DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION STRATEGIES USED IN MITCH ALBOM’S NOVELS TRANSLATION.

DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION STRATEGIES

USED IN MITCH ALBOM’S NOVELS TRANSLATION

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

NURHALIMAH

Registration Number: 8126111026

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I praise to Allah SWT, for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to finish this thesis successfully. This thesis owes its existence to the help, support and inspiration of several people. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude for their guidance during my research. They support, inspiring suggestions have been precious for the development of this thesis content. I would like to extend my gratitude to the many people who helped to bring this thesis and also unforgettable experience to me.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Prof. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd and Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A. Ph. D who have supported me during my thesis completion with their patience, motivation. Besides my advisor, I would like to express my deep thanks to the rest of my thesis examiner Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih. M. Pd. And Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Pd for their encouragement insightful comment and repetition.

I acknowledge my gratitude to Prof Busmin Gurning. M. P and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistic Studies Program for assistance in completing for the administrative procedure and Mr. Farid Ma’ruf as An administrator of LTBI who has given assistance in completing the official administration to fulfill this thesis. I am also my honorable to all lectures at LTBI UNIMED have given immense knowledge.

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My deepest gratitude goes to my family especially for my beloved father Abdul Majid Siregar and my mother Siti Harahap. For my beloved brothers M. Yahya Siregar, Malim Muhammad Siregar, M.Si, my young brother Daud Siregar M.Pd, and my beloved sisters Nurainun, SKM, and Umi Hanifah, SE, Amel, Zaki, Hafizh, Dedek, Fatih, Azam (Nephews) for their unflagging love and unconditional support throughout my life and my studies. You made me live the most unique, magic and carefree loving in happiest of childhood that has made me who I am now!

My greatest gratitude goes to my friends and classmate Kak Rahma and Kak Dijah who patiently revised and corrected my thesis twice. It is only thanks to them that this thesis acquired an ‘English shape’!!

I would never forget all the conversed and beautiful moments I shared with some of my friends and classmates. They were fundamental in supporting me during these stressful and difficult moments. Other close friends I would like to mention here: Fatimah, Rini, Ijah Manik, yanti (good friends of mine), Tina, Mariana, Kak Sri, Kak Tian, Bang Kia, Vida, Kak Dini, Kak Hestika, Kak Julia, Ida, Feru, Derliana Kak Eka, Kak Eva, Mr. Adip, Yayan and Puput, and all of friends who not mention here.

Finally, I always given many express and thanks very profound gratitude to my parents and family for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of

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researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

Medan, February 2016

iv ABSTRACT

Nurhalimah. Domestication and foreignization strategies used in mitch albom’s novels translation. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School State University of Medan, 2015.

This study investigates domestication and foreignization strategies used in mitch albom’s novels translation based on Nida and Taber and Hoed. The objectives of the study are to applied types of strategies of domestication and foreignization, and to reason the way of the translators in translating of the text in the novels. A qualitative study was applied. The data were taken from the content of the text in that novels of the titles are the first phone call from heaven as source text, telepon pertama dari surga as target text (2013) and the time keeper as source text and sang penjaga waktu as target text (2012). The data were collected by reading the whole text and investigated that include the kinds of domestication and foreignization strategies. The findings of the study show there were fourteen kinds of domestication namely adaptation, equivalence, naturalization, explication, simplification, exoticism, omission, addition, deletion, paraphrase, retaining foreignness, descriptive or self-explanatory, modulation and communicative translation and six kinds of foreignization namely: repetition, calque, borrowing, direct transfer, transliteration, and transcription.

Key Words: Translation, domestication and foreignization, novel, English and Bahasa Indonesia.

v ABSTRAK

Nurhalimah. Domestikasi dan foreignisasi strategi strategi di gunakan dalam terjemahan novel novel mitch albom. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Paska Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED) 2015.

Penelitian ini menginvestigasi domestikasi dan foreignisasi strategi strategi dalam terjemahan novel novel mitch albom berdasarkan teori domestikasi dan foreignisasi yang di kembangkan oleh Nida dan Tiber dan Hoed. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menerapkan tipe tipe strategi dari domestikasi dan foreignisasi yang digunakan dalam novel karya mitch albom dan menginvestigasi cara si penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan teks di dalam novel tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data merupakan teks yang di ambil di dalam isi dari novel novel tersebut yang berjudul the first phone call from heaven sebagai bahasa sumber telepon pertama dari surge sebagai bahasa sasaran (2013) dan the time keeper sebagai bahasa sumber sang penjaga waktu sebagai bahasa sasaran (2012). Data dikumpulkan dengan cara membaca seluruh isi teks, mengidentifikasikan jenis jenis yang termasuk dalam strategi strategi domestikasi dan foreignisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdiri dari empat belas jenis dari domestikasi yaitu adaptasi, equivalent, naturalisasi, explikasi, simplifikasi, exotisme, omisi, penambahan, pengurangan, paraprase, pengulangan kata yang asing, deskripsi atau penjelasan pada kata itu sendiri, modulasi, penerjemahan komunikatif, dan enam jenis dari foreignisasi yaitu repetisi, calque, peminjaman, pemindahan langsung, transliterasi dan transkripsi.

Kata Kunci: Terjemahan, domestikasi dan foreignisasi, novel, Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iv

ABSTRAK ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... x

LIST OF FIGURES ... xi

LIST OF GRAPHICS ... xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii

GLOSSARY ... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 10

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 11

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 11

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 11

CHAPTER II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Translation ... 13

2.2 Translation Strategy ... 15

2.3 Translation Strategies According to Venuty ... 21

2.4 Domestication and Foreignization Strategies ... 22

2.4.1 . Domestication ... 23

2.4.1.1 Adaptation ... 26

2.4.1.2 Equivalence ... 26

2.4.1.3 Neutralization ... 27

2.4.1.4 Explication ... 27

2.4.1.5 Simplification ... 28

2.4.1.6 Exoticism ... 29

2.4.1.7 Omission ... 29

2.4.1.8 Addition ... 30

2.4.1.9 Deletion ... 30

2.4.1.10 Paraphrase ... 30

2.4.1.11 Retaining Foreignness ... 31

2.4.1.12 Descriptive or Self Explanatory ... 32

2.4.1.13 Modulation ... 33

2.4.1.14 Communicative Translation ... 33

2.4.2 Foreignization ... 33

2.4.1.1 Repetition ... 36

2.4.1.2 Calque ... 37

2.4.1.3 Borrowing ... 38

2.4.1.4 Direct Transfer ... 38

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2.4.1.6 Transcription ... 48

2.5 Novel ... 41

2.5.1Mitch Albom’sNovel ... 42

2.6 Relevant Studies... 44

2.7 Conceptual Framework ... 49

CHAPTER III.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design………... 51

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 51

3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection………. ... 52

3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 52

3.5 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 55

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 57

4.1 Data Analysis ... 57

4.1.1 Types of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom’s novels... 71

4.1.1.1 Types of domestication ... 72

4.1.1.1.1 Adaptation ... 72

4.1.1.1.2 Equivalence ... 72

4.1.1.1.3 Naturalization ... 72

4.1.1.1.4 Explication ... 72

4.1.1.1.5 Simplification ... 72

4.1.1.1.6 Exoticism ... 73

4.1.1.1.7 Omission ... 73

4.1.1.1.8 Addition ... 73

4.1.1.1.9 Deletion ... 73

4.1.1.1.10 Paraphrase ... 73

4.1.1.1.11 Retaining foreignness ... 73

4.1.1.1.12 Descriptive or Self explanatory ... 73

4.1.1.1.13 Modulation ... 73

4.1.1.1.14 Communicative translation ... 73

4.1.1.2 Types of foreignization ... 74

4.1.1.2.1 Repetition ... 74

4.1.1.2.2 Calque ... 74

4.1.1.2.3 Borrowing ... 74

4.1.1.2.4 Direct Transfer ... 74

4.1.1.2.5 Transliteration ... 74

4.1.1.2.6 Transcription ... 74

4.1.2 Realization of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom’s novel Translation... 74

4.1.2.1 Realization of domestication strategy in the The First Phone Call from Heaven (ST) (First novel) ... 75

4.1.2.1.1 Adaptation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 75

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4.1.2.1.2 Equivalence strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 77 4.1.2.1.3 Naturalization strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 78 4.1.2.1.4 Explication strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novels ... 78 4.1.2.1.5 Simplification strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 79 4.1.2.1.6 Exoticism strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novels ... 80 4.1.2.1.7 Omission strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novels ... 81 4.1.2.1.8 Addition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novels ... 81 4.1.2.1.9 Deletion strategy used in MitchAlbom’s

novels ... 82 4.1.2.1.10 Paraphrase strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novels ... 82 4.1.2.1.11 Retaining Foreignness strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 84 4.1.2.1.12 Modulation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novels ... 85 4.1.2.1.13 Communicative Translation strategy used in

Mitch Albom’s novels ... 85 4.1.2.2 Realization of foreignization strategy used in Mitch

Albom’s novel of Telepon Pertama dari Surga (TT) ... 86 4.1.2.2.1 Repetition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novel ... 86 4.1.2.2.2 Calque strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novel ... 87 4.1.2.2.3 Borrowing strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novel ... 89 4.1.2.2.4 Direct Transfer strategy used in Mitch

Albom’s novel ... 89 4.1.2.2.5 Transliteration strategy used in Mitch

Albom’s novel ... 90 4.1.2.2.6 Transcription strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novel ... 90 4.1.2.3 Realization of domestication strategy used in Mitch

Albom’s novel of The Time Keeper (ST)... 91 4.1.2.3.1 Adaptation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novel ... 91 4.1.2.3.2 Equivalent strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

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4.1.2.3.3 Simplification strategy used in Mitch Albom’s

novel ... 92

4.1.2.3.4 Exoticisms strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 93

4.1.2.3.5 Omission strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 93

4.1.2.3.6 Addition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 94

4.1.2.3.7 Deletion strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 94

4.1.2.3.8 Paraphrase strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 95

4.1.2.3.9 Retaining Foreignness strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 96

4.1.2.3.10 Descriptive or self-explanatory strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 97

4.1.2.3.11 Modulation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 97

4.1.2.3.12 Communicative translation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 98

4.1.2.4 Realization of domestication strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel of The Time Keeper (ST)... 98

4.1.2.4.1 Repetition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 98

4.1.2.4.2 Calque strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 99

4.1.2.4.3 Borrowing strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 99

4.1.2.4.4 Direct Transfer strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 99

4.1.2.4.5 Transliteration strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 100

4.1.2.4.6 Transcription strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 101

4.1.3 The Phenomenon related to the kinds of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom’s Translation101 4.1.4 Research Findings ... 103

4.1.5 Discussion ... 104

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 106

5.1 Conclusions ... 106

5.2 Suggestions ... 109

REFERENCES ... 110

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LIST OF TABLES

Pages Table. 1 Strengths and weaknesses ideology of domestication ... 25 Table.2 Strengthens and weaknesses of foreignization ideology ... 36

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LIST OF FIGURES

pages Figure 1. Schleiermacher’s Dichotomy of Translation Methods ... 21 Figure 2. The Illustration of Conceptual Framework ... 52

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LIST OF GRAPHICS

Pages

Graphic 1. Level 1 of Cluster 1 for Word and Level 2 of Cluster 2 for Sentence of domestication and foreignization strategies used in the first novel of The First Phone Call from Heaven “Telepon Pertama dari Surga” ... 70 Graphic 2. Level 2 of Cluster 1 for Word and Level 1 of Cluster 2 for Sentence of

domestication and foreignization strategies used in the second novel of The Time Kepeer “Sang Penjaga Waktu” ... 71 Graphic 3. Domestication and foreignization texts in the first and the second novels

xiii LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages Appendix I. Data Condensastion (Selecting data) (Domestication) The

First Phone Call from Heaven (ST) novel ... 117 Appendix II. Data condensastion (Transforming data) Level 1. Cluster 1

(Words) of the data of domestication strategeis of firts novel ... 122 Appendix III. Data Condensation (Transformig data) Cluster (Words) of

the data of foreignization strategies of first novel ... 130 Appendix IV. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Words) of

the data of domestication of second novel ... 136 Appendix V. Data Condensation (Transfroming data) Cluster (Words) of

the data of foreignization of second novel ... 138 Appendix VI. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Level. 2 Cluster 2

(Sentence) of the data of domestication strategies of first

novel ... 140 Appendix VII. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Sentence)

of the data of foreignization strategies of first novel ... 156 Appendix VIII.Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Sentence)

of the data of domestication strategies of second novel ... 162 Appendix IX. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Sentence)

of data of foreignization strategies of second novel ... 166 Appendix X. Data Display Word and Sentence from domestication strategies

in first novel ... 170 Appendix XI.Data Display Words and Sentence from foreignization

strategies of first novel ... 191 Appendix XII.Data Display Word and Sentence from domestication

strategies in second novel ... 202 Appendix XIII.Data Display Word and Sentence from foreignization

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GLOSSARY

ST : Source Text TT : Target Text SL : Source Languge TL : Target Language CSI : Cultura Spesific Item CBTs : Culture-Bound Terms CSCs : Culture-Spesific Concept

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Human beings are social creatures, means that they cannot be separated from human life. It means they need a communication, in our environment people can express their idea, feeling, suggestion, agreement, disagreement, happiness, sadness by communicating with the people around us, from communication that we always use, that wascertainly we use many words in our languages. Where in our daily life we often find many words and languages, that words and languages that always we producing in everyday every time and every second especially for our language as Bahasa, words or languages that we always use is not only Bahasa but also we found many languages including English. While we read some books, novels, advertisements, newspapers and another kinds of words or languages used in English and that is actually with directly feeling we are be a translator and it know that translating is very important to get the information in nowadays. Without translating, the knowledge might be missed. They cannot follow the development of it, in addition if they disable to read in English as a foreign language that will be lost to understanding.

Therefore the abundance of the different nations of the world, then to be connected or sync that makes every reader requires the right translator for each existing translations. Because of the different nations in which they have differences of language and culture, due to variations of it, that led to many

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problems for the reader, sometimes the reader found the missing words, not translated at all, the idioms, and even sometimes found unequal meaning in translation, because of frequent of that errors in translation both in English as ST (Sorce Text) and Bahasa as a TT (Target Text), so in that situation make the generate of the ambiguity and make a lot of readers misunderstanding or confuse in understanding the text.

Because of translation is not as easy as the people might think. It is needed some strategies and crucial process to get an ideal translation and its equivalence. Finding equivalence is the most problematic in the other stages. The comparison text which is from SL (Source Language) to TL (Target language) text in different language inevitably involves of equivalence strategies. Equivalence can be said as the most central issues in translation. That‟s why a translator needs some strategies to make their translation become equivalence.

The functional translation theory or functionalism didn‟t appear overnight it has also experienced a long period of evolution as any other theories, so here we will first make a brief introduction of its background to understand under what situation it emerged. The theory of dynamic equivalence was put forward by Nida based on his definition such, “translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message" (Nida and Taber, 1969: 12). Throughout history, translators usually observed that different situations called for different renderings, texts with different purposes and demand respective.

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In another word the process of cultural translation is not different from the translation process in general, in the sense that it should consider the target reader, aim of translation and power relations between the source and target languages. These considerations also play an important role in cultural translation and with differing levels of significance. Therefore, the question “can culture be translated?” should really be rephrased into “how is culture translated”, which will be discussed in the light of translations cases that have been published, involving Indonesian-English language pair. In general terms, cultural translation is often considered as a notion that is often used as an opposite against linguistic translation. This has been a long debate in the translation world, but we are not going to enter into in this paper. Instead, the focus here will be on cultural translation and the strategies that can be used in such translation. Among the strategies discussed here are domestication and foreignization.

As a break of the former translation theories, the German translation theory, with Katharina Reiss, Hans.J, Vermeer, JustaHolz-Manttari and Christiane Nord as its representatives, had opened up a new perspective to translation studies and bridge the gap between theory and practice, just as Nord (2001:29) said that the view of translation is intended to solve the eternal dilemmas of free vs. Literal translation, adaptation vs. alienation, good interpreters vs. Slavish translation and so on, but therefore such as when once it is known there are need strategies to solve some theories in some part of situation of problem in the context, whereas the approach of strategies will help in the situation that need to appear or explain of text more, in this study that have many encountered it will also find other types

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or kinds of it to discuss, according to the terms „foreignization‟ and „domestication‟ have been coined by Venuti as means of providing general classification for translation procedures. He defines (1995) this effect is usually achieved through close reconstruction of the ST structure and syntax in the TT and importation of foreign cultural forms.

Domestication is the former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent and fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language TT (Target Text) readers. It means making the text recognizable and familiar and thus bringing the foreign culture closer to that of the readers‟. Venuti points out that “all translation is fundamentally domestication and is really initiated in the domestic culture”.

The latter strategy, foreignization translation, designates the type of translation in which a TT “deliberately breaks target conversations by retaining something of the foreignness of the original”. It means to take the reader to the foreign culture differences. It encourages a translation practice in which traces of the foreign are left as much as possible within the translated text. The root of the two terms can be traced back to the German philosopher Scleimermarcher‟s speech in 1813; he believes that there are only two different methods of translation.

There are only two, ether the author in peace, as much as possible and the reader toward him, or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible and moves the author towards him. The former refers to foreignization while the latter refers to domestication. Admitting that translation can never be completely

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adequate to the foreign text, Schleiermarcher allowed to choose between a domesticating method, and ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target language cultural values, bringing the author back home and a foreignizating method, an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural differences of foreign text, sending the reader abroad. In translation practice, the two strategies are alternative to a translator.

Translation forms domestic subjects by enabling a process of “mirroring” or self-recognition. Accordingly the foreign text becomes intelligible when the reader recognizes himself or herself in the translation by identifying the domestic values that motivated the selection of that particular discursive strategy. Venuty points out that domestication is transparent and adopted to minimize the strangeness of the original foreign text for the convenience of the target-text readers, and foreignization that are not transparent, that eschew fluency for a more heterogeneous mix of discourse, are equally partial in their interpretation of the foreign text, but tend to fluent their partiality instead of concealing. To sum up domestication as Venuty explain, refers to translation project which “conform to values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a conservative and openly assimilations approach to the foreign, appropriating it to support domestic cannons, publishing trends, political alignments. However, foreignization “entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant values in the target language.

Likewise in novel, that is should have same idea and sense that the aims of novel to make the translation which is enjoyable to read and make the reader

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keep going on to read the net page, because Sayogie (2009) says that the good novel translation occurs when the impression of receptor language readers is same with the impression of source language text. It may conclude that the translation of novel should be pay attention in the rendition of wholly story and must give the same experience/impression between SL to the TL readers.

Domestication is drived from the mother tongue or as a source text so the readers who read novels, they certainly find difficulties in understanding the content of the texts in the novel. It is needed a proper translator for every languages that used by every countries, then translated into their source languages. As an example of a Preliminary data here the researcher used one of Mitch Albom‟s novel, there aresome sentences or words in The First Phone Call from heaven novel as English version (ST) (Source Text), and this one is from adaptation type below.

(1) ST (Source Text): Tess Rafferty was unwrapping a box of tea bags. Drrrrrrrrrnnn!!.

(1a) TT (Target Text): Tess Rafferty sedang membuka bungkusan sekotak teh. Kringgggg!!!.

The word drrrrrrnnn from the SL (Source Language) is adapted become

krriiiiiiing because that words familiar for Indonesian people, as a gesture for the

sound of the phone rang, and it was an adaptation of each State, hence the word

krriiiiiiing here as an adaptation of the word drrrrrrrrrn. Based on Vinay and

Darbelnet (2004: 134) adaptation type is refers to a method used cases where the type of situation being referred by the SL (Source Laguage) message is unknown in the TL (Target Language). Means that every situation is acceptance, in the

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word drrrrrrnnn comes from the source language, while familiar in krrriiiing heard by the people of Indonesia.

Foreignization is the function of the process of translatingof the wordsfrom the first language to the target language, then the problems would be often occurs when the translator to translating the words that exist in the novels, the frequent of occurrences to imbalanced between them, the inequalities encountered, loss, sometimes not translated at all, and different meaning, This will lead to the occurrences of major problems for readers in reading the novel that was already translated.

For more details it can be seen in the description of this type of foreignization strategy of borrowing that has been taken from The Time Kepeer “Sang Penjaga Waktu” novel Bahasa version (TT) (Targte Text) into English version (ST) (Source Text).

(2) ST (Target Text): There is a clock on your wall or the Dashboard of your car.

(2a) ST (Source Text): Ada jam di dinding mu, atau di Dasbor mobilmu.

Dasboard of your car was source text, the borrowing kind in the target text

when itwas translated into Bahasa or target text, it was an accordance with the understanding of the borrowing of the SL (Source Language) word was transferred directly to the TL (Target Language), and the word dasbor was similar from SL word but not completely the same, it can be said that it was on target to customize the text.

Based on the explanation of some examples above, it is clear that the translator need some strategies to solve this problems, where the strategies come

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from domestication and foreignization itself, there are many types of strategies in translate the text in the novels some of the strategies are domestication and foreignizatin in the novels. According to Nida and Taber (1982) domestication is closet natural equivalent to the target reader (from ST to TT) and foreignization (Hoed, 2006: 87) the use of language or words `can be changed but still to maintain the source language culture (stated from TT to ST).

The aims of this study is to provide or add knowledge of the readers about events outside the culture and know the differences between domestication and foreiginization that have some types of characteristics and want to see how the translator use in their ways when to translate of the texts, when used in the analyzes of each part of the types section, from taxonomy of procedural adopted in the study from the conclusion and has proposed based on Esmail and Spideh research of A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of Culture-Specific items: in English-Persian Translation of Six Hemingway’s Work, from their taxonomy of procedural, it can be seendomestication include synonymy, limited universalization, absolute universalization, descriptive, adaptation, equivalence, neutralization, explication, simplification, exoticism, omission and idiomatic. And foreignization kinds of procedural use extra textual gloss, intra textual gloss, transcription, repetition, claque and borrowing.

After reviewing with one of a relevant study about Six Hemingway’s Work, the researcher found some differences from the kinds of strategies, which the types of domestication has found deletion, paraphrase, retaining foreignness, communicative translation, self- explanatory, and modulation, but the other kinds

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are limited and absolute universalization not included in this study, then the types of foreignization has been found direct transfer and transliteration, but extra and intra- textual gloss not included and the researcher will give an addition of any types, and in this situation the researcher will provide additions of the types in translation strategies.

Instead of the following of the discovery of the types of domestication and foreignization then it would be done as the data, the data would be taken base on the novels by Mitch Albom's best published from 1997 through 2013 and just two novels that would be used as the data, because the data from the two novels has already been sufficient for providing of all types of strategies that have been found in the text, where the data would be placed as a source of guidance in this study, as a marker, the words or the text would be input in italics and bold type if the text or the words changed or have different meanings or missing or idiom or need more explanation in which both the ST and in TT, and if there are some words or text that did not change at all, just copy it then on the mark used bold and underline, then one by one would be analyzed in accordance with understanding of each. Due to regulation than domestication is to be the existence of two languages in use, nature is ST (original text) and there must be having a target text, and in relation to the purpose of the question which the translator uses the same technique as the setting of the existing direct translation (TT) study which identifies and discusses the use of this kinds in translation strategies and examine how strategies will be found when there is sense of the words in integrity

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or retrieval, and the origin, why it will not changed after translate, and why it is permanent and need a requires explanation of the meaning in the words.

Relating to explanation above, the researcher is interested in selecting and researching this topic because there are several reasons

1) The presence of a lot of words or text that use this types of strategies in the novels, and the researcher want to explore what the intent or meaning of the contain in the text,

2) The source language text (ST) which find necessitates origin meaning of the words, and what types of domestication strategies use in the text,

3) The variety of words is concern with the types the foreignization and the readers sometimes find difficulties or irregularities of TT (Target Text) words or text that are still intact or not translated at all and

4) The reason why the translator make and use of these strategies, which is to identify the types of the processes, use these strategies.

1.2The Problems of the Study

The problems of the study are formulated as the following

(1) What types of domestication and foreignization strategies are used in Mitch Albom‟s novels?

(2) How are domestication and foreignization strategies realized in Mitch Albom‟s novels?

(3) Why are domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom‟s novels?

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1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are

(1) to describe types of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom‟s novels,

(2) to describe how domestication and foreignization strategies realize in Mitch Albom‟s novels, and

(3) to reason for the use of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Micth Albom‟s novels.

1.4 The Scopes of the Study

This study attempts to describe and to explain the words or sentence used in Mitch Albom‟s novels. The main focus of this study is to describe and investigate the types of strategies as derived from domestication and foreignization strategies used in the text of novels.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

Findings of the research are expected to be useful for the readers both theoretically and practically in some respect.

1. Theoretically, findings can significantly be useful (a) Review of literature for the coming researcher,

(b) The guiding information for the students of Linguistic about types of domestication and foreignization strategies in translation.

(c) The guidance for the readers of material and understanding the types of

12

2. Practically, the findings can be useful for enriching the theories of translation strategies particularly for kinds of domestication and foreignization used in Mitch Albom‟s novels.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

1. Based on the data analysis, research findings, and discussion, there were some important conclusions are put forward to those who responsible in the use of the types of domestication and foreignization strategies in translation of novels The First Phone Call from Heaven (ST) Telepeon Pertama dari Surga (TT), and The Time Kepeer (ST) and also Sang Penjaga Waktu as (TT). The important conclusions werebased on the theory of domestication and foreignization strategies in translation, namely: (1) adaptation, (2) equivalent, (3) naturalization, (4) explication, (5) simplification, (6) exoticism, (7) omission, (8) addition, (9) deletion, (10) paraphrase, (11) retaining foreignness, (12) descriptive or self explanatory, (13) modulation, and (14) communicative translation. Then Telepon Pertama dari Surga and Sang Penjaga waktu as TT or foreignization including: (1) repetition, (2) calque, (3) borrowing), (4) direct transfer, (5) transliteration, and (6) transcription.

2. Threre were found each types of strategies were found among them, namely, from first novel of domestication: 496 kinds and foreignization: 329 kinds, wherein, and in second novel domestication, addition: 36, equivalent:166, naturalization: 2, explication: 14 simplification: 11 exoticism: 16 omission: 7 addition: 45 deletion: 31, paraphrase: 23, retaining foreignness: 5, descriptive

107

or self explanatory: 3, modulation: 54, and communicative translation: 56. And in foreignization types found from Telepon Pertama dari Surga as TT, repetition: 4, calque: 3, borrowing: 213, direct transfer: 17, transliteration: 32, and transcription: 60. And for the second novel of The Time Keeper from domestication found 145 kinds, and 116 kinds of foreignization, where each types of strategies has been found from domestication strategy, addition: 7, equivalent: 59, naturalization: 0, explication: 1, simplification: 4, exoticism: 3, omission: 6, addition: 2, deletion: 11, paraphrase: 19, descriptive or self explanatory: 3, retaining foreignness: 2, modulation: 18 and communicative translation: 10. And the last for the foreignization strategy has been found repetition: 5, calque: 2, borrowing: 69, direct transfer: 12, transliteration: 9 and transcription: 19.

3. (a) The most widely and dominant types that were used: equivalent and borrowing wherein the equivalent was a way to maintain a translator to translated into the target text in which this method used, so that the reader can appreciate the content of the text in the novels, whereas the kind of borrowing more dominant and most widely found than other types, one of the way of the translator to retain the words were so much easier delivery or intent or the purpose of the traslator, means that the use of equivalent and borrowing were a great influenced for the translator in translating the text of this novels.

(b) The process of translation from that the way of the translator done, it can be influenced by the various factors whichis, from adaptation that was

108

unfamiliar words used in the source text but also used the same word that has been used in the target text, particularly in Indonesia, adaptation here, the words were the same in the ST also it used in TT, it was according to the culture or habits when use of this words, then equivalent, which seeks to take the words of another order worth, and the types of addition and deletion here were also quite influential wherein, the translator adds words and also eliminates the words in the TT showed that the translator feel the affected culture or perspective of the source text,so the translator feel that it has to be removed or eliminated the ambiguty text, or turn it into idiom in TT, and also communicative translation here affected where the readers were already familiar with the continuation fromthe previous text, and also the modulation was a similar way functions in TT but different form of the words, then exoticism was a familiar words used in the source text, the same words must also translated in TT, and the omission was an acronym that was often encountered in source text. And type of borrowing was very large in both novels, indicates that the translator showed that the words of borrowing was already entrenched in Indonesia, The same with transliteration and transcription in this novels werefound also that just copied the words without translating it, for example in the direct transfer, calque and repetition were not commonly found in this novels as in the source text not so many found there, and it was the regulation that the text from TT should be followed by the text in ST.

109

5.2 Suggestions

1. In this research found that in translating the text the translator of the problems of types of addition and deletion wether he/she add or remove the textsencountered in TT, in this case the translator should make sure before translating it.

2. This research very advantageous and helpful, because in translating some text the translator usually found cultural terms, so the carefullness and prudence are very much needed that is why the translator should master the strategies of translationand because of that is very useful.

3. The translation strategies can greatly assist students in understanding and analyzing of any existing text of it possessed of each function in it, that it cannot be denied that translation is not just translating words but that it also can fully understand the ins and outs of each text, therefore it is supported for the other researcher to do the research about other types of translation strategeis.

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Chestreman, A. 1997. Memes of Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Davodi, E. 2013. The Application of Domestication and Foreignization Translation Strategies in English-Persian Translation of News Phrasal Verbs. Volume 3, No. 1. Accessed from doi:10.4304/tpls.3.1.94-99 on 22 February 2015.

Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. 1983. Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. New York: Longman.

Ghaemi, Farid. 2010. Strategies Used in the Translation of Interlingua Subtitling. Journal of English Studies. Journal of Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Branch, volume 1 (1), 39-49, Winter 2010. Accessed from Link: www.SID.ir on 24 February 2015.

Gil, Anna B. 2011. Procedures, Techniques, Strategies: Translation process Operators. Journal of volume 17, No. 3. Accessed From http://www.informaworld.com on 24 February 2015.

Harvey, S, and Higgins, I. 1992. Thinking Translation. London & New York: Routledge.

Heraty, T. 1982. Mimpi dan Pretensi. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Hoed, Benny. 2006, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Hӧning, H.G. 1991. Holmes’ mapping theory’ and the landscape of metal translation processes. In K.M. Leuven-Zwart, & T. Naaijkens (Eds)., Translation Studies: The State of The Art (pp. 77-89). Amsterdam: Rodopi. Hurtado, Albir, A. 1996. Modalidades y tipos de traducció. Vasos Comunicates, 4,

19-27.

Hurtado, Albir, A. 2001. Traducción y Tradugtologia, Introducción a La Ttanductologia. Madrid: Cátedra.

Jääskeläinen, R., 1993. Investigating Translation Strategies. In S. Tirkkonen-Condit (Ed.), Recent Trends in Empirical Translation Research (pp. 99-120). Joennsuu: University of Joensuu Faculty of Arts.

Judickaitė, Ligita. 2009. The Notions of Foreignization and Domestication Applied to Film Translation: Analysis of Subtitles in Cartoon Ratatouille.Vytautas Magnus University.

Krings, H. P. 1986. Was in Den Köpfen Von Überzetzern vorgeht. Eine empirische Untersuchung Der Struktur Des Übersetzungsprozesses an Fortgescherittenen Französischlernern. Tübingen: Narr.

Kussmaul, P. 1995. Training the Translator. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Laviosa-Braithwaite, S. 1998. Universals of Translation. In M. Baker (eds.), Routledge. Encyclopedia of translation studies. London: Routledge.

M, Madan. 2008. Translating Shakespeare Intervention and Universals in Translation, Journal of volume 1, No. 1. Accessed from http://www.trans-kom.eu on 26 February 2015.

Matielo, Rafael. 2014. Domestication and Foreignization: an Analysis of Culture-Spesific Items in Official and Non Official Subtitles of The TV Series Heroes. Sited from Espindola, E. 2005. The use of subtitling as a practice of cultural representation: Cidade de Deus and Boyz „N the Hood. Master’s Dissesrtation, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.

Miles, M. B &Huberman, A. M. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. California:The Third Edition. Sage Publication. Inc.

Mohammad, Sayed. 2011. An Analysis of Culture-specific Items in the Persian Translation of “Dubliners” Based on Newmark‟s Model. ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Journal of volume. 1, No. 12, pp. 1767-1779, December 2011 © 2011 Academy Publisher Manufactured in Finland. Accessed from doi:10.4304/tpls.1.12.1767-1779 on 25 February 2015.

Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. London: Routledge.

Newmark, P. 1982. Approaches to Translation. London: Pearson Education Limited.

Newmark, P. 2001. A Textbook of Translation. Shianghai: Shianghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Newmark, P. 1981. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon press.

Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall International

Newmark, P. 1988b. Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall. Nida, E. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to

Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Netherland: Brill Academic Publishers

Nida, E and Taber, C. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Nida, E. 1975.A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation. In Brislin, R. W. (ed) 1975. Translation Application and Research, Gardner Press: New York.

Nida, A. Eugene. And Taber, R. Charles. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Nida, E.A. 2001. Language and Culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Ni, Lili. 2009. English Language Teaching (For Translation Theories). Journal of volume 2, No 2. Accessed from www.ccsenet.org/journal.html on 28 February 2015.

Nord, C. 2001. Translation as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.

Nord, Christiane. 2007. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.

Ordudari, M. 2007. Translation Procedure, Strategies, and Method. Journal of

volume 2, No 2. Accessed from

http://translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm on 24 February 2015. Piotrobska, M. 1998. Towards a model of strategies and techniques for teaching

translation. In J. Králová, & B Moser-Mercer (Eds), Translation Strategies and Creativity (pp. 207-211). Amsterdam/Phidelphia: John Benjamins. Prasetyo, Johnny & Bayu, Andy N. 2013. Domestication and Foreignization and

Language and Literature volume. VIII/1 October 2013. Accessed on 18 May 2015.

Rastall, P. 1994. Communication Strategies and Translation. The example of the genitive in Russian. Babel.

Sager, Juan. 1994. Language Engineering and Translation: Consequences of Automation. Amsterdam & Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Schaffner Ch. and U. Wieseman. 2001. Annotated Texts for Translation: English- German. Functionalist Approaches Illustrated. Britain: Cromwell press Ltd.

Séguinot, C. 1991. A study of student translation strategies. In S. Tirkkonen-Condit (Ed), Empirical Research in Translation and Intercultural Studies (pp. 79-88). Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Schjoldager, A. Gottlieb, H. and Klitgård, I. 2008 Understanding Translation. Aarhus: Academica.

Sertkan, K. 2007. The Ideology of Lexical Choices in the Turkish Translations of “Oliver Twist”.Diss. DokuzEylül U, 2007.

Shakespeare, William. 2000b: Macbeth. Translated into Assamese by Madam Sarma. Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam.

Sharma, T. R. S. 2004: “Translating Literary Texts through Indian Poetics: A Phenomenon-logical Study.” Translation Today 1 [1]: 146-153 [Mysore: CIIL].

Shi, Xuedong. 2014. The Strategy of Metaphor Translation: Domestication and Foreignization. Volume 4, No. 4. Accessed from doi:10.4304/tpls.4.4.766-770 on 23 February 2015.

Sumardiono. 2011. Kajian Terjemahan Ujaran yang Mengandung Implikatur pada Novel The Da Vinci Code Sebuah Peninjauan Pragmatik Pada Penerjemahan. Tesis Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta 2011.

Vinay, J. P. and Darbelnet. 1995. Stylistiquecomparée du francaiset de l'anglais: Méthode de Traduction. Paris: Didier. Translated and edited by J.C. Sager

and M.J. Hamel. 1995 as Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Vinay, J. & Darbelnet, J. 1958/1997. A comparative stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation. Edited 2004. In Munday, J. 2001 Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. London & New York: Routledge.

Vinay, Jean-Paul and Darbelnet, Jean. 2000 “A Methodology for Translation”. Trans. Juan C. Sager and Marie-Josee Hamel. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London and New York: Routledge.

Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator‟s Invisibility, A History of Translation. London. Rutledge.

Venuti, J. P. & Darbeltnet.J. 1995. Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a Methodology for Translation, translate by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Venuti, L. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge.

Wieka, Barathayomi. 2012. Tesis: Strategi Penerjemahan Istilah Budaya Dalam Novel Olive Kitteridge: Kritik Terjemhan Berdasarkan Model Analisis Teks yang Berorientasi Pada Penerjemahan. Ilmu Linguistik Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia Juni 2012.

Wulf, Ida. S. 2014. Wuthering Heights and two Danish Translations. Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University Department of Language and Business Communication. Master Thesis. June 2, 2014.

Yang, Wenfren. 2010. Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation. ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, volume. 1, No. 1, pp. 77-80, January 2010 © 2010 Academy Publisher Manufactured in Finland. Accessed from doi:10.4304/jltr.1.1.77-80 on 7 March 2015.

Zabalbeascoa, P. 2000. From techniques to types of solutions. In A. Beeby, D. Ensinger, & M. Presas (Eds), Investigating Translation (pp. 117-127). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Zare-Behtash, Esmail and Firoozkoohi Sepidehi. 2009. A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of Culture-Specific Items: in English-Persian Translation of Six of Hemingway‟s Works. Department of English Language, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran: World Applied Science Journal volume 7 (12), 1576-1582. ISSN 1818-4952. © IDOSI Publication. Accessed on 22 February 2015.