ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL.
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Department of English Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
Restu Anggi Gustara (1002775)
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Oleh
Restu Anggi Gustara
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
© Restu Anggi Gustara 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Oktober 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
A Research Paper By
Restu Anggi Gustara 1002775
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Eri Kurniawan, M.A., Ph.D. Ernie D.A.Imperiani, M.Ed NIP. 198111232005011002 NIP. 197809222010122001
The Head of English Education Department
The Faculty of Language and Literature Education
Indonesia University of Education
Dr. R. Safrina, M.A. NIP. 19620729187032003
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Restu Anggi Gustara (1002775)
Main Supervisor: Eri Kurniawan, M.A., Ph.D.
Co-Supervisor: Ernie D.A. Imperiani, M.Ed.
This study looks specifically at the borrowing words phenomenon among teenagers in one junior high school in Bandung. The borrowing words phenomenon being inverstigated in this study included the types of borrowing words, phonological process, the most dominant part of speech in borrowing words and some possible factors for borrowing to occur. The data were taken from 18 teenagers from three different grades. The seventh grade consists of six teenagers (11-12 years old), eighth grade consists of six teenagers (12-13 years old) and ninth grade consists of six teenagers (13-14 years old). The data were analyzed in a descriptive qualitative method by using the theories from Hoffer (2005), Campbell (1998), Field (2002) and Thomas (1993). The findings showed that the most frequent type of borrowing in all grades is loanword. In terms of phonological processes, the most frequent sound change occurs in the borrowing is Monophthongisation. With regard to parts of speech, noun appears as the dominant part of speech in the borrowing words. Four possible factors that cause borrowing words in teenagers are due to the frequency in using borrowing words, the number of speakers around the respondents, the habitual of expressing the English words and the low competence of the speakers. In conclusion, it seems apparent that borrowing words in this context udergo many phonological adaptations.
Keywords: borrowing words, loanword, sound change, factors of borrowing words
Abstrak: Penelitian ini meneliti fenomena kata serapan (borrowing)yang terdapat di remaja Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Data untuk penelitian ini diperoleh dari 18 siswa remaja dari tiga kelas yang berbeda. Kelas tujuh terdiri dari enam siswa remaja (berusia 11-12 tahun), kelas delapan terdiri dari enam siswa remaja (12-13 tahun), dan kelas Sembilan terdiri dari enam siswa remaja pula (13-14 tahun). Data tersebut dianalisis dalam kerangka metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan teori yang diformulasikan oleh Hoffer (2005), Campbell (1998), Field (2002), dan Thomas (1993). Hasil peneilitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tipe borrowing yang paling sering muncul di semua kelas ialah loanword. Dalam kaitannya
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
dengan proses fonologis, perubahan bunyi (sound change) yang paling sering muncul dalam kata serapan tersebut ialah monopthingisation. Dalam kelas kata, kata benda merupakan kelas kata yang paling dominan dalam kata serapan yang muncul. Kesimpulannya, terlihat jelas bahwa kata serapan mengalami banyak adaptasi fonologis.
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ... x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 3
1.3 Aims of the Study ... 3
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 3
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4
1.6 Research Methodology ... 4
1.6.1 Data Collection ... 4
1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 4
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.8 Organization of the Study ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7
2.1 The Definition of Borrowing ... 7
2.2 Types of Borrowing ... 8
2.2.1 Loanwords ... 8
2.2.2 Loanshift ... 9
2.2.3 Loan-translation ... 9
2.2.4 Loanblend ... 10
2.3 Phonological Processes ... 10
2.3.1 Place and Manner of Articulation ... 10
2.3.2 Sound Change ... 11
2.3.2.1 Syncope ... 12
2.3.2.2 Apocope ... 12
2.3.2.3 Epentheses or Insertion ... 12
2.3.2.4 Paragoge ... 13
2.3.2.5 Monophthongisation ... 13
2.3.2.6 Vowel Raising ... 13
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.3.2.8 Lenition (Weakening) ... 13
2.3.2.9 Cluster Reduction ... 14
2.4 Part of Speech ... 14
2.5 Previous Studies ... 15
2.6 Concluding Remarks ... 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 18
3.1 Research Design ... 18
3.2 Research Site and Participants of the Study ... 18
3.3 Data Collection ... 19
3.3.1 Interview. ... 19
3.3.2 Audio Recording. ... 20
3.4 Data Analysis ... 21
3.4.1 Identification ... 21
3.4.2 Classification ... 22
3.4.3 Quantification ... 22
3.4.4 Analysis of Phonological Change ... 23
3.4.5 Analysis of Possible Factors in Borrowing Words ... 23
3.6 Concluding Remarks... 24 CHAPTER IV
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS... 25
4.1 Types of Borrowing ... 25
4.1.1 Loanword. ... 29
4.1.2 Loanblend. ... 31
4.1.3 Loan-translation. ... 33
4.2 Phonological Processes ... 34
4.2.1 Apocope ... 34
4.2.2 Syncope ... 35
4.2.3 Lenition ... 35
4.2.4 Epenthesis ... 36
4.2.5 Paragoge ... 37
4.2.6 Cluster Reduction ... 37
4.2.7 Vowel Raising ... 38
4.2.8 Vowel Lowering ... 39
4.2.9 Monophthongisation ... 40
4.3 Part of Speech of the Borrowed Words ... 42
4.4 The Discussion of the Occurences of Borrowing ... 44
4.5 The Possible Factors of the Occurences of Borrowing Words ... 45
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 51
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.1 Conclusions ... 51
5.2 Suggestions ... 52
REFERENCES ... 53
APPENDICES ... 56
LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 The Frequency of Types of Borrowing 25 Table 4.2 Types of Borrowing 26 Table 4.3 The Most Frequent Borrowing Words 27 Table 4.4 Sample words of Apocope 34 Table 4.5 Sample Words of Syncope 35 Table 4.6 Sample Words of Epenthesis 36 Table 4.7 Sample Words of Paragoge 37 Table 4.8 Sample words of Cluster Reduction 38 Table 4.9 Vowel Raising 38
Table 4.10 Vowel Lowering 1 39
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.12 Vowel Lowering 3 40
Table 4.13 Monophthongisation 1 40
Table 4.14 Monophthongisation 2 41
Table 4.15 Monophthongisation 3 42
Table 4.16 Parts of Speech 42
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I The Demogaphy Data of the respondents Appendix II Respondents Transcription
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the introduction of this study. It consists of the background of the study, the research questions, the aim of the study, the scope of the study, the significant of the study, the research methodology, the clarification of related terms and the organization of the study.
1.1 Background of the Study
In this globalization era, where information spreads rapidly, two languages may be in contact even though they do not “directly” meet. The contact of two or more languages often influences the languages themselves. In other words, one language may borrow some lexical words from another language that has been in contact. Thus, borrowing is normally used when a word from language A does not exist in language B. As language develops, there are many areas that indicate the existence of borrowing in our daily life, for instance, the word mouse in technology and actor, celebrity and acting in entertainment are borrowed words. In Indonesian language, those words do not exist. One way to express those words is by borrowing them. Borrowing itself in linguistics is a term that refers to “the process of importing linguistic items from one linguistic system into another, a process that occurs any time two cultures are in contact over a period of time” (Hoffer, 2002, p.1).
In Indonesian context, Indonesia has borrowed a number of words from some languages, such as Dutch (fabriek as pabrik), Arabic (name of days, such as isnain as senin), and English (quiz as kuis). As for English, nowadays people use it as lingua franca. This is because people from other language backgrounds use English for communication. Consequently, it influences other languages and also the vocabulary of Indonesian language indirectly.
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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For 30 years, from 1966 to 1996, Indonesian media had overexposed the use of borrowing: more than 600 adjectives and 500 verbs were derived from English in the 1966 specimen, compared to only 126 adjectives and 39 verbs in the 1966 samples (Sneddon, 2003). As a result of that phenomenon, Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Bahasa has created the equivalents to those words in order to avoid excessive borrowing (Tabbiati and Yanuar, 2012). This indicates that borrowing can be “harmful” to the preservation of Indonesian language.
The use of frequent borrowing may replace the Indonesian term. For example, in Indonesian, there is a word luar jaringan or luring which is the equivalent word for English word „offline‟. However, it seems that Indonesian people especially teenagers prefer to use the word „offline‟ rather than luring. This phenomenon also appears in da Silva‟s research (2003) which was about English borrowing entitled “The English Borrowings and the Indonesian-English Code-switching in Two Collections of Blog Short-Stories”. It examined the existence of English borrowing and code switching that were easily found in Indonesian texts, especially in Raditya Dika‟s books. Another study focusing on borrowing came from Hajeeyusoh (2011) who conducted a study on “The Influence of English Borrowings in the Bahasa Indonesia in Mobile Phone Advertisements” and demonstrated how English borrowing can influence Indonesian language.
Inspired by two studies above and how the excessive borrowing in media can affect Indonesian language, the present study is conducted to elucidate borrowing phenomena. Different from the previous studies which merely focus on classifying the types of borrowing in written language, this study tries to explore borrowing in spoken language used by teenagers at 11-14 years old in junior high school and some possible factors that cause borrowing. To analyze the data, this study employs theory of borrowing by Hockett (1958) and supported by Campbell (1998) to further classifying borrowing.
Borrowing may have four types, according to Hockett (1958), there are: Loanwords (types of borrowing that allow the speakers to adopt the item or idea
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
and a source language for each), loanshift (adapting native word into a new meaning), loan translation (when the speaker translate words from donor language) and loan blend (a form in which one element is a loanword and the other is a native element). Those four types of borrowing are used to divide the borrowed words that are found in the study. By doing so, the study is expected to make some contributions into providing insight on how far borrowing influences Indonesian language among teenagers.
1.2Research Questions
The study is conducted in order to answer the questions which are formulated as follows:
1. What borrowing occurs in the utterances of junior high school students, in terms of:
a. Types of borrowing
b. Phonological processes (sound change) c. Parts of speech
2. What are the possible factors which cause the occurences of borrowing?
1.3Aim of the Study The study aims to:
1. Examine the kinds of borrowing found in the utterances of teenagers. 2. Find out the phonological processes especially sound change in the
borrowing words.
3. Investigate which parts of speech that mostly occur in the utterances.
4. Investigate the possible factors of the use of borrowing. It aims to discover the influence of English in Indonesian language by looking at the borrowing process; is the borrowing process necessary? Or is it merely done in the name of prestige? And it is expected to provide insight into how teenagers react to borrowing: whether they borrow word because there is no
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SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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equivalent word in Indonesian to express the same idea or they borrow a word because English is more prestigious than Indonesian.
1.4Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is in the social function area of linguistics, specifically, borrowing process; it covers the kind of borrowing, the phonology of the borrowed words, and their relation to Indonesian. It also focuses on what kind of borrowing occurs in the daily conversation and why they occur.
1.5Significance of The Study
This study may contribute to further research regarding the study of borrowing, specifically borrowing in Indonesian language. It is also expected as a small step to understand how teenagers use borrowing; excessive borrowing. In addition, this study is also expected to be able to contribute as a consideration for Indonesian linguists to deal with the „invasion‟ of foreign languages through borrowing. In other words, it is expected that this study will be used as a small tool to investigate the borrowing phenomenon in Indonesian languages.
1.6Research Methodology
Since the study describes the phenomenon of borrowing found in a spoken language, the study uses a descriptive qualitative method. It describes the phenomenon found in order to answer the research questions. The study uses 18 teenagers as the respondents.
1.6.1 Data Collection
Due to the limited time, the data are collected from 18 Indonesian teenagers by random sampling in one of the junior high schools in Bandung. Those 18
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SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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teenagers are asked to describe their activity in one day especially with their friends in Indonesian language. Their stories are audio-recorded. The recording is later transcribed and analyzed in order to find out the types of borrowing.
1.6.2 Data Analysis
To analyze the data, the theory of Hockett (1958) about how to recognized that a word is borrowed is used. The collected data are thoroughly analyzed in order to discover the phonological process by using the theory from Campbell (1998) and the parts of speech as well as the possible factors of the borrowing.
1.7Clarification of related terms
To avoid misconception and misunderstanding, there are terms in this study that need to be clarified. However in this section, a brief explanation of each terms is only included, the further discussion is available in chapter two. The terms mentioned are as follows:
1. Loanword
Loanword is one of type of borrowing that allow the speakers to adopt the item or idea and a source language for each (Hockett, 1958 ).
2. Loanblend
Loanblend is a form in which one element is a loanword and the other is a native element (Hockett, 1958).
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SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Loan-translation occurs when the speaker translates words from donor language (Hockett, 1958)
4. Loanshift
Loanshift is a type of borrowing that occurs with morphonemic substitution without importation from donor language (Beardsmore, 1986).
5. Phonological Change
Phonological change is a process that “..plays an extremely important role in the comparative method and hence also in linguistic reconstruction, in internal reconstruction, in detecting loanwords, and in determining whether languages are related to one another” (Campbell, 1998, p.16).
1.8Organization of the Study
This study is classified into five chapters that cover: 1. Chapter I Introduction
Chapter I presents the introduction of this study. It has background of the study, research questions, aim of the study, scope of the study, signnificant of the study, research methodology, data collection and data analysis.
2. Chapter II Literature Review
In the chapter II, the literature review of this study explained more about borrowing, phonological process, and teenager‟s language.
3. Chapter III Research Methodology
Chapter III covers the methodology of the research. This chapter also consists of purpose of the study, method of the study, data collection and data analysis.
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Finding and discussion are explained in detail in chapter IV.
5. Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter presents the result of this study and recommendation for the further research.
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i
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the methodology employed in this research. It also includes the research design, the data collection, the data analysis, and concluding remarks.
3.1 Research Design
The research design in this study is descriptive qualitative in nature since the purpose of the study is to describe the types of borrowing and to interpret some possible factors regarding the occurences of borrowing. This is as suggested by Kothari (2004) that descriptive studies deal with describing a certain individual or group. Since this study focuses on investigating borrowing phenomenon based on teenagers conversation, the descriptive qualitative method is suitable.
3.2 Research Site and Participants of the Study
The participants of the study are 18 Indonesian teenagers at the age of 11-14 years old who are studying at one junior high schools in Bandung in the academic year of 2014/2015. In every class, two or three respondents were chosen to tell their daily activity. Two or three respondents in every class are considered adequate to represent and fulfil the research’s need in discovering borrowing words. The reason why these subjects are selected is that the language of the students in seventh to ninth grade school nowadays is exposed by other languages and they also gain many experiences that are affected by social media, their friends, and their environments.
This study focuses on spoken data in teenagers conversation. Those 18 teenagers are asked to tell their experience in their everyday life for about 9 to 10 minutes. Their stories are audio-recorded. The recording is then transcribed in order to find out the borrowed words. The demography data of the respondents can be seen at the appendix I.
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.3 Data Collection
In this section, how the data were collected is discussed. The data were collected through two procedures, namely interview and audio recording.
3.3.1 Interview
Before identifying the data, the researcher interviewed 18 teenagers with some supported questions in Indonesian. The supported questions are semi-structured interview. Biber and Leavy (2011, p.102) said that “semistructured interviews rely on a certain set of questions and try to guide the coversation to remain, more loosely, on those questions”. By engaging the semi-structured interview, the respondents can freely talk about something in their mind. “Semistructured interviews also allow individual respondents some latitude and freedom to talk about what is of interest or importance of them” (Biber and Leavy, 2011, p.102). This model of interview is elaborated with the open-ended question in gaining the deeper answer from the respondents. As Johnson and Christensen (2014, p.199) said that:
“Open-ended questions are valuable when the researcher needs to know what people are thinking and the dimensions of a variable are not well defined. Because the participants respond by writing their answers in their own words, open-ended questions can provide rich information”
Johnson and Christensen (2014, p.199)
The interview guide of this study can be seen at Appendix I.
After following the guiding interview, there are also follow-up questions to obtain the answer of the second question. The question number one is about the statement of using some words that are included into borrowing words. As an example:
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ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Q1
“Anda menggunakan kata X saat menceritakan kegiatan sehari-hari anda, apakah anda mengetahui arti dari kata tersebut?”
(When you told me about your daily activity, you use the word X, did you know the word in Indonesian?”)
Question number two, three and four are about understanding some Indonesian terms that are less familiar, such as unduh, unggah, luring and daring: Q2
Apakah anda mengetahui istilah unduh dan unggah? (Do you know the term of unduh and unggah?)
Q3
“Apakah anda mengetahui istilah luring dan daring?” (Do you know the term of luring and daring?)
The familiar terms will be given to the respondents if they do not understand the meaning of unduh, unggah, daring and luring. After giving the familiar terms, the respondents are asked about the reason of using between Indonesian terms and English terms. The next question will be:
Q4
“Mengapa anda tetap menggunakan kata tersebut (unduh atau download, unggah atau upload, luring atau offline, daring atau online) dalam berkomunikasi?” (Why did you still use those words (unduh or download, unggah or upload, luring or offline, daring or online) when you communicate?)
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This research used the audio recording to provide the clear data and information about the respondents in telling their daily activity. It is also used to complete the missing part during the taping, “It is always preferable in qualitative research to obtain an audio-(or video-) recording of the interview, and for some methods it is absolutely essential” (King & Horrocks, 2010, p.47). After deriving the data through audio recording, the audio recording was transcribed.
3.4Data Analysis
After collecting the data, these are analyzed by using the theory of borrowing proposed by Hoffer (2002). There are some steps taken in analyzing the data which are identification, classification, quantifications and analysis and discussion.
3.4.1 Identification
The researcher identified the borrowing words from the transcriptions of the spoken data. The following is the sample of identifying the type of borrowing:
[3.4.1a] R1: “Yaah kemaren juga masukin telor ke dalem botol, bikin permen karamel,”
R1: “Yang bikin apa? kalo bikin permen karamel ya..ya gula mentega campur masak gitu, udah aja, jadi, masak berapa lama sampe meleleh, makan, udah, trus kadang pernah waktu itu bikin paru-paru apa, abis itu pernaah bikin apa ya itu namanya, kemaren teh terakhir teh banyak da percobaannya mengikat es ke benang.” In identfying the collected data, the researcher marked the borrowing words by underlying the words in the transcription. Kamus Kata Serapan by Martinus, Cambridge Advanced Learners’ Dictionary third edition and Kamus Besar Bahasa
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Indonesia offline 1.5.1 edition are used for identfying the English borrowing words in Indonesian language. After identifying the borowing words in the data transcription, the borrowing words are collected into a table below:
Table 3.4 Borrowed Words
NO. INDONESIAN ENGLISH
1. Audio Audio
2. Botol Bottle
3. Karamel Caramel
4. Es Ice
5. Foto Photo
6. Game Game
7. Informasi Information
8. Misi Mission
9. Monster Monster
3.4.2 Classification
From the collected borrowed words, the next step is classifying the borrowing words according to types of borrowed words proposed by Hoffer (2002), namely loanword, loanshift, loanblend and loan translation. In this step, after classifying the borrowing words, the reseracher also classifies the types of phonological process such as syncope and apocope (Campbell, 1998) and the parts of speech
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such as noun and verb (Thomas, 1993). The example of classified borrowing words, phonological change and parts of speech can be seen at the Appendix I.
3.4.3 Quantification
After collecting and classifying the data, the next step is calculating the borrowing words from the collected data:
P = Note:
P = Percentage F = Frequency N = Overall Number
a. Loan-word
Loan word =
= 33,33% b. Loan Shift
Loan shift =
= 0% c. Loan Blend
Loan blend =
= 66,67% d. Loan Translation
Loan translation =
= 0%
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SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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In this section, the classified borrowing words were thoroughly analyzed and discussed in order to answer the research question 1b, that is about phonological change. Based on Campbell (1998), the phonological change are: Lenition and Fortition (Aphaeresis, Apocope, Syncope, cluster reduction and haplology), Sound Addition (excrescence, epenthesis or anaptyxis and prothesis), Metathesis, Fusion, Unpacking, Vowel Breaking, Assimilation and Dissimilation. But there are only nine changes of phonological change found, there are apocope, syncope, lenition, epenthesis, paragoge, cluster reduction, vowel raising, vowel lowering and monophthongisation.
The example of the analysis is:
The word bottle is classified into epenthesis because there is vowel adding [o] between the consonant /t/ and /l/.
ᴓ→o/C__C
3.4.5 Analysis of Possible Factors in Borrowing Words
In this part, the classified borrowing words and phonological change were analyzed in order to discover the possible factors that caused the use of borrowing words. From the classified borrowing words and phonological change, the researcher could find out the reason why the respondents used the borrowing words. This analysis used the theories proposed by Field (2012) which are social and linguistics factors and Eddy (1989) that are Prestige needs, Survival strategy and Tourism and economics aspect.
3.6 Concluding Remarks
This chapter has covered the methodology of this research. It presents the purpose of the study, method of the study, data collection and data analysis. This study aims at discovering and classifying the type of borrowing occured in spoken language. Finding and discussion are discussed in chapter four.
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Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This last chapter highlights two parts: conclusions and suggestions. The conclusions cover the sum up of the preceding chapters and the suggestions are provided for future researchers who are inetrested in borrowing words.
5.1Conclusion
From the analysis, it can be concluded that the phenomenon of borrowing words exist in teenagers conversation. In terms of types of borrowing, Loanword is the most appearing type of borrowing in the teenagers utterances. Loanblend has 59.80% from total 102 borrowing words. It appears 64% in 7th grade (11-12 years old), 61.36% in 8th grade and 53.66% in 9th grade. Loanword becomes the most frequent word because there is no equivalent terms in borrower language. Another reason is that the speakers of the loanword have low competence about the original term, so that they keep using the borrowed words in their communication.
In terms of phonological processes, the most frequent of phonological change is monophthongisation. It takes place on the change of diphthong into single vowel. Indonesian people tend to utter one vowel instead of diphthong in the borrowing words. The pattern of the monophthongisation in this research is the changes of diphthong resembled the closest former vowel in the place of articulation.
With regard to part of speech, noun is the most frequent part of speech found in the data. It has 91.18% out of 100 words of part of speech.
Four possible factors that cause borrowing words in teenagers are due to the frequency in using borrowing words, the number of speakers around the respondents, the habitual of expressing the English words and the low competence of the speakers. Overall the findings suggest that the phenomenon of borrowing involve some phonological adaptation.
(29)
52
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 5.2 Suggestion
This research investigated the occurences of borrowing in the spoken data from teenagers and revealed the possible factors of applying English borrowing words in Indonesian language. Moreover, this research has not investigated the clear teenagers’ attitude towards English borrowing words in Indonesian language. Hopefully, for the future research, some investigations and explanations about
teenagers’ attitude towards English borrowing words would be better to be taken
into account.
There are still more spaces in this research for improvements. Therefore, further research may include the deeper analysis in phonological terms in English borrowing words in spoken langauge. Such as the phenomenon of cluster reduction which reduced the consonant /t/ in the final segment of borrowing words. The researcher hopes that there is further research investigating such phenomenon, whether it is just cluster reduction or there is another aspect to analyze deeper such as phonetic and phonemic analysis.
In addition, the researcher suggests that the next research related to English borrowing language should do in-depth interviews about the teenagers attitude toward English borrowing words for easier interpretation of the data.
(30)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES
Baker, C. (1988). Key issues in bilingualism and bilingual education. UK: Multilingual Manners.
Beardsmore, B, H. (1986). Bilingualism basic principles. England: Multilinguals Matters Ltd.
Biber, H. N. S. & Leavy, P. (2011). The practice of qualitative research. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Bloomfield, L. (1935). Language. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Burleigh, P. & Skandera, P. (2005). A manual of English phonetics and phonology. Germany: Gunter Nar Verlag Tubingen
Cambridge advanced learner dictionary 3rd edition. (2008). Cambridge advanced learner dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Campbell, L. (1998). Historical linguistics: an introduction (2nd edition) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Carvalho, D. B. J., Scheer, T., & Ségéral, P. (2008). Lenition and fortition. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Inc
Chaer, A. (2004). Tata bahasa praktis dalam bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
Christian T. K.. & Stadlander, H. (2008). Transcription of qualitative reserach data. Fam Pract published online June 30, 2008. Family Practice. Retrieved on http.fampra.oxfordjournals.org
Crowley, T. (1997). An introduction to historical linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Da Silva, A. M. (2003). The English borrowing and the Indonesian-English code-switching in two collections of Blog Short-Stories.
(31)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Eddy, N., T. (1989). Unsur Serapan Bahasa Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Flores: Nusa Indah.
Field, F., W. (2012). Linguistic borrowing in bilingual context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Psycholinguitics (2nd Ed.). USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Gordon, M. (2013) A comparative phonetic study of the Circassian languages. Berkeley Linguistics Society 37 (2011), 3-17
Gordon, Matthew J. (2013) Labov: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum.
Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford
Hajeeyusoh, R. (2011). The influence of english borrowings in the bahasa indonesia in mobile phone advertisements. Unpublished thesis. Padjajaran University, Indonesia.
Haugen, E. (1950). The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language, 26:210-31
Hockett, C.F. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan
Hoffer, B. L. (2002). Intercultural communication studies XI:4, pp. 1-37.
Hoffer, B. L. (2005) Language borrowing and the indices of adaptability and receptivity. Intercultural Communication Studies XIV-2, pp. 53-77.
Johnson, B. R., & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. Johnstone, B., Baumgardt, D., Eberhardt, M., & Kiesling, S. (2015). Pittsburgh
speech and pittsburghese. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Jones, M. J. (2007). "Glottals and grammar: definite article reduction and morpheme boundaries." Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics 12.
Jones, R. (2007). Loan-words in indonesian and malay. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
(32)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Kamus besar bahasa Indonesia 1.5.1 edition. (2008). Kamus besar bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa
King, N., & Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Kothari, R. C. (2004). Research methodology: methods and techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Martinus, S. (2001). Kamus kata serapan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Merriam, B. Sharan. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass
Mulyawan, R. (2002). Penggunaan bahasa Bali dalam bali travel news [unpublished thesis]. Depok: Universitas Gunadarma
Poplack, S. & Sankoff, D. (1988) Code-switching. Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society, vol. 2, ed. by Ammon, U., Dittmar, N. & Mattheier, K. J., 1174-1180. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Restiviza, S. A. (2012). Phonological processes of Indonesian borrowing words used by Minangkabaunese in Bukittinggi, West Sumatera [unpublished thesis]. Padang: Universitas Negeri Padang
Roach, P. (2001). Phonetics, Oxford introduction to Language Study ELT. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism (2nd edition.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence: perkembangan remaja (Edisi Ke-6). Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga
Schlultz, J. (2013). Twentieth century borrowings from french to English: Their reception and development. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing Schutt, K. R., & Bachman, R. (2013). The practice of research in criminology and
(33)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Sneddon, J. N. (2003).The indonesian language: Its history and role in modern society. NSW: UNSW Press
Tabiati, S.E. &Yannuar, N. (2012).The borrowed words in jakarta post newspaper: A case of varieties of english. In Cahyono, B.Y. &Yannuar, N. 2012. (Eds). Englishes for Communication and Interaction in the Classroom and Beyond. Indonesia: UM Press.
Thomas, L (1993). Comprehension and acceptability judgments in agrammatism: disruptions in the syntax of referential dependency. Brain and Language, 45, 340-70.
Victoria, F., & Rodman, R. (1983). An Introduction to Language. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc
Whitney, W.D. (1881). On mixture of language.
Widyaningsih, M. D. (2011). The phonological changes of loanwords in
Indonesian [Unpublished undergraduate‟s thesis]. Universitas
Gunadarma, Depok. Retrieved from
(1)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This last chapter highlights two parts: conclusions and suggestions. The conclusions cover the sum up of the preceding chapters and the suggestions are provided for future researchers who are inetrested in borrowing words.
5.1Conclusion
From the analysis, it can be concluded that the phenomenon of borrowing words exist in teenagers conversation. In terms of types of borrowing, Loanword is the most appearing type of borrowing in the teenagers utterances. Loanblend has 59.80% from total 102 borrowing words. It appears 64% in 7th grade (11-12 years old), 61.36% in 8th grade and 53.66% in 9th grade. Loanword becomes the most frequent word because there is no equivalent terms in borrower language. Another reason is that the speakers of the loanword have low competence about the original term, so that they keep using the borrowed words in their communication.
In terms of phonological processes, the most frequent of phonological change is monophthongisation. It takes place on the change of diphthong into single vowel. Indonesian people tend to utter one vowel instead of diphthong in the borrowing words. The pattern of the monophthongisation in this research is the changes of diphthong resembled the closest former vowel in the place of articulation.
With regard to part of speech, noun is the most frequent part of speech found in the data. It has 91.18% out of 100 words of part of speech.
Four possible factors that cause borrowing words in teenagers are due to the frequency in using borrowing words, the number of speakers around the respondents, the habitual of expressing the English words and the low competence of the speakers. Overall the findings suggest that the phenomenon of borrowing involve some phonological adaptation.
(2)
52
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.2 Suggestion
This research investigated the occurences of borrowing in the spoken data from teenagers and revealed the possible factors of applying English borrowing words in Indonesian language. Moreover, this research has not investigated the clear
teenagers’ attitude towards English borrowing words in Indonesian language.
Hopefully, for the future research, some investigations and explanations about
teenagers’ attitude towards English borrowing words would be better to be taken
into account.
There are still more spaces in this research for improvements. Therefore, further research may include the deeper analysis in phonological terms in English borrowing words in spoken langauge. Such as the phenomenon of cluster reduction which reduced the consonant /t/ in the final segment of borrowing words. The researcher hopes that there is further research investigating such phenomenon, whether it is just cluster reduction or there is another aspect to analyze deeper such as phonetic and phonemic analysis.
In addition, the researcher suggests that the next research related to English borrowing language should do in-depth interviews about the teenagers attitude toward English borrowing words for easier interpretation of the data.
(3)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Baker, C. (1988). Key issues in bilingualism and bilingual education. UK:
Multilingual Manners.
Beardsmore, B, H. (1986). Bilingualism basic principles. England: Multilinguals
Matters Ltd.
Biber, H. N. S. & Leavy, P. (2011). The practice of qualitative research.
California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Bloomfield, L. (1935). Language. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Burleigh, P. & Skandera, P. (2005). A manual of English phonetics and
phonology. Germany: Gunter Nar Verlag Tubingen
Cambridge advanced learner dictionary 3rd edition. (2008). Cambridge advanced
learner dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Campbell, L. (1998). Historical linguistics: an introduction (2nd edition)
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Carvalho, D. B. J., Scheer, T., & Ségéral, P. (2008). Lenition and fortition. Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter, Inc
Chaer, A. (2004). Tata bahasa praktis dalam bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta
Christian T. K.. & Stadlander, H. (2008). Transcription of qualitative reserach data. Fam Pract published online June 30, 2008. Family Practice. Retrieved on http.fampra.oxfordjournals.org
Crowley, T. (1997). An introduction to historical linguistics. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Da Silva, A. M. (2003). The English borrowing and the Indonesian-English code-switching in two collections of Blog Short-Stories.
(4)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Eddy, N., T. (1989). Unsur Serapan Bahasa Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
Flores: Nusa Indah.
Field, F., W. (2012). Linguistic borrowing in bilingual context. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins
Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Psycholinguitics (2nd Ed.). USA: Harcourt
Brace College Publishers
Gordon, M. (2013) A comparative phonetic study of the Circassian languages.
Berkeley Linguistics Society 37 (2011), 3-17
Gordon, Matthew J. (2013) Labov: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum.
Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford
Hajeeyusoh, R. (2011). The influence of english borrowings in the bahasa
indonesia in mobile phone advertisements. Unpublished thesis. Padjajaran University, Indonesia.
Haugen, E. (1950). The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language, 26:210-31
Hockett, C.F. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan
Hoffer, B. L. (2002). Intercultural communication studies XI:4, pp. 1-37.
Hoffer, B. L. (2005) Language borrowing and the indices of adaptability and
receptivity. Intercultural Communication Studies XIV-2, pp. 53-77.
Johnson, B. R., & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative,
qualitative and mixed approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Johnstone, B., Baumgardt, D., Eberhardt, M., & Kiesling, S. (2015). Pittsburgh
speech and pittsburghese. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Jones, M. J. (2007). "Glottals and grammar: definite article reduction and
morpheme boundaries." Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics 12.
Jones, R. (2007). Loan-words in indonesian and malay. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor
(5)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Kamus besar bahasa Indonesia 1.5.1 edition. (2008). Kamus besar bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa
King, N., & Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. California:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
Kothari, R. C. (2004). Research methodology: methods and techniques. New
Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Martinus, S. (2001). Kamus kata serapan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Merriam, B. Sharan. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design and
implementation. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass
Mulyawan, R. (2002). Penggunaan bahasa Bali dalam bali travel news
[unpublished thesis]. Depok: Universitas Gunadarma
Poplack, S. & Sankoff, D. (1988) Code-switching. Sociolinguistics: an
international handbook of the science of language and society, vol. 2, ed. by Ammon, U., Dittmar, N. & Mattheier, K. J., 1174-1180. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Restiviza, S. A. (2012). Phonological processes of Indonesian borrowing words
used by Minangkabaunese in Bukittinggi, West Sumatera [unpublished thesis]. Padang: Universitas Negeri Padang
Roach, P. (2001). Phonetics, Oxford introduction to Language Study ELT.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism (2nd edition.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence: perkembangan remaja (Edisi Ke-6). Jakarta:
Penerbit Erlangga
Schlultz, J. (2013). Twentieth century borrowings from french to English: Their
reception and development. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing
Schutt, K. R., & Bachman, R. (2013). The practice of research in criminology and
(6)
Restu Anggi Gustara, 2015
ENGLISH BORROWING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY INDONESIAN TEENAGERS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Sneddon, J. N. (2003).The indonesian language: Its history and role in modern
society. NSW: UNSW Press
Tabiati, S.E. &Yannuar, N. (2012).The borrowed words in jakarta post
newspaper: A case of varieties of english. In Cahyono, B.Y. &Yannuar, N. 2012. (Eds). Englishes for Communication and Interaction in the Classroom and Beyond. Indonesia: UM Press.
Thomas, L (1993). Comprehension and acceptability judgments in agrammatism:
disruptions in the syntax of referential dependency. Brain and Language,
45, 340-70.
Victoria, F., & Rodman, R. (1983). An Introduction to Language. London: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston Inc
Whitney, W.D. (1881). On mixture of language.
Widyaningsih, M. D. (2011). The phonological changes of loanwords in
Indonesian [Unpublished undergraduate‟s thesis]. Universitas
Gunadarma, Depok. Retrieved from