APUFY Urban Resilience BPN

PARALLEL SESSION 8
URBAN CLIMATE
RESILIENCE
ASIA-PACIFIC URBAN YOUTH
ASSEMBLY
AT APUF-6 IN JAKARTA
(APUFY)
CREATING RESILIENT CITY
CASE : DKI JAKARTA

ANDI RENALD RIANDY

Presented in Jakarta, 18 October 2015

OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Introduction
Characteristic of Jakarta
Impact of Climate Changes to Jakarta
Concept of Resilient City
Role of Spatial Plan : Mitigation and adaptation
Green City Programme : the alternative
solution is to minimize the impact of Urban
Climate Change
7. Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION

3

Urban Issues : related to urbanization and climate change

Urban
Sprawl

water related disasters
IN INDONESIA YEAR 1907 – 2014 (BNPB)

urban sprawl in
Jabodetabek Metropolitan

natural and
climate related

Source : Jakapermana, 2015

Environment and Climate Change

facts and issues

on urban development

AIR POLLUTION

- c o n t ri b u t o r s -

transportation sector

50% to 70%
emission

NATURAL DISASTER

96%

hydrometeorology
related disaster

urban land cover

75%

harmful
green house gas

6 m2

per person

green open
space

*average livable cities = 39
m2/person

• 36 inicidents of floods
61 died and 110.129 people have to be relocated

• 25

inicidents of landslides

40 died

• 42 incidents of storm

3 died and 5200 home & public fasilities
destroyed

CLIMATE CHANGE
urban as emittor

20%

Source : Jakapermana, 2015

carbon
emission

urban as receptor

2oC

0,73-0,76 cm

urban heat island

sea level rise

(in the last 50
years)

per year

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGES
 The increase in surface temperature:
 The rate of incrase average temperature in Indonesia of 0,016 °C per
year for an annual average temperature of the periode 1965 to 2009
 There are variation trend in the last decade (1998-2009) there has been a
downward trend with a rate of -0,031 °C per year(1)
 Changes in rainfall:
 Rising sea level surface: high rate increase of Sea Surface Height (SSH) in
Indonesia in the range of 0 to 9 mm/year
 UHI

(1) Climate Research Unit dari University of East Anglia (CRU, 2008)

Water Related Disaster Resilience

Water-related disasters
and Resilience
Indonesia

2. Characteristic of
Jakarta

Source : Handayani, 2012

3

Source : Handayani, 2012

FLOOD DISASTER AND URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Urbanization
Land Conversion: open space  occupied
Hot waste of energy used

Rising temperature in the city
areas

(1) http://jurnal.lapan.go.id

695000

700000

705000

710000

715000

9325000

9325000

690000

9315000

9315000

9325000
9320000
9315000

690000

715000

2000

0

695000

2000 Meters

700000

705000

710000

715000

9320000

9305000

9315000
9310000

710000

715000

9300000

9300000

2002
690000

2000

0

2000 Meters

695000

KETERANGAN
AIR/SUNGAI
FASILITAS UMUM
LAHAN TERBUKA
PERMUKIMAN
RAW A/TAMBAK/LAUT
SAWAH
VEGETASI

9295000

9295000

9305000

9305000

705000

Peta Penutupan Lahan
DKI Jakarta Tahun 2002

9310000

700000

9315000

695000

9295000

690000

KETERANGAN
AIR/SUNGAI
FASILITAS UMUM
LAHAN TERBUKA
PERMUKIMAN
RAWA/TAMBAK/LAUT
SAWAH
VEGETASI

9320000

1993

9300000

9300000

9325000

9325000

9310000

Peta Penutupan Lahan
DKI Jakarta Tahun 1993

KETERANGAN
DANAU
FASILITAS UMUM
LAHAN TERBUKA
RAW A/TAMBAK/LAUT
SAWAH
URBAN
VEGETASI

9305000

9295000

9300000

9305000

710000

715000

9310000

705000

710000

9315000

700000

705000

9295000

695000

2000 Meters
700000

9320000

9300000

690000

0

9325000

9305000

1983

2000
695000

9310000

9310000

690000

9295000

Flood disaster is one of the problems that
could threaten the sustainability of
Jakarta.

9320000

9320000

Peta Penutupan Lahan
DKI Jakarta Tahun 1983

700000

The intensity of major floods continues to
increase as a result of high rainfall and land
conversion as well as poor urban drainage
system.

705000

710000

715000

2015
10

Land Conversion on Jakarta
Source: Susandi, dkk 2009; Modification 2015

2025
23

11

Flood Occurence and Number of Refugees
in Jakarta 2010 - 2014

Source : Renald, 2015
11

PHENOMENON OF UHI IN JAKARTA
 In 2000  average surface temperature 20 - 32o
Celcius, several areas in North Jakarta and East
Jakarta 32-35o Celcius
 In 2006  surface temperature increase to 24 - 38o
Celcius, with the spreading areas of 32 – 35o Celcius
almost evenly and the temperature 38 - 39o Celcius
in city centre

Sumber: IPB 2009

4. Concept of
Resilience City

Absorb
Shock

Bounce Back

Learning/
Adaptation

Resilience is the capacity and ability of a community to withstand stress, survive,
adapt, bounce back from a crisis or disaster and rapidly move on. (International
Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) Briefing Sheet, 2011)
Sumber: Resilience (ccr program, 2008 dalam Pamungkas, 2014)

13

Framework of Resilience of Disaster Prone Cities
New Model

Concept of Resilient City,
USIOTWSP(2007)

Spatial
Management

Concept of Resilient City,
Andi Renald (2015)
Concept of Resilient City,
Mandala (2012)

Based on the adaptation model of resilience disaster-prone cities that have been
built, that can be taken a function to form a concept of disaster-resistant city.
Functions that are built are as follows:

RC = f (SM, DM, IT, AD)
where:
RC = Resilient City -------------------------------- IT = Technological Innovation
SM = Spatial Management ---------------------- AD = Disaster Adaptation
DM = Disaster mitigation

Based on the position analysis results using Structural Equations Model (SEM), 4
(four) factors affecting the adaptation model of resilience disaster prone city of
Jakarta were found, which are spatial arrangement, technology
innovation, disaster mitigation, and disaster adaptation .

To form a resilient city, resilient ways are
required.

Conceptualization of Adaptation Model Urban Resilience In Jakarta

H7

Resilient Way

H6

Source: Analysis(2015)

1) Spatial management (PR)  Disaster mitigation (MB) Adaptation (AD)  Resilient City (KK) 16
2) Spatial Management (PR) Adaptation (AD)  Resilient City (KK)
3) Spatial Management (PR)  Information Technology (IT)  Disaster mitigation (MB)
Adaptation (AD)  Resilient City (KK).

5. ROLE OF SPATIAL PLAN: MITIGATION and ADAPTATION
1. Law No. 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning
 30% urban areas as Open Green Space (OGS)

2. Ministrial Regulation of PW No. Year 2012 of MAPI PW
Applying the spatial planning of national and regional safe, comfortable, productive, and
sustainable
 Mitigation: the embodiment 30% of conservation areas in the watershed  increase
carbon sink through the acceleration of the establishment of draft legislation on
provincial RTRW and RTRW regency/city as well as the mainstreaming of the concept
of low-carbon economy in the implementation of spatial planning; and
 Adaptation: the identification of districts/cities vulnerable to climate change impacts
through assistance in the preparation of detailed spatial plan.

6. GREEN CITY PROGRAMME

D

efinition of GREEN CITY
GREEN CITY :
Friendly Environment City

 Utilize water resources and energy efectively and
eficiently,
 Minimizing of waste,
 Applying comprehensive transportation system ,
 Guarantee of environmental health,
 Synergize natural and artificial environment , based on
planning and urban design in favor of the principles of
sustainable development (environmental, social and
economic)
19

Green City
Principles:
1. improve “quality and quantity of
city GOS” to 30% GOS not
“beautification”
2. develop regent commitment
through fund/program sharing
3. joint initiative with the approach of
empowerment / participatory
4. strategic location and significant
with high leverage

Green
City

Green City Atributes

7. CONCLUSION
The effective resilient ways to be implemented in the
city of Jakarta are the implementation of orderly

spatial management, disaster
management, the enhancement of the
adaptive capacity of society and to actualize
a resilient and sustainable city.

QUOTES
“If you don’t want to study hard when you are
young, when you are old, you will feel your life
more difficult since you have no knowledge.”
( Imam Syafi’i)