o rta nc e o f te c hnic a l a nd institutio na l c a p a c ity b uild ing ; - the im p o rta nc e o f na tio na l b a se line s;

- the ne e d to d e a l w ith q ua lity issue s suc h a s p e rm a ne nc e a nd le a ka g e ;

- the ke y ro le o f c o -b e ne fits suc h a s b io d ive rsity a nd the rig hts a nd live liho o d s o f fo re st p e o p le s.

10

Dutschke, M. and Wolf, R. (2007). “Reduced Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries – The way forward.” Pp 16-20 in Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Climate Protection Programme in Developing Countries; WWF (2007). “A future for protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon”. Accessed Oct. 10, 2007. URL:

www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/latin_america_and_caribbean/region/amazon/our_solutions/amazon_p rotected_areas/financing/arpa/index.cfm

11 WWF (2006). “Deforestation Rates Slashed in Paraguay.” Accessed Oct. 10, 2007. URL:

www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/successes/index.cfm?uNewsID=79520; Mongabay (2006). “Paraguay extends deforestation law that has cut forest loss by 85%.” Accessed Oct. 10, 2007. URL:

At the sa m e tim e , the re is b ro a d a g re e m e nt tha t se ve ra l d iffe re nt fina nc ia l m e c ha nism s will b e ne c e ssa ry to a c c o m p lish the se g o a ls: c a rb o n m a rke ts, fund s, d e ve lo p m e nt a id a nd / o r le nd ing . The Ba li C O P a nd sub se q ue nt

m e e ting s will ne e d to re so lve the se q ue stio ns to m a ke REDD a n e ffe c tive to o l in the fig ht a g a inst g lo b a l w a rming .