MICROBIOLOGY PPT LECTURE NOTES | Karya Tulis Ilmiah
MYCOLOGY
Fungal diseases may be discussed in a variety
of ways. The most practical method for medical
students is the clinical taxonomy which divides
the fungi into:
Superficial mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses
Systemic mycoses
Opportunistic mycoses
Principal tissue sites of deep mycoses in comparison to
those of the superficial, cutaneous, and subcutaneous
mycoses.
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
The superficial (cutaneous) mycoses are usually confined to
the outer layers of skin, hair, and nails, and do not invade
living tissues. The fungi are called dermatophytes.
Dermatophytes, or more properly, keratinophilic fungi, produce
extracellular enzymes (keratinases) which are capable of
hydrolyzing keratin.There are three genera of dermatophytes:
Malassezia furfur 秕糠马拉癣菌
Trichophyton species (19 species) 毛癣菌
Microsporum species 小孢子癣菌
Epidermophyton floccosum. 表皮癣菌
Malassezia furfur 秕糠马拉癣菌
Malassezia furfur is a lipophilic “yeast” found
on skin flora. It can cause the following
disorders:
Pityriasis versicolor
Fungemia in premature infant
Trichophyton species 毛癣菌
These infect skin, hair and nails. Rarely can cause
subcutaneous infections, in immunocompromised
individuals. Take 2-3 weeks to grow in culture. The
conidia are large (macroconidia), smooth, thin-wall,
septate (0-10 septa), and pencil-shaped; colonies a re
a loose aerial mycelium which grow in a variety of
colors. Identification requires special biochemical and
morphological techniques (figure 10). Trichophyton
rubrum is presently the most common cause of tinea
in South Carolina.
Microsporum species ( 小孢子癣菌 )
These may infect skin and hair, rarely nails. Its
prevalence has decreased significantly. When
prevalent (15-20 years ago), this organism could be
easily identified on the scalp because infected hairs
fluoresce a bright green color when illuminated with a
UV-emitting Wood's light. The loose, cottony mycelia
produce macroconidia (figure 11) which are thickwalled, spindle-shaped, multicellular, and echinulate
(spiny). Microsporum canis is one of the most
common dermatophyte species infecting humans.
Epidermophyton floccosum 表皮癣菌 .
These infect skin and nails and rarely hair. They form
yellow-colored, cottony cultures and are usually
readily identified by the thick, bifurcated hyphae with
multiple smooth, club-shaped macroconidia.
Fungi of subcutaneous
infection
Chromomycosis (caused by
several species of black
molds; Fonsecaea edrosoi,
Cladosporium carrionii,
Phialophora verrua have been
isolated most frequently).
Sporothrix schenckii
申克孢子丝菌
SPOROTRICHOSIS is Primarily a
disease of the cutaneous tissue
and lymph nodes. Recently,
pulmonary disease.
SPOROTRICHOSIS
Systemic mycoses
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immites
( 厌酷球孢子菌〕
Blastomyes dermatitides
（皮炎芽生菌〕
Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
（巴西副孢子菌〕
Portals of entry of pathogenic and
opportunistic fungi causing deep mycoses.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Oval , budding yeast
surrounded by a wide
polysaccharide capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans
cryptococcosis
No human to human transmission
Infection follows inhalation of the
cell of C. neoformans, which , in
nature , are thought to be small ,
allowing the organism to enter
deep into the lung.
Histoplasmosis
An intracellular mycoses of the
reticuloendothelial system,
attacking lungs, liver, spleen,
bone marrow and occasionally
kidneys, adrenals and intestines.
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
It may occur as either an acute,
benign, self-limited disease or a
chronic, malignant disseminated
disease involving the cutaneous,
subcutaneous, visceral or osseous
tissue.
Opportunistic Mycoses
Candida （假丝酵母菌）
Aspergillus （曲霉）
Mucor （毛霉）
Pneumocystis carinii( 卡氏肺孢
菌）
Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus niger;
Aspergillus flavus
Allergic - hypersensitivity to the organism.
Aggressive tissue invasion. Primarily a pulmonary disease,
but the aspergilli may disseminate to any organ. They may
cause endocarditis, osteomyelitis, otomycosis and cutaneous
lesions.
Fungus ball which is characteristically seen in the old cavities
of TB patients. This is easily recognized by x-ray, because the
lesion (actually a colony of mold growing in the cavity) is
shaped like a half-moon (semi-lunar growth). The patients
may cough up the fungus elements because the organism
frequently invades the bronchus. Chains of conidia can
sometimes be seen in the sputum.
Fungal diseases may be discussed in a variety
of ways. The most practical method for medical
students is the clinical taxonomy which divides
the fungi into:
Superficial mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses
Systemic mycoses
Opportunistic mycoses
Principal tissue sites of deep mycoses in comparison to
those of the superficial, cutaneous, and subcutaneous
mycoses.
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
The superficial (cutaneous) mycoses are usually confined to
the outer layers of skin, hair, and nails, and do not invade
living tissues. The fungi are called dermatophytes.
Dermatophytes, or more properly, keratinophilic fungi, produce
extracellular enzymes (keratinases) which are capable of
hydrolyzing keratin.There are three genera of dermatophytes:
Malassezia furfur 秕糠马拉癣菌
Trichophyton species (19 species) 毛癣菌
Microsporum species 小孢子癣菌
Epidermophyton floccosum. 表皮癣菌
Malassezia furfur 秕糠马拉癣菌
Malassezia furfur is a lipophilic “yeast” found
on skin flora. It can cause the following
disorders:
Pityriasis versicolor
Fungemia in premature infant
Trichophyton species 毛癣菌
These infect skin, hair and nails. Rarely can cause
subcutaneous infections, in immunocompromised
individuals. Take 2-3 weeks to grow in culture. The
conidia are large (macroconidia), smooth, thin-wall,
septate (0-10 septa), and pencil-shaped; colonies a re
a loose aerial mycelium which grow in a variety of
colors. Identification requires special biochemical and
morphological techniques (figure 10). Trichophyton
rubrum is presently the most common cause of tinea
in South Carolina.
Microsporum species ( 小孢子癣菌 )
These may infect skin and hair, rarely nails. Its
prevalence has decreased significantly. When
prevalent (15-20 years ago), this organism could be
easily identified on the scalp because infected hairs
fluoresce a bright green color when illuminated with a
UV-emitting Wood's light. The loose, cottony mycelia
produce macroconidia (figure 11) which are thickwalled, spindle-shaped, multicellular, and echinulate
(spiny). Microsporum canis is one of the most
common dermatophyte species infecting humans.
Epidermophyton floccosum 表皮癣菌 .
These infect skin and nails and rarely hair. They form
yellow-colored, cottony cultures and are usually
readily identified by the thick, bifurcated hyphae with
multiple smooth, club-shaped macroconidia.
Fungi of subcutaneous
infection
Chromomycosis (caused by
several species of black
molds; Fonsecaea edrosoi,
Cladosporium carrionii,
Phialophora verrua have been
isolated most frequently).
Sporothrix schenckii
申克孢子丝菌
SPOROTRICHOSIS is Primarily a
disease of the cutaneous tissue
and lymph nodes. Recently,
pulmonary disease.
SPOROTRICHOSIS
Systemic mycoses
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immites
( 厌酷球孢子菌〕
Blastomyes dermatitides
（皮炎芽生菌〕
Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
（巴西副孢子菌〕
Portals of entry of pathogenic and
opportunistic fungi causing deep mycoses.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Oval , budding yeast
surrounded by a wide
polysaccharide capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans
cryptococcosis
No human to human transmission
Infection follows inhalation of the
cell of C. neoformans, which , in
nature , are thought to be small ,
allowing the organism to enter
deep into the lung.
Histoplasmosis
An intracellular mycoses of the
reticuloendothelial system,
attacking lungs, liver, spleen,
bone marrow and occasionally
kidneys, adrenals and intestines.
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
It may occur as either an acute,
benign, self-limited disease or a
chronic, malignant disseminated
disease involving the cutaneous,
subcutaneous, visceral or osseous
tissue.
Opportunistic Mycoses
Candida （假丝酵母菌）
Aspergillus （曲霉）
Mucor （毛霉）
Pneumocystis carinii( 卡氏肺孢
菌）
Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus niger;
Aspergillus flavus
Allergic - hypersensitivity to the organism.
Aggressive tissue invasion. Primarily a pulmonary disease,
but the aspergilli may disseminate to any organ. They may
cause endocarditis, osteomyelitis, otomycosis and cutaneous
lesions.
Fungus ball which is characteristically seen in the old cavities
of TB patients. This is easily recognized by x-ray, because the
lesion (actually a colony of mold growing in the cavity) is
shaped like a half-moon (semi-lunar growth). The patients
may cough up the fungus elements because the organism
frequently invades the bronchus. Chains of conidia can
sometimes be seen in the sputum.