FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TECHNICAL TERMS -“ARCHITECTURE; FORM, SPACE AND ORDER”.
FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TECHNICAL TERMS -“ARCHITECTURE; FORM, SPACE
AND ORDER”
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of Faculty of Language and Arts Education as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan
Degree
Novia Aprilianti 0706041
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2014
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Foreignization and Domestication in The
Translation of English Architectural
Term
–
Architecture: Form, Space and
Order
Oleh Novia Aprilianti
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
©Novia Aprilianti 2014 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juli 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhnya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL TERMS – ARCHITECTURE: FORM,
SPACE AND ORDER By:
Novia Aprilianti 0706041
Bandung, June 2014 Approved by:
Main Supervisor
Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
Co-Supervisor
Pupung Purnawarman, M.S.Ed, Ph.D. NIP. 196810131998031001
The Head of English Department
Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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v Novia Aprilianti, 2014
Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL TERMS – ARCHITECTURE: FORM,
SPACE AND ORDER
Novia Aprilianti (0706041)
Didi Suherdi, Pupung Purnawarman
This research attempts to investigate the foreignization and domestication process in Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form, Space and Order book in terms of its strategies. This research aims to explore the categories of English architectural terms in the book and to find whether the English architectural terms are domesticated or foreignized in the Indonesian version of the book. This research uses descriptive design. A printed original version of the book and a PDF document Indonesian version of the book are the subjects of the research. The collected data is analyzed using Pedersen’s (2005) continuum of foreignization – domestication and Baker’s (1992) translation strategies. The result of the research indicates that there were 147 (76.17%) architectural terms of word level and 46 (23.29%) architectural terms of above word level.There were 38.33% of architectural terms translated by using domesticating strategies and 61.67% by using foreignizing strategies. This indicates that the English architectural terms in the Indonesian version is foreignized.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mencoba mengkaji tentang proses strategi foreinnisasi dan domestikasi pada buku Architecture: Form, Space and Order versi Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kategori istilah arsitektural berbahasa Inggris pada buku tersebut dan untuk mengetahui apakah istilah-istilah arsitektural berbahasa Inggris pada buku versi Bahasa Indonesia diforeinnisasi atau didomestikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif. Buku asli dalam bentuk cetak dan buku versi Bahasa Indonesia dalam bentuk dokumen PDF menjadi subject dalam penelitian ini. Data yang tekumpul dianalisis menggunakan rangkaian kesatuan foreinnisasi – domestikasi Pedersen (2005) dan strategi penerjemahan Baker (1992). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 38.33% istilah-istilah arsitektural yang diterjemahkan menggunakan strategi-strategi domestikasi dan 61.67% yang menggunakan strategi-strategi-strategi-strategi foreinnisasi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa istilah-istilah arsitektural berbahasa Inggris pada buku versi Bahasa Indonesia diforeinnisasi.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i
PREFACE ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
ABSTRACT ...v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...vi
LIST OF TABLES ...ix
LIST OF FIGURES ...x
LIST OF CHARTS ...xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1 Background ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2 Statement of Problems ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Aims of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Scope of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5 Significance of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6 Clarification of Terms ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7 Organization of the Paper ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 Translation Theories ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.1 The Definition of TranslationError! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.2 Translation Process ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.3 Translation Methods ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4 Translation Strategies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Foreignization and Domestication in TranslationError! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Architectural Translation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4 Foreignization and Domestication in Architectural TranslationError! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1 Preservation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2 Addition ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
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2.4.4 Literal Translation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.5 Cultural Equivalent ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.6 Omission ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.7 Globalization ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.8 Translation by more specific wordsError! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.9 Creation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.10 Equivalent Translation... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.5 Relevant Previous Studies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Method of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.1 Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.2 Aims of the Research... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3 Scope of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Subjects of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Book Review ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4 Data Collection and Technique ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5 Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Architectural Terms Found in the Book Architecture: Form, Space and Order ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1 Primary Elements ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2 Forms ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3 Form and Space ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.4 Organization ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.5 Circulation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.6 Proportion and Scale... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.7 Principles ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Specific Translation Strategies Used in the Process of Foreignization and Domestication ... 34
4.3 The Translation Strategies in the Domestication-Foreignization Continuum based
on Jan Pedersen’s Framework ... 41 4.3.1 Preservation ... 44
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
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4.3.2 Addition ... 45
4.3.3 Naturalization ... 47
4.3.4 Literal Translation ... 48
4.3.5 Cultural Equivalent ... 49
4.3.6 Omission ... 51
4.3.7 Globalization ... 52
4.3.8 Translation by More Specific Words ... 53
4.3.9 Creation ... 53
4.3.10 Equivalent Translation... 54
4.4 The Translation Strategies based on Mona Baker’s Framework ... 56
4.4.1 Translation by Equivalence ... 56
4.4.2 Translation by a More General Word ... 58
4.4.3 Translation by Cultural Subtitution ... 59
4.4.4 Translation using a Loan Word ... 61
4.4.5 Translation using a Loan Word Plus Explanation ... 62
4.4.6 Translation by Paraphrase using a Related Word... 63
4.4.7 Translation by Omission... 65
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...67
5.1 Conclusions ... 67
5.2 Suggestions ... 69
REFERENCES ...70 APPENDICES ...
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Total Number and Distribution of Pedersen’s Translation Strategies in Architecture:
Form, Space and Order Word Level Classification ...32
Table 4.2 The Percentages of Foreignizing-Domesticating Translation Strategies in the Indonesian Version of Architecture: Form, Space and Order ...34
Table 4.3 The Total Applied Baker’s Translation Strategies of Foreignization and Domestication 39 Table 4.4 The Percentage of Foreignizing and Domesticating Translation Strategies in the Continuum ...42
Table 4.5 The Example of Preservation Translation Strategy ...44
Table 4.6 The Example of Addition Translation Strategy ...46
Table 4.7 The Example of Naturalization Translation Strategy ...47
Table 4.8 The Example of Literal Translation Strategy ...48
Table 4.9 The Example of Cultural Equivalent Translation Strategy ...50
Table 4.10 The Example of Omission Translation Strategy ...51
Table 4.11 The Example of Globalization Translation Strategy ...52
Table 4.12 The Example of Translation by More Specific Word Strategy ...53
Table 4.13 The Example of Creation Translation Strategy ...54
Table 4.14 The Example of Equivalent Translation Strategy ...54
Table 4.15 Total Number and Distribution of Applied Baker’s Translation Strategies of Architecture: Form, Space and Order Architectural Terms ...56
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
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Table 4.17 The Example of Translation by A More General Word Strategy ...58
Table 4.18 The Example of Translation by Cultural Subtitution Strategy ...60
Table 4.19 The Example of Translation Using A Loan Word Strategy ...61
Table 4.20 The Example of Translation Using A Loan Word Plus Explanation Strategy ....63
Table 4.21 The Example of Translation Using A Related Word Strategy ...64
Table 4.22 The Example of Translation by Omission Strategy ...65
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Larson’s model of translation process ...9
Figure 2 Type of Translation Method ...10
Figure 3 The continuum of foreignizating-domesticating translation strategies ...17
Figure 4 The Total Continuum of Foreignizing-Domesticating Translation Strategies ...35
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Novia Aprilianti, 2014
Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 4.1 The Percentage of Architectural Terms Type in Architecture: Form, Space and Order 31 Chart 4.2The Percentages of Foreignization and Domestication in Indonesian Version of
Architecture: Form, Space and Order...35 Chart 4.3 The Total Continuum of Foreignizing-Domesticating Translation Strategies ...37 Chart 4.4 The Percentages of Foreignization and Domestication in Indonesian Version of
Architecture: Form, Space and Order...38 Chart 4.5 The Comparison of Baker and Pedersen Translation Strategy ...41
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1 Novia Aprilianti, 2014
Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a general point of the research including background, statement of problems, aims of the research, scope of the research, significance of the research, clarification of terms and organization of the paper.
1.1Background
Lately, there has been a wide change in translation industry which is the increase in translation needs. There are many foreign textbooks used as a compliment book in the classroom. However, the readers seem to be unsatisfied with the result of translation, especially the translation of technical books. The confusion revealed since some of the terms were not properly translated. Therefore, the translator’s understanding about the approach of domestication and foreignization is very important.
Translation has been variously defined by so many experts, its definition depends on the point of view. One may give a definition on the basis of transforming forms of a language into another language. Others may give a definition by emphasizing translation as transferring meaning and messages from a source language (SL) into a target language (TL).
Larson (1984) mentions that “translation as a change of form from the
Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) that refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. Whether it is spoken or
written.” Translation is a changing of actual form from source language into the target language, and it can be in spoken or written form.
It is also stated that translation is an instrument of education as well as of truth precisely because it has to reach the reader whose cultural and educational
level is different from, and often ‘lower’ or earlier, than that of the reader of the original (Newmark, 1988:6). It is clear that ‘culture’ in translation affects the readers, especially in understanding the whole text.
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Nowadays, translation strategies such as domestication and foreignization are the most interesting issues of translation theories, whether the translation should domesticate or foreignize the source language. The notions of foreignization and domestication were first introduced by Lawrence Venuti in his book The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation published in 1995. He describes a brief history of foreignization and domestication in contemporary Anglo-American culture and criticizes the translations into English for being too domesticated.
As Shuttleworth & Cowie (1997) state, domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.
Judickaite (2009) mentions that “Venuti sees domesticated translations as the devaluated reproductions the original and claims that foreignization should be the technique used by the translator, despite the fact that the TL readers may find
a foreignized product strange”. Domestication in the translation field generally has a negative aura as it is suspected to be responsible for covering up the cultural traces of the original text.
As an opposition to domesticating, Venuti (1995) states a foreignizing method as an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. Foreignizing translation signifies the difference of the foreign text, yet only by disrupting the cultural codes that occur in the target language. Foreignizing translation in English can be a form of resistance against ethnocentrism and racism, cultural narcissism and imperialism, in the interest of democratic geopolitical relations.
In technical textbook, people often found some foreign terms which are hardly defined and sometimes it is hard to find the proper definition in the target language. In the classes, most of the textbooks being used are written in English, it would take more efforts to read such technical book in order to obtain a full understanding. It is because, basically, the English technical terms are relatively different from general English or daily English spoken.
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The involvement of translation in many technical textbooks gives a big role in improving readers’ comprehension in understanding technical terms. There are some English technical terms, which are rarely used in daily conversation, have a different meaning when translated into Bahasa Indonesia, because some words do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia. This has been one of the interesting issues in translation.
Taking into consideration the fact that architectural field can also represent
foreign realia, Venuti’s theories on foreignization and domestication can be easily
applied to all forms of architectural book translation. Architectural book may contain various kind of theories related to form, space, order and the like, all of which can function as terms that are not always a part of the target language system, and can be either domesticated or foreignized by a translator.
Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts in science and technology, and also in other disciplines such as economics and medicine. The translation of these texts needs a high level of subject knowledge, and a mastery of the relevant terminology (Williams & Chesterman, 2002).
In the present research, the researcher focuses on architectural terms translation. Architecture translation involves translation of information related to the field of architecture. It may involve translation of the architectural texts or translation of various blueprints and designs. In modern times, when the corporation in the construction businesses like all other businesses have been crossing various nation, the need of architecture translation is getting evolved to play an important role in the construction business globally.
Based on the background explained above, the title of the research is
“Foreignization and Domestication in The Translation of English Technical Terms - Architecture: Form, Space and Order”.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2Statement of Problems
Based on the explanation above, two research questions are proposed as follows: 1. How many categories of architectural terms are found in the book
Architecture: Form, Space and Order?
2. What specific translation strategies are used in the process of foreignzation and domestication in the Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form, Space and Order book?
1.3Aims of the Research
Based on the research question that have been formulated, the research aim: 1. To explore the translation of English architectural terms in Architecture:
Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K Ching.
2. To investigate the process of domestication and foreignization in terms of its strategies.
1.4Scope of the Research
The research is limited to the case of technical terms translation and the process of domestication and foreignization in Architecture: Form, Space and Order. The analysis was conducted to find out the domesticated and foreignized architectural terms and to analyze the foreignization and domestication process in the Indonesian version used by the translator, Hanggan Situmorang, in translating Architecture: Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K Ching.
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The writer hopes that the research will:
1. Practically, give information on improving the skill of translating, especially translating types of architectural terms.
2. Theoretically, provide a deep understanding of foreignization and domestication concept in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, in which the writer hopes, will be useful for similar studies in this field.
1.6Clarification of Terms
The following terms are provided in order to avoid misunderstanding in this research.
1.6.1 Foreignization
Foreignizing translation should signify “the difference of the foreign text, yet only by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the target
language” (Venuti, 1995) 1.6.2 Domestication
An ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home (Venuti, 1995)
1.6.3 Translation
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988)
1.6.4 Architectural
Connected with architecture (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 6th
edition: 2000).
1.6.5 Terms
Defined as a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of study.
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/term?q=terms
1.7Organization of the Paper
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Chapter I Introduction
This chapter presents a general point of the research including background, statement of problems, aims of the research, scope of the research, significance of the research, clarification of terms and organization of the paper.
Chapter II Theoretical Foundation
This chapter presents the reviews of the theories and literatures related to the research. This chapter consists of the translation theories, foreignization and domestication in translation, architectural terms, foreignization and domestication in architectural translation and relevant previous studies.
Chapter III Research Methodology
This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to analyze the issue stated in the research questions. It consists of the method of the research, research question, aims of the research, scope of the research, book review, subject of the research, data collection and data analysis.
Chapter IV Findings and Discussions
This chapter presents the findings and discussions related to the research question of the research. It covers the elaboration of the findings related to the theories of this research and the analysis in order to achieve the aims of this research.
Chapter V Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the
researcher’s interpretation of findings and discussions. It also elaborates some
suggestions for further research relating to foreignizing and domesticating translation strategies.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to analyze the issue stated in the research questions. It consists of the method of the research, research question, aims of the research, scope of the research, subject of the research, data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Method of the Research
In conducting the research, the researcher employed a descriptive method. This method was used in presenting data since it involved the collection of data for the purpose of describing phenomena. According to Frankel and Wallen (2006),
“Research studies that investigate the quality of relationships, activities,
situations, or materials are frequently referred to as qualitative research. There is a greater emphasis on holistic description-that is, on describing in detail all of what goes on in a particular activity or situation rather than on comparing the effects of a particular treatment or on describing the attitudes or behaviors of people.”
Maxwell (1996) mentions that “qualitative approach focuses on a specific situation or people and emphasizes on words rather than numbers”. The approach
is appropriate for this research since it elaborates the findings better than the numbers (from quantitative method) does.
In this research, the researcher identified the English architectural terms are found in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book and focused on the translation strategies used in translating the architectural terms, whether they are foreignized or domesticated.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.1.1 Research Questions
This research attempts to address the following research questions:
1. How many categories of architectural terms are found in the book Architecture: Form, Space and Order?
2. What specific translation strategies are used in the process of foreignization and domestication in Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form, Space and Order?
3.1.2 Aims of the Research
Based on the research questions that have been formulated, the research aims: 1. To explore the categories of English architectural terms in the book
Architecture: Form, Space and Order written by Francis D.K Ching. 2. To find whether the English architectural terms are domesticated or
foreignized in the Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form, Space and Order?
3.1.3 Scope of the Research
In this research, the researcher focused on to the translation strategies which are used in Indonesian version Architecture: Form, Space and Order book. This includes whether the Indonesian version is domesticated or foreignized, which specific translation strategy used by the translator, Hanggan Situmorang, in translating Architecture: Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K Ching.
3.2 Subjects of the Research
The subject of the research was the architectural terms found in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, both were English and Indonesian. The researcher analyzed the architectural terms in order to find the strategies used in translating those terms by using Pedersen’s (2005) model of foreignization
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domestication continuum. The strategies are: Preservation, Addition, Naturalization, Literal Translation, Cultural Equivalent, Omission, Globalization, Traslation by a More Specific Word, Creation and Equivalent.
To support the data, researcher also used strategies proposed by Mona Baker (1992), which are translation by a more general world, translation by loan words plus explanation, translation by omission, translation by paraphrasing using a related word and translation using a loan word.
3.3 Book Review
Architecture: Form, Space and Order was written by Francis D.K Ching and the Indonesian version was translated by Hanggan Situmorang. The book consists of seven chapters, include primary elements, form, form and space, organization, circulation, proportion and scale, and principles. The original version of this book was published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey on 2007. Meanwhile, the Indonesian version of this book was published by Penerbit Erlangga on 2008.
The contents of the book was interesting since there are various picture contents such as sketches and layouts in order to explain the theories so it can help the reader understands the book. Substantially, this book was very detail in elaborating the basic theories and principles of building design. As a contrary, the reader of the Indonesian version of this book has a difficulty to understand the architectural terms that have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia since the translation of familiar architectural terms were not well translated.
3.4 Data Collection and Technique
The main data of the research were the Architecture: Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K Ching in printed book and PDF document. The original (English) version was obtained from the internet in PDF document
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and the Indonesian version was in form of a printed book. In examining the data, some steps will be taken as follows:
1. Taking the Architecture: Form, Space and Order original (English) version and finding the Bahasa Indonesia version of the book in order to make comparison.
2. Collecting all the architectural terms found in the book, including nouns, phrases and abbreviations.
3. Calculating all the architectural terms were found in the book.
4. Classifying all architectural terms which were found in the book into seven groups based on its contents, which are: 1) primary elements, 2) form, 3) form and space, 4) organization, 5) circulation, 6) proportion and scale, and 7) principles.
5. Analyzing the foreignization and domestication process, the data were
classified into ten groups according to Pedersen’s (2005) model of
domestication and foreignization continuum, which are: Preservation, Addition, Naturalization, Literal Translation, Cultural Equivalent, Omission, Globalization, Translation by more specific words, Creatioan and Equivalent. In the second classification, the data were classified into seven groups based on strategies proposed by Mona Baker (1992) which are: translation by equivalence, translation by a more general word, translation by cultural subtitution, translation using a loan word, translation by loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrasing using related word and translation by omission.
3.5 Data Analysis
After all the data have been collected, the next step was analyzing the data. The researcher employed descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data. In order to analyze the data, there were several steps taken by the researcher. The steps are follows:
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1. Comparing the original version of the book (English) and the Indonesian version of the book by using couple pairs method described by Toury (1995) right after all the architectural terms have been collected. Here, couple pairs mean comparing the English version of the book with the Indonesian version. For example:
English Indonesian
A regularly-spaced series of columns or similar vertical elements form a colonnade.
Serangkaian kolom atau elemen-elemen vertikal yang mirip satu sama lain dengan jarak yang teratur akan membentuk suatu kolonade (rangkaian kolom).
2. Classifying the terms into ten different categories based on the strategy used by the translator. The classification of the strategies based on the continuum of domesticating-foreignizating translation strategies suggested by Pedersen (2005), which are; Preservation, Addition, Naturalization, Literal Translation, Cultural Equivalent, Omission, Globalization, Translation by more specific words, Creation and Equivalent. The second
classification of the strategies was taken from Baker’s classification of
translation strategies (1992), which are; translation by equivalence, translation by a more general word, translation by cultural subtitution, translation using a loan word, translation by loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrasing using related word and translation by omission.
3. Calculating the architectural terms found in the book. The data were presented in form of percentage based on each category.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the
researcher’s interpretation of findings and discussions. It also elaborates some
suggestions for further research relating to foreignizing and domesticating translation strategies.
1.1Conclusions
As it is stated in the beginning of this paper, the researcher aims to find kind of architectural terms contained in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book. Then, after all the data have been collected, the researcher tried to investigate the process of foreignization and domestication in the Indonesia version of the book in terms of its strategies. Finally, the reseacher found that there were 193 architectural terms in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book. The architectural terms varied from words, phrases and abbreviations. The 193 architectural terms were classified into seven categories based on the number of chapter in the book. Most of architectural terms were found in chapter one and three, Primary Elements and Form and Space themes. There were 45 architectural terms found in both chapter or 23.32%. The rest five categories were the second chapter, forms, contained 24 architectural terms or 12.43%; organization, 6 architectural terms or 3.11% found in this chapter; circulation, contained 25 architectural terms or 12.95%; proportion and scale, contained 38 architectural terms or 19.69%; and the last, principles, contained 10 architectural terms or 5.18%. The architectural terms were also categories based on the word level, there were 147 (76.17%) architectural terms of word level and 46 (23.29%) architectural terms of above word level.
Furthermore, the researcher used two classifications of translation strategies in analyzing the foreignization and domestication process in the translation of the book. The first was the translation strategies based on Jan
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Pedersen’s (2005) foreignization and domestication continuum. The strategies
were arranged from the most foreignizing to the most domesticating. Those strategies were preservation, addition, naturalization, literal translation, cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific word, creation and equivalent translation.
Regarding the strategies above, it is revealed that in translating the architectural term in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, there were 37 terms or 19.17% of equivalent strategy, 16 terms or 8.29% of translation by more specific word strategy, 1 term or 0.51% of globalization strategy, 3 terms or 1.55% of omission strategy and 17 terms or 8.81% of cultural equivalent strategy. The total of architectural terms that translated by using domesticating strategies were 38.33% and 61.67% architectural terms were translated by using foreignizing strategies.
In the second classification, the researcher also classified the architectural
terms based on Baker’s (1992) translation strategies. It is found that the total of
architectural terms translated by using domesticating strategies based on Baker’s
categories was 46.63% and there were 53.37% architectural terms translated by using foreignizing strategies.
Therefore, through the findings and analysis of the translation of Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, the researcher made some conclusions in order to answer the research question stated in the first chapter. Based on the findings and analysis, it can be concluded that in translating Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, the translator mainly used foreignizing strategies. Although the percentage was quite even (38.33% and 61.67%; 46.63% and 53.37%), which is nearly half of architectural terms found in this book were translated by using domesticating strategies, still the foreignizing strategies dominated the translation process.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
The researcher found that the domestication process could not be applied successfully at the whole architectural terms translation in this book, it is because the culture of the source language was far different from the target language. Furthermore, the technology in architectural field in Indonesia was left from American that makes some of the architectural terms in the SL sound unfamiliar in the TL. From the conclusion above, it can be claimed foreignization is the best strategy in translating the architectural terms in the book besides the domesticating strategies itself.
1.2Suggestions
After conducting the study, the researcher has several suggestions for further research or for similar research in this field. First, a translator in every field whether it is technical or not, must have a comprehensive knowledge of the source and target language. It is includes the grammatical structure and the culture of both languages. Those things are important in order to produce a good translation.
Secondly, in translating an architectural book, a translator should update the latest issues or technology of this field in the source and target language. It is very important since the technology has always developed, especially in architectural field where the architects invented a new technology on design, form and space. So, in the future, there will be more architectural books produced that can be read easily by the public.
Finally, the researcher hopes that this research could give some contributions in the development of translation theories and the study of technical translation. Hopefully, this research could inspire other researcher to conduct the similar studies related to technical translation in architectural field and for further studies related to foreignization and domestication theories in translation.
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REFERENCES
Aini, N. (2011). Foreignization and Domestication in Translating English Culture-Specific Terms in Indonesian Subtitle of Cartoon Movie Ratatouille. Bandung: Unpublished Paper. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris FPBS UPI.
Baker, M. (2010). Critical Readings in Translation Studies. London: Routledge. Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London:
Routledge.
Ching, D.K. (2007). Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Judickaite, L. (2009). The Notion of Foreignization and Domestication Applied in Film Translation. Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University Press. Retrieved
on April 24th 2014, from
http://www.su.lt/bylos/mokslo_leidiniai/jmd/09_02_23/judickaite.pdf
Laras, D.P. (2012). Foreignization and Domestication in the Translation of English Medical Terms – You: The Owner’s Manual. Bandung: Unpublished Paper. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris FPBS UPI. Larson, L.M. (1984). Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language
Equivalent. New York: University Press of America.
Lestari, U.S. (2011). The Analysis of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies in Rendering Culture Specific Items in Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi.Bandung: Unpublished Paper. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris FPBS UPI.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International.
Pedersen, J. (2005). How is Culture Rendered in Subtitle? Retrieved on February
12th 2014, from
http://www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2005_Proceedings/2005_P edersen_Jan.pdf
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71
Sokolovsky, Y.V. (2010). On the Linguistic Definition of Translation. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2 (2010 3) 285-292
Toury, G. (1995).Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Venuti, L. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London: Routledge.
Venuti, L. (2000). The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Vid, N. (2008). Domesticated Translation: The Case of Nobokov’s Translation of
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.Nabokov Online Journal, Vol. II /
2008.Retrieved on April 14th 2014.From
http://etc.dal.ca/noj/articles/volume2/08_Vid.pdf
Yang, W. (2010).Brief Study of Foreignization and Domestication in Translation.Journal of Laanguage Teaching and Research, Vol. 1. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.1.77-80.
(1)
Novia Aprilianti, 2014
Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Pedersen’s (2005) foreignization and domestication continuum. The strategies were arranged from the most foreignizing to the most domesticating. Those strategies were preservation, addition, naturalization, literal translation, cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific word, creation and equivalent translation.
Regarding the strategies above, it is revealed that in translating the architectural term in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, there were 37 terms or 19.17% of equivalent strategy, 16 terms or 8.29% of translation by more specific word strategy, 1 term or 0.51% of globalization strategy, 3 terms or 1.55% of omission strategy and 17 terms or 8.81% of cultural equivalent strategy. The total of architectural terms that translated by using domesticating strategies were 38.33% and 61.67% architectural terms were translated by using foreignizing strategies.
In the second classification, the researcher also classified the architectural terms based on Baker’s (1992) translation strategies. It is found that the total of architectural terms translated by using domesticating strategies based on Baker’s categories was 46.63% and there were 53.37% architectural terms translated by using foreignizing strategies.
Therefore, through the findings and analysis of the translation of
Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, the researcher made some conclusions in order to answer the research question stated in the first chapter. Based on the findings and analysis, it can be concluded that in translating
Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, the translator mainly used foreignizing strategies. Although the percentage was quite even (38.33% and 61.67%; 46.63% and 53.37%), which is nearly half of architectural terms found in this book were translated by using domesticating strategies, still the foreignizing strategies dominated the translation process.
(2)
Novia Aprilianti, 2014
Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
The researcher found that the domestication process could not be applied successfully at the whole architectural terms translation in this book, it is because the culture of the source language was far different from the target language. Furthermore, the technology in architectural field in Indonesia was left from American that makes some of the architectural terms in the SL sound unfamiliar in the TL. From the conclusion above, it can be claimed foreignization is the best strategy in translating the architectural terms in the book besides the domesticating strategies itself.
1.2Suggestions
After conducting the study, the researcher has several suggestions for further research or for similar research in this field. First, a translator in every field whether it is technical or not, must have a comprehensive knowledge of the source and target language. It is includes the grammatical structure and the culture of both languages. Those things are important in order to produce a good translation.
Secondly, in translating an architectural book, a translator should update the latest issues or technology of this field in the source and target language. It is very important since the technology has always developed, especially in architectural field where the architects invented a new technology on design, form and space. So, in the future, there will be more architectural books produced that can be read easily by the public.
Finally, the researcher hopes that this research could give some contributions in the development of translation theories and the study of technical translation. Hopefully, this research could inspire other researcher to conduct the similar studies related to technical translation in architectural field and for further studies related to foreignization and domestication theories in translation.
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
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REFERENCES
Aini, N. (2011). Foreignization and Domestication in Translating English Culture-Specific Terms in Indonesian Subtitle of Cartoon Movie Ratatouille. Bandung: Unpublished Paper. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris FPBS UPI.
Baker, M. (2010). Critical Readings in Translation Studies. London: Routledge. Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London:
Routledge.
Ching, D.K. (2007). Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Judickaite, L. (2009). The Notion of Foreignization and Domestication Applied in Film Translation. Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University Press. Retrieved
on April 24th 2014, from
http://www.su.lt/bylos/mokslo_leidiniai/jmd/09_02_23/judickaite.pdf Laras, D.P. (2012). Foreignization and Domestication in the Translation of
English Medical Terms – You: The Owner’s Manual. Bandung: Unpublished Paper. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris FPBS UPI. Larson, L.M. (1984). Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language
Equivalent. New York: University Press of America.
Lestari, U.S. (2011). The Analysis of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies in Rendering Culture Specific Items in Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi.Bandung: Unpublished Paper. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris FPBS UPI.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International.
Pedersen, J. (2005). How is Culture Rendered in Subtitle? Retrieved on February
12th 2014, from
http://www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2005_Proceedings/2005_P edersen_Jan.pdf
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Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 71
Sokolovsky, Y.V. (2010). On the Linguistic Definition of Translation. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2 (2010 3) 285-292
Toury, G. (1995).Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Venuti, L. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London: Routledge.
Venuti, L. (2000). The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Vid, N. (2008). Domesticated Translation: The Case of Nobokov’s Translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.Nabokov Online Journal, Vol. II /
2008.Retrieved on April 14th 2014.From
http://etc.dal.ca/noj/articles/volume2/08_Vid.pdf
Yang, W. (2010).Brief Study of Foreignization and Domestication in Translation.Journal of Laanguage Teaching and Research, Vol. 1. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.1.77-80.