Analysis of Theme Through Inner Conflicts in Paulo Coelho's 'The Devil and Miss Prym'.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
3
3
3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THEME THROUGH INNER
CONFLICTS IN PAULO COELHO’S THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM . . 5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of The Devil and Miss Prym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Biography of the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ii
Maranatha Christian University
ABSTRACT
Dalam tugas akhir ini saya menganalisa sebuah novel berjudul The Devil
and Miss Prym karya Paulo Coelho, seorang penulis novel kelahiran Rio de
Janeiro, Brasil. Sebelum menjadi penulis, dia bekerja sebagai sutradara teater dan
seorang jurnalis.
Elemen yang saya analisa dalam novel ini adalah tema melalui konflik
batin yang dialami oleh beberapa karakter, keputusan yang dibuat oleh karakter
tersebut setelah mengalami konflik batin, dan pada akhirnya konsekuensi yang
harus ditanggung oleh setiap karakter dari keputusan yang mereka buat.
Dari hasil analisa ini, saya bisa melihat bahwa para karakter dalam novel
ini harus memilih antara ego dan hati nuraninya. Selalu ada pergulatan antara
yang baik dan jahat yang tidak bisa dihindari dalam diri mereka. Mereka hanya
bisa memilih di mana posisi mereka dan harus menerima konsekuensi dari setiap
keputusan yang telah mereka buat.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
SYNOPSIS OF THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM
Viscos is a small village where people are friendly and religious. People in
Viscos are worried that they are going to be the last generation of farmers in that
mountain village. Sooner or later, machines and technologies will replace the
farmers. The village itself perhaps will be sold to a multinational corporation and
changed into a ski resort.
In that situation, a stranger comes into the village and offers eleven pieces
of gold to a citizen of Viscos named Chantal. In order to posses this gold, Chantal
or the people in the village must kill a person in the village. The stranger wants to
prove whether human is basically good or evil.
The people in the village accept the offer. They decide to kill Berta, who is
the oldest person in the village. When they are ready to kill Berta with their gun,
they realize that they are making a mistake. Finally they decide not to kill Berta
and reject the offer from the stranger.
The stranger finds the answer to his question that human beings are
actually born to be good. So, he thanks Chantal for helping him find the answer.
As a reward, he gives all the gold to Chantal. In the end, Chantal can leave the
village and all of her dreams come true.
21
Maranatha Christian University
BIOGRAPHY
Paulo Coelho was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1947.
Before he dedicated his life to literature, he worked as a theatre director and actor,
lyricist and journalist. He very interested about spiritual quest.
Coelho writes each story in a beautiful language, poetic prose and
symbolism. Most of his books tell about love, devotion, sacrifice and struggle to
find the right path in life.
His first book, Hell Archives, failed to make any impact. However, he
succeds with his other works including Brida (1990), The Valkyries (1992), By
the River of Piedra I Sat Down and Wept (1994), The Fifth Mountain (1996),
Manual of a Warrior of Light (1997), Veronika Decides to Dies (1998), The Devil
and Miss Prym (2000), The Complication of Traditional Tales in Stories for
Parents, Children and Grand Children (2001), Eleven Minutes (2003), The Zahir
(2005).
Up to now, Coelho has sold a total of 75 million copies and in 2003, his
book Eleven Minutes was considered the best-seller according to the Magazine
Publishing Trend. Coelho other work, The Alchemist is one of the most important
literary phenomena of 20th century.
Source: “Biography”
22
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
“Literature is a form of human expression” (Rexroth). It can be in the form
of stories, poems, and plays that revolve around a particular topic. Most of them
are concerned with the realities in life, for example love, happiness, death, and
many more. According to Perrine, literature can give us a picture of life, which
can enlarge our understanding about this world. “Interpretive literature takes us,
through the imagination, deeper into the real world: it enables us to understand
our trouble” (Perrine 4). It means a literary work can teach us about what life
really is and give some deep moral advice.
Every literary genre, namely prose, poetry, and drama are very interesting
to read but I decide to analyze novel instead of other literary genres because novel
is very refreshing to read. “The novel deals with human character in a social
situation” (Taormina). Novel gives us complete details about the characters, the
situation, and the problem in the story, which makes it easier for me as a reader to
understand the main point of the story.
1
Maranatha Christian University
There are many types of novel such as thriller, romance, or science fictions
and many more. Each type of novel has a unique story which expresses the
writers’ idea. “The interpretive writer is a discoverer: he takes us to the midst of
life and says, look here the world!” (Perrine 4). One of the interpretive writers
who give us a meaningful story is Paulo Coelho.
I choose Paulo Coelho because he is one of the authors who writes a lot of
great novels and I choose his novel to be analyzed because most of his novels
become bestselling books. Paulo Coelho is a famous Brazilian author. Since he
published The Alchemist, many readers admire his works. Coelho has sold over
100 million books in over 150 countries (“Biography”).
Among all his works, I choose The Devil and Miss Prym. It is a story
about a young woman who has to struggle between good and evil to achieve her
happiness. This story is full of conflicts and also the characters try to find the
answer about what is the essence of human being. As a result, I become very
interested to analyze this novel.
In this thesis, I want to analyze theme through inner conflicts which has
been experienced by the characters in the story. According to Perrine’s Story and
Structure, “conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills” (Perrine 42).
“The central conflict and its outcome” (Perrine 110) create an excitement for
readers. In my opinion, the inner conflicts in this novel are important issues to
analyze because it can reveal the main idea of the story. According to Perrine’s
Story and Structure, inner conflict is “conflict with some element in his own
nature (man against himself)” (Perrine 42). From the inner conflicts which are
experienced by the characters, I can see how the characters must struggle between
2
Maranatha Christian University
good and evil and how they solve their inner conflicts in order to reach their true
happiness.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problems are stated as follows:
1. What is the theme of the work entitled The Devil and Miss Prym?
2. How do the inner conflicts help in revealing the theme?
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Based on the statement of the problem above, this study is done:
1. To show the theme of the work in The Devil and Miss Prym.
2. To show how do the inner conflicts help in revealing the theme.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
The method of research used in this study is library research. I start my
research by reading The Devil and Miss Prym as the primary text. Secondary
reading such as Story and Structure, How to Analyze Fiction and Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English are also included in my
research. I also read and compile some texts that are taken from the internet.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
This thesis
consists of
four chapters.
The
thesis
starts with
Acknowledgement, Table of Contents and Abstract. The first chapter is the
Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, the Statement of the
3
Maranatha Christian University
Problems, the Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research, and the
Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the Analysis of Theme through Inner
Conflicts in Paulo’s Coelho The Devil and Miss Prym. The last chapter is the
Conclusion. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendices, which
contain the Synopsis of The Devil and Miss Prym and the Biography of the Paulo
Coelho.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the novel, I am of the opinion that the novel is very
exciting to read and to analyze since it is written by Paulo Coelho, who is not only
one of the most widely-read authors but also one of the most influential authors
today. In The Devil and Miss Prym, he tries to give a real description about the
obstacle which is faced by human beings in deciding their paths.
The novel reveals the inner conflicts that are faced by the characters in the
story. They struggle to choose between the bad and good sides inside them. To
solve their inner conflicts, I can see clearly that they choose to decide what is best
for them at that time and based on their free will.
Coelho gives us an example of an individual's choice in the case of
Chantal, the stranger, the priest and the villagers. Chantal is described as a young
beautiful girl who will do almost anything to get out from the village. Chantal,
who is described as a bad character in the story, can take a good action. She can
make a good decision and follow the good side inside her.
17
Maranatha Christian University
The stranger is described as a successful businessman and a religious man
but he decides to take revenge because of his dead family. He gives the villagers
of Viscos a terrible offer. He knows that his offer for the villagers is a bad thing
because the villagers must kill an innocent person to fulfil his desire but he
chooses to continue his action instead of stopping it.
The priest, who is described to be a very religious man in the village, turns
out to take a shocking decision. He has to decide whether to accept the stranger’s
offer or not. As a religious man, he knows that the stranger’s offer is a terrible
offer because he must kill an innocent person in the village and that action is
forbidden by his religion. But instead of following his religious side, he chooses
to accept the stranger’s offer and agree to kill an innocent person.
The villagers, who are described as good and trusting people, turn out to
take an awful decision. They decide to kill Bertha just to fulfil their dreams
although in the end, they choose not to carry on with their decision.
From those explanations, I can understand the message that the author tries
to give to us as readers. No matter what we are, either a bad person or a good
person, we can make a decision based on our free will. The characters in the novel
could represent anyone who faces the same obstacle when he has to make a
decision. Each person has his own demons to battle with. There is a time in one’s
life when the evil side rules his life and the good side seems so far away. When
one is in that position, there are only two options: follow his evil side or choose
the better side. Everyone has that choice and it is up to him to take his stand and
decide what he will do. It also has a correlation with the theme of the story “every
18
Maranatha Christian University
human being has freedom to choose but he must accept the consequences of his
choice”.
The author in this novel is not trying to decide whether humans are bad or
good, but he tries to give us a real example about human being's position between
good and evil. Human beings are standing in the middle of the two opposite sides
and they can choose either. Human beings always suffer from inner conflicts,
always live between two options whether to follow their evil or good side.
Whatever the answer, it is clear that from the very beginning, the human race has
been destined to exist within the eternal division. Humans are always moving
between those two opposing poles. Everyone is challenged to prove their courage
and willingness to change. When one chooses his attitude towards life, he can
affect his surroundings. One can choose to live a guilt-ridden life and always
complain about everything or one can live a free-from-guilt life and create his
own paradise. It is just a matter of choice.
In this story, Coelho also wants to tell the readers that one must be
responsible for one’s decision because there is always a consequence for every
decision that one makes in life. One must be brave to accept whatever the
consequence is from our decision.
19
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary text
Coelho, Paulo. The Devil and Miss Prym. New York: Harper Collins, 2000.
References
“Biography”. PauloCoelho. 2009.10 Aug. 2009.
< http://www.paulocoelho.com/engl/bio.shtml>
Hornby, As., Cowie, Ap., and Gimson, Ac. Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press, 1974.
Perrine, Laurence. Story and Structure. New York: Harcourt and Jovanovich
Company, 1959.
Rexroth, Kenney. “The Art of Literature”. Bopsecrets. 2004. 10 Aug. 2009.
Taormina, Agatha. “Definition of the Novel”. Nvcc. 2005. 10 Aug. 2009.
20
Maranatha Christian University
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
3
3
3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THEME THROUGH INNER
CONFLICTS IN PAULO COELHO’S THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM . . 5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of The Devil and Miss Prym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Biography of the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ii
Maranatha Christian University
ABSTRACT
Dalam tugas akhir ini saya menganalisa sebuah novel berjudul The Devil
and Miss Prym karya Paulo Coelho, seorang penulis novel kelahiran Rio de
Janeiro, Brasil. Sebelum menjadi penulis, dia bekerja sebagai sutradara teater dan
seorang jurnalis.
Elemen yang saya analisa dalam novel ini adalah tema melalui konflik
batin yang dialami oleh beberapa karakter, keputusan yang dibuat oleh karakter
tersebut setelah mengalami konflik batin, dan pada akhirnya konsekuensi yang
harus ditanggung oleh setiap karakter dari keputusan yang mereka buat.
Dari hasil analisa ini, saya bisa melihat bahwa para karakter dalam novel
ini harus memilih antara ego dan hati nuraninya. Selalu ada pergulatan antara
yang baik dan jahat yang tidak bisa dihindari dalam diri mereka. Mereka hanya
bisa memilih di mana posisi mereka dan harus menerima konsekuensi dari setiap
keputusan yang telah mereka buat.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
SYNOPSIS OF THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM
Viscos is a small village where people are friendly and religious. People in
Viscos are worried that they are going to be the last generation of farmers in that
mountain village. Sooner or later, machines and technologies will replace the
farmers. The village itself perhaps will be sold to a multinational corporation and
changed into a ski resort.
In that situation, a stranger comes into the village and offers eleven pieces
of gold to a citizen of Viscos named Chantal. In order to posses this gold, Chantal
or the people in the village must kill a person in the village. The stranger wants to
prove whether human is basically good or evil.
The people in the village accept the offer. They decide to kill Berta, who is
the oldest person in the village. When they are ready to kill Berta with their gun,
they realize that they are making a mistake. Finally they decide not to kill Berta
and reject the offer from the stranger.
The stranger finds the answer to his question that human beings are
actually born to be good. So, he thanks Chantal for helping him find the answer.
As a reward, he gives all the gold to Chantal. In the end, Chantal can leave the
village and all of her dreams come true.
21
Maranatha Christian University
BIOGRAPHY
Paulo Coelho was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1947.
Before he dedicated his life to literature, he worked as a theatre director and actor,
lyricist and journalist. He very interested about spiritual quest.
Coelho writes each story in a beautiful language, poetic prose and
symbolism. Most of his books tell about love, devotion, sacrifice and struggle to
find the right path in life.
His first book, Hell Archives, failed to make any impact. However, he
succeds with his other works including Brida (1990), The Valkyries (1992), By
the River of Piedra I Sat Down and Wept (1994), The Fifth Mountain (1996),
Manual of a Warrior of Light (1997), Veronika Decides to Dies (1998), The Devil
and Miss Prym (2000), The Complication of Traditional Tales in Stories for
Parents, Children and Grand Children (2001), Eleven Minutes (2003), The Zahir
(2005).
Up to now, Coelho has sold a total of 75 million copies and in 2003, his
book Eleven Minutes was considered the best-seller according to the Magazine
Publishing Trend. Coelho other work, The Alchemist is one of the most important
literary phenomena of 20th century.
Source: “Biography”
22
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
“Literature is a form of human expression” (Rexroth). It can be in the form
of stories, poems, and plays that revolve around a particular topic. Most of them
are concerned with the realities in life, for example love, happiness, death, and
many more. According to Perrine, literature can give us a picture of life, which
can enlarge our understanding about this world. “Interpretive literature takes us,
through the imagination, deeper into the real world: it enables us to understand
our trouble” (Perrine 4). It means a literary work can teach us about what life
really is and give some deep moral advice.
Every literary genre, namely prose, poetry, and drama are very interesting
to read but I decide to analyze novel instead of other literary genres because novel
is very refreshing to read. “The novel deals with human character in a social
situation” (Taormina). Novel gives us complete details about the characters, the
situation, and the problem in the story, which makes it easier for me as a reader to
understand the main point of the story.
1
Maranatha Christian University
There are many types of novel such as thriller, romance, or science fictions
and many more. Each type of novel has a unique story which expresses the
writers’ idea. “The interpretive writer is a discoverer: he takes us to the midst of
life and says, look here the world!” (Perrine 4). One of the interpretive writers
who give us a meaningful story is Paulo Coelho.
I choose Paulo Coelho because he is one of the authors who writes a lot of
great novels and I choose his novel to be analyzed because most of his novels
become bestselling books. Paulo Coelho is a famous Brazilian author. Since he
published The Alchemist, many readers admire his works. Coelho has sold over
100 million books in over 150 countries (“Biography”).
Among all his works, I choose The Devil and Miss Prym. It is a story
about a young woman who has to struggle between good and evil to achieve her
happiness. This story is full of conflicts and also the characters try to find the
answer about what is the essence of human being. As a result, I become very
interested to analyze this novel.
In this thesis, I want to analyze theme through inner conflicts which has
been experienced by the characters in the story. According to Perrine’s Story and
Structure, “conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills” (Perrine 42).
“The central conflict and its outcome” (Perrine 110) create an excitement for
readers. In my opinion, the inner conflicts in this novel are important issues to
analyze because it can reveal the main idea of the story. According to Perrine’s
Story and Structure, inner conflict is “conflict with some element in his own
nature (man against himself)” (Perrine 42). From the inner conflicts which are
experienced by the characters, I can see how the characters must struggle between
2
Maranatha Christian University
good and evil and how they solve their inner conflicts in order to reach their true
happiness.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problems are stated as follows:
1. What is the theme of the work entitled The Devil and Miss Prym?
2. How do the inner conflicts help in revealing the theme?
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Based on the statement of the problem above, this study is done:
1. To show the theme of the work in The Devil and Miss Prym.
2. To show how do the inner conflicts help in revealing the theme.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
The method of research used in this study is library research. I start my
research by reading The Devil and Miss Prym as the primary text. Secondary
reading such as Story and Structure, How to Analyze Fiction and Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English are also included in my
research. I also read and compile some texts that are taken from the internet.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
This thesis
consists of
four chapters.
The
thesis
starts with
Acknowledgement, Table of Contents and Abstract. The first chapter is the
Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, the Statement of the
3
Maranatha Christian University
Problems, the Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research, and the
Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the Analysis of Theme through Inner
Conflicts in Paulo’s Coelho The Devil and Miss Prym. The last chapter is the
Conclusion. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendices, which
contain the Synopsis of The Devil and Miss Prym and the Biography of the Paulo
Coelho.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the novel, I am of the opinion that the novel is very
exciting to read and to analyze since it is written by Paulo Coelho, who is not only
one of the most widely-read authors but also one of the most influential authors
today. In The Devil and Miss Prym, he tries to give a real description about the
obstacle which is faced by human beings in deciding their paths.
The novel reveals the inner conflicts that are faced by the characters in the
story. They struggle to choose between the bad and good sides inside them. To
solve their inner conflicts, I can see clearly that they choose to decide what is best
for them at that time and based on their free will.
Coelho gives us an example of an individual's choice in the case of
Chantal, the stranger, the priest and the villagers. Chantal is described as a young
beautiful girl who will do almost anything to get out from the village. Chantal,
who is described as a bad character in the story, can take a good action. She can
make a good decision and follow the good side inside her.
17
Maranatha Christian University
The stranger is described as a successful businessman and a religious man
but he decides to take revenge because of his dead family. He gives the villagers
of Viscos a terrible offer. He knows that his offer for the villagers is a bad thing
because the villagers must kill an innocent person to fulfil his desire but he
chooses to continue his action instead of stopping it.
The priest, who is described to be a very religious man in the village, turns
out to take a shocking decision. He has to decide whether to accept the stranger’s
offer or not. As a religious man, he knows that the stranger’s offer is a terrible
offer because he must kill an innocent person in the village and that action is
forbidden by his religion. But instead of following his religious side, he chooses
to accept the stranger’s offer and agree to kill an innocent person.
The villagers, who are described as good and trusting people, turn out to
take an awful decision. They decide to kill Bertha just to fulfil their dreams
although in the end, they choose not to carry on with their decision.
From those explanations, I can understand the message that the author tries
to give to us as readers. No matter what we are, either a bad person or a good
person, we can make a decision based on our free will. The characters in the novel
could represent anyone who faces the same obstacle when he has to make a
decision. Each person has his own demons to battle with. There is a time in one’s
life when the evil side rules his life and the good side seems so far away. When
one is in that position, there are only two options: follow his evil side or choose
the better side. Everyone has that choice and it is up to him to take his stand and
decide what he will do. It also has a correlation with the theme of the story “every
18
Maranatha Christian University
human being has freedom to choose but he must accept the consequences of his
choice”.
The author in this novel is not trying to decide whether humans are bad or
good, but he tries to give us a real example about human being's position between
good and evil. Human beings are standing in the middle of the two opposite sides
and they can choose either. Human beings always suffer from inner conflicts,
always live between two options whether to follow their evil or good side.
Whatever the answer, it is clear that from the very beginning, the human race has
been destined to exist within the eternal division. Humans are always moving
between those two opposing poles. Everyone is challenged to prove their courage
and willingness to change. When one chooses his attitude towards life, he can
affect his surroundings. One can choose to live a guilt-ridden life and always
complain about everything or one can live a free-from-guilt life and create his
own paradise. It is just a matter of choice.
In this story, Coelho also wants to tell the readers that one must be
responsible for one’s decision because there is always a consequence for every
decision that one makes in life. One must be brave to accept whatever the
consequence is from our decision.
19
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary text
Coelho, Paulo. The Devil and Miss Prym. New York: Harper Collins, 2000.
References
“Biography”. PauloCoelho. 2009.10 Aug. 2009.
< http://www.paulocoelho.com/engl/bio.shtml>
Hornby, As., Cowie, Ap., and Gimson, Ac. Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press, 1974.
Perrine, Laurence. Story and Structure. New York: Harcourt and Jovanovich
Company, 1959.
Rexroth, Kenney. “The Art of Literature”. Bopsecrets. 2004. 10 Aug. 2009.
Taormina, Agatha. “Definition of the Novel”. Nvcc. 2005. 10 Aug. 2009.
20
Maranatha Christian University