Tolstoy`s war ideology as reflected through the characterization of Hadji Murad in Tolstoy`s Hadji Murad.

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TOLSTOY’S WAR IDEOLOGY AS REFLECTED THROUGH
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HADJI MURAD IN
TOLSTOY’S HADJI MURAD
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of SarjanaSastra
in English Letters

By
Abram Widi Wibawa
Student Number: 064214084

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TOLSTOY’S WAR IDEOLOGY AS REFLECTED THROUGH
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HADJI MURAD IN
TOLSTOY’S HADJI MURAD
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of SarjanaSastra
in English Letters

By
Abram Widi Wibawa
Student Number: 064214084

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

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to my beloved
“family”

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank for Jesus Christ whose name I mention in my heart
every time I need to remember the existance of a bigger power above myself.
Thank you for always being in my mind.
Very much thank I have to say to my advisor, Drs. HirmawanWijanarka,
M. Hum who does not only care about my thesis but motivates me a lot as well. A
have to say very much thank also to Mrs. Adventina Putranti. S. S. M. Hum. who
has given her time to read and revise my thesis.
The greatest thanks are for my family. To my father, Titus Harno Wibowo,
I thank you for your advice so that I can be who I am now. To my mother and my
friend (sometimes), Sunarti, for always supporting me with love and care. Also, to
my little brother and sister, Driaz Trias Moro Jati and Nindya Kurniawati for
always being good friends and enemies at home. I thank for every support that all
of you give to me. It will be the precious treasure for the rest of my life.
Big thanks are also presented to Via, Cristina Laviani Tinambunan. as the
one who has supported me in every situation. To my friends in Media Sastra,
Andreas Teguh, Wahmuji, Wahyu Ginting, Sugeng Utomo, etc, they are the man
who teaches me more about how is life. For Alwi and all friends who helped me
to organize the format and grammar; Acong, damar, Ibank, and for my friends in
English Letters 2006. It has been fabulous time spent with you all.

Abram Widi Wibawa

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I honestly declared that this thesis, Tolstoy’s War Ideology as Reflected
Through the Charaterization of Hadji Murad in Tolstoy’s Hadji Murad,
which I have written, does not contain the work of parts of the work of other
people, except those cited in the quotations and references, as scientific paper
should.

Yogyakarta, 20 January 2013

Abram Widi Wibawa

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya, mahasiswa Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Abram Widi Wibawa

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 064214084

Demi penembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
“Tolstoy’s War Ideology as Reflected Through the Charaterization of Hadji
Murad in Tolstoy’s Hadji Murad” beserta perangkat yang diperlukan.
Dengan demikian saya memberikan saya kepada Perpustakaan Universitas
Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,

mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan
mempublikasikannya di internet atau di media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya ataupun memberikan royalti kepada saya
selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 20 Januari 2013
Yang menyatakan,

Abram Widi Wibawa

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………..
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………....
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………..........

DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ...................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….…
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………..
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………….

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………. 1

A. Background of the Study ……………………………………… 1
B. Problems Formulation ………………………………………… 8
C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….. 8
D. Definition of Terms ………………………………….............. 8
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………….... 11
A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………….. 11
B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………… 14
1. Theory of Character and Charterization …………………... 14
2. Tolstoy’s Biography ...........…………………………........ 20
C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………….. 22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………….. 24
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………. 24
B. Approach of the Study ………………………….…………….. 25
C. Method of the Study …………………………………………... 27
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS……………………………………………… 28
A. The Characterization of the Main Character ........................... 28
1. Physical Characteristics of Murad …………….................. 28
2. Murad’s Personality …………........................................... 31
a. Courageus .................................................................... 31
b. Not Afraid of Death ..................................................... 38

c. Affectionate ................................................................. 42
d. Rational ........................................................................ 44
B. Hadji Murad as a Reflection of Tolstoy …….......................... 49
1. Murad as a Molodets .......................................................... 50
2. Murad as a Pacifist .............................................................. 53

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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ……………………………………........ 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………. 59
APPENDIX …………………………………………………………….... 60
Synopsis of the Story………………………………...................... 60

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ABSTRACT

ABRAM WIDI WIBAWA. Tolstoy’s War Ideology as Reflected through the
Characterization of Hadji Murad in the Conflict of Chechnya in Tolstoy’s Hadji
Murad. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters. Sanata
Dharma University, 2013.
One type of the literary works is a true story which happens on war
situation. Count (Leo) Tolstoy writes his last works entitle Hadji Murad. Hadji
Murad contains war and personal conflict inside. In war situation, a good decision
is very important. Hadji Murad as a major character did it because some people
are dependent on it.
This thesis is aimed to find Hadji murad’s characteristic which will appear
when facing the war. There are two problems in the analysis; first is how the main
character (Murad) is characterized in the novel and, second how Hadji Murad
reflects Tolstoy’s ideology related to the conflict of Chechnya.
Based on the problems, the researcher will analize the main character from
the physical up to the non physical characteristics. Some steps applied in this
study are collecting the data, doing close reading, gaining the data necessary to
answer the problem formulations, reading and revealing the unruly characteristics
of Murad, and exploring the similarity between Hadji Murad’s ideology and Leo
Tolstoy’s. Historical and biographical approach was used by the researcher of this

research.
There are two main conflicts faced by the main character in the novel.
They are war and personal conflicts. Hadji Murad faces both conflicts quite
extraordinaryly. First , the researcher found that his eyes, smile, and clothes
represented his personality. He was calm, loved freedom, but brave in facing the
problem with considering the risk. Finally, the researcher clarifies the main
character’s characteristics that reflect Tolstoy’s pacifist and molodets idea.

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ABSTRAK
ABRAM WIDI WIBAWA. Tolstoy’s War Ideology as Reflected Through the
Characterization of Hadji Murad in the Conflict of Chechnya in Tolstoy’s Hadji
Murad Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra. Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2013.
Salah satu bentuk dari karya sastra adalah cerita nyata yang diambil
dengan setting perang. Count (Leo) Tolstoy menulis karya terakhir dalam bentuk
novel yang berjudul Hadji Murad. Novel ini berisi cerita tentang konflik
peperangan dan konflik personal. Dalam kehidupan sehari hari, membuat suatu
keputusan adalah hal yang umum. Bagaimanapun juga, seseorang tidak selamanya
berurusan dengan hal yang sepele. Kadang seseorang harus berurusan dengan hal
yang lebih serius yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan orang lain ataupun
kepentingan diri sendiri. Dalam kasus ini, orang tersebut harus membuat
keputusan yang tepat dikarenakan banyak nyawa manusia bergantung pada
keputusan tersebut. Untuk hal itu, mengetahui motif seseorang merupakan hal
penting untuk mengerti keputusan yang diambil oleh orang tersebut.
Skripsi ini dimaksudkan untuk memeriksa sifat-sifat yang ada dalam
karakter Hadji Murad dalam mengadapi perang. Ada dua permasalahan yang
dimunculkan dalam analisa ini; yang pertama adalah bagaimana karakteristik dari
Hadji Murad, sedangkan yang kedua adalah bagaimana karakteristik tersebut
menggambarkan sudut sudut pandang Tostoy yang berhubungan dengan konflik
yang ada di Chechnya.
Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, peneliti akan menganalisis karakteristik
dari tokoh utama baik dari segi fisik maupun non-fisik. Metodologi yang peneliti
pakai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah kajian pustaka. Beberapa langkah yang
digunakan adalah mengumpulkan data, membaca secara mendalam,
mengembangkan data yang bersangkutan dengan masalah yang diformulasikan,
membaca dan membuka secara mendalam karakteristik dari Murad, dan
mengeksplorasi kesamaan ideologi antara Hadji Murad dan Leo Tolstoy.
Pendekatan yang digunakan oleh penelitiadalah pendekatan melalui sejarah.
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan (sejarah dan riwayat hidup penulis). Hanya ada
satu teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisa topic diatas dan teori tersebut yang
akan digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi kesamaan karakteristiknya.
Ada dua konflik utama yang dihadapi oleh karakter dalam novel ini,
konflik perang dan konlik personal. Dari dua konflik yang terjadi karakter Hadji
Murad mensikapinya dengan luar biasa. Yang pertama adalah melihat dari
karakter fisiknya. Mata, senyum, dan pakaiannya merepresentasikan
kepribadiannya. Dia tenang, cinta damai, tapi tetang berani dalam menghadapi
apapun dengan menanggung semua resikonya. Akhirnya, saya mengklasifikasikan
karakteristik dari sang karakter utama mencerminkan ide pacifist dan molodets
menurut Leo Tolstoy.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study
In the 18-19th century, Russia was a big country. Russia colonized Poland,
Ukraine, and other countries in Asia. Caucasus war in Chechnya was one
example. Ghazy Mollah, Gamzat, and Shamil were the Chechen who tried to
make resistance. Shamil was the heroic one. He could defense from Russian
attack which was led by Voronstov. That happened in 1840-1843. Merged with
the Chechen, Shamil they won a war at That Few big-time. “The capture of the
Muslim ‘freedom fighter’ Shamil, in 1859 may be seen as the beginning of the
end for active armed resistence to Russian power” (Lieven: 2006:41).
However the glory was not long. The internal conflict with the leader of
communal prayer started in 1840 and became a serious conflict. Shamil’s ruthless
feudal made the mountaineers angry. The social contradiction also grew and
became acute. Then the Farmers leave Shamil slowly. The internal conflict which
happened in Chechnya also made the rebellion by Shamil’s fellows. In 1859
Shamil was arrested by Russia. The Caucasus war happened until 1864 and was
ended by the Tsar's declaration.
Besides the colonization, Russia had also produced a number of writers
such as Puskin and V. F. Odoevskii. One of the famous writer was Tolstoy. Count
Lev (Leo) Nikolayevich Tolstoy was a famous writer in his era till now. He was
born on August 28, 1828, in Yasnaya Polyana (Bright Glade). When he was

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young, Tolstoy enjoyed a privileged childhood typical of his elevated social class.
Then he showed a gift for languages as well as fondness of literature including
fairy tales, poems of Pushkin and the Bible, especially the Old Testament’s story
of Joseph.
Tolstoy became a major writer when he wrote for Contemporary, a
Petersburg journal at 1852. He wrote novels for children. After that he became
active in writing novels and short stories. Tolstoy remained to be one ofthe most
important 19th century writers. He had written numerous fictions, journalistic
essays, and educational textbooks. His golden age was when he published Anna
Karenina and War and Peace. Hadji Murad is also one of Tolstoy’s works.
Tolstoy also joined the war. He joined in Crimean and Caucasus wars.
Tolstoy joined his older brother Nikolay, an army lieutenant participating in the
Caucasian campaign. Tolstoy came in Caucasus at the age of twenty three. He
joined the war as a volunteer. There he served for two years as a cadet and finally
he became an officer. Tolstoy met Hadji Murad in Tiflis in December 1851.
Tidak dapat disangsikan bahwa Tolstoi adalah patriot bagi bangsanya.
Ingat bahwa ia secara sukarela pernah terjun dalam perang Krim (18531856) melawan Turki yang dibantu oleh Inggris, Perancis, dan
Sirdinia…ingat juga novel adikaryanya Viona I mir (Perang dan Damai),
merawikan kemenangan rakyat Rusia dalam menangkis serbuan tentara
Napoleon (1805-1814). (Koesalah S. Toer; page 5)
“It cannot be doubted that Tolstoy was a patriotic man for his
nation. Remember that he voluntarily went to Krim war (1853-1856) that
assisted the British against Turkey, France and Sardinia...Remember the
masterpiece Voina I mirn (War and Peace), that told about people's victory
in fending off Russian military invasion of Napoleon(1805-1814).
(Koesalah S. Toer; page 5, the researcher’s translation).

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Koesalah S. Toer in his introduction gave a statement to describe Tolstoy. In his
point of view Tolstoy was a patriotic man for his nation. Remember that he
voluntarily went to Krim war (1853-1856) that assisted the British against Turkey,
France and Sardinia...Remember the masterpiece Voina I mirn (War and Peace),
that told about people's victory in fending off Russian military invasion of
Napoleon.
After the Crimean War (1854-55), he built and organized over 20 schools
for poor people in Russia. At that time the secret police began surveillance and
sought his home. In 1862, he married Sofia Andreevna Bers, and fathered 13
children with his wife. Four of their babies died, and the couple raised the
remaining nine children. His wife was also his literary secretary, and also
contributed to his best works, "War and Peace" (1863-69) and "Anna Karenina"
(1873-77). In "Confession" (1879) Tolstoy revealed his own version of
Christianity, blended with socialism that won him many followers.
In 1902 Tolstoy wrote a letter to the Tsar, calling for social justice to
prevent a civil war, and in 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Tolstoy wrote a
condemnation of war. The Tsar replied by increasing police surveillance on
Tolstoy. In November of 1910 he left his estate, probably taking the path of a
wandering ascetic, which he had been pursuing for decades. He left home without
explanations and took a train, and died at the remote station of Astopovo because
of pnumonia. He was burried at his estate.
One of Tolstoy’s works of literature was Hadji Murad. The story told
about the conflict between Russia and Chechnya, with Hadji Murad as a

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protagonist character. Tolstoy wrote the book after he joined a war in Caucasus,
Chechnya in 1851. Tolstoy wrote Hadji Murad between 1896–1904 but it was
published posthumously in 1912. It was Tolstoy’s final work.
“I have done nothing but copy out Hadji Murad’, countess Tolstoy wrote
in her journal in 1909, a year before herhusbands death” (Tolstoy:2003:8)
Hadji Murad was a true story, and the characters were actual persons,
including Shamil, Nikolas (Tsar of Russia), and Murad himself. During the
nineteenth century, Russia was a big country that colonized some countries in
Europe and Asia. This novel told that Russia colonized Caucasus, a part of Asia.
With the war as a social background, the literature works commonly told about
issue related to war, such as nationalism, patriotism, or the war itself. By writing
Hadji Murad, Tolstoy wanted to show his ideology in war.
Aylmer Maude said ‘Tolstoy makes us feel how repugnant to him were
the customary ways of the life we call "civilised," with its selfishness and selfindulgence’ (Tolstoy: 2003: 17). Hadji Murad implicitly showed how Russian
authority acted to people in Chechnya and people lived in the mountains.
Hadji Murad, Tolstoy’s novel translated by Koesalah Soebagyo Toer,
wrote in the preface of the novel:
dalam Hadji Murat ia justru mengetengahkan tokoh Haji Murat dari
Chechnya yang cinta kemerdekaan, melawan Rusia yang waktu itu berada
di bawah kekuasaan Tsar Nikolai I. (Koesalah S. Toer; page 5)
he was explored Hadji Murad from Chechen who loves freedom, against
the Russians that under the rule of Tsar Nikolai I” (Koesalah S. Toer; page
5, the researcher’s translation).

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A patriot and a person who loves freedom was a characteristic of Murad that
Koesalah S. Toer wanted to show in his introduction of Haji Murad (Indonesian
version). While at that time, Chechnya was under attacked by Russia.
“the key to Hadji Murad is emphaty, a quality that goes beyond any
political, social, or cultural boundaries,” (Tolstoy:2003:12)
Based on that context, the researcher wanted to analyze what kind of justice and
humanity, the researcher thought that Tolstoy wanted to share with the readers
through the Hadji Murad novel.
Hadji Murad, a Chechen who hostiled with his leader (Shamil) and fled to
Russia for safety. Murad used a moderate way to solve his problem, without
making a war. He came to Russia, asked for help, and waited there. Several
months later, while attempting to rescue his family from Shamil’s prison; Hadji
Murad was pursued by those whom he betrayed, after fighting, he died.
The interesting thing in Murad’s story was the religious fervor of selfabnegation and the willingness for self-sacrifice to his beloved. Throughout the
novel, Murad represented a man who loved peace, justice, and humanism and
considers them more important than nationality.Standing between Shamil and
Nikolas, Murad has his own ideology on war.
The researcher choosed this novel because it was contained the values of
patriotism and humanism. Azar Nafisi said;
“Tolstoy had written to his friend Goldenweiser that "a good work of art,
can in its entirety be expressed only by itself." In Tolstoy's best fiction and
Hadji Murád is among the best a fictional occurrence gains the feel and
texture of real experience.” (Tolstoy:2003:8)

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In Hadji Murad, the description given was based on the actual situation. Tolstoy
showed lot of settings that made the reader felt as if they were inside the story.
One of the examples is when the horsemen pursuing Murad met Russian army and
were involved in shooting. The scene was described clearly that it might be
interpreted in various ways regarding the nature of war and how it affected the
army or people involved in the battle.
The interesting thing throughout the story was that the character of Murad
was described as being in the middle of two other contrasting characters, Shamil
(representing Chechnya) and Nikolas (representing Russia).
The second reason why the researcher choosed this novel is the Indonesian
translation version of Hadji Murad by Koesalah Soebagyo Toer was destroyed by
the Indonesian authority.
Novel ini sudah pernah saya terjemahkan ke bahasa Indonesia tahun 1968,
tapi naskah terjemahan itu disita oleh militer waktu saya ditahan akhir
tahun itu, dan dengan sendirinya hilang. (Toer: 2009: 5)
In 1968, I have translated this novel into Bahasa Indonesia, but it was
taken by Indonesian military and I was arrested in the end of the year. The
translated novel then just disappeared. (The researcher translation)
The novel was dismissed and the translator was arrested probably because that
was conveyed in the book was considered to be offending to the prevailing
regime, the new order of Soeharto’s authority.
Historical and biographical approach was used in this thesis because the
researcher wants to study the society and the behavior based on the parallel
reading of literary and non-literary texts of the same historical period. By looking

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at the condition of Chechnya and Russia and also emphasize on the struggle of
Hadji Murad, the researcher used the historical and biographical approach to
analyze how the relation of Leo Tolstoy’s background toward Hadji Murad and
also the conditions of the society and how the occurring war affected the
characterization of Hadji Murad.
Ririenz, a Hadji Murad’s reader gave an opinion about Tolstoy in bahasa
Indonesia. She appreciated Tolstoy in Tolstoy’s ability to mixing the facts of
history and his imagination into vivid literature language without damaging or
changing the esessence, also he could explore the humanity and social sides of a
great hero when faced by the choices between family and country.
Tolstoy meramu fakta-fakta sejarah dan imajinasinya ke dalam bahasa
sastra yang gamblang tanpa merusak atau merubah essensinya. Ia mampu
mengeksplor sisi humanisme dan sosialime seorang pahlawan besar ketika
dihadapkan pada pilihan apakah keluarganya ataukah negaranya yang
lebih penting.( http://www.goodreads.com)
Tolstoy was mixing the facts of history and his imagination into vivid
literature language without damaging or changing the esessence. He was
able to explore the humanity and social sides of a great hero when faced
by the choices between family and country. (http://www.goodreads.com
the researcher’s translation)
From Ririenz’s opinion in goodread.com above, there were two different
focuses that the researcher gets. The first response was when she said that Tolstoy
was very good at making his originals words and mixing them with his
imagination. Tolstoy also described a situation well. The movement of a soldier,
and the environment and the drama were made very close. The second, she
explored the side of Tolstoy's humanism and socialism. With the background of

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war, Hadji Murad told how a great hero of Chechya who loved freedom, against
Russia who was then under the rule of Tsar Nikolai I.
After reading some comments and criticism on Hadji Murad and Tolstoy,
the researcher expected that the thesis will contribute a different point of that there
was more important thing than war.
B. Problem Formulation
Two problems to analyze are formulated as follows:
1. How is the main character ( Hadji Murad) characterized in the novel?
2. How does Hadji Murad reflect Tolstoy’s ideology related to the conflict of
Chechnya?
C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective was to figure out the main character’s characteristics
and behaviors. The results of the first objective would be the foundation for the
second objective of the study. After obtaining the foundation of the first
objectives, the researcher will analyzed the second problem. This second problem
focused on seeing Murad ideology of war which reflected Tolstoy’s ideology of
war.
D. Definition of Term
In order to have a better understanding, the writer needs to define the
terms “reflection”, “ideology”, “molodets”, and “pacifist”.

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Reflection
According to Webster’s Deluxe Unabridged Dictionary reflection means:
The fixing of the mind of some subjects; serious thought; contemplation.
(Dorset&Baber: 1972: 1517)

The researcher uses the fifth from five meaning of reflection because the
fifth give brief explanation toward the researcher idea.
Ideology
Roy C. Macridis in Contemporary Political Ideologies stated the meaning
of ideology as follows: “Ideology has been defined as “a set of closely related
beliefs, or idea, or even attitudes, characteristic of group or community”
(Macridis: 1992: 2). Ideology means the science of ideas that becomes a
foundation of a concept.
Molodets
Molodets according to Donna Tursing Orwin in Annivesary Essay on Tolstoy
means:
a youth fine in body and spirit. The word molodechestvo with its abstract
suffix ‘stvo’ indicates the essence of such a youth, so it should be, and
fundamentally is, positive. Although the concept is applied quite frequently in
a broader context, in folk poetry it is associated with war: the heroes of
Russian epic folk poetry are called molodtsy, usually with the epithet “fine”
(dobrye) attached. A frequent synonym for the word is udalets, another
difficult word to translate that refers to courage and skill, often, though not
always, in battle. (Orwin: 2010: 78)

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Pacifist
According to the Webster Deluxe Unabridged Dictionary; “Pacifist is a person
who advocates pacifism; one opposed to war or the use of force” (Dorset: 1972:
1283). Pacifism itself means:
Opposition to all war and armed hostility; belief that nation or
international disputes should be settled by peaceful means rather than by
force or war. (Dorset: 1972: 1283)

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEWS
A. Reviews of Related Studies
There are only a few researchers who have worked on this novel with the
similar discourse employed in this study. They concentrate on the same intrinsic
element that this research is working on. They are the main character (Murad) and
how Murad is described by Tolstoy.
“Hadji Murad is the best there is in his universe-whether Caucasian or
Russian-at every attribute that matters: daring, horsemanship,
resourcefulness, leadership, vision of reality. No other hero or epic or
saga, ancient or modern, is quite equal to him, or nearly like likable. As
Hadji Murad dies, he is purged of pity, anger, and desire. And so is
Tolstoy. And so are we. That Tolstoy, of all writers, could imagine a death
at once so appropriate and so unlike his own dread of death is an
unexpected and reassuring triumph for aesthetic dignity.” (Bloom:
1994:349)
Harold Bloom, in his 1994 dissertation, The Western Canon, stated that Murad
has a lot of characteristics that showed his skill and courage, and also his bravery
to face death which was often said as “vision of reality”. One of this characteristic
is the molodets ideology and this is also the young Tolstoy’s ideology.
Koesalah Soebagyo Toer, the translator of Hadji Murad into Bahasa
Indonesia, mentioned about Tolstoy’s pacifist ideology reflected by the character,
Murad.
“Dalam Hadji Murad ia justru mengetengahkan tokoh Hadji Murad dari
Chechnya yang cinta kemerdekaan.

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Dari sini kelihatan, bagi Tolstoi, setidak-tidaknya dalam novel ini dan di
usia lanjutnya, keadilan dan kemanusiaan lebih penting dari pada tanah
air.” (Toer: 2009: 6)
“In Hadji Murad he precisely presents the character Hadji Murad from
Chechnya who loves freedom.
It seems, for Tolstoi, at least in this novel and in his later years, justice and
humanity is more important than nationality.” (The Reseacher’s
Translation)
Toer from the data above shown the similarity between the main character and
Tolstoy. Murad who loved freedom and Tolstoy who was in his later years, justice
and humanity was more important than nationality.
The idea of pacifist is anti war but understands the role of human being.
Hadji Murad, in the novel, loved freedom. Harold Bloom also mentioned;
Hadji Murad is mature, unambiguous, potent without savagery. More
sublimely vital than Achilles, he equals Odysseus in craft and in
diplomacy. (Bloom: 1994: 338)
In his point of view, Murad was not a ruthless character “potent without
savagery”, although, he lives in the war situation. “Diplomacy”, according to
him,was also other option or solution to push down the war.
Although the story was terminated by the death of Murad, the researcher
thought that point of view, hadji Murad was a figure who never gived up, wised,
braved and he prefered to found win-win solution over war.
The young Tolstoy has his own idea about war. Like Murad, young
Tolstoy was a molodets. Donna Tursing Orwin in Anniversary Essay on Tolstoy
tells:
“Experienced soldiers like Nikolai Tolstoy know what war is, and courage
for them, as in the case of Captain Khlopov in “The Raid,” consists in

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keeping their cool. Hence in 1900, Tolstoy praised his brother for his
“astonishing presence of mind” during the engagement of February 18,
1852. War blows away the imagined defenses of the young.
On the other hand, for molodtsy, war as “blood, suffering, and death”
poses the ultimate challenge to their manhood. This is one reason why
Nikolai Tolstoy “loved” it. (Orwin: 2010: 83).
The basic characteristics of molodets above are the portrayal of a young Tolstoy's
ideology about war and how the attitude of a warrior in facing a war. Courage and
skill in war are good to have. The spirit and the bravery in facing everything in
war are should be the main of fundamental principle.
In Tolstoy’s development of life, he owns new ideology about war, which
is pacifist. While Murad brought an idea that “war that was not the main idea and
there’s always another way to solve the problem”, Tolstoy hates the war but he
understands that it is part of human life. Therefore, he gave literary work which
contain about anti-war.
“Tolstoy, advocate of conscientious war resistance and author of the
greatest war fiction in modern times, hated war but understood its role in
human life.” (Orwin: 2010: 76)
At the same page, the researcher also found Tolstoy’s statement about the pacifist
idea.
“A draft of his first one, “The Raid” (1853), defines war as “murder,”
while the patriotic “Sevastopol in December” (1855) calls it “blood,
suffering, and death.” War seemed evil to him for religious reasons, and in
the final chapter of “Sevastopol in May” (1855) he asks how “all those
[Christians] who profess the same great law of love and self-sacrifice”
could fight one other.” (Orwin: 2010: 76).
The expository above clearly explains Tolstoy’s ideology that "war seems evil to
him" and he asks how “all those [Chr istians] who profess the same great law of
love and self-sacrifice” could fight one another.

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Harold Bloom claims Hadji Murad as "my personal Touchstone for the
sublime of prose fiction, to me the best story in the world, or at least the best I
have ever read."(Bloom: 1994: 336). Bloom praises that Hadji Murad is the best
work he ever read. It is a simple story about a warrior who actually exists in
reality and is packed very interestingly by Tolstoy. Harold Bloom made this work
popular by many people through his statement above. After read most of the
Western Cannon of Bloom and found the statement, the reader started to read
Hadji Murad.
B. Reviews of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
M.H. Abrams, in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms (1981) defined
characters as:
“Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who
are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and disposition
qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue- and by what
they do-the actions” (Abrams: 1981: 20).
Thus, character was one of many ways to analyze literary works that have
message to be conveyed. The characters were given a specific background and
specific characteristics for facing a problem provided by the author in a literary
work. Literary writers commonly used character’s dialogues, acts, and everyday
use to create a character that the author wanted. After giving what is commonly
used to describe a character, there should be supporting factors to strengthen the
image of the character itself. So, there was condition or setting of the place, time,
and social conditions that can strengthen the character created by the author of the

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literary work. It would be a strong continuity relationships between the character
and the condition.
Character theory was often used by researchers to see author’s point of
view in literary work and to hypnotize the reader. Thoughout the characters were
made to be sad, strong, or have a good habit. It could not be doubted that a first
reader or Researchers, who reads work of literature, would see how the character
was built. The character was basically a living creature in which they could have
feeling although that was only an elementary in literary work. It can be closer to
reality if a literary work is based on a true story. In this case is Hadji Murad who
is analyzed by the researcher.
In a literary work, basic usage is commonly divided into two parts. As we
know, there are the protagonist and antagonist characters. W.J. Harvey in his book
Character and the Novel, makes details of character. He makes three types of
characters “Nevertheless, for convenience we could group most characters into
three categories” (Harvey: 1965: 56). Those are protagonist, background
characters, and social content.
The protagonist character must be considered by the reader. This is
because, the protagonist character itself has an important role in the storyline.
“Those characters whose motivation and history are most fully established,
who conflict and change as the story progresses, who engage our
responses more fully and steadily, in a way more complex though not
necessarily more vivid than other characters.” (Harvey: 1965: 56)
The protagonist character must be explained deeply by the author so the readers
can gain a clear perspective from the author. It could not be doubted also if the
protagonist character is the focus of a story. We could see it clearly when we tried

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to analyze the way of a story. If we try to define the protagonist character, we can
take the example of Hadji Murad. In this novel, we can see the protagonist
character from it’s title. Novel’s title shows the name of the character that will be
told in the novel.
As noted before, the supporting characters are background characters or,
for the simple idea, are the characters that support the main character’s
characterization. A background character is a supporting character that is
presented by the author to accompany the protagonist characters in ‘his journey’
in the story.
“These may, I have said, be allowed a moment of intensity and
depth, but equally they may be almost entirely anonymous, voices rather
than individualized characters. Singly they may be merely useful cogs in
the mechanism of the plot collectively they may establish themselves as a
chorus to the main action.” (Harvey: 1965: 56).
In Hadji Murad background characters appear very clearly. They can appear as
the friend of Murad or the Russian people that influence the storyline itself. For
example, Shamil or Murad’s murid who are Edgar and Khan Mahoma, and the
Russian who are Nikolas, Voronstov, Avdeev, Butler, Mary Vasilevna, etc.
Background character in a work has very little information about their character.
Literary authors only provide gender, clothing, physical appearance, etc. but not
describe them as detail as the main character. The social setting itself is used to
understand the social content and the character relationship base on the setting.
“This social setting is one of the most important of all human contexts, and while
the novelist can do a great deal by way of direct description and analysis”
(Harvey: 1965: 56). A handbook To Literature; fifth edition says ‘most great

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dramas and novels have dynamic characters as protagonist. Short stories are more
likely to reveal statics characters through action than to show changes in dynamic
characters resulting from actions’.(Holman:1986:83)
The researcher also uses E.M. Forster as the basic reference to analyze the
characters. As Holman said above about static and dynamic characters, E.M.
Forster in his book Aspects of the Novel (1974) divides characters into two; flat
and round characters. The first is flat characters. Flat characters are only described
in constant quality. It means that this kind of characters is showed to the readers in
unchanged qualities of their characters. Their qualities are not developed from the
beginning part until the ending part of the story. On the hand, there is a round
character. The term ‘round’ here shows about the fullness of the character. This
kind of character can shift a point of view to other point of view. This character
can have conflict of its own so that it has the ability to make up his mind. It means
that the character’s qualities can develop.
Forster also writes that round characters have ability to surprise the readers
because they can change their behaviors. In short, round characters develop from
the beginning of the story. C. Hugh Holman and William Harmon, in their book,
A Handbook to Literature (Holman: 1986: 83), write this specification of
characters in different terms. The first is the static characters and secondly is the
dynamic characters. Static characters state the same quality from the beginning
part of the story. This has the same specification to the flat character. On the other
hand, the dynamic characters tent to change as the situation and circumstances
change. This has the same specification to the round character.

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The theory of characterization that the researcher use is from M.J Murphy
book Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English
Novel. There are nine ways for describing the characters according to M.J.

Murphy (1972: 161-173). The nine ways will be in the paragraphs below. The
first is by analyzing the character’s personal description. In this way the writer
characterizes the character by seeing a character from his physical appearance like
his build, his face, his skin, his eyes, his hair or his clothes.
The second is by analyzing from other character’s point of view or
character as seen by another. A character can be analyzed through another
character’s sight and opinions to describe the character that the writer wants to
expose.
The third is a character can be characterized by character’s speech.
Readers can develop an opinion about the character by paying attention to the
character’s speech. The reader can also see the conversation in which the
character is involved; the way he or she gives his or her opinion may also show
the personality of the character.
The fourth is by considering the characters’ past life; the readers are
informed about some important clues to get know about the character’s past
experiences. It can be described by the author’s direct comment, through the
character’s thoughts, through the character’s conversation, or through the medium
of another person.

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The fifth, a character could be analyzed from conversation of other
characters; the readers can get to know a character through the conversations of
other people and the things they say about him.
The Sixth, by perceiving the character’s reactions to various situations and
events, an author shows his character’s tendency, and this tendency gives the
readers a clue about the character’s personality.
Seventhly, a character can be characterized by the author’s direct comment and
description on the character. In this way there is no medium the author used to
characterize the character. The author directly describes the character and also
gives comment on the character.
The Eighth, the thought of the character can be used to characterize the
character. The author shows the character’s personality by letting the readers
understand the deepest thought of the character in a novel.
The Ninth or the last is the author characterizes the character by describing
the character’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies. The author shows the
personalities of the character by stating the character’s gestures and habits, so that
it can help the reader to get closer to the character personalities.
The researcher in this case uses the first, fourth, fifth, and sixth ways that
is explained before. The researcher chooses four ways out of nine because the four
methods are very supporting. The first way is by analyzing the character’s
personal description. It is used to understand the appearance of the character. This
way is the basic to know an idea of the single person by seeing the individual
detail that is described from the appearance. The fourth is by considering the

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characters’ past life; it is used to know the way of major character think
influenced by the past background. Fifth, a character is analyzed from
conversation of others; this way is to support the first and the fourth way. It is
used to make the researcher understand deeper. Sixth is by perceiving the
character’s reactions to various situations and events, this is the last way to
analyze the novel. It is used to know how the character reacts to the event or
situation, and know the personality of the character by seeing the tendency.
1. Tolstoy’s Biography
Count Lev (Leo) Nikolayevich Tolstoy was a famous writer in his era till
now. He was born in August 28, 1828, at Yasnaya Polyana (bright Glade).
Tolstoy kid enjoyed a privileged childhood typical of his elevated social class.
Then he showed a gift for languages as well as fondness for literature including
fairy tales, the poems of Pushkins and the Bible, especially the old testament story
of Joseph. Tolstoy became a major writer when he wrote in Contemporary, a
Petersburg journal at 1852. He wrote Childhood novel. After that he became
active in creating a novel and short stories. His great era is when he published
Anna Karenina and War and Peace. One of the Tolstoy’s wellknown works of
literature is Hadji Murad.
After the Crimean War (1854-55), he built and organized over 20 schools for
poor people in Russia. At that time, the secret police began surveillance, and
searched his home. In 1862 he married Sofia Andreevna Bers, and fathered 13
children from his wife. Four of their babies died, and the couple raised the
remaining nine children. His wife was also his literary secretary, and also

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contributed to his best works, War and Peace (1863-69) and Anna Karenina
(1873-77). In his Confession (1879), Tolstoy revealed his own version of
Christianity, blended with socialism that won him many followers. He was a
pacifist and molodets also. Donna Tursing Orwin writes an essay about Tolstoy
who is the Pacifist and Molodets in the Anniversary Essay on Tolstoy. To start the
analysis, it is good to know what is meant by Pacifist and Molodets.
The word “Pacifist” itself does not have special meaning so easily found in
many dictionaries. According to the Webster Deluxe Unabridged Dictionary;
“Pacifist is a person who advocates pacifism; one opposed to war or the use of
force” (Dorset: 1972: 1283). Pacifism itself means:
Opposition to all war and armed hostility; belief that nation or
international disputes should be settled by peaceful means rather than by
force or war. (Dorset : 1972: 1283)
Unlike the word "pacifist" which can be found in a dictionary, molodets is a
term that is rarely encountered. Molodets according to Donna Orwin Tursing is:
a youth fine in body and spirit. The word molodechestvo with its abstract
suffix ‘stvo’ indicates the essence of such a youth, so it should be, and
fundamentally is, positive. Although the concept is applied quite frequently in
a broader context, in folk poetry it is associated with war: the heroes of
Russian epic folk poetry are called molodtsy, usually with the epithet “fine”
(dobrye) attached. A frequent synonym for the word is udalets, another
difficult word to translate that refers to courage and skill, often, though not
always, in battle. (Orwin: 2010: 78)
At first Tolstoy did not have enough confidence in face the war but in another
condition, a young Tolstoy had the imagination to take part in the war and enjoy
the adrenaline “On the one hand, Tolstoy wanted to put an end to dangerous, false
romantic illusions about war;” (Orwin: 2010: 78). Molodets was chosen by
Tolstoy to be his ideology in the war.

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Tolstoy remained one the most important nineteenth-century writers;
throughout his career, which spanned nearly three-quarters of a century, he wrote
fiction, journalistic essays, and educational textbooks.
In 1902 Tolstoy wrote a letter to the Tsar, calling for social justice, to prevent
a civil war, and in 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Tolstoy wrote a
condemnation of war. The Tsar replied by increasing police surveillance on
Tolstoy. In November of 1910 he left his estate, probably taking the path of a
wandering ascetic, which he had been pursuing for decades. He left home without
explanations and took a train, in which he caught pneumonia, and died, at a
remote station of Astapovo. He was laid to rest in his estate of Yasnaya Polyana,
which was made a Tolstoy National Museum.
B. Theoretical Framework
This part is to show how each theory mentioned earlier gives contribution
to the analysis. Mainly, there is just one theory that will be applied in this
research. The theory is theory of character and characterization.
As mentioned before, the writer uses the theory of character
characterization. The theory of characters and characterization helps the
researcher to determine the characteristics of Murad. This study is using the
theory of MJ Murphy about character development. MJ Murphy (1972: 161-173)
shows characteristics of the character on situations and gives a specific reaction.
What is meant by the reaction is how the characters feel and want to respond to
what happens. After the theory, the researcher identifies Murad’s characteristics
based on its relationship with other people and the environment.

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To understand the deeper situation in Russia, the relation between Russia
and Chechnya is put in to the review. It is used to understand Murad’s situation
and also to show the author’s (Leo Tolstoy) point of view about war. The last
review is about Tolstoy’s biography. Tolstoy’s biography is used to understand
the life journey of Tolstoy and also to know the ideology of Tolstoy’s to analyze
the similarity of Murad’s point of view in war.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study
The object of this research is a novel entitled Hadji Murad by Leo Tolstoy,
a Russian writer that wrote cannon trilogy. Tolstoy became a major writer when
he wrote in Contemporary, a Petersburg journal in 1852. He wrote Childhood.
Then, he was active in writing novels and short stories. His great era was when he
published War and Peace (1863-69), Anna Karenina (1873-77, and Confession.
(1879).
The edition of Hadji Murad used in this research is the 2003 edition
published by The Modern Library, New York. The translator of this edition was a
translator who also translates all of the Tolstoy’s works. Besides translating all of
Tolstoy’s work, he also wrote Tostoy’s biography.
Hadji Murad consists of 104 pages that are divided into 24 chapters. It was
about complicated life of a man that faced difficult situation but he could be calm
in facing his problem. Although, this story talks about war, it was not simple
when we read to get what Tolstoy’s idea. The details in the novel briefly expla