A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

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ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN COMPUTER MAGAZINE INFOKOMPUTER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Saverius Triosetyawan
Student Number: 061214115

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

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ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN COMPUTER MAGAZINE INFOKOMPUTER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By
Saverius Triosetyawan
Student Number: 061214115

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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Yesus Tuhanku
Didalam kemelut hatiku ini aku tidak ingin menuntut hidup
mulus tanpa gelombang
Memanggul salib, itulah tugasku sebagai pengikutMu bukan
lari menghindar

Namun Tuhan, saat-saat aku tak mengerti jalanMu
tunjukanlah jalanku ke arah recanaMu
Waktu kebingungan dan kekhawatiran melanda diriku,
janganlah lepaskan tanganku
Mampukanlah aku berdiri tetap melawan gelombang
perasaanku yang tidak menentu
Bantulah aku untuk bersabar, penuh kasih dan kerendahan
hati
Jangan biarkan aku hanyut melawanMu, menyerah dalam
arus cobaan, biarlah dekapan kasihMu menguatkan aku untuk
berjuang
Sadarkan aku bahwa aku tidak sendiri, tetapi Engkau tak
pernah lena dan tetap memangku, mendekapku dalam segala
suasana, lebih-lebih dalam suasana yang gelap gulita dan
membosankan ini
Tuhan biarlah aku makin murni dalam genggaman
tanganMu.

Tuhan, karuniakanlah diriku

Ketentraman batin,
Untuk menerima hal-hal yang takkan mungkin kuubah

Keberanian,
Untuk mengubah hal-hal yang bisa kuubah, dan

Kebijaksanaan
Untuk mengetahui perbedaan keduanya

With love and gratitude,
I dedicate this thesis to:
My parents: Heribertus Subardjo and Caecilia Sayuti
My brothers: Mas Toro and Mas Nur
Dyah Ayu Wikandari

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ABSTRACT
Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer
Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

The development of technology brings a significant impact in the
development of languages. It influences how people deliver information to others.
In some cases, people should switch the language that they use in order to be well
understood. This phenomenon carries a process called code-switching. Codeswitching happens in spoken or written form. This research focused on the codeswitching phenomenon in written form, in this case in InfoKomputer magazines.

There were two questions in this research: (1) What code-switching cases
are found in InfoKomputer magazine? and (2) What are the theoretical reasons for
code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine?
In order to answer the research questions, the researcher conducted a
descriptive research in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer
the first question, the researcher used document analysis. Meanwhile, to answer
the second question the researcher employed library study. The researcher
analyzed two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. They were January 2012 and
February 2012 editions. The researcher analyzed the articles which contained
English code-switching.
The code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer were categorized
according to their types. The result of the analysis showed that there were four
types of code-switching which existed in InfoKomputer magazine. They were
intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential codeswitching, and involving a word within a sentence code-switching. The researcher
also found that there were three possible reasons why code-switching occurred in
InfoKomputer magazine. The possible reasons were talking about particular topic,
showing solidarity to build a good relation with target readers, and quoting
somebody.
Based on the research findings, the researcher suggested the future
researchers conduct researches on code-switching in wider scope. For instance,

the future researcher might investigate the reasons why the writers switched the
code.

Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Code-switching, Indonesian Computer Magazine

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ABSTRAK
Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer
Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Perkembangan teknologi dapat membawa dampak bagi perkembangan

kebahasaan. Hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana seseorang
menyampaikan informasi kepada orang lain. Dalam beberapa hal, seseorang harus
merubah bahasa yang mereka gunakan agar apa yang mereka bicarakan dapat
dimengerti dengan baik. Peristiwa seperti ini dapat membawa kita ke sebuah
proses yang disebut dengan alih kode. Alih kode dapat terjadi dalam bahasa lisan
maupun tertulis. Penelitian ini berfokus pada peristiwa alih kode dalam bahasa
tertutis, dalam hal ini adalah dalam majalah InfoKomputer.
Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua pertanyaan, yaitu (1) Apa saja kasus alih
kode yang terdapat dalam majalah InfoKomputer? dan (2) Apa saja alasan teoritis
dalam peristiwa alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer?
Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan tersebut diatas, peneliti melakukan
penelitian deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan dokumen analisis, sedangkan untuk
menjawab pertanyaan yang kedua, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Peneliti
menganalisa dua edisi majalah InfoKomputer yaitu edisi Januari 2012 dan
Februari 2012. Peneliti menganalisa artikel-artikel dalam majalah yang
mengandung alih kode dalam bahasa Inggris.
Kasus-kasus alih kode yang ditemukan dalam majalah InfoKomputer
dikategorikan sesuai dengan jenis-jenisnya. Hasil dari analisis penelitian
menunjukan bahwa terdapat empat jenis alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer,

yaitu intra word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential
code-switching dan involving a word within a sentence code-switching. Peneliti
juga menemukan tiga alasan yang mungkin terjadi dalam penggunaan alih kode
dalam majalah InfoKomputer. Alasan-alasan tersebut adalah membicarakan suatu
topik tertentu, menunjukan solidaritas untuk membangun hubungan yang baik
dengan para pembaca yang dituju, dan mengutip pernyataan seseorang.
Berdasarkan data yang ditemukan, peneliti memberikan saran pada peneliti
selanjutnya agar meneliti peristiwa alih kode dalam lingkup yang lebih luas.
Sebagai contoh, peneliti selanjutnya dapat mencari opini dari para penulis artikel
mengapa mereka melakukan alih kode dalam tulisan mereka.

Kata kunci: Sosiolinguistik, Alih Kode, Majalah Komputer Indonesia

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to give my greatest gratitude and praise to my
Lord, Jesus Christ, for His endless love, blessing, and grace during the process of
completing my thesis. I believe that I could not finish this thesis without His
amazing hands. I would also thank Mother Mary for her love and prayer during
up-and-down moments in my life.
I would like to express my earnest thanks to my sponsor, Made Frida
Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., for her kindness and willingness to help me in completing my
thesis. I believe that I could not have finished my thesis without her guidance,
suggestions, corrections, support and beneficial advice. I would like to sincerely
thank all of English Language Education Study Program instructors and staffs,
who have guided and helped me.
I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents, Heribertus
Subardjo and Caecilia Sayuti for supporting me and for their love, care, prayer,
guidance, and attention. I also thank my grandmothers the late Atmo Suwito and
the late Harjo Sumarto for their prayer from the distance, so that I could finish my
study. I also thank my brothers Mas Toro and Mas Nur who always support me to
finish my thesis.
I thank all of PBI 2006 friends, Desy, Ceye, Tita, Gonteng, Adit, Agnes,
Aik and all ex-PROCESS 2006 for the friendship during my study in PBI. I also
thank Endru 05 for proofreading my draft. I give appreciation to those PBI friends
who helped me in finishing my thesis.

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I express my special thanks to Dyah Ayu Wikandari, for her love, support
and prayer, and for being my inspiration and motivation in completing this thesis.
Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody, whose name cannot be
mentioned one by one, for their support and prayer so that I can finish my thesis.

Saverius Triosetyawan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………........

i

APPROVAL PAGES ……………………………………………........

ii

DEDICATION PAGE

………………………………………………

iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………………….........

v

ABSTRACT

…………………………………………………………

vi

……………………………………………………………

vii

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ……………………….

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………..

xi

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………….

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………..

xv

ABSTRAK

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ……………………………..

1

B. Research Problems …………………………………

3

C. Problem Limitation ………………………………..

3

D. Research Objectives ……………………………….

3

E. Research Benefits ………………………………….

4

F. Definition of Terms ……………………………….

4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Description ……………………………

6

1. Linguistics …………………………………….

6

2. Sociolinguistics …………………………………

7

3. Code-switching ………………………………..

8

a. Definitions of Code-switching …………….

8

b. Types of Code-switching ………………….

10

c. The Reasons for Code-switching …………..

13

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d. Code-switching and Language Learning …..

15

B. Theoretical Framework ……………………………

16

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method ………………………………….

18

B. Research Setting …………………………………...

20

C. Research Subject …………………………………..

20

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering
Technique …………………………………………

21

E. Data Analysis Technique …………………………

22

F. Research Procedure ……………………………….

25

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Code-switching Cases ……………………………..

27

1. Intra-word Code-switching ……………………

27

2. Intra-sentential Code-switching ……………….

30

3. Inter-sentential Code-switching ……………….

36

4. Involving a Word within a Sentence

………...

40

5. Emblematic Code-switching …………………..

46

B. Theoretical Reasons for Code-switching ……………. 46
1. Talking about Particular Topic ………………..

47

2. Showing Solidarity to Build a Good Relation
with The Target Readers ………………………
3. Quoting Somebody

48

…………………………..

49

4. Perceived Social and Cultural Distance ……….

49

5. Being Empathic about Something ……………

50

C. Other Findings …………………………………….

50

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ………………………………………

52

B. Suggestions ……………………………………….

54

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REFERENCES ……………………………………………………….

56

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………..

58

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

3.1 A Sample Checklist of Types of Code-switching

……………….

23

3.2 A Sample Table the Occurrence of Code-switching Cases ………

24

3.3 A Sample Table the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases ………

24

4.1 The Occurrence of Intra-word Code-switching Cases ……………

28

4.2 Sample of Intra-word Code-switching in Feature Articles ……….

29

4.3 The Occurrence of Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases ………

31

4.4 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Advertisements …….

32

4.5 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Feature Articles ……

33

4.6 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in News Articles ……..

35

4.7 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Opinion Articles …...

36

4.8 The Occurrence of Inter-sentential Code-switching Cases ………

37

4.9 The Occurrence of Involving a Word within a Sentence
Code-switching Cases …………………………………………….

41

4.10 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in Advertisements ……………………………………………….

42

4.11 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in Feature Articles ……………………………………………….

43

4.12 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in News Articles …………………………………………………..

44

4.13 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in Opinion Articles ………………………………………………

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX
A

Page

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Advertisements of January 2012 Edition ………………………

B

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Feature Articles of January 2012 Edition …………………….

C

64

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Opinion Articles of February 2012 Edition ……………………

I

63

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
News Articles of February 2012 Edition ………………………

H

62

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Feature Articles of February 2012 Edition …………………….

G

61

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Advertisements of February 2012 Edition …………………….

F

60

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Opinion Articles of January 2012 Edition …………………….

E

59

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
News Articles of January 2012 Edition ………………………

D

58

65

Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Inter-sentential
Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence
Code-switching

J

………………………………………………

66

Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Involving a Word
within a Sentence Code-switching, and Intra-word
Code-switching ……………………………………………….

K

67

Example of Inter-sentential Code-switching, Intra-word
Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence
Code-switching ……………………………………………….

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter elaborates six general descriptions namely research
background, research problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research
benefits, and definition of terms.

A. Research Background
In this era, the development of technology is growing rapidly. Technology
development brings significant impact in delivering information. People can
search and find needed information easily from various media, for instances
newspapers, magazine, tabloid, radio, television, and internet. Nowadays, the
most popular communication media is internet, since it becomes the easiest way to
access everything. Although people can find information from the internet easily,
printed media such as newspapers, tabloid, and magazine are still popular. It
happens because the existence of printed media is still attractive. Indeed, it can be
reached by every level of people, in particular those who are not familiar with the
internet.
The development of technology also brings impact in the development of
language. Nowadays, many new technological terms are arising. Some of those
words have not been absorbed well by languages of some countries. For example
in Indonesia, the adoptions of some of those new words have not been
standardized in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The existence of those new terms

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also brings impact in conveying the information. Sometimes in conveying
information people have to consider the terms which are used, for example using
foreign language to explain the information. This phenomenon carries a process
called code-switching.
McCormick (1994: 581) explains that “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to
the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.” People
may switch the language from one language to others in order to convey
information. It means that an utterance which people produce can contain
languages elements from two or more different languages. Code-switching is used
to build a better communication with others.
Code-switching can occur in spoken and written utterance. In written
utterance, code-switching phenomena can be found in magazines. In this case the
researcher finds code-switching phenomenon in InfoKomputer magazine. There
are some cases which exist in each category of that magazine. The researcher
believes that those cases need to be explored more in order to find what exists and
why it exists. The researcher intends to analyze the types of code-switching and
the theoretical reasons why code-switching is used in InfoKomputer magazine.
InfoKomputer magazine is an Indonesian magazine. The magazine uses
Indonesian language as the basic language. The code-switching in the magazine is
English code-switching. It means that in some cases, the writers of the articles
switch the language from Indonesian into English.
There is a reason why the researcher chooses InfoKomputer magazine. The
researcher finds that there are a number of code-switching cases in InfoKomputer

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magazine, thus the researcher thinks that InfoKomputer magazine has sufficient
data to be analyzed related to code-switching phenomenon.

A. Research Problems
In this research, the researcher would like to find out the answers to the
questions formulated as follows:
1.

What code-switching cases are found in InfoKomputer magazine?

2.

What are the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer
magazine?

B. Problem Limitation
In this research, the researcher limits the research to analyze English codeswitching phenomenon in an Indonesian computer magazine. The researcher
focuses to discuss the code-switching cases based on the code-switching types and
the theoretical reasons for code-switching.
The researcher limits the research to observe two editions of InfoKomputer
magazine. Those are January and February 2012 editions. InfoKomputer magazine
is chosen because this magazine is considered to be able to represent the
Indonesian computer magazines which contain code-switching phenomenon.

C. Research Objectives
In this research, there are some goals which need to be accomplished.
Those are:

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1.

To find the code-switching cases in InfoKomputer magazine.

2.

To find the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine

D. Research Benefits
This research is intended to be beneficial for:
1.

Future Researchers
The researcher expects that this research can give better understanding on

linguistic study especially on English code-switching phenomenon study in
Indonesia. Moreover, this research is expected to encourage the future researchers
to conduct a deeper study on code-switching. The researcher also expects that this
research is able to inspire the future researchers to conduct studies related to
sociolinguistics in broader scope.
2.

Readers
This research is expected to give comprehensive explanation related to

code-switching phenomenon which happens in magazines and the implications of
code-switching in English learning. Thus, the readers can have broader knowledge
on code-switching. Moreover, the researcher hopes that the readers can use this
research to support their language learning.

E. Definition of Terms
There are some terms which need to be defined in order to avoid
misinterpretation.

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1.

Code-switching
According to McCormick (1994: 581), code-switching refers to the

juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) language or dialects. Meanwhile,
Crystal (1987), as cited by Skiba (1997) explains that “code, or language,
switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two
languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person.” In this research,
code-switching refers to the juxtaposition of English language to Indonesian
language context. Code-switching happens in the written form, in this case in the
articles of InfoKomputer magazine.
2.

Info Komputer Magazine

InfoKomputer magazine is an Indonesian computer magazine. It was firstly
published in 1985. The contents of the magazine focus to discuss the development
of information technology locally and globally. The language which is used is
Indonesian language. The researcher finds that the articles in this magazine
contain a number of English code-switching cases.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews the important theories to support the research. This
chapter is divided into two main parts, namely theoretical description and
theoretical framework. Theoretical description presents the review of theories
related to code switching whereas the theoretical framework discusses the theories
which are used as framework of this research.

A. Theoretical Description
To obtain better understanding on code-switching, this section elaborates
some theories of code-switching. This section discusses several sub-topics. They
are linguistics, sociolinguistics and code-switching. The discussion of codeswitching presents some theories of types of code-switching, reasons for codeswitching and code-switching and language learning which are proposed by
several linguists.
1.

Linguistics
In order to communicate with others, people need a medium called

language. Finegan (2004: 25) states that, “language is often defined as an arbitrary
vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.” Language
is a complex system which consists of some components. Linguistics is generally
defined as the study of a language. There are some definitions of linguistics in
some books which are proposed by several linguists. According to Finegan (2004:

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24), “Linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language –
into its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the
development and acquisition of language.” Language consists of some aspects,
therefore linguistics, which is the study of language, is also divided into some
parts. Linguistics is classified into three subdivisions: (1) Phonology: the study of
sound patterns; (2) Morphology and Syntax: the composition of words and
sentences; (3) Semantics: the study of meaning (McArthur, 1992: 609). McArthur
also adds that in the development of linguistics, there are some areas which
becomes important namely Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics,
Neurolinguistics, Linguistics Typology, Computational Linguistics, Stylistic
Linguistics and Applied Linguistics.
In language teaching and learning, linguistics is significant for both
language teachers and learners. Language learners are expected to produce
utterances and the teachers are expected to help the learners to produce the
utterances perfectly. Therefore, Linguistics aids the teachers and the learners to
improve their knowledge of the language in order to be able to utter the language
properly. For instance, the teachers should know how to pronounce English
words, master the English grammar and create meaningful sentences.
1.

Sociolinguistics
According to Lehmann (1972), sociolinguistics is the study of the use of

language in the society. Sociolinguistics focuses on the relation of language,
speaker and the society. Language users may act toward the language they use
depend on the situation and the environment. They may consider the context and

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the person they act with when they are using the languages. Sociolinguistics deals
with language and the society who use the language and social background of the
language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relations between
speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important
factors to maintain good communication.
Many factors influence the use of language in the society. Radford et al.
(1999: 16) states that factors which may influence are social backgrounds of both
speaker and listener, the relationship between speakers and addressees and the
context and manner of the interaction. In order to build a good communication
with others, sometimes people may modify their language that they use in
communication. In language teaching and learning process, teachers sometimes
have to adapt their language to their learners’ language proficiency by changing or
modifying their language, thus the message can be conveyed properly.
2.

Code-switching
In this part the researcher elaborates the definitions of code-switching, the

types of code-switching, the reasons for code-switching and code-switching and
language learning.
a.

Definitions of Code-switching
According to Wardhaugh (1992: 103), code-switching refers to a

conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to
create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their right and obligations.
People may use more than one code in their speech instead of just employing a
single code. People may switch or mix the codes or languages that they use. The

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aim of switching the codes is to build a better communication with others. For
instance, in condition of bilingualism; when the first speaker used “A” language to
talk with second speaker, then the third speaker who was not able to use “A”
language came and joined to the conversation. The first speaker might switch into
“B” language which was understood by the third speaker. As a result, the
conversation of first, second and third speakers could happen well. In this
situation, code-switching is employed.
According to Hoffman (1991: 110), code-switching involves the alternate
use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the
same conversation. Code-switching can occur in both bilingual and monolingual
societies. In bilingual society, the switching can consist of changing languages,
whereas in monolinguals the switching consists of shifts of style. Therefore, codeswitching is not merely changing or switching one language to another, but
involves linguistic aspects, in this case style of language. This statement is also
supported by Hymes (1974), “code-switching is a common term for alternatives
use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles.”
Code switching belongs to sociolinguistics. Therefore, the social context is
also important to be discussed. Wardhaugh (1992: 103-104) explains where codeswitching may happen. First, code-switching may happen in a multilingual
country, for instance Singapore which has five languages. They are English, the
mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, Malay and Hokkien, another variety of
Chinese. In formal schools the activity is held in formal English and Mandarin.
Meanwhile, Chinese people tend to use Hokkien in everyday speech and Indian

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people use Tamil language. Second, code-switching may also occur where
multilingual people meet each other in a foreign setting. For instance, Indonesian
students who live in the United States have a tendency to use not only English all
the time but they may also speak in their native language. When they have
discussion in the class they may use English, but when they want to share idea
outside the class in informal situation, they may use Indonesian language.
b. Types of Code-switching
According to Hoffman (1991) there are seven types of code-switching.
They are (1) intra-word code-switching, (2) intra-sentential code-switching, (3)
inter-sentential code-switching, (4) establishing continuity with the previous
speaker, (5) emblematic code-switching, (6) involving a word within a sentence
and (7) involving a change of pronunciation.
Intra-word code-switching is code-switching which occurs in word level
(Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of language that people
can understand if it is said or written on its own.” This kind of code-switching
occurs within a word or smallest unit of language boundaries, for instance,
Indonesian-English word mendownload. Men- is Indonesian prefix and
download is an English word.
Intra-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs within a
sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English (2001), a sentence is “a group of words that usually
contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete idea or asks a question, and

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that, when written in English, begins with a capital letter and ends with a fullstop.” Code-switching can be considered as intra-sentential code-switching if it
occurs within a sentence and consists of more than one word. It can be a phrase or
a clause. For instance, intra-sentential code-switching happens in an EnglishSpanish sentence “Y luego decía (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out
of my fingers.” (Hoffman, 1991: 111). The speaker switched the language from
English into Spanish within the sentence. The form of code-switching is a clause.
Inter-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs between
sentences (Hoffman, 1991: 212). It means that the code-switching occurs after or
before a sentence in the first language finished. The code-switching occurs outside
the sentence of the first language and it is not a part of it. For instance, in EnglishGerman sentences (Stockwell, 2002: 33) “We’re going to Nicki’s house at nine
and maybe to the night club afterwards. Kristina bleibt allerdings zu Hause sie
muss noch arbeiten (Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still
has to do some work).
Establishing continuity with the previous speaker code-switching occurs to
continue the utterance of the previous speaker. This kind of code-switching
happens to respond to the previous speaker by using the same language (Hoffman,
1991: 111). This type of code switching occurs in a Catalan-Spanish conversation
(Hoffman, 1991: 111):
A

: Y se van a molestar, ¿no? No tienen por qué. (They are going to be annoyed,
aren’t they? There is no reason why they should)

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B

: Bueno! Sí que tienen por qué (Well! They do have a reason). O sigui, o l’
encenen amb nosaltres o … (I mean, either they have bonfire with us or …)

In this conversation, a Catalan-Spanish speaker tried to respond to a Spanish
speaker who spoke using Spanish language. After the speaker was done, the
Catalan speaker continued speaking in Catalan.
Emblematic code-switching is code-switching which includes items such
as tags or exclamations which serve as an emblem of the bilingual character
(Hoffman, 1991: 113). The example of tag can be found in Spanish-Catalan
sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). “Hay cuatro sillas rotas y’ prou!” (There are
four broken chairs and that’s enough) and the example of exclamation can be
found in Spanish-American English sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). “Oh! Ay! It
was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed.” Prou and ay!
are considered as emblematic code-switching.
Involving a word within a sentence is code-switching which occurs inside
a sentence and in the form of single word. According to Summers in Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of
language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own.” Codeswitching can occur within a sentence boundary and consists of only one word.
The example of involving a word within a sentence code-switching can be found
in German-English sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 111). “Ich war der goalie.” (I was
a goalkeeper) ‘Ich war der’ is German language. Meanwhile the word goalie is
English.

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The last type of code-switching is involves a change of pronunciation.
This kind of code-switching occurs at phonological level when a speaker changes
the pronunciation patterns (Hoffman, 1991: 112). For example, when Indonesian
people say an English word, it has been modified to Indonesian phonological
structure. The word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by Indonesian people.
c.

The Reasons for Code-switching
According to Crystal (1987) as cited by Skiba (1997), there are three

reasons for code-switching. First, a speaker may not be able to express her or
himself in one language so he or she switches to another language to compensate
for deficiency. Code-switching is employed because of the special terms related to
the topic under discussion that should be used. It occurred because every topic
might have some specific terms in other languages which are sometimes difficult
to be translated. The second, code-switching occurs when an individual wishes to
express solidarity with a particular social group. The objective of code-switching
is to build the intimate relationship with the listeners. The third, code-switching
occurs when the speakers wish to convey their attitude to the listener.
Monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in
the level of formality in their speech; bilingual speakers can convey the same by
code-switching.
Wardhaugh (1992) states there are three common reasons for people to
switch their code. “A number of answer have been suggested including solidarity
with listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and cultural distance”
(Wardhaugh, 1992: 106). In order to show the solidarity with the listeners, the

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speaker may switch the code to include the listeners into the conversation. The
topics of discussion also affect the speaker to switch the code and also influence
the choice of code. People might change their language depending on the topic
they are talking about, because it would be easier to discuss particular topics in a
certain code than another. The different kinds of relationship are often shown by
different codes. For example, relation between teacher and students are more
formal than that between neighbors or friends. Therefore, the languages they use
are also different.
Hoffman states that “the reason for code-switching is diverse and many of
the reasons are of a contextual, situational and personal sort” (1991: 115). There
are a number of reasons why people do code-switching. The first reason is talking
about a particular topic. It happens when people lack facility in relevant register or
because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to
experiences in a particular language (Hoffman, 1991: 115). A particular topic may
have specific terms which are available only in other languages or available in the
speaker’s language but they are rarely used. The second reason why people switch
the language appears when the speaker is quoting somebody else. The third is that
the speakers are being emphatic about something. This code-switching may be in
the form of an interjection or repetition used for clarification. The form of those
expressions illustrates that the speaker has personal involvement and desire to be
well understood. The fourth reason is that people used code-switching to express
group identity as well as solidarity with a certain group (Hoffman, 1991: 116). By

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switching the code, the speaker has desire to be accepted in certain community or
group.
d. Code-switching and Language Learning
Cook (1991) as cited by Skiba (1997) agrees that code-switching can be
used to help the process of language learning. Living in a bilingual circumstance
forces people to master a language in which that language is not their mother
tongue. Nevertheless, not all the people master the second language. Codeswitching can possibly aid the second language learners to master the second
language. Krashen as cited in Ellis (1997) proposes what is called input
hypothesis. He suggests that “the right level of input is attained automatically
when interlocutors succeed in making themselves understood in communication”
(1997: 47). It means that language competence of the second language learners is
influenced by the language they produce. When they understand what they utter,
they can be successful in attaining the language they learn.
In producing the utterance, there are some factors which either obstruct or
support the successful language production of the second language learners.
Therefore, if the language which the learners receive is totally wrong, it will guide
the learners to the wrong concept of the language. The wrong example may bring
the wrong language production. As a result, the learners will fail in attaining the
language they learned. Meanwhile, if the learners are given the right example of
language, their language learning will be successfully attained.

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A. Theoretical Framework
This research deals with code-switching phenomenon in the magazine.
Therefore, code-switching phenomenon which is analyzed is in a written form.
Based on the theories presented above, the researcher decides to use some theories
as the theoretical framework. The aims of this research are to find out the codeswitching cases and theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer
magazine. In order to clarify the findings, the discussion of code-switching cases
will be based on the code-switching types.
In dealing with types of code-switching, the researcher uses theories
proposed by Hoffman (1991). She elaborates seven types of code-switching
namely intra-word

code-switching,

intra-sentential

code-switching,

inter-

sentential code-switching, code-switching to establish continuity with previous
speaker, emblematic code-switching, involving a word within a sentence codeswitching and code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation. The
researcher uses five types of code-switching which can occur in the written form.
They are intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, intersentential code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and
emblematic code-switching. Code-switching to establish continuity with the
previous speaker and code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation
are not used, since those two types of code-switching only occur in spoken
language.
To identify the theoretical reasons for code-switching which occur in
InfoKomputer magazine, the researcher adopts reasons which are proposed by

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Crystal (1987), Wardhaugh (1992) and Hoffman (1991). Some of the reasons
which are proposed by those linguists are in the same intention but they are in
different terms. Thus, the researcher summarizes the similar reasons and
simplifies the similar reasons into one term. In this research, the context of
relation is between “the writer” of the magazine and “the reader”. Thus, the
researcher changes the term “speaker” into “writer” and “listener” into “reader”.
The researcher employs five reasons. The first is talking about a particular topic.
This reason is proposed by Hoffman (1991) and Wardhaugh (1992) and supported
by Crystal (1987). The second is showing solidarity to build a good relation with
the target readers. This reason is proposed by Wardhaugh (1992), Crystal (1987)
and Hoffman (1991). The third is perceived social and cultural distances. This
reason is proposed by Wardhaugh (1992) and supported by Crystal (1987). The
fourth is quoting somebody (Hoffman, 1991). The fifth is being emphatic about
something (Hoffman, 1992). The researcher analyzes the code-switching cases
occur in the magazine and tries to identify the suitable theoretical reasons which
are relevant to the cases.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides descriptions on the methodology used in this
research. This chapter consists of research method, research setting, research
subject, research instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis
technique, and research procedures.

A. Research Method
As has been stated in research problem, this research was aimed to find out
the answer to two questions. First, the aim of the research was to indentify the
code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer magazine based on its types. The
second aim was to elaborate the theoretical reasons for code-switching found in
InfoKomputer magazine.
This research is considered as a descriptive research. Ary, Jacobs, and
Razavieh (2002: 381) explains that descriptive research is designed to obtain
information concerning the current phenomena. Descriptive research rather seeks
to describe what exists in a situation. Bungis (2007: 68-69) explains that
descriptive study involved an in-depth exploration of the object being studied. In
this research, the researcher does not generally test a hypothesis, but rather find
out and describe information of what really exists in a certain situation. According
to Best (1981), there are some characteristics of descriptive research. First, the

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process of gaining the data is inductive. Second, the researcher tends to gather the
data to draw a conclusion rather than to test the hypothesis.
In the descriptive research, the form of data can be qualitative−in verbal
symbols−or quantitative−in mathematical symbols (Dalen, 1973: 195). In this
research, qualitative data is employed. Since, qualitative research is basically
interpretative, the researcher made an interpretation of the data through narrative
description. Furthermore, it includes analyzing data to their theme or category and
at the last stage drawing conclusions about the interpretation personally as well as
theoretically (Wolcott, 1994 as cited in Creswell, 2003: 182).
Document analysis was used to answer the first question. According to
Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 142), a document analysis was typically performed on a
form of human communication, including books, newspapers, magazine, films,
television, art, music, videotapes and transcript of conversation. In this research,
the researcher analyzed a magazine which contains English code-switching. This
methodology was used to find out the types of code-switching cases found in the
magazine. Meanwhile, to find out the answer to the second question, the
researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed some written sources
to find out the answer to the second question. There were two kinds of sources in
this study. The first was InfoKomputer magazine, in which the code-switching
cases were found, and the second was the theory of reasons for code-switching.

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A. Research Setting
Since the researcher employs document analysis and library study, thus it
is not necessary to have a specific setting to conduct the research. The research
was done in Jogjakarta. The researcher needed five months to finish this research.
This research started from February 2012 and finished in June 2012.

B. Research Subject
In this research, the articles of InfoKomputer magazine were considered as
the subject of the research, since this research focused on code-switching
phenomenon in magazine. The researcher employed two editions of the magazine.
They were January and February 2012 editions. Thus, the researcher would get
sufficient data to be analyzed. The data was taken from the articles of the
magazines.
In order to make the analysis easier, the researcher also classified the data
from each magazine into five kinds of data category namely news, opinion,
feature, advertisement and fiction. News is “Information that is published in
newspapers and broadcasted on radio and television about recent events in the
country or world or in a particular area of activity” (Sinclair, 2001). In this
research news is the article which contains a report of events, recent issues and
recent information about computer, smartphone, software and hardware. Opinion
is an article which shows someone’s feeling and idea about something. Feature is
special article and regular article which always appear in InfoKomputer magazine.
Feature covers some rubrics such as the testing result of some gadgets, hardware

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or software. Advertisement is an article of picture or a notice which tells the
readers about product, job, place, or service. The last is fiction. It is a story of
unreal or imaginary characters and events which exists in the magazine. The
researcher only used four classifications of the articles. They were news, opinion,
feature and advertisement, while fiction was not used since there was no fictitious
story which existed in the magazine.

C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002: 424) explains that in qualitative research
which dealt with human and situations, researcher needed a flexible instrument
that could read the documents, talk with people, or studied the human experiences.
The characteristic of qualitative research was that the researcher was the main
instrument of the research. In this research, the researcher was the primary
instrument of the research that collected and analyzed the data.

It was also

supported by Meriam (2002: 5) who explains that
A second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the
researcher is the primary instrument for data collections and data analysis.
Since understanding is the goal of this research, the human instrument,
which is able to be immediately responsive and adaptive, would seem to
be the ideal means of collecting and analyzing data.

The second instrument in this research was magazine. Since the data was
available in the articles of the magazines, the researcher used magazines as the
instrument to collect the data. The data of code-switching was gathered by the
researcher using the magazines through identifying and selecting process. The

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researcher, as the primary instrument, identified all the contents of the articles and
determined what data which were suitable to use.

D. Data Analysis Technique
Since this