A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  

A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Regina Rita Sri Maryati

Student Number: 061214088

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2012

  

A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Regina Rita Sri Maryati

Student Number: 061214088

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2012

DEDICATION PAGE

  If life gives us rocks, do not sit back and blame life for that.

  At every turn of our life, it gives us choices which we fail to recognize So when life gives you rocks, It’s still your choices whether to build a wall or to build a bridge.

  (pravsworld.com) Bersyukurlah selalu atas hidupmu dan tetaplah rendah hati…

  I dedicate this thesis to:

• My beloved parents
• My lovely sister and brother
>My big family, Trah Gemawang and Trah Karangmojo
• All my great friends
• Myself

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work

or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should. nd

  

Yogyakarta, August 2 , 2012

The writer

Regina Rita Sri Maryati

061214088

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Regina Rita Sri Maryati Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214088

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  

A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT AS A

HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 2 Agustus 2012 Yang menyatakan, Regina Rita Sri Maryati

  

ABSTRACT

Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012.

  A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as

a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: English Language

Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study analysed E.M. Forster’s novel, Maurice. It is an interesting

novel because it tells about homosexuality. This study was concerned with

Maurice Hall as the main character of the novel. He was described as a

homosexual person. He lived with his mother and his two sisters. Maurice had no

close friend since he was a child. When he continued his study in Sunnington, a

male boarding college, he met Clive. They established a same-sex love. After two

years they broke up because Clive decided to marry a girl. At first, Maurice felt so

frustrated but then he finally found another gay, Alec. They promised to love each

other and to be always together.

  There were three problems discussed in this study related to the main

character: (1) How is Maurice’s character depicted in the Maurice? (2) What are

the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice homosexual

person? (3) How does the character of Maurice develop?

  This study employed a library study method. There were two kinds of data

sources employed in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary data

source was the novel Maurice itself which became the object of the study. The

secondary data sources were books on literature, psychology, and internet sources

that were related to the study. This study used theory of character, theory of

characterization, theory of homosexuality, and theory of character development.

In addition, this study applied the psychological approach because this study dealt

with the character development of the main character in this novel.

  Based on the analysis of the main character, it was concluded that Maurice

was a good looking, lonely, faithful, caring, jealous, and sensitive man. Maurice’s

homosexuality was caused by family pattern. It was also influenced by no father

at his home and peers. Maurice was categorized as a secret homosexual. It was

because he tried to conceal his homosexuality from his family and friends.

Further, the analysis showe d that Maurice’s character development was caused by

the changes of the significant people. Those people were Clive Durham and Alec

Scudder who were Maurice’s boyfriends.

  This study also provided suggestions for future researchers related to other

possible studies on Maurice. Future study may analyse the character development

of Clive and Alec who are also homosexuals. They may also analyse the conflicts

happen among homosexuals and how to solve the conflicts. In addition, this study

also proposed a lesson plan for teaching Prose using this novel as the learning

material.

  Keywords: character, character development, homosexual, homosexuality

  

ABSTRAK

Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012.

  A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as a Homosexual in E.M. Forste r’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini menganalisis novel E.M. Forster yang berjudul Maurice. Novel

ini menarik karena menceritakan tentang homoseksualitas. Studi ini mengenai

Maurice Hall sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel. Dia digambarkan sebagai seorang

homoseksual. Dia tinggal bersama ibu dan dua adik perempuannya. Maurice tidak

memiliki teman dekat sejak dia kecil. Ketika dia melanjutkan studinya di

Sunnington yaitu sebuah sekolah asrama khusus putra, dia bertemu dengan Clive.

Mereka menjalin hubungan asmara sejenis. Setelah dua tahun bersama, mereka

putus dan berpisah karena Clive memilih untuk menikahi seorang gadis. Awalnya

Maurice sangat frustasi namun ia kemudian menemukan seorang gay bernama

Alec. Mereka berjanji untuk saling mencintai dan selalu bersama.

  Ada tiga masalah yang dibahas dalam studi ini yang berkaitan dengan

tokoh utama: (1) Bagaimana karakter Maurice digambarkan di dalam Maurice?

(2) Faktor-faktor psychosocial dan sociopsychological apa yang membuat

Maurice menjadi seorang homoseksual? (3) Bagaimana karakter Maurice

berkembang? Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sumber data yang

digunakan dalam studi ini: sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utamanya

adalah novel Maurice. Sumber keduanya adalah buku-buku sastra, buku-buku

psikologi dan beberapa situs internet yang berhubungan dengan studi ini. Studi ini

menggunakan teori tokoh, teori penokohan, teori homoseksualitas, dan teori

perkembangan karakter. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena

berkaitan dengan perkembangan karakter tokoh utama. Berdasarkan analisis,

Maurice merupakan seorang pria tampan, kesepian, beriman, peduli, pencemburu,

dan sensitif. Homoseksualitasnya disebabkan oleh pola keluarga. Hal ini juga

dipengaruhi ketiadaan sosok ayah di rumahnya dan pengaruh kelompok. Maurice

dikategorikan sebagai seorang secret homosexual karena Maurice berusaha untuk

menyembunyikan homoseksualitasnya dari keluarga dan teman-temannya.

Selanjutnya, analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan karakter Maurice

disebabkan oleh perubahan pada signifikan orang. Orang-orang tersebut adalah

Clive Durham dan Alec Scudder yang merupakan para kekasih Maurice.

  Studi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti berikutnya

mengenai kemungkinan studi lainnya terhadap Maurice. Studi selanjutnya dapat

menganalisis tentang perkembangan karakter pada Clive dan Alec yang juga

merupakan homoseksual. Mereka juga dapat menganalisis konflik-konflik yang

terjadi diantara para homoseksual dan bagaimana mengatasi konflik tersebut.

Sebagai tambahan, studi ini juga menawarkan sebuah rencana pembelajaran untuk

pengajaran Prose dengan menggunakan novel sebagai materi pembelajarannya.

  Kata kunci : karakter, perkembangan karakter, homoseksual, homoseksualitas

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Lord Jesus

Christ for the blessing, love and strength He has given to me during the

completion of my thesis. I believe that this achievement is nothing without Him. I

also thank Mother Mary who always helps me and sends my prayers to Her son.

  My gratitude also goes to Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo, S. Pd., M. A. as my

advisor. I thank him for guiding me in the process of completing this thesis from

the beginning until the end, spending his time to read and give beneficial feedback

for my thesis, and for always giving me encouragement to finish this thesis. I also

thank Henny Herawati, S. Pd., M. Hum. and Drs. Barli Bram, M. Ed., Ph. D. for

giving me the valuable suggestions for my thesis.

  I am also indebted to Caecilia Tutyandari, S. Pd., M. Pd. as the chairperson

of English Language Education Study Program, who is never tired to motivate her

students to get the best of their study and to give us opportunity to finish the

study. To all PBI lecturers, I really thank them for being so humble and

enthusiastic to share their knowledge and motivation during my study. I also

would like to express my appreciation for PBI staff, Mbak Daniek and Mbak Tari

for their assistance in providing information during my study.

  My wholehearted thanks go to my beloved parents Bapak Albertus

Sumaryono and my mother, Ibu Veronika Sri Supartini for their unlimited love,

prayer, support, and encouragement in every step I took since the beginning of my

life. I thank them for putting their trust on me to finish this thesis in my way. I am

  

also grateful to my siblings dek Maria Guido Mega Yoganingtyas and dek

Gregorius Galih Bagus Saputra as one of the reasons to reach my dreams. I thank

them for always cheering me up and giving me the beautiful love and affection in

good and bad times.

  My gratitude extends to my beloved friends, Benidicta Meivita Sari

Muktiningrum and Brigitta Neti Iswantari who always help, support and motivate

me, especially in worst times. They show me many positive lessons of life and

remind me to be always grateful of my life. I also thank to Bolangers Club, Vika,

Christin, Tata, Satrio, Guntur, Yoga, Adi, and Andre 05 as my great friends who

show me the awesome places through our wonderful travelling. Many thanks are

also addressed to my friends, Pipik, Anin, and Anne for the unforgettable

friendship we have.

  

My special appreciation goes to my big family. To my grandma

“Mae” who takes care of me patiently during my life in Yogya. To my aunt, “Mbak Ipung

  ” who is never bored in motivating me to finish my study soon and in giving

me great experiences in my life. Finally, to my grandparents, Mbah Putri and

Mbah Kakung , who are always waiting for my graduation.

  Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody, whose name cannot be

mentioned one by one, for giving me motivation, suggestions, advice, and

criticism to accomplish this thesis.

  Regina Rita Sri Maryati

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ i

APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................ ii

DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .......... vi

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... xi

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation .............................................................................. 4 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 5 D. Benefits of the Study............................................................................... 5 E. Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories .................................................................... 8

  1. Theories of Critical Approach ........................................................ 8

  2. Theories of Character .................................................................... 10

  a. Definition of Characters ........................................................ 10

  b. Types of Characters .............................................................. 10

  3. Theories of Characterization .......................................................... 12

  a. Definition of Characterization .............................................. 12

  b. Ways of Characterization ..................................................... 12

  4. Theories of Homosexuality ............................................................ 13

  b. Causes of Homosexuality ..................................................... 14

  5. Jealous .......................................................................................... 36

  2. The Development Caused by Alec Scudder ................................ 51

  1. The Development Caused by Clive Durham ............................... 45

  C. Maurice’s Character Development as a Homosexual ............................. 44

  2. Sociopsychological Factors ......................................................... 40

  1. Psychosocial Factor ..................................................................... 38

  B. The Factors that Make Maurice a Homosexual Person .......................... 38

  6. Sensitive ....................................................................................... 37

  4. Caring ........................................................................................... 35

  c. Types of Homosexual ........................................................... 17

  3. Faithful ......................................................................................... 35

  2. Lonely .......................................................................................... 33

  1. Good Looking .............................................................................. 32

  CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ................................................................................. 27 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................ 28 C. Method of the Study ................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Description of Maurice’s Characteristics ........................................ 31

  B. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 25

  b. Condition Responsible for Personality Change .................... 21

  a. Characteristics of Change in Personality .............................. 20

  5. Theories of Character Development .............................................. 19

  CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 55 B. Implications ............................................................................................. 56

  

REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 59

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 61

  

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices

Page

  

Appendices Cover ................................................................................................. 61

Appendix 1. The Summary of E.M. Forster’s Maurice ........................................ 62

Appendix 2. The Cover of E.M. Forster ’s Maurice Novel ................................... 67

Appendix 3. The Biography of E.M. Forster ........................................................ 68

Appendix 4. The Picture of E.M. Forster .............................................................. 71

Appendix 5. The Lesson Plan of Prose ................................................................. 72

Appendix 6. The Teaching Material of Prose ....................................................... 78

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study,

  problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study explains the reason for choosing the novel as the subject of the study. The problem formulation describes the questions that will be analyzed later. The objectives of the study deal with the aims of the study.

  The benefits of the study discuss the advantages of this study to the readers. The last part presents the definition of terms in order to avoid misconception in analysing this study.

A. Background of the Study

  Homosexuality has been an exciting discussing topic since it is a complex phenomenon of which its existence is influenced by the causal factors. As stated by Coleman (1976), the causal factors involve the influence of the constitutional factors and psychosocial factors (p. 594

  ). As we know that Ricky Martin’s gay confession became the hot entertainment issue in 2010. In Indonesia, the case of Ryan as a gay from Jombang also preoccupied publics in 2008. There are also some movies with gay theme produced in United States, China, Europe, Thailand, and even in Indonesia. The recent news related to homosexuality is about President Obama who announced that he supported gay’s rights. Those examples However, the existence of a homosexuality phenomenon has two different reactions. One is in contra side and other is in pro side. The contra sides hold that a man should marry a woman and vice versa. Coleman (1976) adds that society regards a homosexuality as a mental disorder and being a homosexual is considered as a

  “sick” person in need of treatment (p. 590). In contrast, the pro sides think that being a homosexual is a part of human rights. They think that it is one’s right to express their sexual behaviour. In addition, Coleman (1976) states that homosexuals may be well adjusted, well educated, and highly successful in their occupations (p. 589). Many homosexuals have made outstanding contributions in music, drama, and other fields.

  Generally, every people have their own thinking about homosexuality. If one hears about the word homosexual, the first thinking that might come up is about a man who likes another man. It is because the word homosexual or homosexuality is identically to men. In fact, a homosexual refers to a person who has a tendency to be sexually and/or romantically attracted to members of one’s own sex. The ter ms “gay” for men or “lesbian” for women are considered as the preferred terms today (Huffman, M. W. Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy, 1997, p.

  362). In addition, in his book, The Encyclopedia of Human Development and

  

Education: Theory, Research, and Studies, Thomas (1990) states that there has

  been considerable confusion about homosexuality. It is because not everyone uses the term homosexuality with the same meaning. Thomas proposes the meaning of homosexuality as a preference for companions of the same sex (p. 373). Besides, there is also a disagreement about the causes of homosexuality. It is reasonable because every homosexual has different factors that cause his or her homosexuality.

  In the field of literature, the issue of homosexuality has been a theme in se veral literary works, one of which is E.M. Forster’s Maurice. As an English novelist in the

  1900’s era whose works are widely acknowledged, E.M. Forster presents a story of homosexuals clearly. There are three homosexual characters in

  

Maurice . They are Maurice Hall, Clive Durham, and Alec Scudder. In this study,

  the writer focuses on Maurice, as the main character of the story. Maurice lives with his mother and his two sisters. His father was dead when he was a child. It leaves him without a figure of a father. Maurice is described as a gay who is good looking and caring. He adopts a gentleman habits and dress.

  Maurice meets Clive, his senior, at his college. They become more intimate day after day. Finally, each of them confesses their love desire. Then, they establish the same-sex love. Since being closed to Clive, Maurice loves and cares about him so much. They successfully conceal their gay relationship from their families and friends. After two years, they break up because Clive decides to marry a girl. When Clive left him, Maurice still has a hope that he will come back.

  However when he knows that Clive really leaves him, he feels so frustrated. He then spends his time with many activities. While working as a stock broker, he also helps to run a Christian mission in his spare time. Actually, Maurice also does some efforts to revert to a normal man by visiting a therapist and a hypnotist to heal him. Unfortunately, his efforts are useless but then he finally found another gay, Alec. They promise to love each other and to be always together.

  Forster depicts the life of a homosexual explicitly, such as creating three homosexual characters with different characteristics. He also shows the development of the character, especially Maurice, from he is a child until he becomes a man. Forster can describe about homosexuality clearly. It is understandable because E.M. Forster is a homosexual himself. It seems that he puts his personal experiences into the novel. The way Forster shows the relation of Maurice with Clive and even Alec as a homosexual couple is also interesting. It describes the changes in Maurice character in different condition.

  Based on the facts described above, it is interesting to find out about the life of homosexuals. Therefore, the writer wants to know about the characteristic of Maurice who is described as a homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Further, the factors that make Maurice a homosexual and his character development as a homosexual are also interesting to be analysed. Hopefully, this study will contribute another description of a homosexual.

B. Problem Formulation

  There are three problems formulated in this study. They are: 1. How are Maurice’s characteristics depicted in the novel? 2.

  What are the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice homosexual person?

3. How does the character of Maurice develop?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  The aims of this study are first to describe the characteristics of Maurice as the major character of the novel. Second, it tries to find out the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice becomes a homosexual person. Third, it describes the character development of Maurice as a homosexual.

  D. Benefits of the Study

  This study hopefully can give benefit to the writer and the readers especially who have the interest of the literary works. From the study, the writer can understand the novel better, especially the character of Maurice as a major character. Through the study, the writer will be able to learn the meaning of homosexual and its types, and what factors that make a man can be said as a homosexual (gay). This study is meant to introduce E.M. Forster as a great author who wrote some of his works based on his personal life experience and to give the description of the story Maurice. Through this study the readers hopefully can be more encouraged to discuss and analyse Maurice or other E.M Forster’s works. This study is also meant to enrich the readers with another portrait of homosexual life.

  E. Definition of Terms

  For a clear understanding of the content of this study and avoiding confusion that might be aroused, there are definitions that need to be clarified:

  1. Character

  According to M.H. Abrams (1981) in his Glossary of Literary Terms, a character is the person who is presented in a dramatic narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as having a good feature or quality with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what the person says; his or her dialogue, and by what he or she does through the action (p. 23). In this study, a character that will be analysed is Maurice. He becomes the focus of the novel. He always comes out in the story from the beginning until the end of the story.

  2. Character Development Robert and Jacobs (1989) in Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and

  

Writing defines the term character as an extended verbal representation of human

being, the inner self that determines thought, speech, and behaviour (p. 143).

  According to Lemme (1995) in Development in Adult, development is “a systematic change in behaviour over time that results from interaction between the individual and the internal and external environment” (p. 8). So, it can be said that character development is a change of a character who is representative of a human being as a result of his personal interaction

  , other characters’ influence, past life, and or his own past life. In this study, the term of character development refers to the changes that happen in Maurice as the main character as the result of others character’s influence.

  3. Homosexual According to Huffman, et al (1997), in their book Psychology in Action, homosexual is a person whose primary sexual orientation is toward members of the same sex (p. 362). It means that homosexual does not only cover men but also women. The preferred terms today are gay for male homosexual and lesbian for female homosexual. In this study, the term of homosexual refers to Maurice who has sexual attractions to other men, namely Clive and Alec.

  4. Homosexuality According to VandenBos (2006) in APA Dictionary of Psychology, homosexuality is a sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex

  (p. 446). The term can also refer to such sexual orientation in both men and women. In this study, the term of homosexuality refers to the sexual activity between Maurice and his gay partners.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is a review of related

  theories, while the second part is theoretical framework. In the first part, the writer explains about the theories that are going to be used, and the second part the writer explains the steps in conducting this study.

A. Review of Related Theories There are some theories that are used by the writer in conducting the study.

  These theories give the writer valuable information which is very helpful in analysing the novel. The theories used are theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality and the last one is theory of character development.

1. Theories of Critical Approach

  Rohrberger and Woods (1971) in Reading and Writing about Literature state that a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. One must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it (p. 3). According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), there are five approaches as means of analyzing a literary work (pp. 6-15). The first approach is the formalist approach. It focuses on the technique and structure that the author uses in his work. This approach only examines the literary work without reference to the author‟s life, genre of the work or to its place in the development of the work or in literary history and without reference to its social environment.

  The second approach is biographical approach. This approach believes that the life of the author is an important point in analysing a piece of literary work. It attempts to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author and to apply this knowledge in their attempts to understand his writings. The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach leads to analyse a literary work in reference to the civilization or attitudes and action of specific group of people that produce the literary work. The fourth is mythopoeic approach. It tries to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in significant work of art. Recurrent patterns are related to those that are found in ancient myths and folks rites and are so basic to human thought that have meaning for all men.

  The last is psychological approach. This approach is the one which the writer uses in this study. This approach leads to analyze the literary work from the psychological point a view of human beings. It is usually related to human motivation, personality and behaviour patterns written in literary objects. Besides, this approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious of the human mind, which lead to the conclusion that it is this area that is the wellspring of man

  ‟s rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought, behaviour, and the contents of this region of the mind finding expressions in symbolic words, thoughts, and action. The writer uses this approach in order to find out the character development of Maurice as a homosexual. The writer uses the psychological approach because this is the most appropriate approach in order to know the character development of human being.

2. Theories of Character

  To analyse a literary work, a character has an important role to be discussed. As stated by Stanton (1965) in his book An Introduction to Fiction, “through our knowledge of the characters, we understand their actions, we u nderstand the characters” (p. 18). The theories of character used in this study are proposed by Henkle, Abrams, Roberts and Jacobs, and Holman and Harmon.

  a. Definition of Characters

  Abrams (1981) defines a character as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with a moral and disposition qualities, that are expressed in what they say-the dialogues-and by what they do-the action (p. 20). Another definition of character is given by Roberts and Jacobs in his book Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Roberts and Jacobs (1989) define that a character is an extended verbal representation of a human being, the inner self that determines thoughts, speech and behaviour (p. 143). Based on those theories, it can be concluded that character is a person in a dramatic or narrative work who is also a representative of a human being.

  b. Types of Characters

  Henkle (1977) in his book, Reading the Novel, states that there are two kinds of characters based on the importance: major and minor characters (p. 86).

  A major character is a centre of the story. It has an important role in a story. The reader will pay more attention to major character rather than minor character. In order to understand the story, we need to give more attention to the major character. On the other hand, minor character has less important point in a story than major character. It has limited role of action in a story. Minor character has a role as a supporter in the development of major character.

  Roberts and Jacobs (1989) divide two types of characters in fiction, namely “round” and “flat” (p. 145). Round character is relatively fully developed by the author. The round character is considered as dynamic as they posses many individual and unpredictable human traits. They demonstrate their capacity to change or grow. As contrasted with round character, flat character is usually minor character, although not all minor characters are flat. Usually they stay the same; they are static, and not dynamic like round characters. They are not developed, and because they are not central to the plot they do not change or grow.

  Another theory on round (dynamic) and flat (static) character is taken from Holman and Harmon‟s A Handbook to Literature. Holman and Harmon (1986) classify the type of characters into static and dynamic characters (p. 83). A static character is one who changes little if at all. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing how the character changes in response to the actions. On the other hand, a dynamic character is a character who is modified by actions and experiences, and one objectives of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions.

3. Theories of Characterization

  a. Definition of Characterization

  Rohrberger and Woods (1971) define a characterization as the process by which an author creates a character (p. 20). In addition, according to Roberts and Jacobs (1989), a characterization is the way that an author uses to give information about the characters (p. 147). The theory of characterization is used to explore how the main character acts and how the author describes the main character in the novel. The author can use many ways to make the characteristics of the main character understandable by the reader.

  b. Ways of Characterization

  Murphy (1972) in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to

  

English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students states that there are

  nine ways through which an author may reveal the characters‟ personalities and traits to the readers (pp. 161-173). First way is called personal description. The author can describe a character through his appearances and clothes. From the description, the readers are given an image of the character looks like such as his hair, his looking, and his coat. The second way is called characters as seen by another. The author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of another. Through another characters‟ judgement toward the other ones, the reader would be able to know the characterization of one another. Third way is called speech. The author can describe the characteristic of a character through the way he speaks to other characters. Whenever the character speaks, involves in conversation with other, or gives opinion, he is actually giving the readers some insights to his characters. The fourth way is called past life.

  A person‟s past life would be able to help readers to shape a person‟s characteristic. This would be done by the direct comment by the author, the person‟s thought, his conversation, or through the medium of another person. The fifth way is called conversation with others. The author uses the conversation of other people and the things about a character to know the characteristic of one character. The sixth way is called reactions. The author describes the p erson‟s characteristic by letting the readers know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Reactions here mean the way that person cries or laughs. The seventh way is called direct comment.

  The author can describe or comment on a person‟s character directly. The eighth way is called thoughts. The author can give the readers a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The last way is called mannerism. The author can tell the readers something about the person‟s characteristic by describing that person‟s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies.

4. Theories of Homosexuality a. Definition of Homosexuality

  Homosexuality and homosexual are two things which are closely related to each other. The definition of homosexuality can be drawn from the definition of homosexual itself. According to Huffman et al, (1997) the term of homosexual is used to explain or to show a person whose primary sexual orientation is toward members of the same sex (p. 362). Whereas, a gay refers to a male homosexual and a lesbian refers to a female homosexual. So, a homosexuality can be defined as a condition in which a person‟s sexual attraction has a tendency toward members of his or her own sex. Further, VandenBos (2006) defines a homosexuality as a sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex (p. 446). The term can also refer to such sexual orientation in both men and women.

b. Causes of Homosexuality No one chooses or plans to live as a homosexual since they were born.

  According to Coleman (1976), there are two factors that make someone becomes a homosexual (pp. 594-596). The explanation of both factors will be drawn below:

1) Constitutional Factors

  Constitutional factors refer to factors that are related to biological aspects which can cause homosexuality to someone. The biological aspects tend to be hereditary since people can see one‟ sexual orientation when he was a child. The biological factors play an important role to the developments of human growth.

  Such factors are genetic, hormonal factor, and hermaphrodite.

  Genetic factor refers to one‟s homosexuality that is caused by direct genetic inheritance. Psychologists say that homosexual has a constitutional basis through direct genetic inheritance. In brief, it can be said that it is what you have got from parents. also can cause homosexuality. Researchers found that

  Hormonal balance

  homosexuality resulted from an abnormal androgen-estrogens ratio. However, it is not fairly certain that each hormonal imbalance causes such a thing, because one‟s hormonal balance may shift from homosexual to heterosexual pattern without a change in hormonal balance. This hormonal balance has no causal significance to homosexuality since some non homosexuals also have the same hormonal imbalance shown by homosexuals.

  Hermaphrodite is a condition in which a person has two well-developed