The main character`s motivation in saving viscos asseen in Paulo Coelho`s the Devil and Mis Prym.

(1)

v ABSTRACT

Monica. Helen. (2008). The Main Character’s Motivation in Saving Viscos as Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses Paulo Coelho’s novel, The Devil and Miss Prym. The story is about a young woman named Chantal who tries to save her village, Viscos from the stranger who wants to tempt Viscos people. This novel provides a story which is familiar in our society. As human being, we cannot be free from temptation in everywhere and every time. Temptation will always tempt us whether we have strong conviction or not in keeping our integrity and commitment. In this case, motivation is really needed to keep that conviction so that we are not tempted by everything which can make us fall.

There are two problems to be analyzed in this thesis. They are: (1) What is the problem faced by Viscos village? (2) What are Chantal’s motivations in saving Viscos?

This study employs a library study method. There are two kinds of sources. The primary source is the novel. The secondary sources are taken from the books related to theory of critical approach, theory of motivation as well as theory of human needs. This study uses psychological approach as the main approach. Psychological approach is needed to help in understanding about human motivation and behavior. The study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human behavior. Therefore, human motivation can be seen psychologically from his or her behavior. I also use theory of motivation to reveal the main character’s motivation in the novel, and in order to get a deeper analysis about motivation, theory of human needs is needed.

The result of the analysis shows that Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos is driven by her responsibility as she has taken a wrong decision previously. Chantal’s motivation can be seen from her intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic one is that Chantal wants to clear her bad image in Viscos people’s eyes. The extrinsic motivations are that Chantal is responsible about her action in conveying the stranger’s offer and that Chantal is going to return Viscos to the original situation. Hence, Chantal is motivated to repair her mistake. Chantal is so smart, it can be seen when she has succeeded in saving Viscos, she also still can get the gold and reach her dreams to be out of Viscos village. Chantal finally helps the stranger to understand about human nature. Chantal’s motivation is not only to save Viscos but also to inspire people in controlling themselves to behave in the good way.

Finally, I proposed to use this thesis for future researchers who are interested in analyzing this novel further. There are still many topics which can be discussed. I also suggest to use of the novel The Devil and Miss Prym to teach English, especially Extensive Reading I for English Education Study Program students.

(2)

vi ABSTRAK

Monica. Helen. (2008). The Main Character’s Motivation in Saving Viscos as Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini menganalisa tentang novel karangan Paulo Coelho, The Devil

and Miss Prym. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang wanita muda bernama

Chantal yang berusaha untuk melindungi desanya, Viscos dari orang asing yang ingin mencobai penduduk Viscos. Novel ini menyajikan sebuah cerita yang umum di dalam masyarakat kita. Manusia tidak akan terlepas dari cobaan dimanapun dan kapanpun. Cobaan itu akan selalu menggoda kita meskipun kita mempunyai pendirian yang kuat atau tidak dalam menjaga integritas dan komitmen kita. Dalam hal ini, motivasi sangat diperlukan dalam menjaga pendirian atau keyakinan itu dari apapun juga yang dapat membuat kita jatuh.

Dalam skripsi ini, ada tiga masalah yang dianalisa. (1) Masalah apakah yang dihadapi oleh Viscos? (2) Motivasi apakah yang mendorong Chantal untuk melindungi Viscos?

Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber pendukung. Sumber utama adalah novel The Devil and Miss Prym karangan Paulo Coelho. Sumber kedua diambil dari buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan teori literatur, teori psikologi, dan teori motivasi. Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi sebagai pendekatan utama. Pendekatan psikologi diperlukan untuk membantu dalam memahami motivasi dan perilaku manusia. Pembelajaran psikologi berhubungan dengan pikiran, perasaan dan perilaku manusia. Maka dari itu, motivasi manusia dapat dilihat secara psikologi yaitu dari perilakunya. Saya juga menggunakan teori motivasi untuk menguak motivasi dari karakter utama di dalam novel, dan Untuk mendapatkan analisa yang lebih mendalam tentang motivasi, diperlukan teori kebutuhan manusia.

Dari hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa motivasi Chantal dalam melindungi Viscos dimotivasi oleh rasa tanggung jawabnya karena telah mengambil keputusan yang salah sebelumnya. Motivasi Chantal dapat dilihat dari motivasi secara intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Motivasi secara intrinsik adalah Chantal ingin memulihkan kesan buruk di mata penduduk Viscos terhadap dirinya. Motivasi secara ekstrinsik adalah Chantal bertanggung jawab atas tindakannya dan Chantal ingin mengembalikan Viscos pada keadaan semula yang damai. Maka dari itu, Chantal termotivasi untuk memperbaiki kesalahannya. Chantal sangat cerdas, itu dapat dilihat ketika dia telah berhasil menyelamatkan Viscos, dia juga masih mendapatkan emas untuk mencapai impiannya untuk keluar desa Viscos. pada akhirnya, Chantal membantu orang asing dalam memahami sifat manusia. Bagaimanapun juga, dari peristiwa itu motivasi Chantal tidak hanya membuahkan hasil bahwa dia mampu menyelamatkan Viscos tetapi juga mengajar penduduk

(3)

vii

untuk mengontrol diri mereka masing-masing untuk berkelakuan baik dengan cara yang benar.

Pada akhirnya, saya menyarankan untuk menggunakan skripsi ini bagi para penulis dimasa mendatang yang tertarik menganalisa novel The Devil and

Miss Prym. Di sini, masih banyak topik yang dapat dibahas lagi. Saya juga

memberikan saran untuk menggunakan novel ini dalam mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kelas Extensive Reading I untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Bahasa Inggris.

(4)

THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING VISCOS AS

SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S

THE DEVIL AND MIS PRYM

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Helen Monica

Student Number: 031214137

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

(5)

THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING VISCOS AS

SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S

THE DEVIL AND MIS PRYM

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Helen Monica

Student Number: 031214137

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

v ABSTRACT

There are two problems to be analyzed in this thesis. They are: (1) What is the problem faced by Viscos village? (2) What are Chantal’s motivations in saving Viscos?

(10)

vi ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini menganalisa tentang novel karangan Paulo Coelho, The Devil

and Miss Prym. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang wanita muda bernama

Dalam skripsi ini, ada tiga masalah yang dianalisa. (1) Masalah apakah yang dihadapi oleh Viscos? (2) Motivasi apakah yang mendorong Chantal untuk melindungi Viscos?

(11)

vii

untuk mengontrol diri mereka masing-masing untuk berkelakuan baik dengan cara yang benar.

Pada akhirnya, saya menyarankan untuk menggunakan skripsi ini bagi para penulis dimasa mendatang yang tertarik menganalisa novel The Devil and

Miss Prym. Di sini, masih banyak topik yang dapat dibahas lagi. Saya juga

memberikan saran untuk menggunakan novel ini dalam mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kelas Extensive Reading I untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Bahasa Inggris.

(12)

viii

“He has set the right time for everything”

(Ecclesiastes 3: 11a)

This thesis dedicated to:

My beloved father, King, Jesus Christ

My parents, Hengky Mulyanto and Elvi Lindawati

My sister and brother, Valentina Mei Cen and Rudy

My love, Yoseph Setyawan Budiono

All of my friends

(13)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always stays beside me every time and gives me strength and support to finish this thesis. I realize that I would never be able to accomplish my thesis without His blessing. I would also like to thank Mother Mary who always accompanies me and hears my prayer.

I also realize I would never have finished this thesis without other’s support and help. My deepest thanks go to my sponsor V. Triprihatmini, S.Pd., M.Hum., M.A who has sacrifice her time in guiding me to finish my thesis from the beginning until the end. I am also indebted to all PBI lecturers for guiding and sharing their knowledge during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

My deepest and endless gratitude goes to my beloved family for being the angels of my life who cover me in the hard times. My lovely parents Hengky Mulyanto and Elvi Lindawati, their never ending loves, prayers, patience, support, encouragements and understanding really give me strength to do not give up easily in finishing this thesis. My deep love also goes to my sister and brother, Valentina Mei Cen and Rudy. I love them so much.

A special gratitude goes to my beloved boyfriend, Yoseph Setyawan Budiono, who is always patient and stays beside me through the hard times. I thank him for every moment and laugh that we have. He is my life’s light forever and ever.

I would like to thank my best friend, Deborah Kartika Sari who always supports me in every time and every where. I also want to thank my boarding

(14)

house’s friends, Cicil who always disturbs me every night in finishing this thesis and Dina who always supports me when I am down. I would like to thank my friend Andry, Junius, Siane, Tommy, Devi, Titik, Bunga and Ruth who always give me couragement in finishing this thesis. I want to thank all my friends, April, Denny, Fely, Franky, Grace, Halim, Hendra, Hilda, Leonna, Martha, Ria, Ricky, Rinma, Ya yan, Yodi, Yuvena and also my other friends that I can not mention one by one. Thank you for the friendship, support and prayers.

(15)

(16)

Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

ABSTRAK ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... . 1

B. Problem Formulation ... . 3

C. Objectives of the Study ... . 4

D. Research Benefits ... . 4

E. Definition of Terms ... . 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories ... . 6

1. Theory of Critical Approach ... . 6

2. Theory of Motivation ... 07 a. Intrinsic Motivation ... 10

b. Extrinsic Motivation ... 10

3. Human Needs ... 13

a. Psychological Needs... 14

b. Safety Needs ... 14

c. Love/Belonging/ Social Needs ... 14

d. Esteem Needs ... 15

(17)

xii

B. Criticism ... 16

C. Theoretical Review ... 18

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Subject of the Study ... 19

B. Approach of the Study ... 20

C. Method of the Study ... 21

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Problem Faced by Viscos Village ... 23

1. The Background of the Problem ... 23

2. How the Problem Appears ... 28

3. Factors Influencing Chantal’s Action ... 34

a. Internal Factor ... 34

b. External Factor ... 37

4. The Impacts of the Problem ... 39

a. Viscos People see Chantal’s Image Negatively ... 40

b. Viscos Threatened Damaged... 41

B. Chantal’s Motivation in Saving Viscos ... 42

1. Intrinsic Motivation ... 43

2. Extrinsic Motivation ... 44

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion ... 50

B. Suggestions ... 52

1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ... 53

2. Suggestion for English Teachers ... 53

(18)

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX Page

A. Summary of The Devil and Miss Prym ... 58 B. Biography of Paulo Coelho ... 60 C. Lesson Plan and Worksheet of Extensive Reading I ... 62

(19)

CHAPTER l

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study, problem

formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms.

The background of the study presents the description of the topic and the reasons I

choose this topic. The problem formulation states the problem to be solved. The

objectives of the study state the purpose of writing this thesis, meanwhile the research

benefits state the benefits of this thesis for the readers. The last, the definition of

terms clarifies the important terms used in this thesis.

A. Background of the Study

Art is something enjoyable if it is regarded as something valuable which will

enrich people’s knowledge and experience. To many readers, literature is a kind of art

in which many people will learn almost everything in it. Literature is surely a device

to learn about everything in our lives. We may also learn about humanity through

literature. Every thought and event, either real or imaginary, is presented in many

ways. It gives some contribution to readers in expressing their sense of curiosity,

feeling, and the idea inside themselves. Novel as a branch of literature invites various

people to read, to feel, and then to be involved in it. Novel becomes something

pleasant to be consumed because it represents the reality of life or it may be not real

but something in the author’s imagination in which the readers may have a wish to

(20)

experience it. Sometimes when we read a novel, we can feel some feelings which will

appear from the story. They can be happiness, sadness or maybe a motivation which

can make ourself to do something new or impossible things.

In this study, I am going to reveal a topic about motivation. Motivation is like

a desire or a will to do something to reach our goal. A psychologist, Morris (1990:

408) defines motive as a specific need, desire, or want such as thirst, or achievement

that energizes and directs goal – oriented behavior. It is clear from the definition that

human wants to do something or do an action because they are motivated to get their

aim or dreams. An effort to make a better life is a kind of achievement motivation.

Most of human biologically functioning follows the pattern of searching a

way to relieve the unpleasant things caused by the needs that must be fulfilled in their

life. In bottom lines, the needs motivate someone to act. Sometimes behavior of

individuals at a particular moment is usually determined by their strongest needs. It is

like Maslow’s (1938) theory as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000: 407)

about hierarchy of needs. He states that the strongest needs must be satisfied first

before one can move on to the higher needs. It is clear that human being can behave

based on the needs that they face in that moment. The needs conduct humans to act.

Because of the needs, human being can also perform actions that cause destruction or

serious damage, or they can also perform actions that have useful purpose or positive

purpose.

This study is related to motivation which I choose from one of Paulo Coelho’s

famous novels,

The Devil and Miss Prym

(2000).

The Devil and Miss Prym

concludes

(21)

the trilogy

On the Seventh Day

. The first two books were

By The River Piedra I Sat

Down and Wept

(1994) and

Veronica Decides to Die

(1998). As a literary work, this

novel has an idea that I want to reveal and elaborate more.

The Devil and Miss Prym

tells about Chantal, the main character, who is motivated to save Viscos, her

birthplace.

The story begins from a stranger who comes to a remote village, Viscos, to

find the answer whether human beings are good or bad. The stranger tempts Viscos

people by offering ten bars of gold. The gold will belong to Viscos people if, at the

end of seven days someone in the village is found dead.

I choose the topic about the main character’s motivation in saving Viscos

because it reminds the reader how we have to struggle in reaching out dreams or goal

in our life. This story shows how the main character struggles to save Viscos since a

stranger who wants to damage it by his gold. Motivation is needed in struggling to

reach our dream. Without struggle, a dream is only a dream, because the dream

cannot come by itself but it needs a struggle. Then, the struggle needs motivation

because motivation can push someone to do something seriously in reaching the

dream.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background above, there are two problems in this study. Yet,

there is only one main problem which I want to analyze. However, it is needed to

explain another problem before analyzing the main problem. The problems are

(22)

formulated as follows:

1. What is the problem faced by Viscos village?

2. What are Chantal’s motivations in saving Viscos?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are related to the two questions stated in the

problem formulation. The first is to find out the problem faced by Viscos village. The

second is to find out Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos village.

D. Research Benefits

The readers can gain some benefits from this study. First, by reading this

study, I expect the reader can understand more about human motivation and also what

really motivate them in reaching dreams or goal. Thus, I expect this study is useful in

our daily life. I am sure that people are always motivated by something in their life,

either from internal or external factor. Second, this novel also can teach the readers

how to struggle in reaching their goals or dreams.

Hopefully this study can also be beneficial for all students of English

Language Education Program who would like to take the same study about human

motivation. This study can help them to understand more about the idea, the

characterizations, the message and also the motivation of the character. Other

researchers also can get some benefits from this study. I expect this study can give

more information and stimulate them in analyzing deeper about this novel.

(23)

E. Definition of Terms

In this study, there are some terms to be defined to avoid misinterpretation.

The first term is

dream

. Dream is “an ambition or ideal” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, 1995: 353). In this study, dream is defined as someone’s ambition which

will be reached if he or she has the opportunity in his or her life.

The second term is

goal

. Goal is “the object of one’s efforts; a target” (Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 509). In this study, goal is defined as

someone’s aim in his or her life which has to be reached.

The third is

needs.

“Need is internal or homeostatic imbalance that must be

satisfied in order to keep the body performing at a consistent level” (Worchel and

Shebilkske, 1989: 375). In this study, need is defined as something that need to be

fulfilled so that the balance will restore.

The fourth is

motivation

. Huffman, Vernoy, Vernoy (2000: 392) state that

motivation is the process of activating, maintaining, and directing behavior toward a

particular goal. According to Petri (1981: 3), “motivation is the concept we use when

we describe the forces acting or on within an organism to initiate and direct

behavior.” In this study, motivation is defined as a desire or an action to do

something that is motivated to reach some goals or needs that have to be fulfilled.

(24)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss some theories used to analyze the novel and answer the problem formulations. There are three parts that are presented in this chapter. The first part is review of related theories which is dealing with theory of critical approach, theory of motivation and theory of human needs. The second part is criticism. It consists of the articles and reviews by people who have read

about this novel, The Devil and Miss Prym (2000). The third part is theoretical

framework. It consists of the contribution of the theories and reviews applied in this study to answer the problems formulated in this thesis.

A. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Critical Approaches

Reading a novel is a pleasant thing in literary work. In understanding the novel, we do not only know about the title, plot, or the author but also broaden our knowledge about literary deeper.

In order to help readers in understanding about how literature is shaped and the meaning of it, Wellek and Warren (1956: 80) suggest two approaches to study literary works; those are the intrinsic and the extrinsic approaches. Each approach has its point of view. When analyzing a novel with the intrinsic approach, it means that we analyze and appreciate a novel from its elements such as character, plot, setting, and etc. On the other hand, the extrinsic approach allows us to analyze a novel based on the theories of another field of knowledge.

(25)

In applying the extrinsic approach, there are some suggestions. Wellek and Warren, (1956: 77-134) suggest some theories, which can be used to analyze a literary works; “literature and biography, literature and psychology, literature and society, literature and ideas, literature and the other arts”.

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15) state that there are 5 kinds of approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach.

In this study, I use the psychological approach. Psychological approach is the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns, but from a different body of knowledge that is psychology (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 13). Psychological approach is used to explain about human motivation especially the motivation of the main character, Chantal Prym, in saving Viscos village. It is because study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human behavior. The main character’s motivation can be seen from her behavior when she focuses on getting her goal. Through this approach, the character’s motivation can be analyzed deeply.

2. Theory of Motivation

I am sure that people who have motivations, they have dreams too. As Zulkanaen (2007: 13) says that “everything happens to us is begun from our dreams”. It is because people are free to dream everything in every time and everywhere (ibid, 13). There is no one can limit someone’s dreams. Yet, dream is

(26)

not enough pushing someone to reach his goal. There is one thing that really will be able to force someone to be motivated in reaching his goal, it is called needs.

Need is needed because it helps motivation leads human to do an action. “Motivation is sufficient reason to behave as they do” (Kennedy and Gioia, 1995: 60), because it can push someone to do something that he or she wants. This motivation theory is needed in this thesis because I want to analyze about the main character’s motivation in this novel.

Motivated behavior is someone’s behavior which is set to make an action by a need (Kalish, 1973: 29). A need here indicates that some types of someone’s satisfaction is lacking and implies someone to reduce the dissatisfaction. Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard (1983: 314) also state that “motivation refers to the factors that energize and direct behavior”. It means that in motivation energizes someone to do something, for example a hungry person is motivated to seek food to eat and a thirsty person to drink. Based on Worchel and Shebilkske’s theory (1989: 373) which state that people who are motivated always act in a certain way at a certain time. That is the reason why they conclude that “the study of motivation is concerned with how and why people behave as they do-what energize and direct their behavior” (ibid, 411).

Motivation will appear if there are some needs to be achieved. It is similar to Waringin’s theory (2007: 19) which mentions that human brain has a system where human tends to search of pleasure and avoid misery automatically. Pleasure here indicates human needs. Thus, I conclude this theory is suitable with theory of motivation which says that needs serve as a basis for someone’s motivation to do

(27)

something. When someone’s needs have not been fulfilled, he will be motivated to try hard until he gets his satisfactions.

Henry Murray (1938) as quoted in Worchel and Shebilkske (1989: 406) suggests that some people are brought by a motive to do things as soon as possible. This can be meant as achievement motivation. In short, people’s need that must be fulfilled at one can be said as achievement motivation. There are two forms of motivation that affect achievement motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is motivated behavior that results from external factors, such as promotion, status or any similar types of rewards. Intrinsic motivation is motivated behavior that derives from the enjoyment of performing the task rather than from an expected reward (Worchel and Shebilkske, 1989: 408).

According to Petri (1981: 3), motivation is the concept which we use when

we want to describe the action or within someone to initiate and direct behavior. Staw (1976) as quoted in Petri (1979: 315) also defines that “intrinsic motivation as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed”. While, extrinsic motivation, emphasizes the external goals towards which the activity is directed.

Other researchers, Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 392) state that

motivation refers to factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interests which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward his goal. Why an individual has motivation to do something? The key to understanding this is achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is “the need for success for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks; the desire to excel, especially in

(28)

competition with others” (Henry Murray, 1938 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000: 399).

According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 401) there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement: Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

a. Intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to exhibit an action for our own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There is not a real reward (money, certificate, or status) for his work but the reward is from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something well.

b. Extrinsic motivation

Extrinsic motivation is a desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from reward which will be benefit for someone, such as money, certificate, or status. There is not enjoyment in this motivation. He only does something for the reward given not for his satisfaction.

Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 404) also explain about the general theories of motivation where those theories are divided into three, as follows: 1. Biological Theories

a. Instinct

“Motivation results from behaviors that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in a species”. It means that instinct is a behavioral pattern which does not need to be learnt, always expressing something in the same way and also have an inherited. This instinctual behavior is obvious when we see

(29)

animals. But according to Edward O. Wilson (1975, 1978) as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 405) believes that human being also have instinct such as competition, aggression, male-female differences, and also altruism. These instincts are automatically come from one generation to another generation. That is the reason why this behavior does not need to be learnt and always expressed in the same way because it comes from genetically in every species. b. Drive-Reduction Theory

This theory begins with the biological needs of organism (such as foods, water, and oxygen) which are lacking. When the biological needs are unmet, these needs created a state of tension (drive), then the organism is motivated to reduce the needs or satisfy the original needs. Once the need is met, a state of balance (homeostasis) is restored and motivation decreases. For the example, someone who is starving will create a state of tension (hunger drive) then he is motivated to find food.

2. Psychosocial Theories a. Incentive Theory

This theory tells about motivation which comes from the external factors or environmental stimuli. These external stimuli will pull organism in certain directions (Bolles, 1970, 1975; Pfaffmann, 1982 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000: 405). This theory is the opposite of the drive-reduction theory where the internal factors push organism in certain direction. For the example, people eat because their hunger pushes them to find food; this is drive-reduction theory. While the incentive theory is a situation where people continue to eat

(30)

because they see others food like apple pie or ice cream which pulls them to continue eating although they are not hungry at that time.

b. Cognitive Theory

This theory tells about motivation which emphasizes thought processes in goal-directed behavior. This theory is not similar to other theories above; this theory emphasizes thinking and perceptual interpretation.

It means that cognitive theory teaches people to think their plans and reach their goals. That is the reason why it is said that this theory emphasizes in thinking and perceptual interpretation. For the example, someone who wants to get a great grade in his examination will spend the night studying than watch a cinema. In this situation, he has a plan to study all night long to get a perfect grade as his goal.

3. Interactionism: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s theory of motivation says that some motives (such as physiological and safety needs) have to be satisfied before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self-esteem).

This theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs will be explained more in the section theory of Human Needs. It is because this theory is needed in explaining about Chantal Prym who has some needs to be fulfilled in her life.

Perhaps the explanation for the purpose of motivated behavior is the idea of hedonism. Hedonism is a motivation behavior which motivates someone by pleasure and pain (Petri, 1981: 7). Aiken (1969: 119) states that “hedonism is behavior that is directed toward maximizing pleasure and maximizing pain.”

(31)

Young (1961) as quoted in Petri (ibid) explains that this behavior is based on the emotional consequences of an action. If the emotional consequences are pleasurable, the action will be repeated; if the emotional consequences are painful, the action will be avoided and there will be no repetition.

3. Theory of Human Needs

Waringin (2007: 72-73) says that a success person is someone who is brave to take action and convinced that he is able to reach his goal. It means that everyone has to do something that they consider as a good way, which is at least, to survive in this life. However, the behavior they conduct is a good one for them at the end; they have to keep on struggling. One thing that they have to know is there must be motivations which underlying their actions.

Maslow (1954) contended that human being have a number of needs that are instinctive. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than others. The lower the need, the more powerful it is. In his hierarchy, the lower needs are stronger than others need. It must be satisfied first before moving to the higher needs (Maslow, 1954 as quated in Petri, 1981: 302). In other word, it means that motivations are based on human needs. “Hierarchy of needs implies that the individual has to find adequate satisfaction for the more basic needs before he can turn his attention to the higher needs on the scale” (Kalish, 1973: 50).

According to Maslow (1954) as quoted in Petri (1981: 302-305), there are five basic needs:

(32)

a. Psychological Needs

This is the lowest need in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. These consist mainly of: eating, drinking, sleeping, and sex. If some needs are not fulfilled, a human’s physiological needs take the highest priority. Physiological needs can control thoughts and behaviors, and can cause people to feel sickness, pain, and discomfort. Maslow feels that psychological needs are adequately met for most people in the society. When these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.

b. Safety Needs

When psychological needs are met, the need for safety or security in our environment will emerge. Like the psychological needs, safety needs are primarily appears in emergency situations. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure. This include: personal security from crime, security as against company lay-offs, health and well-being, and safety net against accidents/illness and the adverse impacts. If there is no satisfaction of these needs, one reacts as if one were in a threatening situation – obsessive-compulsive neuroses.

c. Love/ Belonging/Social Needs

“When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in the direction of behavior, and the love and belongingness needs emerge” (Maslow, 1954 as quoted in Petri, 1981: 303). This aspect of Maslow’s hierarchy involves emotionally-based relationship in general, such as: friendship, sexual intimacy, and having a supportive and communicative family. Human needs feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large or

(33)

small social group. They need to love and to be loved by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression.

d. Esteem Needs

When the love needs have been adequately met, the esteem needs become dominant. Esteem needs mean needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself. There are two subcategories of these needs namely, a need for self - esteem and a need for esteem from others. The needs for self – esteem motivates the individual to attempt for achievement, strength, confidence, independent, and freedom. The need of esteem from others requires reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation of one’s ability and feeling of important. All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect, and to respect others. People needs to prove themselves to gain recognition and have an activity that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued.. The satisfaction of esteem needs makes one feel having a purpose in the world. Lack of esteem leads the individual to feel inconsequential and to have little self-worth.

e. Self-Actualization

When one has satisfied the first four levels of need (psychological needs, safety needs Love/ belonging/social needs, esteem needs) the final level, which

Maslow termed self – actualization, can be reached. “The behavior of

self-actualization person is motivated by a new set of needs, which Maslow

termed the being needs (B – Motivation or metamotivation)” (Maslow, 1954 as

quoted in Petri, 1981: 305). Being needs are values such as truth, honesty, and goodness which provide meaning to the life of self – actualization individual”.

(34)

The self actualization - need of humans makes them become the most of their abilities and to strive to be the best they can. In short, self-actualization is reaching one’s fullest potential.

B. Criticism

In this part, I will present some criticism related to Paulo Coelho and his

work entitled The Devil and Miss Prym (2000) published by Harper Collins. The

criticisms are presented to give more references to the reader in understanding Paulo Coelho’s work.

Amayel in her article “Paulo Coelho: The Devil and Miss Prym: A Novel

of Temptation” says,

‘Paulo Coelho’s stunning novel explores the timeless struggle between good and evil, and brings to our everyday dilemmas fresh perspectives: incentives to master the fear that prevents us from following our dreams,

from being different, from truly living. The Devil and Miss Prym is a story

charged with emotion, in which the integrity of being human meets a terrifying test.’ (http://amayelsnotes.wordpress.com/readings/ , acessed on July 24, 2008).

Based on the criticism above, Paulo Coelho has created a literary work which can motivate people to fight their fear in this life. The story of the novel is about human nature in the real life. According to her point of view, Coelho explains that circumstances can change us each time into either good or bad people.

Amayel (ibid) also gives criticism about Coelho’s works; she says the only issue with Coelho is that in reading his book from the oldest to the newest that he seems lose his character development for teaching lessons. It can be seen when

(35)

reading Coelho’s works, it makes us think and also teaches us the lesson right there rather than letting us think and figure it out by our self. From her criticism, we can see that Amayel feels a little bit disappointed with this novel, because Coelho makes all is easy to be read so he is not giving opportunities to the readers to think and learn by themselves about his novel.

The main character that Paulo uses in this novel called Chantal. She is a poor young woman but she is a tough woman. Although she has been expelled by Viscos people but she still cares about Viscos village life. Anna (http://www.shelfari.com/books/39702/The-Devil-and-Miss-Prym-A-Novel-of-Te mptation, accessed on June 9, 2008), says that she loves Chantal for her courage to stand for what she thinks is the best situation. According to Anna, Chantal is very kind; she is also smart when she is discussing the gold to the stranger. She also says that she likes the way Coelho makes every detail in the story grim and hopeless which in the end of the story he puts little spark of hope that can change the situation.

Sirg0508 in her article “Book Review: The Devil and Miss Prym by Paulo

Coelho” says that he is satisfying enough when he is reading this novel. In his

criticism, he says although The Devil and Miss Prym is not a long novel with only

201 pages and the chapters are also relatively short, this novel is quite easy to be read. He also says that there is suspense in this novel and although the last chapter is not like his wishes but it is satisfying enough for him. (http://www.helium.com/items/884071-book-reviews-the-devil-and-miss-prym-by -paulo-coelho?page=2, accessed on July 24, 2008).

(36)

From the criticism above, we can see that there are two people who seem satisfied with this novel. In this point, I conclude that although the story seems short, it has deeper meaning for our life because this book teaches us to defeat for our evil in ourselves and also to recognize about right and wrong in making decisions.

C. Theoretical Framework

The motivation and human needs theory that are explained in the previous part are used to analyze the two problems formulated in the problem formulation. The motivation and human needs theory help me to see every aspect of human behavior in fulfilling their needs which leads Chantal to do something in fulfilling her needs.

The critical approach which I use in this study is psychological approach which may be useful for this study. I choose psychological approach because motivation is part of psychological theory. I believe that this approach can help me in understanding the analysis of my problems about motivation.

Some of criticisms also have relations to this study. These criticisms help

me to give affirmations in understanding the character in this novel, TheDevil and

Miss Prym. These criticisms also can help me in understanding about what the

readers thought of this novel.

(37)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. Those are subject of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The first is the subject of the

study which deals with the novel The Devil and Miss Prym (2000) by Paulo

Coelho and also the focus of this study. The second is approach of the study that I use to explain about the critical approach in analyzing this novel. The last is the method of study as the procedure to analyze the study.

A. Subject of the Study

The subject of the study of this thesis is The Devil and Miss Prym (2000).

This is a novel written by a Brazilian author, Paulo Coelho. The first edition of

this novel was published in Portuguese in 2000 entitled O Demonio e a srta Prym.

This study uses the version which is published in 2001 by Harper Collins Publishers and translated from Portuguese to English by Amanda Hopkinson and Nick Caistor. The novel contains 25 chapter and 201 pages long.

The Devil and Miss Prym (2000)tells about greediness of human beings in

a small village of Viscos. The major character is Miss Prym. The story starts from a stranger who came to Viscos village. He is a man who had left by his family in a bad murder and now he is searching of an answer to a question: “Are human beings essentially good or bad?” In trying to find the answer, he offers Viscos ten bars of gold if at the end of seven days someone in the Viscos is found dead. Meanwhile Chantal is a young woman who lives in Viscos and wishes that she

(38)

can leave that small town to reach her goal in life. The stranger asks Chantal to help him to tell the people in Viscos about his offer. For the repayment, she will get a bar of gold which can make her life much better than now. This condition makes Chantal confused because she actually wants the gold but it means that she has to tell the people about the stranger’s offer and maybe there will be a murder in Viscos.

Finally, Chantal takes the stranger’s offer and tells to the people about the stranger’s message. Then, what happen? Because of her action, people become weird and they are busy in choosing who will become the victim. When Chantal knows about this, she is so surprised and plans to save the victim. This makes Chantal is motivated to save Viscos to the normal situation. However, Viscos is a

small harmonious and peaceful village. If there is a murder, Viscos will be

damaged. Chantal does not want it happens, that is why, she tries to save Viscos, her birthplace.

B. Approach of the Study

The focus of my study is on the motivation of Chantal in saving Viscos village, her birthplace. In analyzing the problems, I need an approach which can help me in analyzing the problem. There are two kinds of approaches which

proposed by Wellek and Warren (1956: 80). Those are intrinsic and extrinsic

approaches, where this study uses the extrinsic approach. Extrinsic approach has five types which can be used to analyze a literary work. Those approach are literary and biography, literature and psychology, literature and society, literature and ideas, literature and the other arts.

(39)

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15), there are five kinds of approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach. In this study I use psychologycal approach because it can help me in analyzing human motivation, personality and also behavior patterns which all of them is related to psychology field. In this study, Chantal’s motivation in saving her village affects her psychological states. By using this psychological approach, this study brings us to see a deeper understanding of Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos village. However, human motivation is a part of human psychology which can explain more about motivation behavior. Therefore, literature and psychological approach are needed to be applied to answer the problems formulated in this study which is related to psychological field.

C. Method of the Study

This study is a library study. There are two kinds of sources that are used. Those were primary and secondary sources. The primary source was the novel

itself that was The Devil and Miss Prym (2000) by Paulo Coelho. The secondary

sources were books that were collected to support the analysis. There were several books related to the theory of literary term, the theory of psychology and also

theory of motivation. The secondary sources namely Literature: An Introduction

to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama,Introduction to Psychology 8th edition, Psychology

in Action and Psychology: Principles and Application and etc. In this study, the

method I used in gathering data was library study. There were some steps in conducting this study in order to answer the questions stated in the problem

(40)

formulation. The first step was to read, understand and comprehend the novel. This step was aimed to get a comprehensible understanding of the novel. The second step was to determine the theories and approaches that would be applied in this study. Based on the main idea, this study used psychological approach. The theories of psychology in this study were theory of motivation and theory of human needs. The third step was analyzing the novel using the theories and approach to answer the problems. The last step was drawing conclusion from the result of the analysis.

(41)

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is aimed to answer the two questions, which are stated in the problem formulation. In this chapter, I try to analyze Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos village. I divide my analysis into two parts. The first part will discuss about the problem which is faced by Viscos village. The second part will discuss about Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos.

A. The Problems Faced by Viscos Village 1. The Background of the Problem

In this part, I am going to discuss the first problem that has been formulated in the previous chapter; it is about the problems faced by Viscos. The problem faced by Viscos is started when a stranger comes to tempt Viscos.

In the novel, The Devil and Miss Prym, Coelho uses Miss Prym or Chantal

as the major character. Chantal here will become the focus of the story from the beginning to the ending part.

Before I go to a deeper discussion about the problem faced by Viscos, it is better to explain about the background of the problem first. That is about the situation in Viscos village and also why the stranger chooses this village to tempt. It is because this explanation can answer the reason about why the stranger chooses this village to tempt.

Here is about Viscos situation before the stranger comes. Viscos is a small village where the inhabitants are only 281 people. Viscos is an ancient and

(42)

isolated place. Most of people are farmers and shepherds. Viscos village is a place for every hunter who always comes when the hunting time has come. Most of teenagers who live in Viscos village have moved to big city because they feel that Viscos village cannot guarantee their future.

People’s life in Viscos always runs in harmony and peace; they eat from their livestock crops and their rice field. Every year hunters come to Viscos to do their hobby, hunting wolves. Viscos is famous with its wild wolves which live in the forest. However, Viscos is still natural; there are still a lot of forests which are possible for the animals to live. Their income comes from the hunters who stay in the only hotel in Viscos and also by selling their harvest. Every night Viscos people always gather in the only hotel’s bar. They come to tell about their daily life. Viscos has nine months winter, so they only have three months summer to cultivate their field.

The harmonious and peaceful Viscos’s development is closely related to its historical background. Long time ago, Viscos village was a place for the very dregs of humanity, a place where bandits, smugglers, prostitutes, and murderers gathered. The wickedest of them all was Ahab. For Ahab, killing somebody else was a usual thing.

For over two centuries, Viscos had been inhabited by the very dregs of humanity …. at that time, Viscos was little more than a frontier post, populated by bandits fleeing from justice, by smugglers and prostitutes, by confidence tricksters in search of accomplices, even by murderers resting between murders. The wickedest of them all, an Arab called Ahab, controlled the whole village and the surrounding area. (p. 24)

Then one day, there was a saint who came to Viscos village, he was called St. Savin. St. Savin knew about Ahab reputation and he was the wickedest among

(43)

of Viscos people at that time. That was the reason why St. Savin decided to visit Ahab and planned to spend the night at Ahab’s house. Formerly, Ahab wanted to kill St. Savin. Yet, St. Savin’s love had made Ahab realized about his faults and promised that he would leave his dark life. Since then, Ahab changed Viscos people’s life to be harmony and peaceful. His conviction to change had made the people of Viscos also want to be good people. This tradition was really held by every single person in Viscos village. That moment has made Viscos to be a famous place which full of harmony, peace and comfort.

The Village which is full of harmony and peace is challenged by the coming of the stranger with his motivation to tempt its people. The stranger’s curiosity in looking for the meaning of the truth to question that always wrestles his heart “whether human being is good or bad” has brought him to make a plan which can shake every heart who knows about it. This story begins from the stranger’s life experiences. He feels that life has been so unfair for him. He also feels that he has become a man who undergoes this life in the right way, and he is also loyal to God’s order but why life is still so cruel to him. That is why, he is going to prove his theory that human being is an evil.

As Waringin (2007: 19) says that “Otak manusia secara mendasar hanya

mencari kenikmatan dan menghindari kesengsaraan.” (Human brain is based on

the searching of pleasure and avoiding misery). It means that if we are closed with a misery, we tend to go away. While, when we are closed to an enjoyment, we tend to come near to that pleasure. This quotation shows how the stranger’s feeling to this life. In this situation, he tends to try to avoid his misery that is why

(44)

he makes a plan which can satisfy his soul or in the other word he gets his pleasure feeling.

As a businessman and a director of huge firm, he is a good person. He never dares to against the law and always obeys every regulation. In society, he can be considered as a good man who is perfect.

“…I was a highly paid director of a huge firm…”

“…I did it all legally, got the transactions approved by the government, the export licences, paid all he necessary taxes…”.(p. 63)

“Remember what I told you at the beginning. I always tried to do my businesses according to the law; I considered my self what people usually term a “good man”. (p.65)

The stranger has a good heart, it can be seen when he is working in his company. He always tries to be honest and does not want to harm other people in his business. He has a wife who loves him and two daughters. He really loves his family. His love can be seen when he is working, he works hard to support his family so that his family can live comfortably and happily.

“… I married a woman who loved me, I had two beautiful daughters…” (p. 63)

“Since I was paid commission on every deal we made, I earned more than enough to support my wife, my daughters, and even my grandchildren and my great grandchildren; because the arms trade is the most profitable business in the world.” (p. 64)

However, his action to his family shows how the stranger’s motivation in making his family’s life comfortable. This situation is similar to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy’s theory (2000: 404) about drive-reduction theory where this theory explains that motivation begins with the biological needs of organism which are lacking (food, water, and oxygen). The biological needs which are lacking have to be fulfilled so that the homeostasis (balance) restores. This theory is the same as

(45)

the stranger’s motivation. We can see it from his effort in fulfilling his family’s needs so they do not lack anything.

Unfortunately, one day a group of terrorist snatches his wife and daughters whom he loves so much. His life changes at once. His wife and two daughters have been kidnapped as hostages. The terrorists do this because the stranger works as a director in a big farm of arms manufactures and they want to get some weapon from the stranger illegally. What can he do? Because he is a good citizen, he informs this problem to the police who are more expert in handling this case. Automatically, when he is informing this problem to the police, he is like a husband and father who cannot protect his family. It is because all the decisions have been taken by the police. When the police has successfully known where the terrorist’s cache is, they find his wife and two daughters have been murdered as victims of terrorist’s cruelty. It is too difficult for him to receive it.

“Before the day was out, the hiding place where they were keeping the hostages had been discovered, and the kidnappers – two young men and a woman, all apparently inexperienced, simply disposable elements in a powerful political organization – lay dead, riddled with bullets. Before they died, however, they had time to execute my wife and daughters… ” (p. 66-67)

Ironically, his wife and two daughters have been murdered by weapon which is made by his company where he works. The stranger feels that it is difficult for him to believe anyone again. He can hardly receive the reality which he has to face that his family has been killed by a group of terrorists. Then he begins his journey in searching the truth of human being’s nature.

“… I traveled to the four corners of the earth, alone with my grief, asking my self how human beings can be capable of such evil. I lost most precious thing a man can have: my faith in my fellow man. I laughed and I

(46)

wept at God’s irony. At the absurd way he had chosen to demonstrate to me that I was an instrument of Good and Evil.” (p. 68)

He plans to prove whether human being is good or bad. He does it because he still cannot understand why the terrorists do that to his family. He wonders if the terrorists still have conscience when they do it to his family.

“This may seem naïve to you – after all, people kill each other every day for money – but that doesn’t interest me, I’m only concerned with my wife and daughters. I want to know what was going on in the minds of those terrorists. I want to know whether, at any point, they might have taken pity on them and let them leave, because their war had nothing to do with my family. I want to know if, when Good and Evil are pitted against each other, there is a fraction of a second when Good might prevail.” (p. 68-69) Kennedy and Gioia (1995: 60) state that “motivation is sufficient reason to behave as they do.” They here indicate people who have motivation in to do something. It is clear if we look the stranger’s behavior in looking for the truth “whether human being is good or bad” in this novel. We know that he has lost all his family. For that reason, he is motivated to look for the truth behind human’s nature. His disappointment and curiosity make him to tempt Viscos people.

He ends his journey at a small village which is called Viscos. As I describe in the previous part that Viscos village is so isolated, ancient and not interesting. A small village where the inhabitants are only 281 people and the people live in peace and harmony. This small village, Viscos, becomes the place which is selected by the stranger in carrying out his planning.

2. How the Problem Appears

In carrying out his planning to tempt Viscos people, the stranger wants the Viscos to fall into ruin by its people. That is the reason why the stranger needs

(47)

somebody to realize his planning. Finally, he meets a woman, named Chantal. Chantal is a young woman from Viscos village who has many dreams and future hope. She is the youngest woman in Viscos village because her friends who have the same age as her have left to big city to achieve their dreams and future hope. It is related to Kennedy and Gioia (1995: 60) about motivation in which it states that “motivation is sufficient reason to behave as they do”. However, it is seldom to hear that young people who have many dreams do not want to try to achieve it. In fact, many people always go to big city in trying to change their life better. This also becomes Chantal’s wish for a long time. As a young woman, Chantal has many ambitions, hopes and also desires in her life, like most of her friends who go to big city to achieve their dreams.

Chantal had had so many dreams: she thought she could overcome all obstacles, find a husband, get a job in the big city, be discovered by a talent scout who happened to be visiting that out – of – the – way place in the hope of finding peace, get a career in the theater, write a best – seller, have photographers calling out to her to pose for them, walk along life’s red carpets (p.31).

Henry Murray (1938) as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 392) says that “achievement motivation is the need for success for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks, the desire to excel, especially in competition with others”. If I relate this quotation to Chantal’s life, we can see that this theory is similar to Chantal’s goal. However, Chantal also loves some challenging things such as becoming a career woman, actress in theater and also a

best seller writer in a big city. Zulkarnain (2007: 13) says that “Segala sesuatu

yang terjadi pada diri kita dimulai dengan impian.” (Everything happens to us is

(48)

We are free in imagining something which we want to be because we are what we are dreaming. When we are dreaming to be a successful person, we will be a successful person and we will do everything to reach it.

However, it is like a prince who craves a goddess from heaven, Chantal also feels that her ambitions are just a dream. It is too difficult to achieve because she realizes that she has many limitation in achieving her dreams. This situation is caused by Chantal who grows in a simple family and full of limitation in everything. Chantal herself is brought up by her old grandmother.

Life had always been so unfair to her: she didn’t know who her father was; her mother had died in childbirth, leaving her with a terrible burden of guilt to bear; her grandmother, a countrywoman, had eked out a living as a dressmaker, saving every penny she could so that her granddaughter could at least learn to read and write (p.30-31).

From the quotation above, it shows that Chantal feels difficult to achieve her dreams, goes to a big city and becomes a successful woman full of luxury without enough education background. Her biggest ambition is that she can leave Viscos with all the routine, in which she often works as a servant in the only hotel in Viscos village and goes to big city to get her dreams come true as soon as possible.

Every day was another day spent waiting. Every night was a night when she might meet someone who would recognize her true worth. Every man she took to her bed was the hope of leaving Viscos the following morning, never again to see those three streets, those stone houses with their slate roofs, the church with its cemetery beside it, the hotel selling local handicrafts that took months to make and were sold for the same price as mass – produced goods (p. 31).

From the description of Chantal’s life above, we can see that Chantal also wants to go to a big city to reach her dreams. She thinks that her village cannot

(49)

make her as qualified as she wants for her life. This conviction motivates her to do something so that she can leave Viscos. A great motivator from Indonesia,

Waringin (2007: 72-73) says that “Orang yang sukses adalah orang yang yakin

bahwa ia mampu mencapai tujuannya.” (A successful person is someone who

convinces that he is able to reach his goal). Based on the quotation above, it is clear that Chantal who has a strong will in changing her life better has to take action. If, she does not do anything or take action, her dreams are impossible come to her life.

Based on Chantal’s background, the stranger feels that she is the right person to help him for his planning. Chantal is the first person who knows about the stranger’s planning toward Viscos people and the stranger asks her to help him in telling his planning to Viscos people that if at the end of seven days, one of Viscos people is found dead, the stranger will give the ten gold bars to the Viscos people.

“I’m giving them a week. If, at the end of seven days, someone in the village is found dead – it could be a useless old man, or someone with an incurable illness, or a metal defective who requires constant attention, the victim doesn’t matter – then the money will go to the other villagers, and I will conclude that we are all evil… .” (p. 17)

Then, Chantal will get a bar of gold as the reward for her because she has helped him in telling Viscos people about his planning. This thing, of course, triggers reaction from Chantal. It means that she also wishes the existence of murder in Viscos village which is only for the sake of ten bars of gold and a gold bar as the reward of Chantal’s effort. But, Chantal fights against the stranger’s desire because she thinks that it is a weird action. This situation shows Chantal’s

(50)

dilemma because she has to choose between her dreams or her birthplace. In fact, people who are looking for their dreams will do everything to get it. It is because dreams cannot be limited by anything such as fear, physical appearance or any

barriers. “Anda boleh mengimpikan apa, kapan dan dimana saja.” (You are free

in dreaming everything in anytime and anywhere), Zulkarnain (2007: 13). This also prevails to Chantal’s dreams. The stranger knows that Chantal is thinking about his offer actually by telling about the gold bar which can make Chantal reaches anything that she wants. The stranger truly knows that Chantal really want that gold to be able to realize what has been Chantal’s dreams.

“… I showed you a gold bar, which would give you the necessary financial independence to get out of here, to travel the world, to do whatever it is young woman from small; out of the way villages dream of doing… .” (p. 16).

The stranger makes a fool of Chantal’s mind by telling her that this is the opportunity for her to be able to realize what have been her dreams or to get a better life. Chantal is so confused, she is also scared if she takes too long to tell Viscos people, another person will take this opportunity in telling about the stranger’s planning.

She was seized by panic: the one lucky moment in her life could vanish that very afternoon. What if the stranger changed his mind? What if he decided to go in search of another village where he might find another woman more willing to help him in his plans? (p. 31-32)

It might be possible that Chantal exactly becomes the victim of Viscos people because she is not willing to tell Viscos people about the stranger’s message. However, those ten bars of gold can support Viscos people’s life for the next years. Thinking about that, there is a wrestling in Chantal’s heart.

(51)

“…I’ll tell everyone that I gave the chance to help them, but you refused, then I’ll put my proposition to them myself. If they do decide to kill someone, you will probably be their chosen victim.” (p. 18)

Her wrestling is she is not brave enough to convey the message to all Viscos people. It is because Chantal worries that the life order of Viscos village which respects peace and harmony for a long time will be damaged as the result of Chantal’s action in conveying the stranger’s message to all Viscos people. However, Chantal also thinks about the opportunity which comes to her through the stranger’s offer, the gold.

Chantal’s heart is wrestling for three nights about whether she conveys the stranger’s message or not to Viscos people. Chantal meets the stranger again after their meeting by the river. The stranger asks Chantal the reason why she does not immediately tell about his planning to Viscos people. Chantal does not directly answer the stranger’s question, but Chantal asks the stranger the reason why he chooses Viscos village to be the victim of his planning. Then, the stranger tells the reason he chooses Viscos village, that is the stranger wants to know whether it is true or not the famous Viscos people who lives in peaceful and harmonious will mortgage it for the sake of great reward, ten bars of gold, through taking someone’s life. After that, the stranger begins telling his life story to Chantal as the reason of why he wishes to prove about whether human being is good or bad.

Hearing the stranger’s life story, Chantal is willing to help him in telling the stranger’s planning about what he will do to Viscos people. Chantal is willing to fulfill the stranger’s desire because she wants to show to the stranger that human being still have conscience. She also wants to prove that Viscos people are

(52)

good men. They always hold on God’s order firmly and loyally, so they will not do that weird thing, killing somebody else.

3. Factors Influencing Chantal’s Action

Motivated behavior is someone’s behavior which is set to make an action by a need (Kalish, 1973: 29). Chantal’s action in conveying the stranger message is supported by a strong reason that is the need of prosperity. In the theory of motivation, a need can be indicated as something that has not been fulfilled or in the other word some type of satisfaction is lacking. And then, human being needs to reduce the dissatisfaction by doing something. The theory above also prevails to Chantal who wants to reduce her dissatisfaction life.

Chantal’s willingness in conveying the stranger’s message to Viscos people can be seen from two factors. Those are internal factor and external factor. The internal factor which influences Chantal is Chantal’s desire to get the gold so that she can reach her dreams. The external factor which influences Chantal is Chantal’s desire to prove that Viscos people are good men to the stranger. It means that Viscos people are people who still have conscience in which they will not sacrifice their people for the sake of the ten bars of gold.

a. Internal Factor: Chantal’s Desire in Getting the Gold to Make Her Dreams Come True

This section analyzes the first factor which influences Chantal’s willingness in conveying the message, that is Chantal’s desire in getting the gold.

(53)

I use theory proposed by Maslow (1959, 1965, 1971, 1973 and 1976) as quoted in Petri (1981: 302-305) about his hierarchy of needs and some theories about motivation to support my analysis toward Chantal’s desire to get the gold as the reward from the stranger.

Huffman, Vernoy, Vernoy (2000: 401) state that intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act for its own sake. In this case, Chantal is willing to convey the stranger’s message because she wants that gold which actually she does it for her own sake. This is what Chantal thought when she heard the stranger’s offer in the first time.

Chantal feels that sometimes her desire is so strong, but sometimes also so weak. Three days three nights, Chantal’s mind is full of confusion. She is really wants the gold as the reward from the stranger. It is because by getting that gold, Chantal can make her dreams come true.

How much would it be worth? She couldn’t tell with any degree of

accuracy, but – as the stranger said – it would be enough for her not to have to worry about earning another penny for the rest of her life. She was holding her dream in her hands, the thing she had always longed for, and which a miracle had set before her. Here was the opportunity to free herself from all those identical days and nights in Viscos from the endless going back and forth to the hotel where she had worked since she was eighteen, … (p. 30).

Her desire to change her fate and her future is too strengthen her plan to steal the gold and leave Viscos without caring about the stranger’s request and Viscos future which has been her birthplace. Yet, this strong desire changed drastically and that extraordinary courage changed suddenly becomes a fear which really controls over Chantal’s feeling.

(54)

She had just realized there were two that prevent us from achieving our dreams: believing them to be impossible or seeing those dreams made possible by sudden turn of the wheel of fortune, when you least expected it. For at that moment, all out fears suddenly surface: the fear of setting off along a road heading who knows where, the fear a life full a new challenges, the fear for ever everything that is familiar. People want to change everything and, at the same time, want it all to remain the same. (p. 34).

Chantal’s willingness in conveying the stranger’s message is also supported by her needs to be fulfilled. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as quoted in Petri (1981: 302-305), states that there are 5 hierarchy of needs; psychological need, safety need, love/ belonging/ social need, esteem need and self-actualization.

First, safety need. The need to feel safe from financial limitation emerges in Chantal’s mind when she knows about the gold. We know that she grows in a simple family whom her grandmother, a countrywoman, works as a dressmaker and saves every penny to make her grandchild at least can learn write and read. Chantal lives in a limitation financial family. The aim is by getting the gold, automatically she can be safe from her limitation financial.

Second, love/ belonging/ social need. Everyone needs to be loved by others, so that others will consider his/ her existence. However, Chantal does not have that feeling. She is the youngest woman in Viscos village because every young man and woman who was born in Viscos had gone to big city and left Chantal alone. She always searches her love in every man who comes to Viscos village but the result is none.

… just so as to have someone to talk to, another promise to hear, a few days in which to dream of a possible new love and a one-way tickets out of the valley where she was born. Her heart has already been broken many

(55)

times over, and yet she still believed she was destined to meet the man of her life. At first, she had let many chances slip by, thinking that the right person had not yet arrived, but now she had thought, and she was prepared to leave Viscos with the first man willing to take her, even if she felt nothing for him. Doubtless, she would learn to love him – love, too, was just a question of time. (p. 12)

We can see from the novel, she needs to be loved by others, that is why

she plans to set up a meeting with the stranger accidentally near the mountain. Yet, what she finds is not love but a wrestling heart to make a decision which is made by the stranger.

Third, esteem need. The need for self esteem to be independent and freedom and also the need which requires esteem from others such as status, recognition and appreciation of one’s ability. Chantal also needs this esteem need, she wants to be independent and get her freedom, she wishes that she can do anything including having good jobs, such as being a best-seller writer, a model, a theater actress. Through those kinds of job automatically, she will be famous and known by many people.

Chantal’s situation in getting the gold is also similar to hedonic theory.

According to Aiken (1969: 119) “hedonism is that behavior is directed toward maximizing pleasure and maximizing pain.” I believe that everyone also does the same thing as the theory said. People will tend to avoid the pain and reach the pleasure. By getting the gold, it is possible for her to get everything in her life, this is called maximum pleasure.

(56)

b. External Factor: Chantal’s Desire in Proving to the Stranger that Viscos People are Good People

This section analyses the second factor which influences Chantal’s willingness in conveying the stranger’s message, that is Chantal’s desire in proving to the stranger that Viscos people are good people. I use theory of motivation in analyzing this second factor. This theory can help to explain clearer in analyzing Chantal’s desire to prove that Viscos are good people.

Chantal’s struggle to prove Viscos people are good supported by her

conviction that Viscos people still have conscience. It means that they will not sacrifice one of their people for the sake of ten bars of gold. Staw as quoted in Petri (1979: 315) states that extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals towards which the activity is directed. In this case, Chantal is motivated to do this action because she has the external goal that she wants to prove to the stranger that Viscos people are good people.

Chantal believes in Viscos people. It is because she really knows Viscos people well. She has been there since she was a child; she knows more than the stranger knows about Viscos people. So, there is no reason not to believe Viscos people in this case. That is the reason why Chantal is willing to convey the stranger’s message. It is because she believes in Viscos people. Then, she will get the gold bar if Viscos people are proven good. However, Viscos people have strong faith and are not easy to be persuaded to do something which will against one of the God’s ten commanders for ten bars of gold as the reward.

Chantal burst into tears, grateful to her grandmother for having reminded her of that story. Her people were good, and she could trust them. While

(57)

she attempted to go back to sleep, she even toyed with the idea of telling them the stranger’s story, if only to see his shocked ace as he was driven out of Viscos by its inhabitants. (p. 25-26)

Because of her conviction, she is brave to tell Viscos people about the stranger’s message. Then, Chantal explains about what the stranger’s planning toward Viscos people enthusiastically. What Chantal wishes about Viscos people’s response is that Viscos people will agree to throw the stranger out from Viscos village, because the stranger is considered as a bane to Viscos village.

Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000: 392) states that motivation refers to factors within an individual (such as needs, desires and interest) that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal. It is the same with Chantal who has needs, desires and interest which brings her to fulfill it as her goal. That is why; she is going to tell Viscos people about the stranger’s message. Yet, every decision is not avoided by some risks which will appear as soon as the decision has made.

3. The Impacts of the Problem

A dream is only a dream. It does not always come true in the reality. At least, this is what is going on with Chantal, in which she wants to eliminate all the risks may appear in both getting the gold and saving Viscos. Unfortunately, Chantal’s conviction in telling Viscos people about the stranger’s message bring some impacts which she does not realize will appear. However, she cannot avoid from those impacts. In fact, her negative image rechanges and Viscos’s future is threatened damage because of the decision she made.

(58)

a. Viscos People See Chantal’s Image Negatively

Firstly, Chantal is certain that Viscos people will admire her that she has saved Viscos village, if they know that the stranger will give those ten bars of gold although there is no murder in Viscos village.

… She would tell them about the wager she had made, announcing that they had won the battle and were rich. She would never become a saint like St. Savin, but for many generation to come she would be remembered as the woman who saved the village from Evil’s second visitation. Maybe they would make up legends about her; the village’s future inhabitants might refer to her as a lovely young woman … (p. 91)

Chantal is so sure because after revealing the stranger’s message to Viscos people, she meets the stranger again. She tries to make a new agreement with the stranger. She tells the stranger that although there is no one who will be sacrificed, Viscos people still have their right toward the ten bars of gold as the appreciation of Viscos people’s integrity. This is also to make the agreement fair enough for both of them. In this case, Chantal does not forget to struggle for her right too toward a bar of gold which will be hers if she is willing to tell to Viscos people about that message. This situation shows that Chantal is a young woman who cannot give up easily. She will do everything to get her goal, in this case her dreams through getting the gold.

For the first time, the stranger does not believe in Chantal because he is sure that she will tell about this agreement to Viscos people if he agrees with her. Finally Chantal can convince the stranger and promise that she will not tell Viscos people before the next three days.

Unfortunately, she cannot tell this new agreement because she has promised that she will not tell about their agreement to Viscos people until three

(59)

days later. However, Chantal’s explanation about the stranger’s message makes Viscos people have a negative view to her.

‘You know what’s going on,’ the blacksmith said. ‘You want us to commit a murder in return for money.’

‘I don’t want anything! I just did what the guy told me to! Have you all gone mad?’

‘You’re the one who’s gone mad. You should never have allowed yourself to become that madman’s mouthpiece! What on earth do you want? What are you getting out of it? Do you want to turn this place into a hell, just like it was in Ahab stories. Have you lost all sense of honour and dignity?’ Chantal began to tremble.

‘You really have gone mad! Did you actually take the wager seriously?’ ‘Just leave her,’ said the hotel landlady. ‘let’s go home and have

breakfast.’

The group gradually dispersed. Chantal was still trembling, clutching her bread, rooted to the spot. Those people who had never agreed about anything in their lives before were, for the first time ever, in complete accord: she was the guilty one. Not the stranger, not the wager, but her, Chantal Prym, the instigator of the crime. Head the world turned upside down? (p. 94-95)

Yet, of course Chantal does not want to be blamed and considered as a bane to Viscos village.

b. Viscos Threatened Damaged

In fact, Chantal’s conviction is wrong that Viscos people will throw the stranger out from Viscos village. At the first time, it is right that they want the stranger to leave their village. Unfortunately, the stranger does not want to leave Viscos as the reason that he has booked for one week.

However, the stranger’s offer has made Viscos people think twice. It can be seen when the baker van comes and Viscos people gather without saying anything to the baker’s boy as a usual gossip.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(6)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI