THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT.

(1)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN

WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to the English Department of FPBS Indonesia University of Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan

Degree

By:

Alma Prima Nurlaila 0809326

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

(2)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2013

THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN

WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Oleh

Alma Prima Nurlaila

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Februari 2013

(3)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

PAGE OF APPROVAL

THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

By:

Alma Prima Nurlaila 0809326

Approved by:

Supervisor I

Emi Emilia, M. Ed Ph. D. 196609161990012001

Supervisor II

Nia Nafisah, S.S, M. Pd. 197104242006042001

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed 196211011987121001

(4)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

(5)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This paper reports on the study concerned with investigating the use of mind mapping technique in teaching writing Descriptive texts to seventh-graders in a Junior High School in Bandung. This research aimed to investigate the effect of using mind mapping technique on students’ writing ability and to discover the students’ responses toward this technique in writing class. This research used mixed method. To gain quantitative data, pre-experimental design particulary one group pretest-posttest design was employed. This research also employed a qualitative research design by using questionnaire and interview techniques.

The data from pretest and posttest were then analyzed by using a paired sample t-test on SPSS 16.0 for windows. The computation results of dependent t-test indicates that tobt is higher than tcrit (7.821 > 2.021) at the level significance 0.05 (two-tailed) which

indicates that the alternative hypothesis (HA) is accepted. It means that there is a

significant difference between students’ pretest and posttest score after treatments. Furthermore, the results of questionnaires show that most students (86.1%) gave positive responses toward the use of mind mapping technique in writing Descriptive text. Finally, the result of interview suggest that the students loved this technique because it successfully motivated them to write Descriptive texts in an enjoyable way and to improve their writing Descriptive texts in terms of enriching vocabularies, increasing creativity, arranging sentences and organizing ideas. It is then recommended that mind mapping technique be used in teaching writing in different text types and levels of scholing.

(6)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Page of Approval... Error! Bookmark not defined. Statement of Authorization ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Preface ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Acknowledgement... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Abstract ... vi

Table of Contents ... vii

List of Figures ... xi

List of Tables... Error! Bookmark not defined.ii List of Charts ... Error! Bookmark not defined.iii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Research Question ... 3

1.3 Aims of the Study ... 3

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 3

1.5 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.6 Clarification of Terms ... 4

1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 5

CHAPTER II:THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Writing ... 6

(7)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2.1.1 Definition of Writing ... 6

2.1.2 The Process of Writing ... 8

2.2 Mind Mapping ... 10

2.2.1 Definition of Mind Mapping ... 10

2.2.2 The Advantages of Mind Mapping Technique ... 11

2.2.3 The Step of Make Mind Mapping ... 13

2.2.4 The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Class ... 14

2.3 Descriptive Text ... 15

2.3.1 The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text ... 16

2.3.2 Lexicogrammatical Features of Descriptive Text ... 17

2.4 Findings from Prvious Studies ... 21

2.5 Concluding Remark ... 22

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 23

3.2 The Research Variable ... 24

3.3 Hypothesis ... 25

3.4 Population and Sample ... 25

3.5 Data Collection ... 25

3.6 Research Procedures ... 26

3.6.1 Making the Lesson Plans ... 26

(8)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

3.6.3 The Teaching Phases ... 27

3.6.3.1 Administering the Pilot Test ... 28

3.6.3.2 The Pretest ... 30

3.6.3.3 The Treatments ... 31

3.6.3.4 The Posttest ... 35

3.6.3.5 Administering the Questionnaire ... 38

3.6.3.6 Conducting the Interview ... 38

3.7 Data Analysis ... 39

3.7.1 Data Analysis in Pilot Test, Pretest andPosttest ... 40

3.7.1.1 The Analysis of Pilot Test ... 40

3.7.1.2 Normal Distribution Test ... 40

3.7.1.3 The Analysis of Pretest and Posttest Result ... 41

3.7.1.4 The Analysis of Questionnaire ... 42

3.8 Concluding Rmark ... 42

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ... 43

4.1.1 Findings from the Pilot Test ... 43

4.1.2 Findings from The Pretest Score Analysis ... 43

4.1.2.1 The Result of Normal Distribution Test ... 44

4.1.2.2 The Result of Dependent t-test ... 45

(9)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

4.2 Discussion ... 59 4.3 Concluding Remark ... 64

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion ... 65 5.1 Suggestions ... 66

Refferences ... 68 Appendices

(10)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This Chapter presents background, research questions, aim of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, clarification of terms and organization of the paper.

1.1. Background

Writing is the way to express ideas in written form using letters, words, art or media, and it requires mental process in order to express the ideas (Uusen, 2009). Alwaslilah and Alwasilah (2007:42) argued that writing is not easy because the language of writing is not the same as verbal language. In writing, we are not only expressing the ideas, but also hard work. Moreover, Westwood (2008: 56) said that

“Written language is perhaps the most difficult of all skills to acquire because its development involves the effective coordination of many different cognitive,

linguistic and psychomotor processes”. Sturm and Koppenhaver (2000) as cited in

Westwood (2008: 56) states that “composing for writing involves complex thinking that must integrate multiple components including the topic or theme, choice of words, organization, purpose, audience, clarity, sequence, cohesion and

transcription”.

In Indonesian curriculum, students in Junior High School are demanded to write various text types, one of which is Descriptive texts (Depdiknas:2006). Over the

(11)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

conduct of the teaching practicum in a Junior High School in Bandung, the researcher found out that some students had difficulties to write a Descriptive text.

To solve the students’ problem in writing Descriptive texts, in the literature, one

technique that can be used to help students’ write is mind mapping as proposed by Buzan (1993). According to Murley (2007), mind mapping can maximize brain’s ability in associating number with visual qualities (space, image, color) and as the result, the memory will be able to store more fact.

Some studies have explored the possibility of using mind mapping technique to help students improve their writing ability (Naqbi: 2008; Kusumaningsih :2008; Setiawan:2012). Those studies confirmed that students who have received the treatment related to the mind mapping technique, showed an improvement in terms of ideas development and imagination. Moreover, Simamora (2010), in her previous research, found that statistically mind mapping technique is effective to improve the

students’ writing ability. Then, Simamora’s study (2010) also shown most of the students agreed that mind mapping is able to advance them, improve their vocabulary, expand their ideas, and increase their self confidence in writing.

Based on the explanation above, the research aims to investigate the effectiveness of mind mapping technique to help students’ writing ability particularly in writing Descriptive texts and what are students’ responses toward the use of mind mapping technique in writing class.

(12)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

1.2.Research Question

The questions of the research are stated as follows:

1. Can main mapping technique help students improve their writing ability in writing Descriptive texts?

2. What are students’ responses toward mind mapping technique in writing classroom?

1.3 Aim of the Study

The purposes of the research are stated as follows:

1. To investigate the effectiveness of mind mapping technique to help students improve their writing ability in writing Descriptive texts

2. To find out the students’ responses toward the use of main mapping technique in writing classroom

1.4Significance of the Study

From theoretical view, the findings are expected to contribute to theories of mind mapping technique in writing Descriptive texts and serve as a base for future studies especially in EFL context.

(13)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

As to practical significance, the findings of the research will provide general guidance for teacher to apply mind mapping technique in their classroom especially in EFL context.

1.5Scope of the study

This research focused on finding out whether the use of main mapping technique can help students improve their writing ability in terms of schematic structure and linguistic features in writing Descriptive texts and investigating how the students responded to the use of mind mapping technique.

1.6Clarification of Terms

To refrain from misinterpretation, several terms are clarified:

1. Mind Mapping is a diagram that has a function as a way to organize ideas and represent words, tasks, or another linked to an arranged radically around a central keyword by lines and typically it contains words, colors, short phrase and picture (Buzan, 2006).

2. Technique is any of a wide variety of exercises, activities, or tasks used in the language classroom for realizing lesson objectives (Brown, 2001:16).

3. Writing is productive skill in which the language users require the ability to produce language both spoken and written (Harmer, 2000).

(14)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

4. Descriptive text is a text that has s function to describe a particular person, place or thing and identifies phenomenon to be described (Gerot and Wignell, 2004).

1.7 Organization of the paper

This paper is designed into five chapters: Chapter I. Introduction

This Chapter presents background, research questions, aim of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, clarification of terms and organization of the paper. Chapter II. Theoretical Foundation

This chapter reviews the theoretical foundation of this research. In detail, this chapter explains some theoretical foundation about writing in general, mind mapping technique, Descriptive text and findings of previous studies.

Chapter III. Research Methodology

This chapter describes the procedures of the research in order to investigate the answers of the two research questions previously stated in chapter one. It includes research design, data collection technique, research procedures, and data analysis. Chapter IV. Findings and Discussion

(15)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

This chapter consists of two main parts; namely findings and discussion. The findings are divided into four parts, they are the pilot test score analysis, the pretest and posttest score analysis, the analysis of questionnaire and the research findings of the interview. Those findings are then analyzed and interpreted in the discussion part. Chapter V. Conclusion and Suggestions

This chapter provides the conclusion of the research and the suggestion addressed for future research in related topic. The conclusion of the study is based on the findings and the discussion in the previous chapter.

(16)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This Chapter provides the conclusion of the research and the suggestion addressed for future research in related topic. The conclusion of the study is based on the findings and the discussions in the previous Chapter.

1.1Conclusion

This study concerned with the implementation of Mind Mapping Technique in teaching writing Descriptive texts to seven-graders. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the mind mapping technique had elevated students’ writing scores. Furthermore, this research was aimed to discover the technique’s strengths and weaknesses.

Based on the research findings and discussion, it can be drawn that mind mapping technique was effective to help students in writing Descriptive texts. It could be seen from the computation result of dependent t-test in SPSS 16.0 for windows which showed that tobt was higher than tcrit (7.821 > 2.021) at the level significance 0.05

(two-tailed) which indicated that the null hypothesis (H0)is rejected and alternative

hypothesis (HA) is accepted. It means that there was a significant difference between

(17)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Furthermore, the result of questionnaire and interview showed that mind mapping had successfully motivated students to write Descriptive texts in enjoyable way. Mind mapping could help students to improve their writing skill in writing Descriptive text in terms of enriching vocabularies, increasing creativity, arranging sentences and organizing ideas. As a result, the mind mapping technique would seem to be particularly suited to help students in planning their writing as the approach encourages students to reach for and adapt a deeper level of understanding of the writing topics.

However one disadvantage of mind mapping was that the students take a long time to finish their writing because they focused more on listing down their ideas from their maps rather than focusing on the structure of their writing. Nevertheless, this weakness may be prevented by the teachers in giving clear instruction and time limitation to the students in making mind map.

1.2Suggestions

The suggestions below are addressed to English teachers and to future researchers who have similar field with this research.

For any English teacher, it is suggested to apply the mind mapping technique to help students improve their writing ability in writing Descriptive texts, as well as other genres such as Narrative, Procedural, Recount or News item.

(18)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

In order to tackle the effects of the weakness that may occur, for further researchers who want to use mind mapping technique in teaching writing, it would be better to manage time allocation in the treatment process as effective as possible with guidance from teachers so that the students will not take long time only to make a mind map before producing the writing product. Moreover, it is suggested to the teachers to make the limitation of texts’ theme become more specific in order to avoid students’ confusion.

(19)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

1 REFERENCES

Alamsyah, Maurizal. (2009). Kiat Jitu Meningkatkan Prestasi Dengan Mind Mapping. Yogyakarta :Mitra Pelajar

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar & Alwasilah, Senny Suzzana. (2007). Pokoknya Menulis: Cara Baru Menulis dengan Metode Kolaborasi. Bandung: Andira.

Anderson, Mark & Anderson, Kathy. (1997). Text Types in English 1-2. South Yara: Macmillan Education Australia.

Anonymous. (2012). Mind Mapping. [Online]. Available at http://www.mindmapping.com/ [December 12nd, 2012].

Brookes, Arthur & Grundy, Peter. (1998). Beginning to Write. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, H. Douglas. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. San Francisco: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Buzan, Tony. (1993). The Mind Map book. London: BBC Books

Buzan, Tony. (2006). Learning Skills: Mind Mapping: Mind Mapping, whole brain note taking, uses both sides of your brain to study subjects usually only studies with your left brain. [Online]. Available at: http://digilib.unnes.ac.id [December 11st 2012].

(20)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2 Buzan. Tony. (2007). Buku Pintar Mind Map Untuk Anak. Jakarta: PT Gramedia

Pustaka Utama

Creswell, John W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Third Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education International.

Dawson, et al. (2005). Pre-Writing: Clustering. University of Richmond Writing Center.

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. (2006). Kurilulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan. Jakarta: Depdiknas.

Edward, Leon. (2011). Advantages and Disadvantages of Mind Maps. [Online]. Available at: http://iqmindbrainlibrary.com/ [November 25th, 2012].

Emilia, Emi. (2001). Pendekatan Genre Based dalam Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris: Petunjuk Untuk Guru. Bandung: Rizqi Press.

Emilia, Emi. (2008). Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta. Field, Andy. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.

Gerot, Linda & Wignell, Peter. (1995). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Antipodean educational Enterprise.

Harmer, Jeremy. (2000). The Practice of English Language Teaching (3rd Ed.). London: Pearson Educational Limited.

(21)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

3 Harris, Theodore Lester & Hodges, Richard E. (1995) . The Literacy Dictionary: The

Vocabulary of Reading and Writing. Newark: IRA.

Hatch, Evelyn Marcussen & Farhady, Hossein. (1982). Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistic. University of California, Los Angeles: Newbury House Publisher, Inc.

Hughes, Jannete M. (2007). Teaching Language and Literacy. [Online]. Available at: http://faculty.uoit.ca/ [February 11st, 2013].

Hyland, Ken. (2003). Second Language Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kranzler, Gerald & Moursund, Janet. (1999). Statistics for the Terrified. United States of America: Prentice Hall.

Kusumaningsih, Litiani Wahyu. (2008). The Effectiveness of Mind Mapping Techniques In Improving Students’ Narrative Text Writing Ability. FPBS UPI Sarjana Degree: Unpublished paper.

Manktelow, James & Carison, Amy. (1996). SWOT Analysis: Discover New Opportunities. Manage and Eliminate Threats. [Online]. Available at: http://www.mindtools.com/ [November 11st, 2012].

McGriff, S. (2007). Instructional systems program. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.

(22)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

4 McMillan, James H & Schumacher, Sally. (2001). Research in Education. United

States of America: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Muijs, Daniel. (2004). Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.

Murley, Diane. (2007). Mind Mapping Complex Information. Retrieved from Acrobat Reader – [2007-11. pdf]. Accessed on December 25th, 2012.

Mulyadi. (2010). The Use of Contextualization in Improving Students’ Reading Skill in Descriptive Text. FPBS UPI Sarjana Degree: Unpublished paper.

Naqbi, Shamma Al. (2008). The Use of Mind Mapping to Develop Writing Skill in UAE Schools. Retrieved from Acrobat Reader – [2008-11. pdf]. Accessed on February 2nd, 2013.

Natural Writing Project & Nagin, Carl. (2006). Because Writing Matters: Improving Student Writing in Our School. United States of America: Jossey Bass.

Setiawan. (2012). The Effect of Using Mind Mapping Technique in Improving Students Paragraph Writing Ability. [Online]. Available at: http://fkip-unram.ac.id/ [February 2nd, 2012].

Simamora, Riris Mutiara. (2010). The Use of Mind Mapping in Improving Student Writing Ability. FPBS UPI Sarjana Degree: Unpublished paper.

Sugiyono. (2007). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta.

(23)

Alma Prima Nurlaila, 2013

The Use of Mind Mapping Technique in Writing Descriptive Text

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

5 Wahyudi. (2008). The Effectiveness of Mind Mapping Technique in Improving

Students’ Writing Skill. FPBS UPI Sarjana Degree: Unpublished paper.

Westwood, Peter. (2008). What Teacher Needs to Know about Reading and Writing Difficulties. Australia: ACER Press.

Uusen, Anne. (2009). Changing Teachers’ Attitude Towards Writing, Teaching of Writing and Assessment of Writing. Retrieved from Acrobat Reader – [2009-10. pdf]. Accessed on February 10st, 2013.

Zemach, Doroty E & Rumisek, Lisa A. (2005). Academic Writing from Paragraph to Essay. Retrieved from e-book. Accessed on November 11st 2012.

(1)

(2)

REFERENCES

Alamsyah, Maurizal. (2009). Kiat Jitu Meningkatkan Prestasi Dengan Mind Mapping. Yogyakarta :Mitra Pelajar

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar & Alwasilah, Senny Suzzana. (2007). Pokoknya Menulis: Cara Baru Menulis dengan Metode Kolaborasi. Bandung: Andira.

Anderson, Mark & Anderson, Kathy. (1997). Text Types in English 1-2. South Yara: Macmillan Education Australia.

Anonymous. (2012). Mind Mapping. [Online]. Available at

http://www.mindmapping.com/ [December 12nd, 2012].

Brookes, Arthur & Grundy, Peter. (1998). Beginning to Write. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, H. Douglas. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. San Francisco: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Buzan, Tony. (1993). The Mind Map book. London: BBC Books

(3)

Buzan. Tony. (2007). Buku Pintar Mind Map Untuk Anak. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama