Differences in the oral health behaviour of the 12-years-old children in rural and urban area of Cimahi | Nawawi | Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 14517 33271 1 PB
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2017;29(3):.
Diferences in the oral health behaviour of the 12-years-old
children in rural and urban area of Cimahi
Azkya Patria Nawawi*, Rina Putri Noer Fadilah*, Andi Supriatna*
*Department of Dental Public Health Dental Education Program Faculty of Medicine University of
Jenderal Achmad Yani, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Oral diseases have increased signiicantly in the past decade. The Health Service of Cimahi
reports showed an increasing number of oral diseases. Behaviour plays an important role in preventing
oral disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the diferences in the oral health behaviour of the
12-years-old children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi. Methods: The research type was
analytic with the cross-sectional design. The sample was determined using pathinder survey method from
oral health surveys basic methods. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing knowledge
and attitudes, observations of actions assessed in the checklist, and assessment of the health status
of the teeth using the Patient Hygiene Performance Data Index and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney
test. Results: The results showed that children in both rural and urban areas have a good knowledge
and positive attitude. Both the rural and urban children have the wrong tooth brushing methods and
the children in the rural area had a moderate PHP index whilst the child in the urban area had a bad
PHP index. There were signiicant diferences in the knowledge (p = 0,017) and PHP index (p < 0.001),
and there was no signiicant diference in the attitude (p = 0,312) and action (p = 1,000) in children of
both rural and urban areas. Conclusion: Health education on the proper tooth brushing methods and the
calculus removal was needed to be done in order to reduce the value of PHP index, especially in children
of the urban areas
Keywords: Behaviour, PHP Index, 12-years-old children
P-ISSN 1979-0201, e-ISSN 2549-6212 Available from:http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/pjd/index
DOI:
Submission: Sep 2017 Publishing: Nov 2017
INTRODUCTION
The oral disease is still a big problem in Indonesia.
Oral diseases also enter into the largest diseases
in Indonesia and are ranked 6th out of 10 major
diseases. The results of the Indonesia Basic Health
Research reported in 2013 showed that the 10-14
age group had dental and oral health problems of
25.2%.1
The high dental caries and periodontal tissue
disease are caused by various direct or indirect
factors. Direct factors include microorganisms,
Corresponding author: Azkya Patria Nawawi, Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Email: Azkya patria@gmail.com
207
Diferences in the oral health behaviour of the 12-years-old children in rural and urban area (Azkya Patria Nawawi et al.)
carbohydrate fermentation, saliva, host defence,
luoride, and oral and dental hygiene. In addition
to factors present in the mouth directly related
to caries, there are indirect factors called
external risk factors that are predisposing factors
and inhibiting factors of caries. External factors
include gender, level of education, level of
economy, environment and behaviour related to
dental health.2,3
According to Bahar in 2000, one of the main
factors afecting dental hygiene in the developing
world is behaviour. Behavior is an important
thing that can afect the dental health status of
individuals or communities. Eforts to improve
dental and oral health require the participation
of the community, especially children through
knowledge, attitudes, and actions that are a
form of behaviour, especially related to oral
health such as dental health education through
counselling. Dental and oral health behaviours are
closely related and afect the improvement of oral
hygiene seen through oral hygiene status.3,4
The period of childhood is a period of growth
and development. The period of eruption of the
tooth begins at the age of 6 months marked by
the appearance of deciduous teeth. The complete
period of permanent teeth is at 12 years old so
this age is considered ideal because it is easy to
reach before the children leave school, this is the
foundation by WHO to determine the age of 12
years as global caries monitoring indicator and
also as an indicator of the development of dental
and oral diseases (monitoring of disease trends).5
Report from Health Service of Cimahi stated
that the incidence of high caries incidence reached
6992 teeth in 12-year age group this is due to the
behaviour of maintaining bad dental and mouth
health and mostly occurs in children in rural areas
where health facilities there are fewer than urban
area 6). The purpose of this study was to examine
the diferences in the oral health behaviour of the
12-years-old children in the rural and urban area
of the city of Cimahi.
Basic Methods based on Pathinder surveys. This
is a stratiied cluster sampling technique based
on a subgroup with diferent levels, examination
of a number of standard subjects and includes
only speciic age indexes. Groups taken from
geographical units (villages, sub-districts, urbanvillage, districts, etc.)7 Thus, the sample used
is the age group of 12 years with each region in
select 1 Region representing Urban and 1 Region
representing Rural. From each region selected
2 districts that represent rural and urban areas.
From each rural and urban areas selected 1 school
In each school selected each of at least 50 children
from the urban area and obtained 25 boys and 25
girls Grade 6 Cipageran Cimahi North Primary and
50 children in the rural area with the amount of
distribution the same in SDN Utama Cimahi Selatan
so the total sample is 100 children.
The inclusion criteria in the study were as
follows: (1) Primary school children aged 12 years,
(2) Primary school children who have a full eruption
of all permanent teeth until the irst molar. The
criteria for exclusion in the study were as follows:
(1) sick children in the mouth are unable to open
their mouths, (2) children who have been given
topical luoric applications, (3) 12-years-old
primary school children using an orthodontic plate
or ixed orthodontics. The behaviours examined
include PHP knowledge, attitudes, actions,
and indexes. Measurement of knowledge using
questionnaire type closed-ended multiple choice
questionnaire contains 15 questions where the
correct answer is given score 1 and wrong one given
score 0. The assessment results are summed and
divided by the number of questions and multiplied
100%. Then the inal result is put into good category
METHODS
The research method used was analytic with crosssectional study design. The sample in this research
is 6th-grade students of SDN 12 years old. The
study sample refers to WHO Oral Health Surveys
208
Figure 1. Division of the tooth area for PHP index
calculation
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2017;29(3):.
(100-76%), enough (56-75%) and less (
Diferences in the oral health behaviour of the 12-years-old
children in rural and urban area of Cimahi
Azkya Patria Nawawi*, Rina Putri Noer Fadilah*, Andi Supriatna*
*Department of Dental Public Health Dental Education Program Faculty of Medicine University of
Jenderal Achmad Yani, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Oral diseases have increased signiicantly in the past decade. The Health Service of Cimahi
reports showed an increasing number of oral diseases. Behaviour plays an important role in preventing
oral disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the diferences in the oral health behaviour of the
12-years-old children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi. Methods: The research type was
analytic with the cross-sectional design. The sample was determined using pathinder survey method from
oral health surveys basic methods. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing knowledge
and attitudes, observations of actions assessed in the checklist, and assessment of the health status
of the teeth using the Patient Hygiene Performance Data Index and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney
test. Results: The results showed that children in both rural and urban areas have a good knowledge
and positive attitude. Both the rural and urban children have the wrong tooth brushing methods and
the children in the rural area had a moderate PHP index whilst the child in the urban area had a bad
PHP index. There were signiicant diferences in the knowledge (p = 0,017) and PHP index (p < 0.001),
and there was no signiicant diference in the attitude (p = 0,312) and action (p = 1,000) in children of
both rural and urban areas. Conclusion: Health education on the proper tooth brushing methods and the
calculus removal was needed to be done in order to reduce the value of PHP index, especially in children
of the urban areas
Keywords: Behaviour, PHP Index, 12-years-old children
P-ISSN 1979-0201, e-ISSN 2549-6212 Available from:http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/pjd/index
DOI:
Submission: Sep 2017 Publishing: Nov 2017
INTRODUCTION
The oral disease is still a big problem in Indonesia.
Oral diseases also enter into the largest diseases
in Indonesia and are ranked 6th out of 10 major
diseases. The results of the Indonesia Basic Health
Research reported in 2013 showed that the 10-14
age group had dental and oral health problems of
25.2%.1
The high dental caries and periodontal tissue
disease are caused by various direct or indirect
factors. Direct factors include microorganisms,
Corresponding author: Azkya Patria Nawawi, Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Email: Azkya patria@gmail.com
207
Diferences in the oral health behaviour of the 12-years-old children in rural and urban area (Azkya Patria Nawawi et al.)
carbohydrate fermentation, saliva, host defence,
luoride, and oral and dental hygiene. In addition
to factors present in the mouth directly related
to caries, there are indirect factors called
external risk factors that are predisposing factors
and inhibiting factors of caries. External factors
include gender, level of education, level of
economy, environment and behaviour related to
dental health.2,3
According to Bahar in 2000, one of the main
factors afecting dental hygiene in the developing
world is behaviour. Behavior is an important
thing that can afect the dental health status of
individuals or communities. Eforts to improve
dental and oral health require the participation
of the community, especially children through
knowledge, attitudes, and actions that are a
form of behaviour, especially related to oral
health such as dental health education through
counselling. Dental and oral health behaviours are
closely related and afect the improvement of oral
hygiene seen through oral hygiene status.3,4
The period of childhood is a period of growth
and development. The period of eruption of the
tooth begins at the age of 6 months marked by
the appearance of deciduous teeth. The complete
period of permanent teeth is at 12 years old so
this age is considered ideal because it is easy to
reach before the children leave school, this is the
foundation by WHO to determine the age of 12
years as global caries monitoring indicator and
also as an indicator of the development of dental
and oral diseases (monitoring of disease trends).5
Report from Health Service of Cimahi stated
that the incidence of high caries incidence reached
6992 teeth in 12-year age group this is due to the
behaviour of maintaining bad dental and mouth
health and mostly occurs in children in rural areas
where health facilities there are fewer than urban
area 6). The purpose of this study was to examine
the diferences in the oral health behaviour of the
12-years-old children in the rural and urban area
of the city of Cimahi.
Basic Methods based on Pathinder surveys. This
is a stratiied cluster sampling technique based
on a subgroup with diferent levels, examination
of a number of standard subjects and includes
only speciic age indexes. Groups taken from
geographical units (villages, sub-districts, urbanvillage, districts, etc.)7 Thus, the sample used
is the age group of 12 years with each region in
select 1 Region representing Urban and 1 Region
representing Rural. From each region selected
2 districts that represent rural and urban areas.
From each rural and urban areas selected 1 school
In each school selected each of at least 50 children
from the urban area and obtained 25 boys and 25
girls Grade 6 Cipageran Cimahi North Primary and
50 children in the rural area with the amount of
distribution the same in SDN Utama Cimahi Selatan
so the total sample is 100 children.
The inclusion criteria in the study were as
follows: (1) Primary school children aged 12 years,
(2) Primary school children who have a full eruption
of all permanent teeth until the irst molar. The
criteria for exclusion in the study were as follows:
(1) sick children in the mouth are unable to open
their mouths, (2) children who have been given
topical luoric applications, (3) 12-years-old
primary school children using an orthodontic plate
or ixed orthodontics. The behaviours examined
include PHP knowledge, attitudes, actions,
and indexes. Measurement of knowledge using
questionnaire type closed-ended multiple choice
questionnaire contains 15 questions where the
correct answer is given score 1 and wrong one given
score 0. The assessment results are summed and
divided by the number of questions and multiplied
100%. Then the inal result is put into good category
METHODS
The research method used was analytic with crosssectional study design. The sample in this research
is 6th-grade students of SDN 12 years old. The
study sample refers to WHO Oral Health Surveys
208
Figure 1. Division of the tooth area for PHP index
calculation
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2017;29(3):.
(100-76%), enough (56-75%) and less (