ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN INDONESIAN LOCAL NEWSPAPERS A Thesis

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN LOCAL NEWSPAPERS

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Room Mawardi Yohanes
Student Number: 051214083

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN LOCAL NEWSPAPERS

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Room Mawardi Yohanes
Student Number: 051214083

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA
2009
i

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iv

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Dedicated to:
My beloved parents; Yoseph Mardjono & Theresia Satiyah

My lovely sisters; Cecilia Ismawarti & Elisabeth Hermi Prastiwi
My brother in-law; Yoseph Intoko
My little niece; Brigita Arleta Dharmaning Putri

When there is a will,
There is a way

v

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

vi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

Yohanes, Room Mawardi. (2009). English Code-switching in Indonesian Local
Newspapers. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
English elements often appear in many kinds of Indonesian local

newspaper. Even, this phenomenon has become the essential part almost in every
article of the newspapers. Sociolinguistics defined this phenomenon as codeswitching. Code-switching also happens in teaching learning activity. Codeswitching can support and hinder language acquisition. The research was
conducted to examine code-switching in Berita Nasional (Bernas), Harian Jogja
(Harjo) and Kedaulatan Rakyat (KR) newspapers.
This research had three questions to be answered. They were 1) what are
types of code-switching found in Indonesian local newspapers? 2) what are the
possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian local newspapers? 3) what are
the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian local newspapers
towards English education (teaching/learning) in Indonesia?
The writer conducted qualitative research to find the answer of the
problem formulations. Document analysis was also applied as the type of
qualitative research. The writer employed seven steps to answer those three
problems, namely 1. specifying the phenomenon to be analyzed, 2. selecting the
target from which the analysis is done, 3. designing the observation form, 4.
listing the code-switching cases on the observation form, 5. analyzing the types of
code-switching, 6. identifying the possible reasons for code-switching, 7. making
implication based on the findings.
The writer found the answer of the first problem formulation; there were
six types of code-switching found in Bernas, Harjo and KR newspapers, namely:
diglossic, single word, phrase, clause, whole sentence and integrated loanword.

Single word code-switching was the most frequent code-switching with 11.426
total numbers and diglossic code-switching was the least frequent code-switching
with only three occurrences.
Next, the writer used Poedjosoedarmo’s theory on reasons for using codeswitching. The writer found that there were 7 reasons for code-switching in local
newspapers. They were the writer quotes from other language, the writer talks
with the different interlocutors, there is a certain purpose from the writer, the
writer is on the stage, the effect of topic discussion, the effect of the first sentence,
the effect of conversation speaking situation. The third reason ‘there is a third
person’ was not appropriate because there was no conversation between three or
more persons in the newspapers. The writer only found the conversation between
the interviewer and the respondent. In every conversation, there was only one
respondent who spoke.
The research finding also showed that code-switching in three local
newspapers might support the process of English education in Indonesia. There
were many correct and incorrect code-switching in the data. The correct codeswitching might support language acquisition but the incorrect code-switching
vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

might hinder language acquisition. However, the amount of incorrect codeswitching was less than the correct one.

The writer would like to suggest that teachers should give the good basic
of English knowledge to the learners. The learners will be able to distinguish
between correct and incorrect code-switching they find, in this case in local
newspapers.
Keywords: sociolinguistics, code-switching, local newspapers

viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

Yohanes, Room Mawardi. (2009). English Code-switching in Indonesian Local
Newspapers. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Elemen bahasa Inggris seringkali muncul di berbagai macam koran lokal
berbahasa Indonesia. Bahkan, fenomena ini telah menjadi bagian penting hampir
di setiap artikel dalam koran. Sosiolinguistik mendefinisikan fenomena ini dengan
istilah code-switching. Code-switching juga terjadi dalam proses belajar –
mengajar. Code-switching dapat mendukung dan menghambat penguasaan
bahasa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji code-switching di Berita Nasional

(Bernas), Harian Jogja (Harjo) dan Kedaulatan Rakyat (KR).
Ada tiga pertanyaan yang ingin dijawab dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: 1) tipe
code-switching apa saja yang ditemukan di koran-koran lokal berbahasa
Indonesia? 2) alasan – alasan apa saja yang mungkin mendasari penggunaan codeswitching di koran – koran lokal berbahasa Indonesia? 3) Implikasi – implikasi
code-switching seperti apa yang mungkin berhubungan dengan pendidikan bahasa
Inggris (proses belajar/mengajar) di Indonesia?
Penulis menggunakan penelitian kualitatif untuk menemukan jawaban dari
rumusan masalah. Analisa dokumen juga digunakan dalam riset ini sebagai tipe
dari penelitian kualitatif. Untuk menjawab tiga rumusan masalah tersebut, penulis
melakukan tujuh langkah penelitian, yaitu: 1. menentukan fenomena yang akan
dianalisa, 2. memilih sasaran dimana analisa dilakukan 3.membuat lembar
observasi 4. mendata kasus –kasus code-switching dalam lembar observasi 5.
menganalisa tipe – tipe code-switching 6. mengidentifikasi alasan – alasan yang
mungkin melandasi terjadinya code-switching 7. membuat implikasi berdasarkan
pada hasil analisa.
Penulis menemukan jawaban dari pertanyaan pertama. Ada enam tipe
code-switching yang ditemukan di Bernas, Harjo dan KR yaitu: diglossic, single
word, phrase, clause, whole sentence dan integrated loanword. Single word codeswitching adalah code-switching yang paling sering muncul dengan jumlah total
11.426 dan diglossic code-switching adalah code-switching yang paling jarang
muncul dengan jumlah total tiga.

Selanjutnya, penulis menggunakan teori 8 alasan dalam penggunaan codeswitching dari Poedjosoedarmo. Penulis menemukan bahwa ada 7 alasan yang
cocok dengan keseluruhan data, yaitu penulis menyitir kalimat lain, berubahnya
lawan bicara, pengaruh maksud – maksud tertentu, bersandiwara, pengaruh topik
pembicaraan, pengaruh kalimat yang mendahului, pengaruh situasi pembicaraan.
Alasan ketiga yaitu ‘pengaruh hadirnya orang ketiga’ tidak sesuai dengan data
karena tidak ada percakapan yang melibatkan tiga orang atau lebih dalam koran
lokal. Penulis hanya menemukan percakapan antara pihak pewawancara dan
responden. Dalam setiap percakapan tersebut, hanya ada satu responden yang
berbicara.
Hasil riset juga menunjukkan bahwa code-switching dalam tiga koran
lokal dapat mendukung proses pendidikan bahasa Inggris di Indonesia. Ada begitu
ix

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

banyak code-switching yang benar dan yang salah dari data keseluruhan. Codeswitching yang benar mungkin dapat mendukung penguasaan bahasa dan codeswitching yang salah mungkin dapat menghambat penguasaan bahasa.
Bagaimanapun, jumlah code-switching yang salah lebih sedikit daripada jumlah
code-switching yang benar.
Penulis bermaksud menyarankan kepada para guru agar memberi dasar
pengetahuan bahasa Inggris yang kuat kepada para murid. Murid – murid akan

mampu membedakan antara code-switching yang benar dan salah, dalam kasus ini
code-switching yang mereka temukan di koran - koran lokal.
Kata kunci: sosiolinguistik, alih kode, koran lokal

x

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank my beloved God, Jesus Christ for giving me every
chance in my life, including the chance to live. I thank Him for giving me
everything that I have and listening to all my complaints until this time. I also
would like to show my appreciation to those who had helped me.
I would like to thank F.X. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd., my sponsor
who gave guidance for finishing my thesis during this semester. I really appreciate
his kindness and patience for waiting for me until I finished the thesis. It looked
impossible for the first time, but his words had made it true.
I would like to thank all lecturers and staff of the English Education
Study Program for their help so far. I thank them for every precious experience I
had during these four years. They had guided me to be what I have to be now.

I also would like to give my special thank to my parents, Yoseph
Mardjono and Theresia Satiyah, who always support me whenever I am down.
My other special thanks are dedicated to my sisters, Cecilia Ismawarti and
Elisabeth Hermi Prastiwi, for their cheerfulness in our small house. I thank my
brother in-law, Yoseph Intoko, for lending his laptop so that I could finish my
thesis on time. My warmest thank is to my little niece, Etta, who always gives the
new spirit by her shouts.
Last, I express my thanks to all my friends in EESP. They are Fidel, Dee,
Vivi, Dhea, Koko and Nana as my partners in thesis and my classmates who have
been helping me during these four years, namely: Andre, Indro, Dinar, Mayang,
xi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Agung, Dita, Tim-Tim, Yaya, Antris, Rindhang, Berlin, Taju, Mui, Angga, Sano,
Wuri, Frans Wuri, Pandu, Puri, Putri, Ari, Mega, Molen, Bunga, Rere and Toto. I
also thank Tata, Tyas, Tama, Septi, Nana, Bagus, Imel and Danu for helping me
to finish my thesis. However, I cannot mention one by one those who had helped
me. As I know, I am nothing without them. They all are my spirit.

Room Mawardi Yohanes

xii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………….....................................

i

APPROVAL PAGES…………..………………………………………...….

ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………..….…

iv

PAGE OF DEDICATION…………………………………………………..

v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS……………………………….

vi

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………

vii

ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………….……...

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………..…..

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………

xiii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………..………

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………….

xvii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background……………………………………..

1

1.2 Problem Formulation……………………………………..

3

1.3 Problem Limitation……………………………………….

3

1.4 Research Objective………………………………………..

4

1.5 Research Benefits…………………………………………

4

1.6 Definition of Terms……………………………………….

5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Description…………………………………..

7

2.2 Theoretical Framework…………………………………..

14

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method…………………………………………

17

3.2 Research Participants……………………………………

18

3.3 Research Instruments…………………………………….

19

xiii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3.4 Data Gathering Technique……………………………….

20

3.5 Data Analysis Technique…………………………………

20

3.6 Research Procedure……………………………………….

22

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 The Types of Code-switching……………………………

24

4.1.1 Diglossic Code-switching..……………………..

25

4.1.2 Single Word Code-switching……………...…… 26
4.1.3 Phrase Code-switching……………………….....

31

4.1.4 Clause Code-switching………………………….

37

4.1.5 Whole Sentence Code-switching.…………….....

41

4.1.6 Integrated Loanwords Code-switching…………

45

4.2 The Reason for Code-switching…………………….....….

50

4.3 The Implication of Code-switching………………….……

56

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………...…......…….

59

5.2 Suggestions…………………………………………..……. 61
5.2.1 The Learners…………………………….………. 61
5.2.2 The Teachers……………………………..……… 61
5.2.3 Other Researchers……………………….….…… 62
REFERENCES……………………………………………………..………..... 63
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………

xiv

65

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1: The Total Numbers of Diglossic Code-switching……................

25

Table 4.2: The Most Frequents Diglossic Code-switching
in Advertisement ……………………………………………………

25

Table 4.3: The Total Numbers of Single Word Code-switching……..….….

26

Table 4.4: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching
in Advertisement………………………………………………….....

27

Table 4.5: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in
Feature……………………………………………………………….

28

Table 4.6: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in
Fiction………………………………………………………………..

29

Table 4.7: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in News….…

30

Table 4.8: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in Opinion….

31

Table 4.9: The Total Numbers of Phrase Code-switching……………….….

31

Table 4.10: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in
Advertisement………………………………………………………..

32

Table 4.11: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Feature……….

33

Table 4.12: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Fiction….…….

34

Table 4.13: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in News……….…

35

Table 4.14: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Opinion…….…

36

Table 4.15: The Total Numbers of Clause Code-switching…………………

37

Table 4.16: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching
in Advertisement…………………………………………………….

38

Table 4.17: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in Feature….……

39

Table 4.18: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in News….....……

40

Table 4.19: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in Opinion……….

41

Table 4.20: The Total Numbers of Whole Sentence Code-switching……….

41

Table 4.21: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching
in Advertisement….………………………………………………….
xv

42

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Table 4.22: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching
in Feature………………………………………………….……….…

43

Table 4.23: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching
in News………………………………………………………….……

43

Table 4.24: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching
in Opinion…………………………………………………………….

44

Table 4.25: The Total Numbers of Integrated Loanword Code-switching…..

45

Table 4.26: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching
in Advertisement………………………………………………….…..

46

Table 4.27: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching
in Feature…………………………………………………………..….

47

Table 4.28: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching
in News……………………………………………..…………………

48

Table 4.29: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching
in Opinion…………………………………………………………..…

49

Table 4.30: The Examples of the First Code-switching Reason……….……..

51

Table 4.31: The Examples of the Second Code-switching Reason…………..

51

Table 4.32: The Examples of the Fourth Code-switching Reason……………

52

Table 4.33: The Examples of the Fifth Code-switching Reason…………..…

53

Table 4.34: The Examples of the Sixth Code-switching Reason………….…

54

Table 4.35: The Examples of the Seventh Code-switching Reason………….

55

Table 4.36: The Examples of the Eighth Code-switching Reason……………

56

Table 4.37: The Example of Correct Code-switching………………………... 57
Table 4.38: The Example of Incorrect Code-switching………………………. 57

xvi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1: The Example of Observation Form……………………………

65

Appendix 2: The Example of Code-switching Compilation……………......

66

Appendix 3: The Example of Advertisement Article in Local Newspaper…

67

Appendix 4: The Example of Feature Article in Local Newspaper…………

68

Appendix 5: The Example of Fiction Article in Local Newspaper…………

69

Appendix 6: The Example of News Article in Local Newspaper…………..

70

Appendix 7: The Example of Opinion Article in Local Newspaper………..

71

xvii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer illustrates six underlying subjects, namely
research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research
objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.

1.1 Research Background
Nowadays, newspaper still exists as the media of communication. By
reading newspaper, people can get the information that they need, for example
advertisements and news. As the development of communication, newspaper
competes with other kinds of media such as television, radio and internet.
However, newspaper is still accepted by the society, instead newspaper is
published in local areas like Yogyakarta.
Newspaper has many features than other media. The form of newspaper is
in hard copy so that it can be brought everywhere and every time. The content of
the newspaper is also deeper. For example, the news is explained as detail as it
can so that every reader can get the point. The writers of the news or articles in the
newspaper even use the terms from other language. In Yogyakarta local
newspapers, the writers of the articles often use or lend the terms from English. It
is called code-switching.
McCormick (1994: 581) explains “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to the
juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.” In local
1

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2

newspapers, code switching almost exists in every edition. The writers of the
articles always adopt English elements in their Indonesian articles. However, they
use the understandable elements in order that every reader can understand it.
In the previous research, namely “The Types of and the Possible Reasons
for a Code-Switching Phenomenon in Indonesian Teenage Magazine ‘HAI’”,
Putra (2008: 45) clarified that there are three types and the examples of codeswitching from the magazine. They are conversational code-switching; the
juxtaposed element can be a sentence, clause, or phrase, single-word codeswitching; the juxtaposed element is a single word, integrated loanwords; the
juxtaposed element consists of morphemes of English and Indonesian
language which are integrated to form a single expression.
Putra (2008: 46) also stated some reasons of using code-switching in ‘HAI’
magazine, namely: the writers of the articles found some difficulties in describing
what they wanted to express in Indonesian language. Moreover switching to
another language, in this case English language was the answer for this deficiency
problem. By this research, the writer also wants to know the types and the reason
why code-switching exists in local newspaper in Yogyakarta.
The writer chooses local newspapers because of some reasons. First, it is
rich of data for solving the study of code-switching. The writer observed that the
writers of the articles in Yogyakarta local newspapers often use code-switching in
their articles. Second, code-switching is one of essential part in local newspapers.
As the result, it is also important to be learnt as the part of education. Third, the

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3

writer wants to know how far code-switching may influence English education in
Indonesia.
Local newspapers in Yogyakarta are read by every element of society,
including the students. The use of code-switching in local newspapers will give
the effect for them in learning English in school. The writer wants to know how
far code-switching helps them in the understanding of English.

1.2 Problem Formulation
The writer limits the scope to make the research easy to do. The writer also
makes the clear problems in order to get the clear result as the result of the
research. In this research, the writer wants to answer three questions, namely:
1. What are types of code-switching found in Indonesian local newspapers?
2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian local
newspapers?
3. What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian local
newspapers towards English education (teaching/learning) in Indonesia?

1.3 Problem Limitation
The writer chooses three kinds of local newspaper in Yogyakarta, namely
Kedaulatan Rakyat newspaper (KR), Berita Nasional newspaper (BERNAS) and
Harian Jogja newspaper (HARJO). These three newspapers are the most popular
in Yogyakarta. Based on the circulation section, those three newspapers are able
to sell their products between 150.000 until 25.000 newspapers everyday.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4

The writer takes seven editions in each of item. As a result, there are
twenty-one newspapers which will be analyzed. Seven editions were taken from
16th February 2009 until 22nd February 2009. The writer chose to start at 16th
February 2009 because of the limitation of time and the sufficiency data.
The writer decided to take seven editions from each of the item because
each newspaper is published everyday. It means that there will be a repetition of
topics every week. The topics in each day will be more or less same with the topic
in the same days in the following weeks. The writer took the sample of the data in
the third week of February 2009.

1.4 Research Objectives
In this research, there are three objectives to concern, namely:
1. To identify the types of code-switching in Indonesian local newspapers
2. To find out the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian local
newspapers
3. To identify the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian local
newspapers towards English education in Indonesia.

1.5 Research Benefits
The writer finds two benefits from this study. They are:
1. The teachers can anticipate whether code-switching hinders or supports the
communication and language learning process (especially from the
newspaper). For the English learners, they will get knowledge about the types

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

5

of code-switching in local newspapers. The English learners will also know the
reasons why code-switching is used in local newspapers, in what ways they are
applied.
2. This research can be used as the reference for the next research in Sanata
Dharma University. For those who have the similar research with this research,
it is expected that this research can give essential information. This research
can also become the inspiration for producing other researches.

1.6 Definition of Terms
There are some terms which need to be defined in order to avoid
misinterpretation.
1. Code-switching
Crystal (1987) explains that “code, or language, switching occurs when an
individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her
speech with another bilingual person.”
In this study, code-switching means that kind of language elements which
are used in other language to achieve the appropriate meaning. In this case, the
English terms are applied in Indonesian language articles to support the readers’
understanding about Indonesian articles. It means that the writers of the
Indonesian articles master two languages namely English and Indonesian
language (the bilingual person).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

6

2.

Local Newspaper
Newspaper based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000: 892)

is “a set of large printed sheets of paper containing news, articles, advertisements,
etc. and published everyday or every week.” Local based on Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2000: 787) is “belonging to or connected with the
particular place or area that you are talking about or with the place where you
live.”
In this study, local newspaper means newspaper which consists of
advertisements, feature, fiction, news and opinion. Here, the writer takes the local
newspapers which are published everyday in a certain area, in this case
Yogyakarta.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are two main parts in this chapter, namely: theoretical description
and theoretical framework. Theoretical description consists of theories that are
relevant to the research and theoretical framework consists of theories that are
used to answer the research problems.

2.1 Theoretical Description
Learning language is never far from linguistic and sociolinguistic. Codeswitching is the part of linguistic indeed. Sari (1988: 1-2) states that codeswitching is learnt to answer how the communication works well so far. It is
difficult to explain how communication works well by analyzing the
communication directly. Communication consists of many parts inside and it is
divided into the smaller part to make the question easier to answer. Linguistics is
the field to divide communication into smaller part so that it is easier to learn.
Sari (1988: 1) also states a linguist is a person who masters many
languages. A linguist comprehends all knowledge about languages he or she
masters, including grammar. In this study, a linguist is the one who is able to use
code-switching well, namely the local newspapers writers. They insert English
code-switching in their articles appropriately.

7

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

8

Hockett (1960: 353) mentions the part of linguistic, namely linguistic
ontogeny. He said that “the process of development of speech habits in a single
person, from birth to death, is linguistic ontogeny.” It means that a person should
follow a certain process in order to be able to speak. The environment plays the
big role for someone’s speech ability. The environment can encourage someone to
use code-switching in his or her daily communication.
Code-switching also belongs to sociolinguistics. Spolsky (1998: 3) states
language that is used by a society in a certain area is also affected by the social
structures of the society. Even, sometimes, there is a different part about the
language that is used in different village. The village is near enough and the
language is the same. However, the social structure in each village is different. It
affects the use of the language, especially about dialect. Sociolinguistics studies
the relation between language and social structure where the speakers live.
Stockwell (2002: 1) mentions that:
a sociolinguistic toolkit, All language events consist of a piece of language
in a social context, Every different social context determines that particular
form of language, The language used in particular situations determines
the nature of that social event.
All language events are influenced by the social context. Indirectly, the social
context in an area will influence the language that is used. It will give the
dissimilarity of the language from other area. Language also influences the nature
of social event when it is used.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

9

Romaine (1994: 4005) states that:
Sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline of linguistics which deals with the
relationships between language and society. It has close connections with
the social sciences, in particular, sociology, anthropology, social
psychology, and education and encompasses the study of multilingualism,
social dialects, conversational interaction, attitudes to language, language
change, and much more.
Sociolinguistic is not only the relationship between language and human being.
However, language is used to communicate all social aspects in human being’s
life.
Valdes-Fallis (1977) as cited by Duran in Toward a Better Understanding
of Code Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual
Instruction explains that “code-switching is the use of two languages
simultaneously or interchangeably.”
Woolford (1983) as cited by Duran in Toward a Better Understanding of
Code Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual
Instruction says:
Views code-switched sentences as resulting from a mixture of phrase
structure rules extracted from two languages. She argues that phrase
structure rules of the two languages can be freely mixed in the
construction of the tree structures of code-switched sentences.
Hence, code-switching is inserted in other language without breaking the rule of
the language itself. The switched sentences are still in the grammatical correct
way.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

10

Chana (1984) as cited by Duran in Toward a Better Understanding of
Code Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual
Instruction says:
Describes code-switching as the juxtaposition within the same speech
exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical
systems or subsystems. The items are tied together prosodically as well as
by semantic and syntactic relations equivalent to those that join passages
in a single language.
Therefore, inserting code-switching in a language should consider about the
semantic and syntactic rules. The sentence structure should be measured so that
the main point of code switching still carries on.
Gardner-Chloros (1991) in the paper entitled Code-switching: Language
Selection in Three Strasbourg Department Stores states that “Code-switching
(CS) can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same conversation
or utterance.” This simpler statement clarifies that two or more different
languages are often used in the same conversation. It possibly happens when the
speakers master those languages indeed.
Crystal (1987) as cited by Skiba in Code Switching as a Countenance of
Language Interference suggests that code switching appears when a bilingual
person uses element of a language in different language to speak with other
bilingual person. For example, he or she lends English elements and uses them in
Indonesian conversation. The interlocutor is also a bilingual person who masters
both English and Indonesian.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

11

Crystal (1987) as cited by Skiba in Code Switching as a Countenance of
Language Interference mentions three kinds of possible reasons why people imply
code-switching in their communication. The first, the notion that a speaker cannot
express him/herself in one language so switches to the other to compensate for the
deficiency. Sometimes, the speaker who masters two languages or more, find the
limitation to communicate in one language. As a result, he or she lends the words
or elements from other language that he or she masters as well.
Second, someone uses code-switching in the conversation or utterance for
the sake of solidarity. A speaker may come to a particular social group who speak
in English. In order to honor them, the speaker uses English for the conversation.
Another example, an English native speaker assembles with Indonesian people
who can speak both in Indonesian language and English well. The people use
English for the conversation so that the native speaker can join the conversation.
The last is the alteration that occurs when the speaker wishes to convey
his/her attitude to the listener. The monolingual speaker speaks in their language
to show the level of formality in speech. The bilingual speakers can show their
formality speech by code-switching.
McCormick (1994: 581) clarifies “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to the
juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.” McCormick
also gives six types of code switching, namely: diglossia, situational codeswitching, metaphoric code-switching, code-switching; conversational code-

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

12

switching; style shifting; code mixing, single-word code-switching; borrowing
and integrated loanwords.
Cook (1991) as cited by Skiba in Code Switching as a Countenance of
Language Interference says that “code-switching may be integrated into the
activities used for the teaching of a second language, institute of Linguistics’
examinations in Languages for International Communication test as one which
utilizes code-switching”. The beginning students use the second language to
assemble information from the material to answer comprehension questions in the
first language. The next level which is advanced level, the students are asked to
find topic and provide a report in the first language.
Cook (1991) as cited by Skiba in Code Switching as a Countenance of
Language Interference says that “a similar system may also be used whereby the
teacher uses code-switching by starting the lesson in the first language and then
moving into the second and back.” The approach helps the teachers to balance the
use of languages within each lesson. The teacher allows switching languages at
certain key points, for example during important concepts, when students are
getting disturbed, during revisions or when students are admired and told off.
Mattson and Burenhult (1999: 61) as cited by Sert in The Functions of
Code Switching in ELT Classrooms say that there are three basic functions of
code-switching which may be beneficial in language learning environments.
The first is topic switch. The teachers change the language when
explaining a certain topic. For example, the teacher explains the topic with the

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

13

mother tongue. Afterward, the teacher translates it into the second language or
vice versa. The translation itself should point out the particular grammar point.
Indirectly, the students will learn the second language by transferring the new
content and meaning from the mother tongue language to the second language.
The second is affective functions. Code-switching is used by the teacher in
order to build solidarity and intimate relations with the students. However it is not
always a conscious process on the part of teacher. Code-switch is used in the
classroom to create a supportive language environment.
The third is repetitive function. The teacher uses code-switching in the
classroom to transfer the knowledge to the students for clarity. The teacher repeats
what he or she says in the different language to make it clear. However, the
students who have understood the teacher’s point will get bored from this method.
According to Krashen’s (1993) input hypothesis as cited in Ellis (1997)
second language acquisition happens when a learner understands input which
contains grammatical forms. “Success is achieved by using the situational context
to make massages clear and through the kinds of input modifications found in
foreigner talk” (Ellis, 1997: 47). Therefore, when L2 learners receive acceptable
input of the target language, they would be able to produce the correct utterances.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

14

2.2 Theoretical Framework
To answer the first problem formulation, the writer used four major types
of code-switching from McCormick (1994: 581) namely: diglossia, conversational
code-switching/style shifting/code mixing, single-word code-switching/borrowing
and integrated loanwords. The two types namely: situational code-switching,
metaphoric code-switching were skipped because those types only occur in oral
communication.
Diglossic code-switching is the first type of code-switching. In Diglossic
communities, there are two varieties of code switch, namely high (H) and low (L)
variety. High variety is full of prestige. It is usually used in formal way, for
example when the speaker does the presentation in front of the clients. Low
variety is lack of prestige and used in the informal way. The speaker usually uses
it when he or she speaks to the family at home.
The second type is situational code-switching. The certain event which is
faced by the speaker can ask the speaker itself to change the language used. This
matter often happens without changing the topic at all. For example, a company
offers a new product to the public. The company makes an advertisement in
English. In fact, not all of the people can get the point from the advertisement.
Then, the company makes the Indonesian version of the advertisement without
changing the main topic. As a result, the new product becomes popular.
The third type is metaphoric code-switching. Sometimes, the role of the
speakers changes when the language is changed. It is needed when the speakers

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

15

face the certain event. However, the main topic of the discussion is also changed.
For example, a son is working in his father’s company. The father is the boss and
the son is an ordinary employee. When they meet in the company, they will use
the formal language to show their position in the company. They also change the
topic of conversation.
The type number four is conversational code-switching. This kind of type
allows the speaker/writer to juxtapose the various elements of language in his or
her speech. The elements can be phrase code-switching, clause code-switching or
whole sentence code-switching.
The type number five is single word code-switching. It allows the
speaker/writer to borrow a single word from other language and put it in the
utterance of his or her language. For example, the speaker/writer borrows the
English word ‘event’ to replace the word acara in Indonesian sentence.
The type number six is integrated loanwords. This type deals with
morpheme. Morpheme is the smallest element of meaning from a word. For
example, a speaker/writer uses a word from the foreign language and adds the
affixes from his or her own language.
Next, there are eight main reasons of code-switching that will be used to
answer the second problem formulation. The reasons are from Poedjosoedarmo
(1975), namely:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

16

The speaker quotes from other language, the speaker talks with the
different interlocutors, there is a third person, there is a certain purpose
from the speaker, the speaker is on the stage, the effect of topic discussion,
the effect of the first sentence, the effect of conversation speaking
situation.
The writer applies a theory from Rod Ellis (1997) about foreigner talk to
answer the third problem formulation of this study. There are two alterations of
foreigner talk. The first alteration is grammatical talk which can facilitate the
second language acquisition. The second alteration is ungrammatical foreigner
talk which can obstruct the second language acquisition.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer discussed the method which was used to find the
answers to the problems of this study, research participants, research instruments,
data gathering technique, data analysis technique and research procedure.

3.1 Research Method
 

The writer used qualitative research because this study was conducted to

understand the code-switching phenomenon in local newspapers. Leedy and
Ormrod (2005: 133) state that qualitative research focuses on phenomena that
occur in natural settings—that is, in the “real world.” The writer also used small
sample (three items of local newspapers) and used face-to-face interaction toward
the sample. That was the reason why qualitative research was the most appropriate
method in this study.
Merriam (2002: 3-4) states that:
The key to understand qualitative research lies with the idea that meaning
is socially constructed by individuals in interaction with their world. There
are multiple constructions and interpretations of reality that are flux and
change over time. And qualitative research tries to understand what those
interpretations are at a particular point in time and in particular context.
The method employed in this research was qualitative research because the writer
analyzed and interpreted the material from local newspapers. It meant that, the
writer read every part of the newspapers to find the code-switching inside,
analyzing the whole context sentence where code-switching was found was also

17

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

18

done. The purpose was to find the reason why code-switching was used by the
writer of the articles in the newspapers.
Bungis (2007: 68-69) explains that descriptive study involved an in-depth
exploration of the object being studied. The research was a descriptive research
because besides analyzing about the types of code-switching, this research also
analyzed the reasons why code-switching could exist in local newspapers.
Therefore, the writer should analyze code-switching based on the theories of
descriptive research.
Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 142) state that:
A content analysis is a detailed and systematic examination of the contents
of a particular body of material for the purpose of identifying patterns,
theme, or biases. Content analyses are typically performed on forms of
human communication, including books, newspapers, films, television, art,
music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcripts of conversations.
The research belonged to content or document analysis because this research gave
the detail identification about the pattern of code-switching. The contents of
identification were from the local newspapers as the media of communication in
Yogyakarta. Therefore, document or content analysis was the most appropriate
specific method from qualitative research to be applied in this research.

3.2 Research Participants
The writer chose three kinds of local newspapers, namely: Kedaulatan
Rakyat newspaper (KR), Berita Nasional newspaper (BERNAS) and Harian Jogja
newspaper (HARJO). As the writer stated in chapter I, every newspaper can sell
their product between 25.000 until 150.000 items everyday. The writer concluded
that those newspapers are popular in Yogyakarta society.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

19

In those newspapers, the writer found many combinations of English
elements and Indonesian language elements usage. It meant that code-switching
always exists in those newspapers.
The writer chose seven editions from each of the newspaper to answer the
research questions. It was started at 16th February 2009 until 22nd of February
2009. From those seven editions, the writer could see the existence of codeswitching during one week. The writer observed that there was always a repetition
data each week. It meant that, there are more or less the same parts in Monday
edition with other Monday edition, of course in the same item of newspaper.

3.3 Research Instrument
As it was stated in research method, the writer used qualitative research as
the most appropriate method in this study. Therefore, the instrument was the
writer himself. The writer was the person who applied the related theories to
analyze the data. Merriam (2002: 5) says that:
A second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the
researcher is the primary instrument for data collections and data analysis.
Since understanding is the goal of this research, the human instrument,
which is able to be immediately responsive and adaptive, would seem to
be the ideal means of collecting and analyzing data.
The writer conducted a library study which was a document analysis as
instrument in this study. The writer collected the references to answer the second
and third problem formulations. The writer analyzed the whole data based on the
references to find out the possible reasons for using code-switching. Afterward,
the references were also applied to find out the possible implication of codeswitching towards English education in Indonesia.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

20

3.4 Data Gathering Technique
The writer started to identify all the newspapers to find the elements of
code-switching. The writer identified those elements of code-switching with the
context of the sentences. Afterward, the writer typed them in the observation form
to divide and to classify those data.
The data was also categorized into five parts, namely advertisement,
feature, fiction, opinion and news. Advertisement based on Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2000: 20) is “a notice, picture or film telling people about a
product, job, or service.” Feature based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
(2000: 486) is “something important, interesting or typical of place or thing.”
Fiction based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000: 492) is “a
type of literature that describes imaginary people and events, not real ones.” News
based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000: 892) is “new information
about something that has happened recently.” Opinion based on Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2000: 927) is “your feelings or thoughts about sb/sth, rather
than a fact.”

3.5 Data Analysis Technique
The writer used the classification of code-switching from McCormick
(1994). There were six classes of code-switching, namely diglossic codeswitching, single word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause codeswitching, whole sentence code-switching and integrated loanword code-

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

21

switching. The code-switching from the newspapers were put in those six
classifications depending on the length of juxtaposed utterances.
Diglossia is “a feature of speech community rather than individuals”
(Holmes, 2001: 30). Single word/word based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2000: 1551) is “a single unit of language which means sth and can be
spoken or written.” A phrase is “a group of related words that does not contain a
subject and a verb” (Azar, 1989: 257). A clause is “a group of related words that
contains a subject and a verb” (Azar, 1989: 257).
A sentence/whole sentence based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2000: 1212) is “a set of words expressing a statement, a question or
an order, usually containing a subject and a verb. In written English sentences
begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an
EXCLAMATION mark (!).” Integrated loanword is when the speaker or the
writer of the articles combines a morpheme with a word from different language.
Afterward, the writer used a computer program namely Concordance 3.2
to find five most frequents code-switching in each of category and type of codeswitching from each local newspaper. However, the writer used Concordance 3.2
and work manually to find the most frequent code-switching as the supportive
data.
The results of classifications were identified to find the possible reasons
why code switching existed in local newspapers. The theory was adopted from
Poedjosoedarmo (1975).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

22

The speaker quotes from other language, the speaker talks with the
different interlocutors, there is a third person, there is a certain purpose
from the speaker, the speaker is on the stage, the effect of topic discussion,
the effect of the first sentence, the effect of conversation speaking
situation.
The next step was, identifying the possible implications that appeared from
the whole data. The writer adopted Krashen’s theory, namely “Success is achieved
by using the situational context to make massages clear and through the kinds of
input modifications found in foreigner talk” (Ellis, 1997: 47).

3.6 Research Procedure
There were seven steps done by the