Index of /ProdukHukum/kehutanan
ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F)
Improving the Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Management of
Sandalwood Forest Resources in East Nusa Tenggara Province
Indonesia
SITE OVERVIEW FROM EAST SUMBA
DISTRICT
Waingapu, 18 – 24 March 2010
Team:
Titiek Setyawati
Tyty Chandra
Erick Mustika
Pieter Dethan
Nikolas Dose
No.
Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
1
Pahunga Lodu
Kaliuda
The potency of cendana plantation in this area is relative good, although it is
maintained in a small scale. Most of them occur in community garden. One
cendana garden is owned by eks-Dishut staff, Pak Ishak, where he planted them
since 1989. It is assumed that cendana grown in this area is different with species
that is commonly found in other areas, which has relatively bigger leave size. Pak
Ishak also collect and sell cendana seed. The seed is sold for 150,000 rupiah/kg.
Price in the city can reach up to Rp. 250.000/kg.
The morphology of cedana leaves (small leaf)
Cendana leaves (large size) with block spot
disease
Pak Ishak counting the cendana seeds
Cendana stand (10 years old) grown in Pak Ishak garden.
Sandalwood trees bearing fruits with small diameter (less than 10 cm) (picture
taken from Waingapu Station, BPK Kupang)
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
2
Pamburu
The head of village, Pak Markus M. Hinggiranja has one three with size of >40 cm
diameter in his garden. However, he informed us that out of 25 seedling he has
planted in 1984, only one survive. He has faced problems with collecting seed.
Mother trees has no regeneration. Tidak mau menjual karena menjadi tabungan
buat anak c ucu dan semakin lama mungkin harga makin mahal. Masih berusaha
untuk memperoleh anakan dari pohon ini.
Pahunga
Lodu
Figure 4. Cendana with diameter > 40 cm, Pamburu Village,
Pahunga Lodu. Cendana grows in the same area with cattles.
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
3
Kuruwaki
One relatively large area has cendana that was planted by Dishut in
2005. Cendana is in good condition with some trees having average
diameter of more than 10 cm, and average height of 8 meters. Almost
none of local community being interview has cendana in their garden.
Few people have planted cendana in this village.
Pahunga
Lodu
Cendana stand planted by Dishut in 2005, Kuruwaki.
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
4
Palaka
Hembi
Very few cendana was found in this area. According to respondent,
local community do not have interest in growing cendana since it
needs several years until they can commercially traded them. One
candana tree was once sold about 45,000 rupiah/kg, while one tree has
an average weight of 27 kg. In this area, kesambi (Schleichera oleosa)
also popular as local people also extract this trees for the oil. The
other reason why people are reluctant to grow cendana because in will
be conflicted with their cattle. Only one househols (ex-Dishut staff)
grows cendana. Cendana grows very well in this area.
Pandawai
Cendana stand in pak Ishak garden in Kuruwaki.
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
5
Maka
Minggit
During field survey in one of the household that has been cooperating
with LIPI (Albertus Hensen Wau) and Dishut to establish cendana
plantation in their garden, we had evidence of about 400 cendana
stands. Pak Junus, the owner, explained that cendana will grow well in
association with Lamtoro (legumes). The family has problem with their
legal entity of land . The location is closed to the river and the soils are
more fertile than other places.
Nggaha
Orianggu
Cendana stand (7-8 years old) belongs to Johannes’ family, Maka
Minggit Village
Pak John (Kadishut Waingapu) dan pak Nico
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
6
Ngadulangi
There was none of land visited has cendana plantation. Local
community informed that we only can found this trees in the
protection forest.
Nggaha
Orianggu
Location/
Sub-District
Pahunga
Lodu
Fact finding and Issues
The three visited villages (Kaliuda, Pamburu and Kuruwaki) had almost similar issues
regarding to cendana conservation. Although, Kaliuda in this case showed different
condition with the other two villages since almost none of the respondent interviewed
indicated their interest towards planting cendana. Local community in this villages
rely their income from “tenun” making whereas Kaliuda has been known as the place
where people could find the best making “tenun” in the Sumba regions.
People in the other two villages concerned on the availability of cendana seeds and
method on how to grow the tree as they know that cendana only flowering and
fruiting every 2 or 3 years
The traditional knowledge on why they should conserve cendana is coming from
their ancestor who still believes that this particular trees has mystical spirit. Local
community in the two villages believes in ”aini tu”, cendana is an evil trees.
Cendana extraction has no longer popular as the population has diminished very
rapidly while people has also found the alternative wood such as “dalinga” tree
(Excocarpus latifolius) that has almost similar characteristics to cendana. Beside
cendana, they also plant mahoni where the seed was freely provided by the
government. And the other thing is, they are no regulation entitled to mahoni.
People has never heard about recent cendana regulation issued by the Province.
They only know that up until now, under the regulation local community are
forbidden to cut trees.
He expected that there will be a regulation for cendana that would benefit them such
as allowing them to grow in their garden, obtain free seedling, and able to sell them
without any strict regulation of profit sharing with other party. They wanted to sell
directly to the market or trader. He would appreciate if government can provide them
with superior cendana seed so that they can grow them in their garden.
Location/
Fact finding and Issues
Sub-District
Pandawai
Nggaha
Orianggu
People seems reluctant to grow cendana due to long harvesting time compare to other trees,
such as mahoni and sengon
Threat to cendana has been identified by few cendana growers such as damage from cattle,
either from seed that was eaten by animals to damage of seedling due to tramplings.
Another problem is difficulty in collecting seeds. Although natural stand of vegetation is
abundant in the protected forest but none of the community will disturb the cendana since
people here still believe in myth.
People has alternative income from selling kesambi for oils.
Most of seed and seedling was provided by the government (Dishut) in collaboration with
LIPI. Started growing with planting 400 seeds.
The cendana plantation grows well in the visited site (area closed to river - lowland)
Cendana trees live in associate with Lamtoro. In this area, most cendana’s leaves have black
spots such as being attacked by virus.
During interview, it has revealed that land owners would likely to sell their cendana directly
the buyers and even trading can be done via trader/broker (“ijon” – buying the stand while
they are still young), i.e., 20 small trees for 10 million rupiah.
There was an indication of potential conflict between local community with District Forestry
Offices regarding to cendana trading. Although seeds are often distributed freely to
community but when landowners would likely to sell cendana, there is no clarity on how the
mechanism should be built. Only people who involved in local government program know
about cendana regulation. Dengan dikeluarkannya Perda No. 2 Tahun 1999 mengenai
pencabutan Perda No. 16 Tahun 1986, seyogyanya masyarakat gembira, namun tampaknya
tidak banyak yang tahu mengenai perubahan hasil dari kesadaran dan pengakuan
pemerintah daerah mengenai kegagalannya dalam mengelola dan melestarikan cendana
sekaligus upaya untuk menghapus kekeliruan di masa lalu saja?.
–
–
–
–
–
–
All sandalwood trees are under local government control (dikuasai) (Pasal 2
SK Bupati No. 33/2000 dan Pasal 2 Perda No. 19/2000).
All sandalwood trees in the private land is owned (dimiliki) by the landowners
(Pasal 4 Perda No. 19/2000). Pada Pasal 3 SK Bupati No. 33/2000, terminology
“owned” and “controlled” -> bias……i.e, privately owned but under
controlled by…..
Sandalwood exploitation is banned under Pasal 4 SK Bupati No. 33/2000 (6
July 2000) but it is not under Perda No. 19/2000 (15 November 2000) – there is
no clarification on when the new regulation is enacted while withdrawn the
previous one
Sandalwood trade is determined by the Bupati (covers AAC/production,
harvesting operation, trade and marketing) (Pasal 8 Perda No. 19/2000)- there
is no clear relationship between regulation and ownership/owner’s right
Income from selling sandalwood as assigned by Bupati will be under the right
of local government and will be deposited for local government trust fund
(Pasal 12, Perda No. 19/2000)
There is an ambiguity on the substance of the local regulation
Ambiguit y in Local Regulat ion (PERDA)- no policy synergy
bet ween province and dist rict
Local communit y has less knowledge and underst anding on
cendana policy (masalah sosialisasi baik PERDA m aupun SK
Bupat i) – confusion on how t o cut and sell cendana
Unavailable insent ive mechanism
Unclear ownership/ land st at us while most nat ural cendana t rees
grows in privat e land – lack of people effort t o est ablish nursery
Cendana has been gone since 1950/ 60, only old generat ion
know about cendana
Dishut has done survey in 4 sub -dist rict s (Haharu, Pandawai,
Pahunga Lodu, and Wulla Waijelu) – most ly sapling and poles
but less seedlings
st ill no clear difference bet ween t he species – need t o furt her
st udy and analysis on t he result s -> ex amine t he populat ion
dynamics
“ Marapu ” religion st ill very st rong and become t he
main fact or why sandalwood t rees in t he nat ural
forest and privat e land remains int act .
Cust omary inst it ut ion (village level) is acknowledge
and recognized
People are welcome t o sandalwood development
program, and expect t hat cendana will be t reat ed as
ot her t rees such as mahagony and t eak – no
regulat ion on harvest ing including for t rading
(similar t o kesambi oil).
Pot ent ial conflict was not ed in East Sumba due t o
t echnology/ knowledge gap, scope/ clear policy of
t rading and market ing, policy t hat has not yet
(appropriat ely) addressed local communit y needs
Improving the Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Management of
Sandalwood Forest Resources in East Nusa Tenggara Province
Indonesia
SITE OVERVIEW FROM EAST SUMBA
DISTRICT
Waingapu, 18 – 24 March 2010
Team:
Titiek Setyawati
Tyty Chandra
Erick Mustika
Pieter Dethan
Nikolas Dose
No.
Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
1
Pahunga Lodu
Kaliuda
The potency of cendana plantation in this area is relative good, although it is
maintained in a small scale. Most of them occur in community garden. One
cendana garden is owned by eks-Dishut staff, Pak Ishak, where he planted them
since 1989. It is assumed that cendana grown in this area is different with species
that is commonly found in other areas, which has relatively bigger leave size. Pak
Ishak also collect and sell cendana seed. The seed is sold for 150,000 rupiah/kg.
Price in the city can reach up to Rp. 250.000/kg.
The morphology of cedana leaves (small leaf)
Cendana leaves (large size) with block spot
disease
Pak Ishak counting the cendana seeds
Cendana stand (10 years old) grown in Pak Ishak garden.
Sandalwood trees bearing fruits with small diameter (less than 10 cm) (picture
taken from Waingapu Station, BPK Kupang)
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
2
Pamburu
The head of village, Pak Markus M. Hinggiranja has one three with size of >40 cm
diameter in his garden. However, he informed us that out of 25 seedling he has
planted in 1984, only one survive. He has faced problems with collecting seed.
Mother trees has no regeneration. Tidak mau menjual karena menjadi tabungan
buat anak c ucu dan semakin lama mungkin harga makin mahal. Masih berusaha
untuk memperoleh anakan dari pohon ini.
Pahunga
Lodu
Figure 4. Cendana with diameter > 40 cm, Pamburu Village,
Pahunga Lodu. Cendana grows in the same area with cattles.
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
3
Kuruwaki
One relatively large area has cendana that was planted by Dishut in
2005. Cendana is in good condition with some trees having average
diameter of more than 10 cm, and average height of 8 meters. Almost
none of local community being interview has cendana in their garden.
Few people have planted cendana in this village.
Pahunga
Lodu
Cendana stand planted by Dishut in 2005, Kuruwaki.
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
4
Palaka
Hembi
Very few cendana was found in this area. According to respondent,
local community do not have interest in growing cendana since it
needs several years until they can commercially traded them. One
candana tree was once sold about 45,000 rupiah/kg, while one tree has
an average weight of 27 kg. In this area, kesambi (Schleichera oleosa)
also popular as local people also extract this trees for the oil. The
other reason why people are reluctant to grow cendana because in will
be conflicted with their cattle. Only one househols (ex-Dishut staff)
grows cendana. Cendana grows very well in this area.
Pandawai
Cendana stand in pak Ishak garden in Kuruwaki.
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
5
Maka
Minggit
During field survey in one of the household that has been cooperating
with LIPI (Albertus Hensen Wau) and Dishut to establish cendana
plantation in their garden, we had evidence of about 400 cendana
stands. Pak Junus, the owner, explained that cendana will grow well in
association with Lamtoro (legumes). The family has problem with their
legal entity of land . The location is closed to the river and the soils are
more fertile than other places.
Nggaha
Orianggu
Cendana stand (7-8 years old) belongs to Johannes’ family, Maka
Minggit Village
Pak John (Kadishut Waingapu) dan pak Nico
No. Sub District
Village
Condition/Potency
6
Ngadulangi
There was none of land visited has cendana plantation. Local
community informed that we only can found this trees in the
protection forest.
Nggaha
Orianggu
Location/
Sub-District
Pahunga
Lodu
Fact finding and Issues
The three visited villages (Kaliuda, Pamburu and Kuruwaki) had almost similar issues
regarding to cendana conservation. Although, Kaliuda in this case showed different
condition with the other two villages since almost none of the respondent interviewed
indicated their interest towards planting cendana. Local community in this villages
rely their income from “tenun” making whereas Kaliuda has been known as the place
where people could find the best making “tenun” in the Sumba regions.
People in the other two villages concerned on the availability of cendana seeds and
method on how to grow the tree as they know that cendana only flowering and
fruiting every 2 or 3 years
The traditional knowledge on why they should conserve cendana is coming from
their ancestor who still believes that this particular trees has mystical spirit. Local
community in the two villages believes in ”aini tu”, cendana is an evil trees.
Cendana extraction has no longer popular as the population has diminished very
rapidly while people has also found the alternative wood such as “dalinga” tree
(Excocarpus latifolius) that has almost similar characteristics to cendana. Beside
cendana, they also plant mahoni where the seed was freely provided by the
government. And the other thing is, they are no regulation entitled to mahoni.
People has never heard about recent cendana regulation issued by the Province.
They only know that up until now, under the regulation local community are
forbidden to cut trees.
He expected that there will be a regulation for cendana that would benefit them such
as allowing them to grow in their garden, obtain free seedling, and able to sell them
without any strict regulation of profit sharing with other party. They wanted to sell
directly to the market or trader. He would appreciate if government can provide them
with superior cendana seed so that they can grow them in their garden.
Location/
Fact finding and Issues
Sub-District
Pandawai
Nggaha
Orianggu
People seems reluctant to grow cendana due to long harvesting time compare to other trees,
such as mahoni and sengon
Threat to cendana has been identified by few cendana growers such as damage from cattle,
either from seed that was eaten by animals to damage of seedling due to tramplings.
Another problem is difficulty in collecting seeds. Although natural stand of vegetation is
abundant in the protected forest but none of the community will disturb the cendana since
people here still believe in myth.
People has alternative income from selling kesambi for oils.
Most of seed and seedling was provided by the government (Dishut) in collaboration with
LIPI. Started growing with planting 400 seeds.
The cendana plantation grows well in the visited site (area closed to river - lowland)
Cendana trees live in associate with Lamtoro. In this area, most cendana’s leaves have black
spots such as being attacked by virus.
During interview, it has revealed that land owners would likely to sell their cendana directly
the buyers and even trading can be done via trader/broker (“ijon” – buying the stand while
they are still young), i.e., 20 small trees for 10 million rupiah.
There was an indication of potential conflict between local community with District Forestry
Offices regarding to cendana trading. Although seeds are often distributed freely to
community but when landowners would likely to sell cendana, there is no clarity on how the
mechanism should be built. Only people who involved in local government program know
about cendana regulation. Dengan dikeluarkannya Perda No. 2 Tahun 1999 mengenai
pencabutan Perda No. 16 Tahun 1986, seyogyanya masyarakat gembira, namun tampaknya
tidak banyak yang tahu mengenai perubahan hasil dari kesadaran dan pengakuan
pemerintah daerah mengenai kegagalannya dalam mengelola dan melestarikan cendana
sekaligus upaya untuk menghapus kekeliruan di masa lalu saja?.
–
–
–
–
–
–
All sandalwood trees are under local government control (dikuasai) (Pasal 2
SK Bupati No. 33/2000 dan Pasal 2 Perda No. 19/2000).
All sandalwood trees in the private land is owned (dimiliki) by the landowners
(Pasal 4 Perda No. 19/2000). Pada Pasal 3 SK Bupati No. 33/2000, terminology
“owned” and “controlled” -> bias……i.e, privately owned but under
controlled by…..
Sandalwood exploitation is banned under Pasal 4 SK Bupati No. 33/2000 (6
July 2000) but it is not under Perda No. 19/2000 (15 November 2000) – there is
no clarification on when the new regulation is enacted while withdrawn the
previous one
Sandalwood trade is determined by the Bupati (covers AAC/production,
harvesting operation, trade and marketing) (Pasal 8 Perda No. 19/2000)- there
is no clear relationship between regulation and ownership/owner’s right
Income from selling sandalwood as assigned by Bupati will be under the right
of local government and will be deposited for local government trust fund
(Pasal 12, Perda No. 19/2000)
There is an ambiguity on the substance of the local regulation
Ambiguit y in Local Regulat ion (PERDA)- no policy synergy
bet ween province and dist rict
Local communit y has less knowledge and underst anding on
cendana policy (masalah sosialisasi baik PERDA m aupun SK
Bupat i) – confusion on how t o cut and sell cendana
Unavailable insent ive mechanism
Unclear ownership/ land st at us while most nat ural cendana t rees
grows in privat e land – lack of people effort t o est ablish nursery
Cendana has been gone since 1950/ 60, only old generat ion
know about cendana
Dishut has done survey in 4 sub -dist rict s (Haharu, Pandawai,
Pahunga Lodu, and Wulla Waijelu) – most ly sapling and poles
but less seedlings
st ill no clear difference bet ween t he species – need t o furt her
st udy and analysis on t he result s -> ex amine t he populat ion
dynamics
“ Marapu ” religion st ill very st rong and become t he
main fact or why sandalwood t rees in t he nat ural
forest and privat e land remains int act .
Cust omary inst it ut ion (village level) is acknowledge
and recognized
People are welcome t o sandalwood development
program, and expect t hat cendana will be t reat ed as
ot her t rees such as mahagony and t eak – no
regulat ion on harvest ing including for t rading
(similar t o kesambi oil).
Pot ent ial conflict was not ed in East Sumba due t o
t echnology/ knowledge gap, scope/ clear policy of
t rading and market ing, policy t hat has not yet
(appropriat ely) addressed local communit y needs