Production and Physiological Characters of Soybean Varieties Under Drought Stress with Application of Nitrogen Sources | Hasanah | Proceedings of The Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University - Life Sciences & Engineering Chapter 5845 11971
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Pr oduct ion a nd Phy siologica l Cha r a ct e r s of Soybe a n
Va r ie t ie s U nde r D r oug ht St r e ss w it h Applica t ion of
N it r oge n Sour ce s
1
Yaya Hasanah,
1*
Tengku Chairun Nisa, 2Hapsoh, and 1Ham idah Hanum
1
Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at era Ut ara, Medan 20155, I ndonesia;
Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Riau, Pekanbaru 29293, I ndonesia.
* Corresponding Aut hor: [email protected]
2
Abst ra ct
Soy bean is a legum e sensit iv e t o drought condit ions result ing in decreased y ield and seed
qualit y . Dr ought st ress on plant s also in hibit s nit rogen upt ak e. The obj ect iv e of t he research
was t o det erm ine product ion and phy siological charact ers of soy bean v ariet ies under drought
st ress t hrough nut rient N m anagem en t . This resear ch used a random ized block design wit h 3
fact ors and 3 replicat ions. The first fact or was soy bean v ariet ies ( Anj asm or o, Wilis and
Sinabung) . The second fact or was drought st ress condit ions consist ed of 50% , 60% , 70% and
80%
of field capacit y ( FC) . The t hird fact or was t he applicat ion of N consist ed of ( 1) . Wit hou t
applicat ion of N fert ilizer ( cont r ol) ;
( 2) . N fert ilizer dose of recom m endat ion ( 50 k g Urea/ ha) ;
( 3) . I noculat ion of Brady rhizobiu m sp. ; ( 4) . Organ ic N sou rces ( st r aw com post 10 t ons/ ha) ;
( 5) . Organic N sources ( farm y ard m anure 10 t ons/ ha) . The result s suggest t hat Anj asm or o
v ariet y im prov ed dry weight of seed per plant com pared wit h Willis and Sinabung.
I n creased
drought st ress ( 80- 50 % of FC) result ed in a decrease in dr y weight of seed per plant . Sources
of N in t he form of urea or Brady rhizobiu m sp. increased t he dry weight of seeds per plan t
com pared wit h t reat m ent N sources st raw and m anure com post . The int eract ion bet ween
Brady rhizobium sp. or Urea and Anj asm oro v ariet y im prov ed dry weight of seeds per plant .
Ke yw o rds : drought st ress, nit rogen, product ion, phy siological charact er, soy bean
I nt r oduct ion
Soybean ( Glycine m ax ( L.) is t he m ost im port ant legum crop of t he world and a m ajor source of
protein, energy, polyunsat urat ed fat , fibres bot h for hum ans and livestock.
I n addit ion t o being
a source of m acronut rient s and m inerals, soybeans cont ain secondary m et abolit es such as isoflavones
( Sakai and Kogiso, 2008) , saponins, phyt ic acid, oligosaccharides, goit rogens ( Liener 1994) and
phyt oest rogens ( Ososki and Kennelly, 2003) . Yield in soybean is highly affected by drought st ress,
part icularly when the st ress occurring during flowering and early pod expansion ( Liu, 2004 ; Liu et al.,
2004 ; Purcell et al, 2004), short ens plant , suppressing t he developm ent of soybean root and shoot
( Ham im et al., 1996; Soepandi et al., 1997) , accelerate flowering and harvest age ( Jusuf et al.,
( 1993) , reducing the num ber of filled pods ( Soepandi et al., ( 1997) , lowering the num ber of
seeds/ plant and seed weight per unit ( de Souza et al., 1997) and lower seed yield of soybean ( Jusuf
et al., 1993; Soepandi et al., 1997). Drought st ress on plants also inhibits nit rogen, phosphorus and
potassium uptake in plant s. Generally, drought reduces both nut rient upt ake by t he roots and
t ransport from t he roots t o t he shoots, because of rest rict ed t ranspirat ion rates and im paired act ive
t ransport and m em brane perm eabilit y ( Tanguilig et al., 1987 ; Hu and Schm idhalt er, 2005) .
Nit rogen is t he m ineral elem ent t hat plants require in t he largest am ount s and a const ituent of m any
plant cell com ponents, including am ino and nucleic acids ( Hu and Schm idhalter, 2005). I t required in
t he synt hesis of chlorophyll, and also the form at ion and growt h of the vegetat ive parts of t he plant .
Fert ilizer m anagem ent can st rongly affect crop product ivit y under condit ions of drought. Thus, t he
addit ion of nut rients can eit her enhance or decrease plants resistance t o drought or have no effect at
all, depending on t he level of wat er availabilit y. Drought st ress condit ion can affect nit rogen uptake in
plants. Therefore, it is necessary t o m anage N fert ilizer t hrough organic N, inorganic N and N
biological ( bacteria N fixat ion) . I norganic N fert ilizer has a high nut rient cont ent of N ( Urea cont ains
46 % N) . Organic N fert ilizat ion has advant ages in im proving soil st ructure, does not dam age t he
environm ent but has a very low N cont ent , so if it only use organic N fert ilizat ion is needed very m uch
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Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
organic fert ilizer N per area. I n addit ion, t he use of organic N fert ilizer for crops is necessary t o
ensure that the organic N fert ilizer m aterials have decom posed well, because oft en t im es t he use of
organic N will have no effect on t he plant as a source of organic N is not decom pose properly ( Hartat ik
and Widowat i, 2006) . I n addit ion, t he use of bio- fertilizers on dry land is indispensable for biological
fert ilit y in dryland soybean crop is generally low and is one t ype of legum e t hat is act ive in t ie up N
from t he air, so t hat the inoculat ion of Bradyrhizobium sp. is an effort to reduce dependence on
chem ical fert ilizers (Prihast ut i, 2012) .
An early study of t he relat ionships bet ween wat er availabilit y and t he N- fert ilizer responses from
Bloem et al. ( 1992) dem onst ated t hat applicat ion of addit ional N enhanced wheat yield only when t he
drought was not severe. While drought condit ions m ay reduce soil- N m ineralizat ion, t hus lowering t he
N availabilit y. Tanguilig et al. ( 1987) also dem onst rat ed t hat a reduced crop N uptake m ay also be
at t ribut ed t o a decreased t ranspirat ion rate t o t ransport N from root s t o shoot s. Based on t he
background, t his research was conduct ed t o determ ine t he product ion and physiological charact ers of
soybean variet ies under drought st ress t hrough nut rient N m anagem ent .
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
Se t up of the e xpe r im e nt
The research was conducted at t he screen house Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at era Utara,
Medan, I ndonesia on February t o May 2012. Soil for t he research was t aken from dry land Sam birej o
Village ( Dist rict of Binjei, Langkat ) .
Ex per im e nt al de sign a nd crop m a nage m ent
This research used a random ized block design wit h 3 fact ors and 3 replicat ions. The first fact or was
soybean variet ies ( Anjasm oro, Wilis and Sinabung). The second fact or was drought st ress condit ions
consist ing of 50% , 60% , 70% and 80% of field capacit y ( FC) . Drought st ress t reat m ent of 80% of FC
is t he cont rol t reatm ent because it was considered opt im al for the growt h of soybean (Chen et al.,
2006; Sum arno and Mansuri, 2007). The t hird fact or was t he applicat ion of N consist s of ( 1) . Wit hout
N fert ilizer (cont rol) ; ( 2) . N fert ilizer dose of recom m endat ion ( 50 kg Urea/ ha) ; ( 3) . I noculat ion of
Bradyrhizobium sp.) ; ( 4) . Organic N sources ( st raw com post 10 t ons/ ha) ; ( 5) . Organic N sources
( farm yard m anure 10 t ons/ ha) . There were 3 x 4 x 5 x 3 = 180 experim ental unit s. Each experim ent al
unit consisted of 4 plants so t here were 540 polybags.
Three soybean variet ies ( Anj asm oro, Wilis and Sinabung) was used as source of seeds. The soil dried
for 15 days, t hen crushed and screened with a diam eter of 6 m m sieve. Before plant ing, soil lim ed
wit h dolom it e 500 kg/ ha and incubated for 2 weeks. A t ot al of 10 kg weight of air- dry soil put in poly
bag size 30 cm x 40 cm . Poly bag had previously been covered wit h plast ic.
I solates of
Bradyrhizobium sp. indigenous origin dry land village Sam birejo obtained by isolated first . Based on
t he pre- st udy results t he isolat es of Bradyrhizobium sp. pot ent ial. Propagat ion of Bradyrhizobium sp.
isolate conduct ed in Soil Biology Laborat ory, Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum atera Ut ara by
using yeast ext ract m annit ol m edium in a 500 m l flask were shaken 150 rpm at room tem perature for
48 hours. B. j aponicum inoculat ion were m ixed wit h soybean seed j ust before plant ing in t he shade in
t he m orning. Bact erial isolat es ( densit y of 10 8 cells/ m l) in 1 m l/ poly bag was also given t o t he ground
in a poly bag. St raw com post m ade wit h bio-act ivat or Trichoderm a harzianum .
The t ransparent plast ic shade was m ade inside t he screen house wit h a size of 12 m x 16 m m ade of
bam boo and wire bonded. I t was divided int o 3 blocks. Determ inat ion of soil m oisture cont ent t o
det erm ine t he weight of air- dry soil t o be put int o polybag done by drying m ethod. Determ inat ion of
water content at field capacit y (FC) was conducted using m et hod describe by Alt ricks ( Fot h, 2004). P
and K fert ilizer applicat ion was done for all t he plant s at plant ing t im e ( 0 days after plant ing/ DAP)
according to t he dose of 150 kg TSP/ ha and 75 kg KCl/ ha. Urea 50 kg/ ha applied at t wice i.e. a half of
dose on plant ing t im e ( 0 DAP) and a half of dose on 30 DAP. Cow m anure and st raw com post ing was
done at plant ing t im e according t o t reat m ent, adm inist ered by m ixing fert ilizer wit h plant ing m edium .
Drought st ress t reat m ent carried out according to t reat m ent was 50% , 60% , 70% and 80 % of FC.
Plants t reated 80% of FC up to 21 DAP, after that plants t reated according t o drought st ress
t reat m ent unt il harvest t im e. Weeding is done m anually by pulling weeds. Prevent ion of pest at tacks
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Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
carried out by using organic pest icides. Harvest ing is done if t he soybean crop has shown t hat t he
crit eria have brown skin pods and stem s and leaves have dried up variables observat ions.
Variables observed and stat ist ical dat a analysis
Variables observed was chlorophyll, shoot and root N content and seed dry weight per plant .
Chlorophyll content m easured by using Opt i- Sciences CCM 200 plus Chlorophyl m eters (Opt i- Sciences,
2011) . Shoot and root N m easured by Kj edhal m ethod. I f t here were significant differences in the
variance analysis followed by Duncan's Mult iple Range Test ( p = 0.05) .
Results a nd D iscussion
Soil, Far m y a rd m a nur e and St r a w Com post Cha ra ct e r ist ics
The charact erist ics of soil had low pH H 2O 5.0, low of N cont ent ( 0.14% ) , low C organic content
( 1.02% ), sufficient P ( 27.4 m g kg - 1 ) , sufficient K (0.47 m e/ 100) , sufficient Ca (8.75 m e/ 100), low
cat ion exchange capacit y ( 15.7 cm ol( + ) kg - 1 , high Mg ( 3.69 m e/ 100).
The st raw com post
characterist ic were C organic content 22.5 % , N t otal 1.33% , C/ N rat io 16.9, P2 O5 t otal 2.9% , K2 O
9.45. The characterist ics of farm yard m anure had t he C organic content 17.98 % , N t otal 1.04% , C/ N
rat io 17.28, P2O5 t otal 0.79% , K2O 0.30.
Physiologica l cha r a ct e rs of soybe an
Chlor ophy ll Cont e nt
Anj asm oro and Sinabung variet ies gave t he highest of chlorophyll cont ent com pared t o Wilis.
Applicat ion of Urea tent t o increase t he chlorophyll
cont ent com pared t o ot her t reat m ent s.
I nt eract ion bet ween Anjasm oro variet y and 60% of FC gave t he highest of chlorophyll cont ent , but
int eract ion bet ween Sinabung variet y and 70% of FC t he lowest of chlorophyll content ( Table 1) .
Shoot N cont e nt
Anj asm oro variet y provide t he highest shoot N content com pared t o Sinabung and Wilis. Farm yard
m anure t reatm ent im proved shoot N content significant ly t han other t reatm ent s, but t he t reat m ent of
wit hout N gave the lowest shoot N cont ent . Drought st ress t reatm ent did not give effect significant ly
different on shoot N content ( Table 2) .
Root N cont ent
Urea t reat m ent im proved t he root N cont ent significant ly com pared t o ot her t reat m ent s. Manure
t reat m ent gave the lowest root N content. I nteract ion Anj asm oro variet y wit h st raw com post produced
t he highest levels of N roots t han ot her t reatm ents, but not significant ly different from t he interact ion
of Anj asm oro variet y and aplicat ion of Urea. The interact ion between Urea and 70% of FC produced
t he highest levels of N roots ( Table 3) .
Table 1. Chlorophyll cont ent of
source of N
Treatm ent
Variet y
Anj asm oro
Sinabung
Wilis
t hree soybeans variet ies under drought st ress wit h applicat ion of
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
50
60
70
80
………………………………unit / 0.71 cm 2 …………………………..
33.14
35.48
31.70
34.03
31.22
28.12
27.33
29.38
27.37
28.98
28.83
28.00
Source of N
Wit hout N
29.89
31.57
29.20
Urea
30.58
30.75
31.49
Bradyrhizobium sp.
30.62
29.80
30.50
Farm yard m anure
30.31
30.72
29.27
St raw com post
31.46
31.46
25.96
Mean
30.57
30.86
29.28
Not e :
Different let ters represent significant differences at Duncan’s Mult iple
210
Mean
33.53a
35.53a
29.01b
28.72
29.85
31.66
31.12
29.95
30.22
30.64
30.23
31.39
30.07
30.47
Range Test ( p = 0.05)
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Table 2. Shoot N content of t hree soybeans variet ies under drought st ress with applicat ion of source
of N
50
Variet y
Anj asm oro
Sinabung
Wilis
Source of N
Wit hout N
Urea
Bradyrhizobium sp.
Farm yard m anure
St raw com post
Mean
Not e :
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
60
70
Mean
80
……………………………% of shoot dry weight ………………..
3.86
3.89
4.02
3.68
3.43
3.48
3.61
3.40
3.94
3.71
3.52
3.26
3.51
3.72
3.57
3.83
4.10
3.51
3.79
3.14
4.17
3.85
3.49
3.63
3.36
4.22
3.89
3.86x
3.48z
3.61y
3.29
3.47
3.57
3.65
3.26
3.45d
3.65c
3.41d
3.97a
3.77b
3.75
3.69
3.72
3.45
Different let ters at t he sam e group t reat m ent represent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p = 0.05)
Table 3. Root N content of t hree soybeans variet ies under drought st ress wit h applicat ion of source of
N
Variet y
Anj asm oro
Sinabung
Wilis
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
50
60
70
80
………………………………% of root dry weight …………………
2.20
2.24
2.35
2.16
1.92
2.05
1.91
1.83
1.79
1.94
1.93
2.06
Mean
2.24x
1.93y
1.93y
Source of N
Wit hout N
1.96cde
1.99cde
2.08abcd
1.96cde
2.00l
Urea
1.99cde
2.34ab
2.36a
2.03cde
2.18j
Bradyrhizobium sp.
2.20abc
2.05bcde
1.81e
2.13abcd
2.05k
Farm yard m anure
1.89de
1.95cde
1.78e
1.92cde
1.88m
St raw com post
1.82e
2.05bcde
2.29abc
2.03cde
2.05k
Mean
1.97
2.08
2.06
2.01
Not e :
Different let ters at t he sam e group t reat m ent represent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p = 0.05)
The applicat ion of Urea gave t he highest root N cont ent, while applicat ion of farm yard m anure gave
t he lowest root N cont ent . I nteract ion bet ween Anj asm oro and applicat ion of st raw com post gave t he
highest root N content, while the int eract ion bet ween Sinabung variet y and Bradyrhizobium sp.
provide t he lowest of root of N ( Table 4).
Table 4. Root N cont ent of t hree soybean variet ies wit h t he applicat ion of N sources
Variet y
Source of N
Wit hout N
Urea
Bradyrhizobium
Farm yard
St raw com post
sp.
m anure
...........................................% ..........................................
Anj asm oro
2.13de
2.36ab
2.27bc
2.01f
2.41a
Sinabung
2.05ef
2.01f
1.81h
1.91g
1.86h
Wilis
1.82h
2.18cd
2.06ef
1.73i
1.87h
Mean
2.001
2.18j
2.05k
1.88m
2.05k
Not e :
Mean
2.24x
1.93y
1.93y
Different let ters represent at t he sam e group t reatm ent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p = 0.05)
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Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Pr oduct ion of soybe a n
Se e d dr y w e ight pe r pla nt
Based on Table 9 shown t hat Anjasm oro variet y produced t he highest dry seed weight per plant
com pared wit h Sinabung and Wilis. Treatm ent of 70-80% of FC increased the dry weight of seeds per
plant significant ly com pared with 50% and 60% of FC. I n all variet ies is seen t hat the dry seed
weight per plant tent to increase wit h increasing% KL.
Table 5. Seed dry weight of t hree soybean variet ies under drought st ress wit h t he applicat ion of N
sources
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
Mean
50
60
70
80
Variet y
……………………………… g …………………………..
Anj asm oro
3.84
3.47
4.85
5.51
4.42a
Sinabung
3.49
3.83
4.17
4.78
4.07b
Wilis
2.81
3.44
4.12
4.34
3.68c
Source of N
Wit hout N
3.43
2.67
5.62
5.61
4.33
Urea
3.33
3.70
3.72
3.70
3.61
Bradyrhizobium sp.
2.48
5.25
3.87
4.48
4.02
Farm yard m anure
3.34
3.51
3.85
4.95
3.91
St raw com post
4.87
4.00
3.79
5.16
4.46
Mean
3.49y
3.83y
4.17x
4.78x
Not e :
Different let ters at t he sam e group t reat m ent represent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p < 0.05)
Based on t he research result s chlorophyll content influenced by variet ies ( Table 1) . Anjasm oro had
t he chlorophyll content higher than Willis and Sinabung. Treatm ent
of 50 - 80% of FC has not
responded significant ly different wit h chlorophyll cntent . Chlorophyll cont ent related t o t he st atus of
N in plant indicated by t he shoot N content ( Richardson et al., 2002) . The low chlorophyll cont ent
also indicat ed t he low shoot N content. This is evidenced in t his research t hat t reatm ent wit hout N
applicat ion produced low chlorophyll cont ent
( Table 1) and also lowest shoot N content ( Table 2) ,
because t he t reatm ent wit hout N applicat ion led t o a shortage of plant N t hat leaves becom e paler due
t o t he loss of chlorophyll which is pigm ent s in photosynt hesis. As already reported by Ashari ( 2006 )
t hat Nit rogen is one of the com ponents of chlorophyll which plays an im port ant role in photosynthesis.
N deficiency sym ptom s are m ost obvious and com m only seen is a reduct ion in leaf green color due t o
t he loss of chlorophyll, t he green pigm ent t hat plays a role in phot osynt hesis. N is an essent ial
elem ent for plant growth which is a protein const it uent of nucleic acids, st im ulat e overall growt h,
const it uent prot oplasm , chlorophyll m olecules , nucleic acids and am ino acids which are t he building
of protein.
Based on the lim its of nut rient sufficiency and deficiency according t o the result s of the analysis of t he
shoot N content , in general it is in a st ate of deficiency because a value less than 4.2 %
( Hardj owigeno, 2003) . I n t his research, t reat m ent of variet ies significant ly affect on shoot and root N
content ( Tables 2 and 3). Shoot N cont ent in Anj asm oro higher t han Wilis and Sinabung. This
phenom enon is relat ed t o the abilit y of each variet y in absorbing N nut rient s from the soil. There are
t wo form s of N fixat ion by plant root s nam ely am m onium and nit rat e. Nit rogen is absorbed m ost ly in
t he form of nit rat e ions are st ored direct ly in t he vacuole cells of root , st orage organs ( fruit ) , stem s or
leaves . The rest which are not stored in t he vacuole would be reduced to NO2 ( nit rite) converted into
am m onia ( NH 3 ) by enzym es nit rit reduct ase.
N sources significant ly affect t he levels of shoot and root N cont ent . Farm yard m anure provided t he
highest levels of shoot N content but applicat ion of Urea provided t he highest levels of root N content.
Farm yard m anure is source of organic N t hat affect t he physical, biological and chem ical soil,
im proving soil aerat ion because t he pores that exist in t he soil increased so m uch aerat ion, related t o
percolat ion and t he availabilit y of water, fert ilizer replacem ent and rest ore soil fert ilit y due t o
nut rient t aken.
212
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Anj asm oro variet y provided dry weight of seed per plant ( Table 5) higher than Wilis and Sinabung.
This related t o genet ic factors of each variet y, in which t he num ber of pods vary depending on variet y,
fert ilit y and plant spacing. However, Anjasm oro variet y produced t he lowest am ount of filled pods
but it had dry weight of seeds per plant and dry weight of 100 seed were higher than Wilis and
Sinabung, because Anj asm oro is large seed soybean variet ies ( dry weight of 100 seeds > 13 g) . I t
can be underst ood t hat t he dry weight of 100 seeds of Anjasm oro (13.51 g) is very different from
Wilis ( 10.64 g) and Sinabung ( 10.33 g). The large size of t he seed Anjasm oro variet y presum ably
because of t he concent rat ion of phot osynt hesis in seed filling and t he t ype of determ inate growt h, in
which t he R1 phase growth st alled. I n line wit h t he st atem ent Akunda ( 2001) that t he large seed size
caused by t he concent rat ion of photosynthesis in seed filling . Seed yield is t he t otal phot osynt hat e is
part it ioned int o seeds ,and t he m agnit ude is t he product of t he rat e of dry m at ter accum ulat ion in t he
seed wit h t he seed filling period and num ber of seeds.
Dry weight of seeds per plant ( Table 5) increased with increasing % of FC. I t is because t he pod filling
phase ( R5 and R6) are very sensit ive t o water availabilit y. The developm ent of seed on R5 is
characterized by a rapid increase in seed weight and nut rient accum ulat ion, last ing up t o R6. At pod
filling phase occurs R6 but st ill im m at ure. Soybean seed filling t akes place during t he final phase of
m aturat ion seed. This phase are largely influenced by t he availabilit y of wat er ( Kim and Chung , 2007;
Dhaubhadel et al , 2007) . Therefore, t he lower availabilit y of water in the pod filling phase will result
in increasing lower num ber of filled pods t hat also resulted in a decrease in dry weight of seeds per
plant and 100 seed weight . Differences in t he dry m at ter yield response have been reported by m any
researchers ( Daneshian and Zare, 2005 ; Manalavan et al, 2009 ; Ham ayun, et al., 2010) t hat t he
decrease in yield wit h increasing drought st ress during flowering and seed filling st age result ed in a
decrease in the num ber of pods due t o m iscarriage during flowering so affect t he num ber of seeds per
pod. Behesht i and Fard ( 2010) have reported t hat the reduct ion in photosynthesis is a m ajor fact or
lim it ing yield and all yield com ponents . The process of phot osynt hesis is im paired result ing in
decreased seed yield, harvest index and ot her com ponent s. Plant s t hat are experiencing drought
st ress during seed filling phase, while phot osynt hesis is not enough for needs, so t he plants will use
t he sink com pound stored assim ilates from ot her parts of t he plant such as seeds and stem s, result ing
in a decrease in dry weight of seeds and stem s.
Based on t he research, it concluded t hat Anj asm oro variet y im prove t he character of dry weight of
seed per plant com pared with Willis and Sinabung.
I ncreased drought st ress ( 80- 50 % of FC)
resulted in a decrease in dry weight of seed per plant and dry weight of 100 seeds but increases leaf
proline content. Sources of N in t he form of urea or Bradyrhizobium sp. increased t he dry weight of
seeds per plant com pared with t reatm ent N sources st raw and m anure com post . The interact ion
bet ween Bradyrhizobium sp. or Urea and Anj asm oro variet y im proved dry weight of seeds per plant.
Ack now ledgm e nts
We gratefully t hank t o M. I qbal Suyudi, M. Juandi and Heru Yosua Anugerah for t heir support in t he
research.
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Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Pr oduct ion a nd Phy siologica l Cha r a ct e r s of Soybe a n
Va r ie t ie s U nde r D r oug ht St r e ss w it h Applica t ion of
N it r oge n Sour ce s
1
Yaya Hasanah,
1*
Tengku Chairun Nisa, 2Hapsoh, and 1Ham idah Hanum
1
Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at era Ut ara, Medan 20155, I ndonesia;
Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Riau, Pekanbaru 29293, I ndonesia.
* Corresponding Aut hor: [email protected]
2
Abst ra ct
Soy bean is a legum e sensit iv e t o drought condit ions result ing in decreased y ield and seed
qualit y . Dr ought st ress on plant s also in hibit s nit rogen upt ak e. The obj ect iv e of t he research
was t o det erm ine product ion and phy siological charact ers of soy bean v ariet ies under drought
st ress t hrough nut rient N m anagem en t . This resear ch used a random ized block design wit h 3
fact ors and 3 replicat ions. The first fact or was soy bean v ariet ies ( Anj asm or o, Wilis and
Sinabung) . The second fact or was drought st ress condit ions consist ed of 50% , 60% , 70% and
80%
of field capacit y ( FC) . The t hird fact or was t he applicat ion of N consist ed of ( 1) . Wit hou t
applicat ion of N fert ilizer ( cont r ol) ;
( 2) . N fert ilizer dose of recom m endat ion ( 50 k g Urea/ ha) ;
( 3) . I noculat ion of Brady rhizobiu m sp. ; ( 4) . Organ ic N sou rces ( st r aw com post 10 t ons/ ha) ;
( 5) . Organic N sources ( farm y ard m anure 10 t ons/ ha) . The result s suggest t hat Anj asm or o
v ariet y im prov ed dry weight of seed per plant com pared wit h Willis and Sinabung.
I n creased
drought st ress ( 80- 50 % of FC) result ed in a decrease in dr y weight of seed per plant . Sources
of N in t he form of urea or Brady rhizobiu m sp. increased t he dry weight of seeds per plan t
com pared wit h t reat m ent N sources st raw and m anure com post . The int eract ion bet ween
Brady rhizobium sp. or Urea and Anj asm oro v ariet y im prov ed dry weight of seeds per plant .
Ke yw o rds : drought st ress, nit rogen, product ion, phy siological charact er, soy bean
I nt r oduct ion
Soybean ( Glycine m ax ( L.) is t he m ost im port ant legum crop of t he world and a m ajor source of
protein, energy, polyunsat urat ed fat , fibres bot h for hum ans and livestock.
I n addit ion t o being
a source of m acronut rient s and m inerals, soybeans cont ain secondary m et abolit es such as isoflavones
( Sakai and Kogiso, 2008) , saponins, phyt ic acid, oligosaccharides, goit rogens ( Liener 1994) and
phyt oest rogens ( Ososki and Kennelly, 2003) . Yield in soybean is highly affected by drought st ress,
part icularly when the st ress occurring during flowering and early pod expansion ( Liu, 2004 ; Liu et al.,
2004 ; Purcell et al, 2004), short ens plant , suppressing t he developm ent of soybean root and shoot
( Ham im et al., 1996; Soepandi et al., 1997) , accelerate flowering and harvest age ( Jusuf et al.,
( 1993) , reducing the num ber of filled pods ( Soepandi et al., ( 1997) , lowering the num ber of
seeds/ plant and seed weight per unit ( de Souza et al., 1997) and lower seed yield of soybean ( Jusuf
et al., 1993; Soepandi et al., 1997). Drought st ress on plants also inhibits nit rogen, phosphorus and
potassium uptake in plant s. Generally, drought reduces both nut rient upt ake by t he roots and
t ransport from t he roots t o t he shoots, because of rest rict ed t ranspirat ion rates and im paired act ive
t ransport and m em brane perm eabilit y ( Tanguilig et al., 1987 ; Hu and Schm idhalt er, 2005) .
Nit rogen is t he m ineral elem ent t hat plants require in t he largest am ount s and a const ituent of m any
plant cell com ponents, including am ino and nucleic acids ( Hu and Schm idhalter, 2005). I t required in
t he synt hesis of chlorophyll, and also the form at ion and growt h of the vegetat ive parts of t he plant .
Fert ilizer m anagem ent can st rongly affect crop product ivit y under condit ions of drought. Thus, t he
addit ion of nut rients can eit her enhance or decrease plants resistance t o drought or have no effect at
all, depending on t he level of wat er availabilit y. Drought st ress condit ion can affect nit rogen uptake in
plants. Therefore, it is necessary t o m anage N fert ilizer t hrough organic N, inorganic N and N
biological ( bacteria N fixat ion) . I norganic N fert ilizer has a high nut rient cont ent of N ( Urea cont ains
46 % N) . Organic N fert ilizat ion has advant ages in im proving soil st ructure, does not dam age t he
environm ent but has a very low N cont ent , so if it only use organic N fert ilizat ion is needed very m uch
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Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
organic fert ilizer N per area. I n addit ion, t he use of organic N fert ilizer for crops is necessary t o
ensure that the organic N fert ilizer m aterials have decom posed well, because oft en t im es t he use of
organic N will have no effect on t he plant as a source of organic N is not decom pose properly ( Hartat ik
and Widowat i, 2006) . I n addit ion, t he use of bio- fertilizers on dry land is indispensable for biological
fert ilit y in dryland soybean crop is generally low and is one t ype of legum e t hat is act ive in t ie up N
from t he air, so t hat the inoculat ion of Bradyrhizobium sp. is an effort to reduce dependence on
chem ical fert ilizers (Prihast ut i, 2012) .
An early study of t he relat ionships bet ween wat er availabilit y and t he N- fert ilizer responses from
Bloem et al. ( 1992) dem onst ated t hat applicat ion of addit ional N enhanced wheat yield only when t he
drought was not severe. While drought condit ions m ay reduce soil- N m ineralizat ion, t hus lowering t he
N availabilit y. Tanguilig et al. ( 1987) also dem onst rat ed t hat a reduced crop N uptake m ay also be
at t ribut ed t o a decreased t ranspirat ion rate t o t ransport N from root s t o shoot s. Based on t he
background, t his research was conduct ed t o determ ine t he product ion and physiological charact ers of
soybean variet ies under drought st ress t hrough nut rient N m anagem ent .
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
Se t up of the e xpe r im e nt
The research was conducted at t he screen house Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at era Utara,
Medan, I ndonesia on February t o May 2012. Soil for t he research was t aken from dry land Sam birej o
Village ( Dist rict of Binjei, Langkat ) .
Ex per im e nt al de sign a nd crop m a nage m ent
This research used a random ized block design wit h 3 fact ors and 3 replicat ions. The first fact or was
soybean variet ies ( Anjasm oro, Wilis and Sinabung). The second fact or was drought st ress condit ions
consist ing of 50% , 60% , 70% and 80% of field capacit y ( FC) . Drought st ress t reat m ent of 80% of FC
is t he cont rol t reatm ent because it was considered opt im al for the growt h of soybean (Chen et al.,
2006; Sum arno and Mansuri, 2007). The t hird fact or was t he applicat ion of N consist s of ( 1) . Wit hout
N fert ilizer (cont rol) ; ( 2) . N fert ilizer dose of recom m endat ion ( 50 kg Urea/ ha) ; ( 3) . I noculat ion of
Bradyrhizobium sp.) ; ( 4) . Organic N sources ( st raw com post 10 t ons/ ha) ; ( 5) . Organic N sources
( farm yard m anure 10 t ons/ ha) . There were 3 x 4 x 5 x 3 = 180 experim ental unit s. Each experim ent al
unit consisted of 4 plants so t here were 540 polybags.
Three soybean variet ies ( Anj asm oro, Wilis and Sinabung) was used as source of seeds. The soil dried
for 15 days, t hen crushed and screened with a diam eter of 6 m m sieve. Before plant ing, soil lim ed
wit h dolom it e 500 kg/ ha and incubated for 2 weeks. A t ot al of 10 kg weight of air- dry soil put in poly
bag size 30 cm x 40 cm . Poly bag had previously been covered wit h plast ic.
I solates of
Bradyrhizobium sp. indigenous origin dry land village Sam birejo obtained by isolated first . Based on
t he pre- st udy results t he isolat es of Bradyrhizobium sp. pot ent ial. Propagat ion of Bradyrhizobium sp.
isolate conduct ed in Soil Biology Laborat ory, Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum atera Ut ara by
using yeast ext ract m annit ol m edium in a 500 m l flask were shaken 150 rpm at room tem perature for
48 hours. B. j aponicum inoculat ion were m ixed wit h soybean seed j ust before plant ing in t he shade in
t he m orning. Bact erial isolat es ( densit y of 10 8 cells/ m l) in 1 m l/ poly bag was also given t o t he ground
in a poly bag. St raw com post m ade wit h bio-act ivat or Trichoderm a harzianum .
The t ransparent plast ic shade was m ade inside t he screen house wit h a size of 12 m x 16 m m ade of
bam boo and wire bonded. I t was divided int o 3 blocks. Determ inat ion of soil m oisture cont ent t o
det erm ine t he weight of air- dry soil t o be put int o polybag done by drying m ethod. Determ inat ion of
water content at field capacit y (FC) was conducted using m et hod describe by Alt ricks ( Fot h, 2004). P
and K fert ilizer applicat ion was done for all t he plant s at plant ing t im e ( 0 days after plant ing/ DAP)
according to t he dose of 150 kg TSP/ ha and 75 kg KCl/ ha. Urea 50 kg/ ha applied at t wice i.e. a half of
dose on plant ing t im e ( 0 DAP) and a half of dose on 30 DAP. Cow m anure and st raw com post ing was
done at plant ing t im e according t o t reat m ent, adm inist ered by m ixing fert ilizer wit h plant ing m edium .
Drought st ress t reat m ent carried out according to t reat m ent was 50% , 60% , 70% and 80 % of FC.
Plants t reated 80% of FC up to 21 DAP, after that plants t reated according t o drought st ress
t reat m ent unt il harvest t im e. Weeding is done m anually by pulling weeds. Prevent ion of pest at tacks
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I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
carried out by using organic pest icides. Harvest ing is done if t he soybean crop has shown t hat t he
crit eria have brown skin pods and stem s and leaves have dried up variables observat ions.
Variables observed and stat ist ical dat a analysis
Variables observed was chlorophyll, shoot and root N content and seed dry weight per plant .
Chlorophyll content m easured by using Opt i- Sciences CCM 200 plus Chlorophyl m eters (Opt i- Sciences,
2011) . Shoot and root N m easured by Kj edhal m ethod. I f t here were significant differences in the
variance analysis followed by Duncan's Mult iple Range Test ( p = 0.05) .
Results a nd D iscussion
Soil, Far m y a rd m a nur e and St r a w Com post Cha ra ct e r ist ics
The charact erist ics of soil had low pH H 2O 5.0, low of N cont ent ( 0.14% ) , low C organic content
( 1.02% ), sufficient P ( 27.4 m g kg - 1 ) , sufficient K (0.47 m e/ 100) , sufficient Ca (8.75 m e/ 100), low
cat ion exchange capacit y ( 15.7 cm ol( + ) kg - 1 , high Mg ( 3.69 m e/ 100).
The st raw com post
characterist ic were C organic content 22.5 % , N t otal 1.33% , C/ N rat io 16.9, P2 O5 t otal 2.9% , K2 O
9.45. The characterist ics of farm yard m anure had t he C organic content 17.98 % , N t otal 1.04% , C/ N
rat io 17.28, P2O5 t otal 0.79% , K2O 0.30.
Physiologica l cha r a ct e rs of soybe an
Chlor ophy ll Cont e nt
Anj asm oro and Sinabung variet ies gave t he highest of chlorophyll cont ent com pared t o Wilis.
Applicat ion of Urea tent t o increase t he chlorophyll
cont ent com pared t o ot her t reat m ent s.
I nt eract ion bet ween Anjasm oro variet y and 60% of FC gave t he highest of chlorophyll cont ent , but
int eract ion bet ween Sinabung variet y and 70% of FC t he lowest of chlorophyll content ( Table 1) .
Shoot N cont e nt
Anj asm oro variet y provide t he highest shoot N content com pared t o Sinabung and Wilis. Farm yard
m anure t reatm ent im proved shoot N content significant ly t han other t reatm ent s, but t he t reat m ent of
wit hout N gave the lowest shoot N cont ent . Drought st ress t reatm ent did not give effect significant ly
different on shoot N content ( Table 2) .
Root N cont ent
Urea t reat m ent im proved t he root N cont ent significant ly com pared t o ot her t reat m ent s. Manure
t reat m ent gave the lowest root N content. I nteract ion Anj asm oro variet y wit h st raw com post produced
t he highest levels of N roots t han ot her t reatm ents, but not significant ly different from t he interact ion
of Anj asm oro variet y and aplicat ion of Urea. The interact ion between Urea and 70% of FC produced
t he highest levels of N roots ( Table 3) .
Table 1. Chlorophyll cont ent of
source of N
Treatm ent
Variet y
Anj asm oro
Sinabung
Wilis
t hree soybeans variet ies under drought st ress wit h applicat ion of
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
50
60
70
80
………………………………unit / 0.71 cm 2 …………………………..
33.14
35.48
31.70
34.03
31.22
28.12
27.33
29.38
27.37
28.98
28.83
28.00
Source of N
Wit hout N
29.89
31.57
29.20
Urea
30.58
30.75
31.49
Bradyrhizobium sp.
30.62
29.80
30.50
Farm yard m anure
30.31
30.72
29.27
St raw com post
31.46
31.46
25.96
Mean
30.57
30.86
29.28
Not e :
Different let ters represent significant differences at Duncan’s Mult iple
210
Mean
33.53a
35.53a
29.01b
28.72
29.85
31.66
31.12
29.95
30.22
30.64
30.23
31.39
30.07
30.47
Range Test ( p = 0.05)
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Table 2. Shoot N content of t hree soybeans variet ies under drought st ress with applicat ion of source
of N
50
Variet y
Anj asm oro
Sinabung
Wilis
Source of N
Wit hout N
Urea
Bradyrhizobium sp.
Farm yard m anure
St raw com post
Mean
Not e :
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
60
70
Mean
80
……………………………% of shoot dry weight ………………..
3.86
3.89
4.02
3.68
3.43
3.48
3.61
3.40
3.94
3.71
3.52
3.26
3.51
3.72
3.57
3.83
4.10
3.51
3.79
3.14
4.17
3.85
3.49
3.63
3.36
4.22
3.89
3.86x
3.48z
3.61y
3.29
3.47
3.57
3.65
3.26
3.45d
3.65c
3.41d
3.97a
3.77b
3.75
3.69
3.72
3.45
Different let ters at t he sam e group t reat m ent represent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p = 0.05)
Table 3. Root N content of t hree soybeans variet ies under drought st ress wit h applicat ion of source of
N
Variet y
Anj asm oro
Sinabung
Wilis
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
50
60
70
80
………………………………% of root dry weight …………………
2.20
2.24
2.35
2.16
1.92
2.05
1.91
1.83
1.79
1.94
1.93
2.06
Mean
2.24x
1.93y
1.93y
Source of N
Wit hout N
1.96cde
1.99cde
2.08abcd
1.96cde
2.00l
Urea
1.99cde
2.34ab
2.36a
2.03cde
2.18j
Bradyrhizobium sp.
2.20abc
2.05bcde
1.81e
2.13abcd
2.05k
Farm yard m anure
1.89de
1.95cde
1.78e
1.92cde
1.88m
St raw com post
1.82e
2.05bcde
2.29abc
2.03cde
2.05k
Mean
1.97
2.08
2.06
2.01
Not e :
Different let ters at t he sam e group t reat m ent represent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p = 0.05)
The applicat ion of Urea gave t he highest root N cont ent, while applicat ion of farm yard m anure gave
t he lowest root N cont ent . I nteract ion bet ween Anj asm oro and applicat ion of st raw com post gave t he
highest root N content, while the int eract ion bet ween Sinabung variet y and Bradyrhizobium sp.
provide t he lowest of root of N ( Table 4).
Table 4. Root N cont ent of t hree soybean variet ies wit h t he applicat ion of N sources
Variet y
Source of N
Wit hout N
Urea
Bradyrhizobium
Farm yard
St raw com post
sp.
m anure
...........................................% ..........................................
Anj asm oro
2.13de
2.36ab
2.27bc
2.01f
2.41a
Sinabung
2.05ef
2.01f
1.81h
1.91g
1.86h
Wilis
1.82h
2.18cd
2.06ef
1.73i
1.87h
Mean
2.001
2.18j
2.05k
1.88m
2.05k
Not e :
Mean
2.24x
1.93y
1.93y
Different let ters represent at t he sam e group t reatm ent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p = 0.05)
211
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Pr oduct ion of soybe a n
Se e d dr y w e ight pe r pla nt
Based on Table 9 shown t hat Anjasm oro variet y produced t he highest dry seed weight per plant
com pared wit h Sinabung and Wilis. Treatm ent of 70-80% of FC increased the dry weight of seeds per
plant significant ly com pared with 50% and 60% of FC. I n all variet ies is seen t hat the dry seed
weight per plant tent to increase wit h increasing% KL.
Table 5. Seed dry weight of t hree soybean variet ies under drought st ress wit h t he applicat ion of N
sources
Drought st ress ( % of FC)
Mean
50
60
70
80
Variet y
……………………………… g …………………………..
Anj asm oro
3.84
3.47
4.85
5.51
4.42a
Sinabung
3.49
3.83
4.17
4.78
4.07b
Wilis
2.81
3.44
4.12
4.34
3.68c
Source of N
Wit hout N
3.43
2.67
5.62
5.61
4.33
Urea
3.33
3.70
3.72
3.70
3.61
Bradyrhizobium sp.
2.48
5.25
3.87
4.48
4.02
Farm yard m anure
3.34
3.51
3.85
4.95
3.91
St raw com post
4.87
4.00
3.79
5.16
4.46
Mean
3.49y
3.83y
4.17x
4.78x
Not e :
Different let ters at t he sam e group t reat m ent represent significant differences at Duncan’s
Mult iple Range Test (p < 0.05)
Based on t he research result s chlorophyll content influenced by variet ies ( Table 1) . Anjasm oro had
t he chlorophyll content higher than Willis and Sinabung. Treatm ent
of 50 - 80% of FC has not
responded significant ly different wit h chlorophyll cntent . Chlorophyll cont ent related t o t he st atus of
N in plant indicated by t he shoot N content ( Richardson et al., 2002) . The low chlorophyll cont ent
also indicat ed t he low shoot N content. This is evidenced in t his research t hat t reatm ent wit hout N
applicat ion produced low chlorophyll cont ent
( Table 1) and also lowest shoot N content ( Table 2) ,
because t he t reatm ent wit hout N applicat ion led t o a shortage of plant N t hat leaves becom e paler due
t o t he loss of chlorophyll which is pigm ent s in photosynt hesis. As already reported by Ashari ( 2006 )
t hat Nit rogen is one of the com ponents of chlorophyll which plays an im port ant role in photosynthesis.
N deficiency sym ptom s are m ost obvious and com m only seen is a reduct ion in leaf green color due t o
t he loss of chlorophyll, t he green pigm ent t hat plays a role in phot osynt hesis. N is an essent ial
elem ent for plant growth which is a protein const it uent of nucleic acids, st im ulat e overall growt h,
const it uent prot oplasm , chlorophyll m olecules , nucleic acids and am ino acids which are t he building
of protein.
Based on the lim its of nut rient sufficiency and deficiency according t o the result s of the analysis of t he
shoot N content , in general it is in a st ate of deficiency because a value less than 4.2 %
( Hardj owigeno, 2003) . I n t his research, t reat m ent of variet ies significant ly affect on shoot and root N
content ( Tables 2 and 3). Shoot N cont ent in Anj asm oro higher t han Wilis and Sinabung. This
phenom enon is relat ed t o the abilit y of each variet y in absorbing N nut rient s from the soil. There are
t wo form s of N fixat ion by plant root s nam ely am m onium and nit rat e. Nit rogen is absorbed m ost ly in
t he form of nit rat e ions are st ored direct ly in t he vacuole cells of root , st orage organs ( fruit ) , stem s or
leaves . The rest which are not stored in t he vacuole would be reduced to NO2 ( nit rite) converted into
am m onia ( NH 3 ) by enzym es nit rit reduct ase.
N sources significant ly affect t he levels of shoot and root N cont ent . Farm yard m anure provided t he
highest levels of shoot N content but applicat ion of Urea provided t he highest levels of root N content.
Farm yard m anure is source of organic N t hat affect t he physical, biological and chem ical soil,
im proving soil aerat ion because t he pores that exist in t he soil increased so m uch aerat ion, related t o
percolat ion and t he availabilit y of water, fert ilizer replacem ent and rest ore soil fert ilit y due t o
nut rient t aken.
212
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Anj asm oro variet y provided dry weight of seed per plant ( Table 5) higher than Wilis and Sinabung.
This related t o genet ic factors of each variet y, in which t he num ber of pods vary depending on variet y,
fert ilit y and plant spacing. However, Anjasm oro variet y produced t he lowest am ount of filled pods
but it had dry weight of seeds per plant and dry weight of 100 seed were higher than Wilis and
Sinabung, because Anj asm oro is large seed soybean variet ies ( dry weight of 100 seeds > 13 g) . I t
can be underst ood t hat t he dry weight of 100 seeds of Anjasm oro (13.51 g) is very different from
Wilis ( 10.64 g) and Sinabung ( 10.33 g). The large size of t he seed Anjasm oro variet y presum ably
because of t he concent rat ion of phot osynt hesis in seed filling and t he t ype of determ inate growt h, in
which t he R1 phase growth st alled. I n line wit h t he st atem ent Akunda ( 2001) that t he large seed size
caused by t he concent rat ion of photosynthesis in seed filling . Seed yield is t he t otal phot osynt hat e is
part it ioned int o seeds ,and t he m agnit ude is t he product of t he rat e of dry m at ter accum ulat ion in t he
seed wit h t he seed filling period and num ber of seeds.
Dry weight of seeds per plant ( Table 5) increased with increasing % of FC. I t is because t he pod filling
phase ( R5 and R6) are very sensit ive t o water availabilit y. The developm ent of seed on R5 is
characterized by a rapid increase in seed weight and nut rient accum ulat ion, last ing up t o R6. At pod
filling phase occurs R6 but st ill im m at ure. Soybean seed filling t akes place during t he final phase of
m aturat ion seed. This phase are largely influenced by t he availabilit y of wat er ( Kim and Chung , 2007;
Dhaubhadel et al , 2007) . Therefore, t he lower availabilit y of water in the pod filling phase will result
in increasing lower num ber of filled pods t hat also resulted in a decrease in dry weight of seeds per
plant and 100 seed weight . Differences in t he dry m at ter yield response have been reported by m any
researchers ( Daneshian and Zare, 2005 ; Manalavan et al, 2009 ; Ham ayun, et al., 2010) t hat t he
decrease in yield wit h increasing drought st ress during flowering and seed filling st age result ed in a
decrease in the num ber of pods due t o m iscarriage during flowering so affect t he num ber of seeds per
pod. Behesht i and Fard ( 2010) have reported t hat the reduct ion in photosynthesis is a m ajor fact or
lim it ing yield and all yield com ponents . The process of phot osynt hesis is im paired result ing in
decreased seed yield, harvest index and ot her com ponent s. Plant s t hat are experiencing drought
st ress during seed filling phase, while phot osynt hesis is not enough for needs, so t he plants will use
t he sink com pound stored assim ilates from ot her parts of t he plant such as seeds and stem s, result ing
in a decrease in dry weight of seeds and stem s.
Based on t he research, it concluded t hat Anj asm oro variet y im prove t he character of dry weight of
seed per plant com pared with Willis and Sinabung.
I ncreased drought st ress ( 80- 50 % of FC)
resulted in a decrease in dry weight of seed per plant and dry weight of 100 seeds but increases leaf
proline content. Sources of N in t he form of urea or Bradyrhizobium sp. increased t he dry weight of
seeds per plant com pared with t reatm ent N sources st raw and m anure com post . The interact ion
bet ween Bradyrhizobium sp. or Urea and Anj asm oro variet y im proved dry weight of seeds per plant.
Ack now ledgm e nts
We gratefully t hank t o M. I qbal Suyudi, M. Juandi and Heru Yosua Anugerah for t heir support in t he
research.
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