The main character`s motivation of being a samurai in Eiji Yoshikawa`s Taiko.
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ABSTRACT
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2016.
The writer discusses the main motivation of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, in Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko.
The novel tells about life and career of Hideyoshi Toyotomi who was born in Nakamura.
Hiyoshi, Hideyoshi’s childhood name, is a little child who is dreaming to be a samurai. This
dream of Hiyoshi affects his journey in the world of war and samurai to achieve his will of
being a samurai beside his master Oda Nobunaga, and becomes one of the greatest samurai
that is still known nowadays. The writer analyzes the motivation of Hideyoshi in order to find
Hideyoshi’s main motivation of being a samurai.
There are two problems formulated to analyze the motivation of Hideyoshi. The first is to
find out the characteristics of the main character in the novel. The second is to find out the
motivation of the main character in the novel of being a samurai.
In this study, the writer applied the library research method, where the data and information
were collected from the novel entitled Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa, other books, writings and the
internet. There are two theories that are applied in this study; theory of character and
characterization and theory of motivation. As the main focus of the study is motivation, the
psychological approach then also applied in this study.
From the analysis, the writer found that Hideyoshi was described as a dreamer. This
characteristic of Hideyoshi affect by the greatness and power of samurai class that he saw
when he was a little child, and made him wanted to be one of them. Hideyoshi was also a
persistent person. He never gave up his ambition of being a samurai and changed his family
status, and kept working hard. Hideyoshi was also a thorough person who was able to
observe and investigate things and problem precisely and carefully. Hideyoshi was also a
loyal person. He was always being loyal to his master Oda Nobunaga. He gave his life to his
master in order to show his loyalty to Nobunaga which made him respected by other generals
of Oda family. The main motivation of Hideyoshi can be seen through the two theories
applied in the study. The first one, Hideyoshi’s motivation was affected by the condition of
his family, especially his mother. He wanted to change his family status so his mother could
escape poverty. Hideyoshi wanted to become a samurai because his mother was his main
priority; he wanted to make his mother happy. The second one was Hideyoshi’s obsession for
personal achievement that can be seen through his basic needs, poverty made him work
harder than before so he could change his life. The other was his obsession to achieve the
highest level of his career which could make him the powerful person in Japan at the time.
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ABSTRAK
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Penulis membahas tentang motivasi utama Toyotomi Hideyoshi dalam novel Taiko karya Eiji
Yoshikawa. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan serta karir Hideyoshi Toyotomi yang
lahir di Nakamura. Hiyoshi, nama kecil Hideyoshi Toyotomi, merupakan seorang anak yang
bermimpi untuk menjadi seorang samurai. Mimpinya berpengaruh terhadap perjalanannya di
dalam dunia perang dan dunia samurai dengan tujuan untuk menjadi samurai di samping
tuannya, Oda Nobunaga, dan menjadi salah satu samurai terhebat yang masih dikenal sampai
saat ini. Penulis menganalisis motivasi Hideyoshi untuk mengetahui motivasi utamanya
untuk menjadi seorang samurai.
Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa motivasi
Hideyoshi. Yang pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik dari karakter utama yang terdapat
di novel. Yang kedua adalah menemukan motivasi-motivasi dari karakter utama dalam
menjadi seorang samurai.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode data kepustakaan, dimana data dan
informasi diambil dari novel berjudul Taiko karya Eiji Yoshikawa, dari berbagai buku,
artikel-artikel serta data dari internet. Terdapat dua teori yang diaplikasikan di dalam
penelitian ini; teori karakter dan penokohan, serta teori motivasi. Karena motivasi merupakan
objek utama dalam penelitian ini, maka pendekatan psikologi digunakan di dalam analysis.
Dari analisa yang dilakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa Hideyoshi adalah seorang pemimpi.
Karakteristik Hideyoshi ini dipengaruhi oleh kebesaran dan kekuatan kelas samurai yang
dilihatnya ketika kecil dan membuatnya ingin menjadi seorang samurai. Hideyoshi juga
merupakan seorang yang gigih. Ia tak pernah menyerah untuk menjadi seorang samurai dan
merubah status keluarganya, dan terus bekerja keras. Ia juga merupakan seorang yang teliti,
dimana ia mampu mengamati dan menyelidiki hal dan masalah secara teliti dan hati-hati.
Hideyoshi juga seorang yang setia. Ia selalu setia terhadapan tuannya, Oda Nobunaga. Dia
memberikan hidupnya pada tuannya untuk menunjukkan kesetiannya pada Oda Nobunaga
yang menjadikannya dihormati oleh jenderal-jenderal keluarga Oda. Motivasi Hideyoshi
dapat dilihat melalui teori-teori yang diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama,
Hideyoshi terdorong oleh keadaan keluarganya, terutama ibunya. Dia ingin merubah status
keluarganya, sehingga ibunya bias keluar dari kemiskinan. Hideyoshi ingin menjadi samurai
karena ibunya adalah prioritas utamanya dimana ia ingin membuat ibunya bahagia. Yang
kedua adalaha obsesi Hideyoshi terhadap prestasi pribadi yang bias dilihat melalui kebutuhan
dasarnya, dimana kemiskinan membuatnya bekerja keras sehingga bias merubah
kehidupannya. Selain itu, adanya obsesi untuk mencapai tingkatan tertinggi dalam karirnya
yang mampu menjadikannya sebagai orang paling berpengaruh di Jepang saat itu.
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THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A SAMURAI
IN EIJI YOSHIKAWA’S TAIKO
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SURYA PRANATA
Student Number: 094214097
ENGLISH LETTERS PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
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THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A SAMURAI
IN EIJI YOSHIKAWA’S TAIKO
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SURYA PRANATA
Student Number: 094214097
ENGLISH LETTERS PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously
submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my
knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other
person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, February 12, 2016
Surya Pranata
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Surya Pranata
: 094214097
Demi Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas
Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A SAMURAI
IN EIJI YOSHIKAWA’S TAIKO
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk
media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas.
Dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu
meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 12 Februari 2016
Yang menyatakan,
Surya Pranata
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“Friendship is everything. Friendship is more than
talent. It is more than the government. It is almost
the equal of family.”
Mario Puzo, The Godfather
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For My Beloved Parents
Idham Idira and Lili Amelia Mustamu
No matter how far I come, you are always in me.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus Christ. I thank my Lord for blessing
me with a beautiful life and lending me a heart replete with thankfulness. I thank Him for
helping me with this thesis.
I would like to express deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd.,
M.Hum., for her guidance and inspiration in the process of writing. My gratitude also goes to
my co-advisor Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum., for her ideas that help me complete this
thesis. I also want to thank my academic advisor, Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari M.S., lecturers
of English Letters, secretariat staff and library staff who have helped me in this study.
I would also like to express my greatest gratitude to my parents Idham Idira and
Lili Amelia Mustamu in the hope of better future. I thank them for their love and support so
that I can finish this study. They are the reason that I never go down. I also thank my brother
Febry Edward and my sister Sari Wulandari for their love and guidance that always
accompany me.
I give my special gratitude to my love Sacharissa Ayu Desentya for her love and
support. She gave me hope when I was at the end. I also thank my best friends Ng Cien Li,
Ng Cien We, Putu Andy, Theodorus Jerry, Pandu Septione, Bryan Kevin, Siprianus Septanto,
Kristiawan Indriyanto and Richard Kevin for their support and friendship.
Surya Pranata
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..........................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...........................................................................................
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ........................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH....
MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ..............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xii
xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................
A. Background of the Study ...............................................................................
B. Problem Formulation .....................................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................
D. Definition of Terms .......................................................................................
1
1
4
4
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .........................................................
A. Review of Related Studies ..............................................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................................
1. Theory of Characters and Characterization .........................................
2. The Relation Between Psychology and Literature ..............................
3. Theory of Motivation .........................................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................
7
7
9
10
13
14
18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................
A. Object of the Study .........................................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ....................................................................................
C. Method of the Study .......................................................................................
21
21
22
23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .....................................................................................
A. The Characteristics of Toyotomi Hideyoshi ....................................................
1. Dreamer .............................................................................................
2. Persistent ...........................................................................................
3. Thorough ............................................................................................
4. Loyal .................................................................................................
B. The Main Motivation of the Main Character ..................................................
1. Quasi-Mechanical Behavior ...............................................................
2. Social Extrusion .................................................................................
3. Physiological Needs ...........................................................................
4. The Safety Needs ...............................................................................
5. The Social Needs ...............................................................................
6. Esteem Needs .....................................................................................
7. Self-Actualization Needs ....................................................................
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25
28
32
34
38
41
43
47
49
51
52
54
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...............................................................................
57
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................
60
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................
62
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ABSTRACT
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2016.
The writer discusses the main motivation of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, in Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko.
The novel tells about life and career of Hideyoshi Toyotomi who was born in Nakamura.
Hiyoshi, Hideyoshi’s childhood name, is a little child who is dreaming to be a samurai. This
dream of Hiyoshi affects his journey in the world of war and samurai to achieve his will of
being a samurai beside his master Oda Nobunaga, and becomes one of the greatest samurai
that is still known nowadays. The writer analyzes the motivation of Hideyoshi in order to find
Hideyoshi’s main motivation of being a samurai.
There are two problems formulated to analyze the motivation of Hideyoshi. The first is to
find out the characteristics of the main character in the novel. The second is to find out the
motivation of the main character in the novel of being a samurai.
In this study, the writer applied the library research method, where the data and information
were collected from the novel entitled Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa, other books, writings and the
internet. There are two theories that are applied in this study; theory of character and
characterization and theory of motivation. As the main focus of the study is motivation, the
psychological approach then also applied in this study.
From the analysis, the writer found that Hideyoshi was described as a dreamer. This
characteristic of Hideyoshi affect by the greatness and power of samurai class that he saw
when he was a little child, and made him wanted to be one of them. Hideyoshi was also a
persistent person. He never gave up his ambition of being a samurai and changed his family
status, and kept working hard. Hideyoshi was also a thorough person who was able to
observe and investigate things and problem precisely and carefully. Hideyoshi was also a
loyal person. He was always being loyal to his master Oda Nobunaga. He gave his life to his
master in order to show his loyalty to Nobunaga which made him respected by other generals
of Oda family. The main motivation of Hideyoshi can be seen through the two theories
applied in the study. The first one, Hideyoshi’s motivation was affected by the condition of
his family, especially his mother. He wanted to change his family status so his mother could
escape poverty. Hideyoshi wanted to become a samurai because his mother was his main
priority; he wanted to make his mother happy. The second one was Hideyoshi’s obsession for
personal achievement that can be seen through his basic needs, poverty made him work
harder than before so he could change his life. The other was his obsession to achieve the
highest level of his career which could make him the powerful person in Japan at the time.
xii
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ABSTRAK
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Penulis membahas tentang motivasi utama Toyotomi Hideyoshi dalam novel Taiko karya Eiji
Yoshikawa. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan serta karir Hideyoshi Toyotomi yang
lahir di Nakamura. Hiyoshi, nama kecil Hideyoshi Toyotomi, merupakan seorang anak yang
bermimpi untuk menjadi seorang samurai. Mimpinya berpengaruh terhadap perjalanannya di
dalam dunia perang dan dunia samurai dengan tujuan untuk menjadi samurai di samping
tuannya, Oda Nobunaga, dan menjadi salah satu samurai terhebat yang masih dikenal sampai
saat ini. Penulis menganalisis motivasi Hideyoshi untuk mengetahui motivasi utamanya
untuk menjadi seorang samurai.
Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa motivasi
Hideyoshi. Yang pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik dari karakter utama yang terdapat
di novel. Yang kedua adalah menemukan motivasi-motivasi dari karakter utama dalam
menjadi seorang samurai.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode data kepustakaan, dimana data dan
informasi diambil dari novel berjudul Taiko karya Eiji Yoshikawa, dari berbagai buku,
artikel-artikel serta data dari internet. Terdapat dua teori yang diaplikasikan di dalam
penelitian ini; teori karakter dan penokohan, serta teori motivasi. Karena motivasi merupakan
objek utama dalam penelitian ini, maka pendekatan psikologi digunakan di dalam analysis.
Dari analisa yang dilakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa Hideyoshi adalah seorang pemimpi.
Karakteristik Hideyoshi ini dipengaruhi oleh kebesaran dan kekuatan kelas samurai yang
dilihatnya ketika kecil dan membuatnya ingin menjadi seorang samurai. Hideyoshi juga
merupakan seorang yang gigih. Ia tak pernah menyerah untuk menjadi seorang samurai dan
merubah status keluarganya, dan terus bekerja keras. Ia juga merupakan seorang yang teliti,
dimana ia mampu mengamati dan menyelidiki hal dan masalah secara teliti dan hati-hati.
Hideyoshi juga seorang yang setia. Ia selalu setia terhadapan tuannya, Oda Nobunaga. Dia
memberikan hidupnya pada tuannya untuk menunjukkan kesetiannya pada Oda Nobunaga
yang menjadikannya dihormati oleh jenderal-jenderal keluarga Oda. Motivasi Hideyoshi
dapat dilihat melalui teori-teori yang diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama,
Hideyoshi terdorong oleh keadaan keluarganya, terutama ibunya. Dia ingin merubah status
keluarganya, sehingga ibunya bias keluar dari kemiskinan. Hideyoshi ingin menjadi samurai
karena ibunya adalah prioritas utamanya dimana ia ingin membuat ibunya bahagia. Yang
kedua adalaha obsesi Hideyoshi terhadap prestasi pribadi yang bias dilihat melalui kebutuhan
dasarnya, dimana kemiskinan membuatnya bekerja keras sehingga bias merubah
kehidupannya. Selain itu, adanya obsesi untuk mencapai tingkatan tertinggi dalam karirnya
yang mampu menjadikannya sebagai orang paling berpengaruh di Jepang saat itu.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Through the history, Samurai has been considered as one of the legendary
elite warriors in the world besides Musketeers, Gladiators or Swashbucklers.
According to Stephen Turnbull in his book Samurai: The World of the Warrior;
Samurai was the legendary warrior of old Japan who lives in the civil war and
unstable goverment and their personality holds firmly on honor, personal integrity
and loyalty through their service to government and commander in battlefield. It
was the ideals and duty of samurai in the reality that found its sublime expression
in death. Behind the service and duty to the government, lay a greater desire,
which is a need to be recognized through their individual actions and prowess. As
the result, samurai discovered under pressured from their competing in selfexpression to prove their loyalty (2003: 7).
Turnbull also wrote that the term of ‘samurai’ was first seen in the tenth
century. Samurai literally means ‘those who serve’ and use in military context.
Samurai was first referred to a man who went up to a capital to provide a guard
duty, where later changed into a man who served any powerful landlord. Turnbull
stated that this term acquired a strong aristocratic and hereditary aspect, samurai
then began to be recognized and valued as their reputations can established their
family name and their glorious pedigrees written (2003: 13). Those statements
show that Samurai was not merely a soldier that lives in war for their
landlord.Samurai was not fighting only for saving his district to not be conquered
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by other landlords, but also for their pride and for people to respect him in social
scope
Turnbull’s statement also shows up in the novel Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa
through the characters in the novel. The characteristics of several major and minor
characters show the integrity, loyalty and honor as stated above about the ideals of
samurai.
Japanese literature mostly talks about their culture and heritage from the
past. The life of Samurai is commonly told in novels, poems or short story, and
many of those literary work talks about famous people in the past. In Taiko by Eiji
Yoshikawa, the main character is one of the famous general in Japan well-known
until this day. Toyotomi Hideyoshi is known as the unifier of Japan after the death
of Oda Nobunaga.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born a peasant in Nakamura, Owari, Japan. He
starts his career as Oda Nobunaga’s sandal-bearers. Oda Nobunaga was impressed
with his natural ability and achieved him a better position, which later became
one of the top general, and become the successor of Oda family after the dead of
Oda Nobunaga in Azuchi.
The early life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi is not well known, because there are
very few data about his childhood. Some old books and letters from that time
wrote that Toyotomi Hideyoshi is speaks very little about his past. Eiji Yoshikawa
then wrote Taiko, which talks about the life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Eiji
Yoshikawa’s styles in writing the novel affect the imagination of the reader about
the war era in Japan.
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The motivation of the main character to be a samurai is the focus of the
study as the main character was born as a peasant and was not born as samurai.
Although some Japanese were not born samurai, they had a potential to improve
their status. In Hideyoshi’s case, the writer sees that a peasant supposes to achive
their status as samurai even harder than those who had been born so. As a peasant,
the main character then supports by motivations in achieving his dream to change
his life, to be seen equal, to serve his land lord, unify Japan, which all were his
dream in his youth.
The main character, through his characteristics,
shows that he has
competence in achieving his dreams. Competence is one of the basic motivation
affected by the experience and also an adaption of a person to their environment
or events happened to their life. It is related to the meaning of motivation stated
by Donald R.J. Laming in his book Understanding Human Motivation that
motivation modified by experience and create some patterns of action (2004: 2).
Motivation then role as the trigger of behaviors within the individual.
Motivation can help the writer to see the main character affected by this behavior,
struggle harder for dreams, stands on his principal, and fights nearly to death just
for this samurai status and to form his personality and triggered several behaviors
that pushed him to be a samurai. Motivation on other hand help the writer to see
people behave in their life as they affected by motivational reasons and trigger
actions to achive certain things.
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B. Problem Formulation
To understand about the novel, the writer chooses two problems that are
formulated as follows:
1.
How is the main character described?
2.
What are the motivations of the main character to be a samurai?
C. Objectives of the Study
To answer the two questions formulated, the writer will focus on the
character, struggles and motivations of the main character.
First, the writer sees the characteristics and life background of the main
character, Hideyoshi. By seeing the characteristic of Hideyoshi, the writer can see
his ideas about samurai, which is the importance of samurai in the point of view
of the main character. After finding the ideas of the main character , the writer
will find how the main character struggles to reach his obsession by finding the
related events occur in the novel. It can help the writer to see the main character
develop his desire and motivations through experience occurred.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to focus on the research, the writer applied four terms in this
study. the first term applied is main character. Robert Stanton in his book, An
Introduction to Fiction, stated the meaning of the main character:
Main character is a character who is relevant to every event in the story,
usually the events cause some changes either in him or in our attitude
toward him (1965: 17).
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Stanton shows that the main character has an active roles in the story and
his characteristics changes depends on what kinds of events occured in the story.
It means that the main character have possibilities to be a person with such
personality depends on his experience and events happened in his life.
The second term is motivation. Motivation is human action that triggered
by experience or behavior as Donald R.J. Laming stated in his book;
Understanding Human Motivation that “motivation means the switching on of
some pattern of behavior, of a program of action specified within the individual.
That program might be innate or it might have been modified by experience”
(2004: 2). It means that motivation is an action and not one action but changeable,
and depends on the experience of a person. Laming also shows that motivation is
a process because it is in one program that may lead a person to his ideas and
actions. This program form as experience shapes the character of one person
through events happened in his life.
The last term applied is Samurai. Samurai is very important to put in the
discussion because the main character is a samurai. As a samurai, the main
character should have the spirit of samurai in fighting for someone or something.
Anthony J. Bryant and Angus McBride in Samurai, stated that Samurai were part
of military class and it was merely about caste:
Samurai were Japan’s military aristocracy, and their heyday was the Age
of Battles, or Warring States Period (in Japanese called Sengoku Jidai).
This period is usually given as 1550-1600. Samurai status was a matter of
caste rather than occupation. All samurai, whether male or female were
part of military class, regardless of whether they had ever picked up a
sword (1994: 1-2).
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This statement shows that samurai is not only fighting for landlords, but for his
prosperity. At this point, Samurai needs recognition from others that he deserves
to be called so. In this case a samurai needs to prove his loyalty and strenght in the
battlefield.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
In this review of related studies, the writer took researches from scholars
of Sanata Dharma University. Both of the scholars choose motivation as their
topic.
The writer sees Kresentia Anita’s analysis on Chris Cleave’s novel Little
Bee to see the main character’s motivation in building relationship with other. In
her research, Anita uses the theory of motivation from Petri’s Motivation: Theory
and Research, which contain Abraham Maslow’s five types of need;
physiological of needs, safety needs, love or belongingness needs, esteem needs
and self-actualization. In her research, Anita then applies three types of needs to
analyze the motivation of the main character (2013: 41).
From the research, the writer sees that Anita also analyzes motivation
through the needs of the main character, which are to fulfill the physiological
needs, safety needs and love needs. She also analyzes the characteristics of the
main character to reveal the main character’s motivation using Murphy’s theory
from Understanding Unseen (2013: 20).
The research above uses the characteristic and needs of the main character
to reveal the motivation of the main character to build relationship with other
character. The writer himself, in his research on Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa, uses
characteristic and needs of the main character to see his motivations towards
social pressure as society sees him as a person without ability to overcome
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poverty. The social background and experience can help to show his motivations,
the psychology and obsession can reveal the main motivation of the main
character.
Another research that discusses the same topic about motivation is Maria
Diyah Ayu Fresta Dewi’s analysis on Narasimhan’s The Mahabharata. In her
research, Dewi uses struggle as the main subject of the research. She uses struggle
because struggle is related to motivation as she stated in her research that
“Struggle has a relationship with human motivation, human have motives when
they struggling for something.” (2011: 5)
From the quotation above, the writer sees that struggle can affect someone
to achieve his obsession or ideas for something. Dewi in her analysis then shows
that the main struggle and motivation of Yudhisthira’s to achieve Dharma and
realizing it in his great life is because Dharma in Hindu is the guide for action and
the duty of a human life, which is something hard to do.
From Dewi’s thesis, the writer sees that Dewi emphasizes the meaning of
motivation through the character of Yudishtira as his way of life. His duty as a
human obsessed him to struggle towards his obsession, the context of motivation
shown is as a duty. The writer then sees a different context of motivation from
Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko, as struggle can lead to a certain motivation. In the story,
the main character works hard and walks his life in hard pressure of the society.
The writer also takes the life background of the main character to see the main
motivation that lead the main character to be a samurai as he is not in a bloodline
of a Daimyo, district government.
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To see more about the motivation, the writer tries to see another comment
of the novel Taiko about the main character. One of the comment comes from a
journal written by Brett Gubitosi in polygrafi.com, where he stated that
Hideyoshi’s ambition comes from his respect of his father and the pressure of
society.
Hideyoshi’s vision is to unite Japan for the sake of the samurai. He unites
Japan through tactical warfare and forming key allies. This stems from his
deep respect for his father and his high respect and awe for samurai. Not
many people he meets early in the novel believe he can become a samurai,
let along revolutionize Japan. Through patience and perseverance,
Hideyoshi is able to enact his vision by slowly building his way up to the
top
a nd
proving
wrong
a ll
those
who
doubted
him
(http://polygrafi.com/2014/04/28/hideyoshis-and-sejongs-ambitious-andrevolutionary-visions/).
The writer agrees that the success of Hideyoshi is affected by his father
and his principle in the living way of a samurai as stated by Brett Gubitosi in his
article, but the writer thinks that Hideyoshi has something more than that to
motivate himself to be a success samurai, conquer and unify Japan. The writer
also thinks that Hideyoshi has something more than patience and perseverance to
build his career up. To fulfill his needs of being a samurai, Hideyoshi must have
another motives that lead him to a peak experience.
B. Review of Related Theories
Theories are applied in this study in order to support the analysis and
answer those two problems formulated before. Theories applied in this study are
theory of characters and characterization, and theory of motivation. To understand
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more about the psychology in literary text, the writer also sees the relation
between literature and psychology.
1. Theory of Characters and Characterization
The main character has his own personality written in the text. To
understand more about the characteristics, the writer applies theory of characters
and characterization. In a book A Glossary of Literary Term, 7th Ed by M.H.
Abrams, characters are defined through particular qualities.
Characters are the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who
are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons
say and their distinctive ways of saying it-the dialogue-and from what they
do-the action (1999: 32-33).
From the quotation above, both action and conversation that characters do
through events occurred in the story can represent their qualities, which are moral,
intellectual, and emotional. It can help the writer to understand more about the
main character in the novel.
In Psychonarratology (2003: 134-141) by Maria Bortolussi and Peter
Dixon, characters can be divided into several categories as follow; first, Character
as People. Here, the character in the story can be seen as real people. We can see
their personality through their psychological actions that provides their
motivations, conscious or unconscious, that drives character’s action. It means
that the character in the story also have psychological motives as real people.
The second is character as construction. In the first category, we can
consider literary character as a real person. But, in this category, from cognitive
and logical perspective, literary character cannot be considered as a real person
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through their reaction in perceiving and interpreting individuals around them as a
real person needs longer process to be understood. So, literary character are
processed as if they were real people and real people are processed as the
categories to bear on the interpretation of literary character in term of analogous.
To understand more about the characteristics of the character, Maria
Bortolussi and Peter Dixon also write three points that can help the reader to
understand about the character. They are story-world actions by the character,
evaluations by the narrator and other characters, and indications of character
change (2003: 149-152):
a. Story-world Actions
The idea of story-world actions is the information of a character can be
seen through what the character does or say.
b. Evaluations
Evaluations consist of cases in which the narrator or other character gives
an explicit description about the character.
c. Indications of Character Change
In the story, the literary character is grow and change in terms of events
that affect him to change, and the reader can analyze the characteristic of a
character through the traits of the character before and after the events.
From those three points, there are several things that the writer considers
as the important parts in understanding the main character. First, it is important to
see the actions and conversations of the main character written in the novel.
Second, the thought of narrator and other character also gives a clue to the reader
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about the character. And the last, the personality of a character is affected by
events he has been through or, we can say that the past life is forming the
characteristic of a character.
Beside Maria Bortolussi and Peter Dixon, M.J. Murphy in his book
Understanding Unseen (1972: 161-193), there are several ways to analyze the
characterization or personalities given by the author to understand more about the
character; personal description, character as seen by other, speech, conversation of
other, reaction, direct comment, thoughts, past life, and mannerism, which are
described as follows:
a.
Personal Description
It is important to see the detail of the character in the novel; the eye, hair,
cloth, style and face. In this point characters can be analyzed through their
appearance as the author described in the story.
b.
Character as Seen by Other
Character in the story can be analyzed through the idea or opinion and
perspective of other about the character.
c.
Speech
The character in the story gives a clue about him when he speaks and puts
forward an opinion. Conversations that happen between the character and others
can also be the clue for the reader to describe the characteristic.
d.
Conversation of Other
The conversation of other people about the character is important as they
show the idea about the character to the reader.
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e.
13
Reaction
The character can be analyzed through his reaction on several situations or
events occurred in the story.
f.
Direct comment
In this point the author gives a direct comment about the characteristic of a
person in the story.
g.
Thoughts
As the character elaborates his idea or the way he thinking, the reader can
analyzed his characteristic through his thought.
h.
Past life
Whenever the story goes back to the past life of a person, it can give a clue
about the person as the reader would learn something about the person’s past life.
i.
Mannerism
The characteristic of a person can be analyzed through his mannerism and
activities or habit which tells the reader about the person.
Through points specified by Murphy in his book, the writer can understand
and analyzed the characteristics or personalities of the main character in the novel
by seeing the aspects in nine different ways, which all used to focus on the
character that need to be analyzed.
2.
The Relation Between Psychology and Literature
Characters in the story sometimes show their actions, ideas and thoughts in
psychological ways. Psychological ways in here means that character in the story
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develop their characteristic through their own experience and behavior which
affect their mind and thoughts. Motivation can be an example of psychological
way a character to reach achievements for him or other.
The ability to understand about the psychology of characters in literature is
related to the relationship between psychology and literature. Norman N. Holland
in his book Holland’s Guide to Psychoanalytic Psychology and Literature-andPsychology stated, if we are talking about the relation between psychology and
literature, then we are talking about the application of psychology to explore
literary problems and behavior (1990: 29).
Moreover, this idea of literature-and-psychology then related to
psychological criticism, where literary criticism is using psychology as the basic
idea to analyze the writing or reading and content of literary text. This point
elaborate the idea that we can form our assumption about the psychology of
human who make, experience, or potrayed in literature (Holland, 1990: 29).
By understanding the relation between literature and psychology, the
writer can analyze the psychology of the main character as psychoanalytic
criticism can be used to understand about the psychology of human potrayed and
written in the literary text.
3.
Theory of Motivation
Laming in his book Understanding Human Motivation stated that each
biological species has to have a repertoire of instinctive, or can be said as
hardwire or patterns of behavior. As human is also in the part of biological species
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then we are no exception on that. The main point is, if all biological species do
not have this patterns of behavior, then we all are not supposed to be a living
creature (2004: 2).
From his statement, we can conclude that human and any other living
creature that their instinct patterned on behavior that related to the instinct to
fulfill the needs. This instinct then triggered several behaviors, such as eating food
when hungry. Instinctive behavior when not fulfilled then create a motivate
action. To understand more about this action, Laming uses three fundamental
ideas to study and understand human motivation. However, the writer finds that
only two ideas can be related to the character in the novel. These two fundamental
ideas are stated by Laming in his book Understanding Human Motivation.
a.
Quasi-Mechanical Behavior
Some part of human (and animal) behavior consists of instinctive patterns
of response. Some larger part consists of instinctive patterns which have
been augmented by acquired sequences of behavior; these might be due to
specific learning or to cultural constraints.
b.
Social Extrusion
When we compare social behavior in one culture with that in another it
quickly becomes apparent that much of what people do, socially, is
constrained by the society in which they live (Laming, 2004:6-8)
The first point of the fundamental ideas, quasi-mechanical behavior, is
clearly shows that the behavior of human and animal is instinctive, which mean
that human and animal are pushed by some patterns that made by specific learning
or to cultural constraints. Second, the behavior of one from another is affected by
culture. If we see the behavior of a human socially, they have different patterns
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that differentiate by the way they live, the culture, neighborhood and association
to another. So, the motivation of someone can be seen through their experience
and cultural or social aspects.
Those two ideas then can be applied to the analysis in this study to reveal
the main motivation of the study through the main character of the novel as
Laming also stated that those two ideas can be used to understand about motives
of someone in doing or saying something.
These three ideas will help us to understand why people do what they do.
What people do is to express innate patterns of behavior and culturally
acquired patterns in ways that are constrained by the demands and
conventions of the society in which they live. The same three ideas will
also help in transposing what people say – why they did certain things, or
the emotions they felt while doing them – into terms of what can be
objectively observed (2004: 8).
The statement shows that the writer can use those fundamental ideas to
understand the purpose of the main character to achieve his dreams. It also shows
that the motivation of the main character is observable through his thoughts,
sayings and emotions.
In order to analyze and collect more information about the motivation of
the main character, the writer also applied terms stated by A.H. Maslow in his
book A Theory of Human Motivation (1954: 35-46).
a.
The Safety Needs
The idea of safety needs is basically the needs of human to receive protection
or security from any element that can keep them away from fear or danger.
b.
The Love Needs
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The absence of friends, family, sweetheart, wife and any other elements impact on
the needs of affection or belongingness a person to people around him, place or
group he exists.
c.
Esteem Needs
Self-esteem can be a need or desire of a person. But more than that, self-
esteem is one from many aspects form esteem needs, such as, achievement, selfrespect, dominance and respect from other.
d.
Self-actualization Needs
The idea of this point is a person needs to reach achievement for himself.
A man must be what he can be. It means that one person must realize about his
personal potential, so he has motives to seek for personal growth and experience.
e.
Psychological Needs
Whenever a person in an emergency situation, such as extreme hunger, he
will motivate himself to fulfill his need of hunger. In psychological needs, food,
drink, shelter, warmth and any other factors can motivate a person to do actions
needed.
From those five terms, the writer found that human are motivated to fulfill
or achieve their needs. As their basic needs fulfilled, human will try to fulfill the
next needs and so on. So, human motivation is observable as they do actions for a
reason. By using these terms, the writer can analyze the motivations of the main
character.
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C. Theoretical Framework
The writer will apply the theories listed above to answer two problems
formulated before. The theories are the theory of characters and characterization,
the relation between literature and psychology and theory of motivation.
First step, the writer applies the theory of character and characterization
since the first problem formulated is about the description of the main character.
There are three theories applied by the writer in this problem. The first one is a
theory of characters by M.H. Abrams. This theory is used to help the writer to
understand characters through the qualities represent in the story; moral,
intellectual, and emotional.
Second, the writer applied the theory of characters by Maria Bortolussi
and Peter Dixon. This theory is applied because it gives a full description of
characters in two ways. Maria Bortolussi and Peter Dixon shows that characters
can be seen as real people who have their psychological actions, these actions can
be decisions, understand other, communication, and skill improvement. The other
way is by seeing literary characters as if they were real person through the
relationship of other, code and inference process.nine terms by Murphy to analyze
the characteristic of the main character.
To understand the characteristics of the character, the writer applied
several theories. The first theory applied is explained in three points by Maria and
Bortolomussi and Peter Dixon. Those points help the writer to understand about
the character through the story-world action that gives information from what the
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character do or say, evaluation by narrator and other characters, and indications of
character change.
In order to receive more information about the characters, the writer also
applied the theory by M.J. Murphy which arranged in nine different points. It can
help the writer to
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ABSTRACT
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2016.
The writer discusses the main motivation of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, in Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko.
The novel tells about life and career of Hideyoshi Toyotomi who was born in Nakamura.
Hiyoshi, Hideyoshi’s childhood name, is a little child who is dreaming to be a samurai. This
dream of Hiyoshi affects his journey in the world of war and samurai to achieve his will of
being a samurai beside his master Oda Nobunaga, and becomes one of the greatest samurai
that is still known nowadays. The writer analyzes the motivation of Hideyoshi in order to find
Hideyoshi’s main motivation of being a samurai.
There are two problems formulated to analyze the motivation of Hideyoshi. The first is to
find out the characteristics of the main character in the novel. The second is to find out the
motivation of the main character in the novel of being a samurai.
In this study, the writer applied the library research method, where the data and information
were collected from the novel entitled Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa, other books, writings and the
internet. There are two theories that are applied in this study; theory of character and
characterization and theory of motivation. As the main focus of the study is motivation, the
psychological approach then also applied in this study.
From the analysis, the writer found that Hideyoshi was described as a dreamer. This
characteristic of Hideyoshi affect by the greatness and power of samurai class that he saw
when he was a little child, and made him wanted to be one of them. Hideyoshi was also a
persistent person. He never gave up his ambition of being a samurai and changed his family
status, and kept working hard. Hideyoshi was also a thorough person who was able to
observe and investigate things and problem precisely and carefully. Hideyoshi was also a
loyal person. He was always being loyal to his master Oda Nobunaga. He gave his life to his
master in order to show his loyalty to Nobunaga which made him respected by other generals
of Oda family. The main motivation of Hideyoshi can be seen through the two theories
applied in the study. The first one, Hideyoshi’s motivation was affected by the condition of
his family, especially his mother. He wanted to change his family status so his mother could
escape poverty. Hideyoshi wanted to become a samurai because his mother was his main
priority; he wanted to make his mother happy. The second one was Hideyoshi’s obsession for
personal achievement that can be seen through his basic needs, poverty made him work
harder than before so he could change his life. The other was his obsession to achieve the
highest level of his career which could make him the powerful person in Japan at the time.
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ABSTRAK
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Penulis membahas tentang motivasi utama Toyotomi Hideyoshi dalam novel Taiko karya Eiji
Yoshikawa. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan serta karir Hideyoshi Toyotomi yang
lahir di Nakamura. Hiyoshi, nama kecil Hideyoshi Toyotomi, merupakan seorang anak yang
bermimpi untuk menjadi seorang samurai. Mimpinya berpengaruh terhadap perjalanannya di
dalam dunia perang dan dunia samurai dengan tujuan untuk menjadi samurai di samping
tuannya, Oda Nobunaga, dan menjadi salah satu samurai terhebat yang masih dikenal sampai
saat ini. Penulis menganalisis motivasi Hideyoshi untuk mengetahui motivasi utamanya
untuk menjadi seorang samurai.
Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa motivasi
Hideyoshi. Yang pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik dari karakter utama yang terdapat
di novel. Yang kedua adalah menemukan motivasi-motivasi dari karakter utama dalam
menjadi seorang samurai.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode data kepustakaan, dimana data dan
informasi diambil dari novel berjudul Taiko karya Eiji Yoshikawa, dari berbagai buku,
artikel-artikel serta data dari internet. Terdapat dua teori yang diaplikasikan di dalam
penelitian ini; teori karakter dan penokohan, serta teori motivasi. Karena motivasi merupakan
objek utama dalam penelitian ini, maka pendekatan psikologi digunakan di dalam analysis.
Dari analisa yang dilakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa Hideyoshi adalah seorang pemimpi.
Karakteristik Hideyoshi ini dipengaruhi oleh kebesaran dan kekuatan kelas samurai yang
dilihatnya ketika kecil dan membuatnya ingin menjadi seorang samurai. Hideyoshi juga
merupakan seorang yang gigih. Ia tak pernah menyerah untuk menjadi seorang samurai dan
merubah status keluarganya, dan terus bekerja keras. Ia juga merupakan seorang yang teliti,
dimana ia mampu mengamati dan menyelidiki hal dan masalah secara teliti dan hati-hati.
Hideyoshi juga seorang yang setia. Ia selalu setia terhadapan tuannya, Oda Nobunaga. Dia
memberikan hidupnya pada tuannya untuk menunjukkan kesetiannya pada Oda Nobunaga
yang menjadikannya dihormati oleh jenderal-jenderal keluarga Oda. Motivasi Hideyoshi
dapat dilihat melalui teori-teori yang diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama,
Hideyoshi terdorong oleh keadaan keluarganya, terutama ibunya. Dia ingin merubah status
keluarganya, sehingga ibunya bias keluar dari kemiskinan. Hideyoshi ingin menjadi samurai
karena ibunya adalah prioritas utamanya dimana ia ingin membuat ibunya bahagia. Yang
kedua adalaha obsesi Hideyoshi terhadap prestasi pribadi yang bias dilihat melalui kebutuhan
dasarnya, dimana kemiskinan membuatnya bekerja keras sehingga bias merubah
kehidupannya. Selain itu, adanya obsesi untuk mencapai tingkatan tertinggi dalam karirnya
yang mampu menjadikannya sebagai orang paling berpengaruh di Jepang saat itu.
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THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A SAMURAI
IN EIJI YOSHIKAWA’S TAIKO
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SURYA PRANATA
Student Number: 094214097
ENGLISH LETTERS PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
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THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A SAMURAI
IN EIJI YOSHIKAWA’S TAIKO
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SURYA PRANATA
Student Number: 094214097
ENGLISH LETTERS PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
ii
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously
submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my
knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other
person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, February 12, 2016
Surya Pranata
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Surya Pranata
: 094214097
Demi Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas
Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A SAMURAI
IN EIJI YOSHIKAWA’S TAIKO
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk
media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas.
Dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu
meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 12 Februari 2016
Yang menyatakan,
Surya Pranata
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“Friendship is everything. Friendship is more than
talent. It is more than the government. It is almost
the equal of family.”
Mario Puzo, The Godfather
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For My Beloved Parents
Idham Idira and Lili Amelia Mustamu
No matter how far I come, you are always in me.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus Christ. I thank my Lord for blessing
me with a beautiful life and lending me a heart replete with thankfulness. I thank Him for
helping me with this thesis.
I would like to express deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd.,
M.Hum., for her guidance and inspiration in the process of writing. My gratitude also goes to
my co-advisor Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum., for her ideas that help me complete this
thesis. I also want to thank my academic advisor, Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari M.S., lecturers
of English Letters, secretariat staff and library staff who have helped me in this study.
I would also like to express my greatest gratitude to my parents Idham Idira and
Lili Amelia Mustamu in the hope of better future. I thank them for their love and support so
that I can finish this study. They are the reason that I never go down. I also thank my brother
Febry Edward and my sister Sari Wulandari for their love and guidance that always
accompany me.
I give my special gratitude to my love Sacharissa Ayu Desentya for her love and
support. She gave me hope when I was at the end. I also thank my best friends Ng Cien Li,
Ng Cien We, Putu Andy, Theodorus Jerry, Pandu Septione, Bryan Kevin, Siprianus Septanto,
Kristiawan Indriyanto and Richard Kevin for their support and friendship.
Surya Pranata
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..........................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...........................................................................................
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ........................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH....
MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ..............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xii
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................
A. Background of the Study ...............................................................................
B. Problem Formulation .....................................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................
D. Definition of Terms .......................................................................................
1
1
4
4
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .........................................................
A. Review of Related Studies ..............................................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................................
1. Theory of Characters and Characterization .........................................
2. The Relation Between Psychology and Literature ..............................
3. Theory of Motivation .........................................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................
7
7
9
10
13
14
18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................
A. Object of the Study .........................................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ....................................................................................
C. Method of the Study .......................................................................................
21
21
22
23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .....................................................................................
A. The Characteristics of Toyotomi Hideyoshi ....................................................
1. Dreamer .............................................................................................
2. Persistent ...........................................................................................
3. Thorough ............................................................................................
4. Loyal .................................................................................................
B. The Main Motivation of the Main Character ..................................................
1. Quasi-Mechanical Behavior ...............................................................
2. Social Extrusion .................................................................................
3. Physiological Needs ...........................................................................
4. The Safety Needs ...............................................................................
5. The Social Needs ...............................................................................
6. Esteem Needs .....................................................................................
7. Self-Actualization Needs ....................................................................
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32
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...............................................................................
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................
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APPENDIX...............................................................................................................
62
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ABSTRACT
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2016.
The writer discusses the main motivation of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, in Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko.
The novel tells about life and career of Hideyoshi Toyotomi who was born in Nakamura.
Hiyoshi, Hideyoshi’s childhood name, is a little child who is dreaming to be a samurai. This
dream of Hiyoshi affects his journey in the world of war and samurai to achieve his will of
being a samurai beside his master Oda Nobunaga, and becomes one of the greatest samurai
that is still known nowadays. The writer analyzes the motivation of Hideyoshi in order to find
Hideyoshi’s main motivation of being a samurai.
There are two problems formulated to analyze the motivation of Hideyoshi. The first is to
find out the characteristics of the main character in the novel. The second is to find out the
motivation of the main character in the novel of being a samurai.
In this study, the writer applied the library research method, where the data and information
were collected from the novel entitled Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa, other books, writings and the
internet. There are two theories that are applied in this study; theory of character and
characterization and theory of motivation. As the main focus of the study is motivation, the
psychological approach then also applied in this study.
From the analysis, the writer found that Hideyoshi was described as a dreamer. This
characteristic of Hideyoshi affect by the greatness and power of samurai class that he saw
when he was a little child, and made him wanted to be one of them. Hideyoshi was also a
persistent person. He never gave up his ambition of being a samurai and changed his family
status, and kept working hard. Hideyoshi was also a thorough person who was able to
observe and investigate things and problem precisely and carefully. Hideyoshi was also a
loyal person. He was always being loyal to his master Oda Nobunaga. He gave his life to his
master in order to show his loyalty to Nobunaga which made him respected by other generals
of Oda family. The main motivation of Hideyoshi can be seen through the two theories
applied in the study. The first one, Hideyoshi’s motivation was affected by the condition of
his family, especially his mother. He wanted to change his family status so his mother could
escape poverty. Hideyoshi wanted to become a samurai because his mother was his main
priority; he wanted to make his mother happy. The second one was Hideyoshi’s obsession for
personal achievement that can be seen through his basic needs, poverty made him work
harder than before so he could change his life. The other was his obsession to achieve the
highest level of his career which could make him the powerful person in Japan at the time.
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ABSTRAK
PRANATA, SURYA. The Main Character’s Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji
Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Penulis membahas tentang motivasi utama Toyotomi Hideyoshi dalam novel Taiko karya Eiji
Yoshikawa. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan serta karir Hideyoshi Toyotomi yang
lahir di Nakamura. Hiyoshi, nama kecil Hideyoshi Toyotomi, merupakan seorang anak yang
bermimpi untuk menjadi seorang samurai. Mimpinya berpengaruh terhadap perjalanannya di
dalam dunia perang dan dunia samurai dengan tujuan untuk menjadi samurai di samping
tuannya, Oda Nobunaga, dan menjadi salah satu samurai terhebat yang masih dikenal sampai
saat ini. Penulis menganalisis motivasi Hideyoshi untuk mengetahui motivasi utamanya
untuk menjadi seorang samurai.
Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa motivasi
Hideyoshi. Yang pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik dari karakter utama yang terdapat
di novel. Yang kedua adalah menemukan motivasi-motivasi dari karakter utama dalam
menjadi seorang samurai.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode data kepustakaan, dimana data dan
informasi diambil dari novel berjudul Taiko karya Eiji Yoshikawa, dari berbagai buku,
artikel-artikel serta data dari internet. Terdapat dua teori yang diaplikasikan di dalam
penelitian ini; teori karakter dan penokohan, serta teori motivasi. Karena motivasi merupakan
objek utama dalam penelitian ini, maka pendekatan psikologi digunakan di dalam analysis.
Dari analisa yang dilakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa Hideyoshi adalah seorang pemimpi.
Karakteristik Hideyoshi ini dipengaruhi oleh kebesaran dan kekuatan kelas samurai yang
dilihatnya ketika kecil dan membuatnya ingin menjadi seorang samurai. Hideyoshi juga
merupakan seorang yang gigih. Ia tak pernah menyerah untuk menjadi seorang samurai dan
merubah status keluarganya, dan terus bekerja keras. Ia juga merupakan seorang yang teliti,
dimana ia mampu mengamati dan menyelidiki hal dan masalah secara teliti dan hati-hati.
Hideyoshi juga seorang yang setia. Ia selalu setia terhadapan tuannya, Oda Nobunaga. Dia
memberikan hidupnya pada tuannya untuk menunjukkan kesetiannya pada Oda Nobunaga
yang menjadikannya dihormati oleh jenderal-jenderal keluarga Oda. Motivasi Hideyoshi
dapat dilihat melalui teori-teori yang diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama,
Hideyoshi terdorong oleh keadaan keluarganya, terutama ibunya. Dia ingin merubah status
keluarganya, sehingga ibunya bias keluar dari kemiskinan. Hideyoshi ingin menjadi samurai
karena ibunya adalah prioritas utamanya dimana ia ingin membuat ibunya bahagia. Yang
kedua adalaha obsesi Hideyoshi terhadap prestasi pribadi yang bias dilihat melalui kebutuhan
dasarnya, dimana kemiskinan membuatnya bekerja keras sehingga bias merubah
kehidupannya. Selain itu, adanya obsesi untuk mencapai tingkatan tertinggi dalam karirnya
yang mampu menjadikannya sebagai orang paling berpengaruh di Jepang saat itu.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Through the history, Samurai has been considered as one of the legendary
elite warriors in the world besides Musketeers, Gladiators or Swashbucklers.
According to Stephen Turnbull in his book Samurai: The World of the Warrior;
Samurai was the legendary warrior of old Japan who lives in the civil war and
unstable goverment and their personality holds firmly on honor, personal integrity
and loyalty through their service to government and commander in battlefield. It
was the ideals and duty of samurai in the reality that found its sublime expression
in death. Behind the service and duty to the government, lay a greater desire,
which is a need to be recognized through their individual actions and prowess. As
the result, samurai discovered under pressured from their competing in selfexpression to prove their loyalty (2003: 7).
Turnbull also wrote that the term of ‘samurai’ was first seen in the tenth
century. Samurai literally means ‘those who serve’ and use in military context.
Samurai was first referred to a man who went up to a capital to provide a guard
duty, where later changed into a man who served any powerful landlord. Turnbull
stated that this term acquired a strong aristocratic and hereditary aspect, samurai
then began to be recognized and valued as their reputations can established their
family name and their glorious pedigrees written (2003: 13). Those statements
show that Samurai was not merely a soldier that lives in war for their
landlord.Samurai was not fighting only for saving his district to not be conquered
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by other landlords, but also for their pride and for people to respect him in social
scope
Turnbull’s statement also shows up in the novel Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa
through the characters in the novel. The characteristics of several major and minor
characters show the integrity, loyalty and honor as stated above about the ideals of
samurai.
Japanese literature mostly talks about their culture and heritage from the
past. The life of Samurai is commonly told in novels, poems or short story, and
many of those literary work talks about famous people in the past. In Taiko by Eiji
Yoshikawa, the main character is one of the famous general in Japan well-known
until this day. Toyotomi Hideyoshi is known as the unifier of Japan after the death
of Oda Nobunaga.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born a peasant in Nakamura, Owari, Japan. He
starts his career as Oda Nobunaga’s sandal-bearers. Oda Nobunaga was impressed
with his natural ability and achieved him a better position, which later became
one of the top general, and become the successor of Oda family after the dead of
Oda Nobunaga in Azuchi.
The early life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi is not well known, because there are
very few data about his childhood. Some old books and letters from that time
wrote that Toyotomi Hideyoshi is speaks very little about his past. Eiji Yoshikawa
then wrote Taiko, which talks about the life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Eiji
Yoshikawa’s styles in writing the novel affect the imagination of the reader about
the war era in Japan.
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The motivation of the main character to be a samurai is the focus of the
study as the main character was born as a peasant and was not born as samurai.
Although some Japanese were not born samurai, they had a potential to improve
their status. In Hideyoshi’s case, the writer sees that a peasant supposes to achive
their status as samurai even harder than those who had been born so. As a peasant,
the main character then supports by motivations in achieving his dream to change
his life, to be seen equal, to serve his land lord, unify Japan, which all were his
dream in his youth.
The main character, through his characteristics,
shows that he has
competence in achieving his dreams. Competence is one of the basic motivation
affected by the experience and also an adaption of a person to their environment
or events happened to their life. It is related to the meaning of motivation stated
by Donald R.J. Laming in his book Understanding Human Motivation that
motivation modified by experience and create some patterns of action (2004: 2).
Motivation then role as the trigger of behaviors within the individual.
Motivation can help the writer to see the main character affected by this behavior,
struggle harder for dreams, stands on his principal, and fights nearly to death just
for this samurai status and to form his personality and triggered several behaviors
that pushed him to be a samurai. Motivation on other hand help the writer to see
people behave in their life as they affected by motivational reasons and trigger
actions to achive certain things.
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B. Problem Formulation
To understand about the novel, the writer chooses two problems that are
formulated as follows:
1.
How is the main character described?
2.
What are the motivations of the main character to be a samurai?
C. Objectives of the Study
To answer the two questions formulated, the writer will focus on the
character, struggles and motivations of the main character.
First, the writer sees the characteristics and life background of the main
character, Hideyoshi. By seeing the characteristic of Hideyoshi, the writer can see
his ideas about samurai, which is the importance of samurai in the point of view
of the main character. After finding the ideas of the main character , the writer
will find how the main character struggles to reach his obsession by finding the
related events occur in the novel. It can help the writer to see the main character
develop his desire and motivations through experience occurred.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to focus on the research, the writer applied four terms in this
study. the first term applied is main character. Robert Stanton in his book, An
Introduction to Fiction, stated the meaning of the main character:
Main character is a character who is relevant to every event in the story,
usually the events cause some changes either in him or in our attitude
toward him (1965: 17).
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Stanton shows that the main character has an active roles in the story and
his characteristics changes depends on what kinds of events occured in the story.
It means that the main character have possibilities to be a person with such
personality depends on his experience and events happened in his life.
The second term is motivation. Motivation is human action that triggered
by experience or behavior as Donald R.J. Laming stated in his book;
Understanding Human Motivation that “motivation means the switching on of
some pattern of behavior, of a program of action specified within the individual.
That program might be innate or it might have been modified by experience”
(2004: 2). It means that motivation is an action and not one action but changeable,
and depends on the experience of a person. Laming also shows that motivation is
a process because it is in one program that may lead a person to his ideas and
actions. This program form as experience shapes the character of one person
through events happened in his life.
The last term applied is Samurai. Samurai is very important to put in the
discussion because the main character is a samurai. As a samurai, the main
character should have the spirit of samurai in fighting for someone or something.
Anthony J. Bryant and Angus McBride in Samurai, stated that Samurai were part
of military class and it was merely about caste:
Samurai were Japan’s military aristocracy, and their heyday was the Age
of Battles, or Warring States Period (in Japanese called Sengoku Jidai).
This period is usually given as 1550-1600. Samurai status was a matter of
caste rather than occupation. All samurai, whether male or female were
part of military class, regardless of whether they had ever picked up a
sword (1994: 1-2).
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This statement shows that samurai is not only fighting for landlords, but for his
prosperity. At this point, Samurai needs recognition from others that he deserves
to be called so. In this case a samurai needs to prove his loyalty and strenght in the
battlefield.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
In this review of related studies, the writer took researches from scholars
of Sanata Dharma University. Both of the scholars choose motivation as their
topic.
The writer sees Kresentia Anita’s analysis on Chris Cleave’s novel Little
Bee to see the main character’s motivation in building relationship with other. In
her research, Anita uses the theory of motivation from Petri’s Motivation: Theory
and Research, which contain Abraham Maslow’s five types of need;
physiological of needs, safety needs, love or belongingness needs, esteem needs
and self-actualization. In her research, Anita then applies three types of needs to
analyze the motivation of the main character (2013: 41).
From the research, the writer sees that Anita also analyzes motivation
through the needs of the main character, which are to fulfill the physiological
needs, safety needs and love needs. She also analyzes the characteristics of the
main character to reveal the main character’s motivation using Murphy’s theory
from Understanding Unseen (2013: 20).
The research above uses the characteristic and needs of the main character
to reveal the motivation of the main character to build relationship with other
character. The writer himself, in his research on Taiko by Eiji Yoshikawa, uses
characteristic and needs of the main character to see his motivations towards
social pressure as society sees him as a person without ability to overcome
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poverty. The social background and experience can help to show his motivations,
the psychology and obsession can reveal the main motivation of the main
character.
Another research that discusses the same topic about motivation is Maria
Diyah Ayu Fresta Dewi’s analysis on Narasimhan’s The Mahabharata. In her
research, Dewi uses struggle as the main subject of the research. She uses struggle
because struggle is related to motivation as she stated in her research that
“Struggle has a relationship with human motivation, human have motives when
they struggling for something.” (2011: 5)
From the quotation above, the writer sees that struggle can affect someone
to achieve his obsession or ideas for something. Dewi in her analysis then shows
that the main struggle and motivation of Yudhisthira’s to achieve Dharma and
realizing it in his great life is because Dharma in Hindu is the guide for action and
the duty of a human life, which is something hard to do.
From Dewi’s thesis, the writer sees that Dewi emphasizes the meaning of
motivation through the character of Yudishtira as his way of life. His duty as a
human obsessed him to struggle towards his obsession, the context of motivation
shown is as a duty. The writer then sees a different context of motivation from
Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko, as struggle can lead to a certain motivation. In the story,
the main character works hard and walks his life in hard pressure of the society.
The writer also takes the life background of the main character to see the main
motivation that lead the main character to be a samurai as he is not in a bloodline
of a Daimyo, district government.
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To see more about the motivation, the writer tries to see another comment
of the novel Taiko about the main character. One of the comment comes from a
journal written by Brett Gubitosi in polygrafi.com, where he stated that
Hideyoshi’s ambition comes from his respect of his father and the pressure of
society.
Hideyoshi’s vision is to unite Japan for the sake of the samurai. He unites
Japan through tactical warfare and forming key allies. This stems from his
deep respect for his father and his high respect and awe for samurai. Not
many people he meets early in the novel believe he can become a samurai,
let along revolutionize Japan. Through patience and perseverance,
Hideyoshi is able to enact his vision by slowly building his way up to the
top
a nd
proving
wrong
a ll
those
who
doubted
him
(http://polygrafi.com/2014/04/28/hideyoshis-and-sejongs-ambitious-andrevolutionary-visions/).
The writer agrees that the success of Hideyoshi is affected by his father
and his principle in the living way of a samurai as stated by Brett Gubitosi in his
article, but the writer thinks that Hideyoshi has something more than that to
motivate himself to be a success samurai, conquer and unify Japan. The writer
also thinks that Hideyoshi has something more than patience and perseverance to
build his career up. To fulfill his needs of being a samurai, Hideyoshi must have
another motives that lead him to a peak experience.
B. Review of Related Theories
Theories are applied in this study in order to support the analysis and
answer those two problems formulated before. Theories applied in this study are
theory of characters and characterization, and theory of motivation. To understand
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more about the psychology in literary text, the writer also sees the relation
between literature and psychology.
1. Theory of Characters and Characterization
The main character has his own personality written in the text. To
understand more about the characteristics, the writer applies theory of characters
and characterization. In a book A Glossary of Literary Term, 7th Ed by M.H.
Abrams, characters are defined through particular qualities.
Characters are the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who
are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons
say and their distinctive ways of saying it-the dialogue-and from what they
do-the action (1999: 32-33).
From the quotation above, both action and conversation that characters do
through events occurred in the story can represent their qualities, which are moral,
intellectual, and emotional. It can help the writer to understand more about the
main character in the novel.
In Psychonarratology (2003: 134-141) by Maria Bortolussi and Peter
Dixon, characters can be divided into several categories as follow; first, Character
as People. Here, the character in the story can be seen as real people. We can see
their personality through their psychological actions that provides their
motivations, conscious or unconscious, that drives character’s action. It means
that the character in the story also have psychological motives as real people.
The second is character as construction. In the first category, we can
consider literary character as a real person. But, in this category, from cognitive
and logical perspective, literary character cannot be considered as a real person
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through their reaction in perceiving and interpreting individuals around them as a
real person needs longer process to be understood. So, literary character are
processed as if they were real people and real people are processed as the
categories to bear on the interpretation of literary character in term of analogous.
To understand more about the characteristics of the character, Maria
Bortolussi and Peter Dixon also write three points that can help the reader to
understand about the character. They are story-world actions by the character,
evaluations by the narrator and other characters, and indications of character
change (2003: 149-152):
a. Story-world Actions
The idea of story-world actions is the information of a character can be
seen through what the character does or say.
b. Evaluations
Evaluations consist of cases in which the narrator or other character gives
an explicit description about the character.
c. Indications of Character Change
In the story, the literary character is grow and change in terms of events
that affect him to change, and the reader can analyze the characteristic of a
character through the traits of the character before and after the events.
From those three points, there are several things that the writer considers
as the important parts in understanding the main character. First, it is important to
see the actions and conversations of the main character written in the novel.
Second, the thought of narrator and other character also gives a clue to the reader
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about the character. And the last, the personality of a character is affected by
events he has been through or, we can say that the past life is forming the
characteristic of a character.
Beside Maria Bortolussi and Peter Dixon, M.J. Murphy in his book
Understanding Unseen (1972: 161-193), there are several ways to analyze the
characterization or personalities given by the author to understand more about the
character; personal description, character as seen by other, speech, conversation of
other, reaction, direct comment, thoughts, past life, and mannerism, which are
described as follows:
a.
Personal Description
It is important to see the detail of the character in the novel; the eye, hair,
cloth, style and face. In this point characters can be analyzed through their
appearance as the author described in the story.
b.
Character as Seen by Other
Character in the story can be analyzed through the idea or opinion and
perspective of other about the character.
c.
Speech
The character in the story gives a clue about him when he speaks and puts
forward an opinion. Conversations that happen between the character and others
can also be the clue for the reader to describe the characteristic.
d.
Conversation of Other
The conversation of other people about the character is important as they
show the idea about the character to the reader.
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Reaction
The character can be analyzed through his reaction on several situations or
events occurred in the story.
f.
Direct comment
In this point the author gives a direct comment about the characteristic of a
person in the story.
g.
Thoughts
As the character elaborates his idea or the way he thinking, the reader can
analyzed his characteristic through his thought.
h.
Past life
Whenever the story goes back to the past life of a person, it can give a clue
about the person as the reader would learn something about the person’s past life.
i.
Mannerism
The characteristic of a person can be analyzed through his mannerism and
activities or habit which tells the reader about the person.
Through points specified by Murphy in his book, the writer can understand
and analyzed the characteristics or personalities of the main character in the novel
by seeing the aspects in nine different ways, which all used to focus on the
character that need to be analyzed.
2.
The Relation Between Psychology and Literature
Characters in the story sometimes show their actions, ideas and thoughts in
psychological ways. Psychological ways in here means that character in the story
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develop their characteristic through their own experience and behavior which
affect their mind and thoughts. Motivation can be an example of psychological
way a character to reach achievements for him or other.
The ability to understand about the psychology of characters in literature is
related to the relationship between psychology and literature. Norman N. Holland
in his book Holland’s Guide to Psychoanalytic Psychology and Literature-andPsychology stated, if we are talking about the relation between psychology and
literature, then we are talking about the application of psychology to explore
literary problems and behavior (1990: 29).
Moreover, this idea of literature-and-psychology then related to
psychological criticism, where literary criticism is using psychology as the basic
idea to analyze the writing or reading and content of literary text. This point
elaborate the idea that we can form our assumption about the psychology of
human who make, experience, or potrayed in literature (Holland, 1990: 29).
By understanding the relation between literature and psychology, the
writer can analyze the psychology of the main character as psychoanalytic
criticism can be used to understand about the psychology of human potrayed and
written in the literary text.
3.
Theory of Motivation
Laming in his book Understanding Human Motivation stated that each
biological species has to have a repertoire of instinctive, or can be said as
hardwire or patterns of behavior. As human is also in the part of biological species
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then we are no exception on that. The main point is, if all biological species do
not have this patterns of behavior, then we all are not supposed to be a living
creature (2004: 2).
From his statement, we can conclude that human and any other living
creature that their instinct patterned on behavior that related to the instinct to
fulfill the needs. This instinct then triggered several behaviors, such as eating food
when hungry. Instinctive behavior when not fulfilled then create a motivate
action. To understand more about this action, Laming uses three fundamental
ideas to study and understand human motivation. However, the writer finds that
only two ideas can be related to the character in the novel. These two fundamental
ideas are stated by Laming in his book Understanding Human Motivation.
a.
Quasi-Mechanical Behavior
Some part of human (and animal) behavior consists of instinctive patterns
of response. Some larger part consists of instinctive patterns which have
been augmented by acquired sequences of behavior; these might be due to
specific learning or to cultural constraints.
b.
Social Extrusion
When we compare social behavior in one culture with that in another it
quickly becomes apparent that much of what people do, socially, is
constrained by the society in which they live (Laming, 2004:6-8)
The first point of the fundamental ideas, quasi-mechanical behavior, is
clearly shows that the behavior of human and animal is instinctive, which mean
that human and animal are pushed by some patterns that made by specific learning
or to cultural constraints. Second, the behavior of one from another is affected by
culture. If we see the behavior of a human socially, they have different patterns
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that differentiate by the way they live, the culture, neighborhood and association
to another. So, the motivation of someone can be seen through their experience
and cultural or social aspects.
Those two ideas then can be applied to the analysis in this study to reveal
the main motivation of the study through the main character of the novel as
Laming also stated that those two ideas can be used to understand about motives
of someone in doing or saying something.
These three ideas will help us to understand why people do what they do.
What people do is to express innate patterns of behavior and culturally
acquired patterns in ways that are constrained by the demands and
conventions of the society in which they live. The same three ideas will
also help in transposing what people say – why they did certain things, or
the emotions they felt while doing them – into terms of what can be
objectively observed (2004: 8).
The statement shows that the writer can use those fundamental ideas to
understand the purpose of the main character to achieve his dreams. It also shows
that the motivation of the main character is observable through his thoughts,
sayings and emotions.
In order to analyze and collect more information about the motivation of
the main character, the writer also applied terms stated by A.H. Maslow in his
book A Theory of Human Motivation (1954: 35-46).
a.
The Safety Needs
The idea of safety needs is basically the needs of human to receive protection
or security from any element that can keep them away from fear or danger.
b.
The Love Needs
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The absence of friends, family, sweetheart, wife and any other elements impact on
the needs of affection or belongingness a person to people around him, place or
group he exists.
c.
Esteem Needs
Self-esteem can be a need or desire of a person. But more than that, self-
esteem is one from many aspects form esteem needs, such as, achievement, selfrespect, dominance and respect from other.
d.
Self-actualization Needs
The idea of this point is a person needs to reach achievement for himself.
A man must be what he can be. It means that one person must realize about his
personal potential, so he has motives to seek for personal growth and experience.
e.
Psychological Needs
Whenever a person in an emergency situation, such as extreme hunger, he
will motivate himself to fulfill his need of hunger. In psychological needs, food,
drink, shelter, warmth and any other factors can motivate a person to do actions
needed.
From those five terms, the writer found that human are motivated to fulfill
or achieve their needs. As their basic needs fulfilled, human will try to fulfill the
next needs and so on. So, human motivation is observable as they do actions for a
reason. By using these terms, the writer can analyze the motivations of the main
character.
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C. Theoretical Framework
The writer will apply the theories listed above to answer two problems
formulated before. The theories are the theory of characters and characterization,
the relation between literature and psychology and theory of motivation.
First step, the writer applies the theory of character and characterization
since the first problem formulated is about the description of the main character.
There are three theories applied by the writer in this problem. The first one is a
theory of characters by M.H. Abrams. This theory is used to help the writer to
understand characters through the qualities represent in the story; moral,
intellectual, and emotional.
Second, the writer applied the theory of characters by Maria Bortolussi
and Peter Dixon. This theory is applied because it gives a full description of
characters in two ways. Maria Bortolussi and Peter Dixon shows that characters
can be seen as real people who have their psychological actions, these actions can
be decisions, understand other, communication, and skill improvement. The other
way is by seeing literary characters as if they were real person through the
relationship of other, code and inference process.nine terms by Murphy to analyze
the characteristic of the main character.
To understand the characteristics of the character, the writer applied
several theories. The first theory applied is explained in three points by Maria and
Bortolomussi and Peter Dixon. Those points help the writer to understand about
the character through the story-world action that gives information from what the
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character do or say, evaluation by narrator and other characters, and indications of
character change.
In order to receive more information about the characters, the writer also
applied the theory by M.J. Murphy which arranged in nine different points. It can
help the writer to