ProdukHukum Pendidikan
Environmental Diplomatic Leader (EDL)
Education Program, University of Tsukuba
Maki TSUJIMURA, Ph.D.
Associate Professor in Hydrology and Hydrogeology, Doctoral Program in Sustainable
Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences;
Executive Leader, EDL Education Program, University of Tsukuba
Co-Chairholder, UNESCO-Chair on Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Mongolia
Contents
Introduction - rainfall runoff process in watershed
Transformation from rainfall into runoff
Infiltration
Runoff characteristics
Runoff components: End Members Mixing Analysis
Subsurface flow process in hillslope and runoff
Role of bedrock groundwater in runoff
Residence time of groundwater and spring water in
headwaters
Headwater: Transform from rainfall to
runoff / Recharge-discharge area
Topographical watershed and
hydrological watershed
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runoff with ordinary water level, (V) runoff with low water level, (VI) draught runoff,
(VII) annual minimum runoff
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CFCs concentration
CFCs in atmosphere
Residence time
in spring / GW
1940
1990
Present
Age in spring / GW
Age
Present
Residence time
Recharge area
GW table
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CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
CFC-11 (CCl3F, trichlorofluoromethane)
CFC-12 (CCl2F2, dichlorodifluoromethane)
CFC-113 (C2Cl3F3, trichlorotrifluoroethane)
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Age of spring and GW
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(Ohta, K., 2008)
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A
Education Program, University of Tsukuba
Maki TSUJIMURA, Ph.D.
Associate Professor in Hydrology and Hydrogeology, Doctoral Program in Sustainable
Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences;
Executive Leader, EDL Education Program, University of Tsukuba
Co-Chairholder, UNESCO-Chair on Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Mongolia
Contents
Introduction - rainfall runoff process in watershed
Transformation from rainfall into runoff
Infiltration
Runoff characteristics
Runoff components: End Members Mixing Analysis
Subsurface flow process in hillslope and runoff
Role of bedrock groundwater in runoff
Residence time of groundwater and spring water in
headwaters
Headwater: Transform from rainfall to
runoff / Recharge-discharge area
Topographical watershed and
hydrological watershed
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#
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.
-
-
-
/-"
--"1 -1
/-"1 /
-
+,
-
"
0
Infiltration
2! -
3
-
(!
-
3
-
%
Measurement of infiltration capacity
)
0
'
4
,
,
4
-"
5 $%6&!
!
)
,
+
85 $%%$!
7,
4
'
,
-"
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)
0
5+
7,
$ ,
85
&&;!
4
0
+
)
)
$%%:!
,
0
-"
9 )
5
$&
Contrasting of forest situation and
infiltration capacity
"
,
= <
0
,
!
!
<
!8
,
,
<
$$
Measurement of infiltration capacity
Calculation of IC using data of sprinkler
I=P–Q
I: IC, P: rainfall intensity, Q: overland flow intensity
" ,
0
5
) !
5+ 7,
-" ,
,
) 5
85 &&;!
$
Exercise 1
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.,)
),/
/,0
0,1
1,2
2,3
3,4
4,-+
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Exercise 1 -Answer
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日付 %.++-'
0
5 # )) 5 A
-1,
雨量 % ,,.
* ' !
流量 % ,,.* '!
.+
Hydrograph and hyetograph
,. !
,. !
Runoff characteristics reflecting hydrological processes
=
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, !
,. !
+,
,. !
,
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I II
III
IV
V VI VII I II
III
IV
V VI VII
(I) annual maximum runoff, (II) 35-day runoff, (III) runoff with high water level, (IV)
runoff with ordinary water level, (V) runoff with low water level, (VI) draught runoff,
(VII) annual minimum runoff
$%
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/&+
)&+
%
*-+
'
総降雨量 .10
.&+
-&+
9 +&+07
9 +&3/
.
+&+
+&+
/&+
$
2
3&+
%
*-+
-.&+
'
&&$!
:
Role of bedrock groundwater in
runoff
-
,5+
7,
8
&$&!
>&
Role of bedrock groundwater in
runoff
>$
Role of bedrock groundwater in
runoff
-
,5+
7,
8
&$&!
>
Role of bedrock groundwater
in runoff
-
,5+
7,
8
&$&!
>
CFCs concentration
CFCs in atmosphere
Residence time
in spring / GW
1940
1990
Present
Age in spring / GW
Age
Present
Residence time
Recharge area
GW table
rd層
ita水
qu透
A不
River
Spring
Well
Unconfined aquifer
Unconfined aquifer
Acuitard
Confined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Aquitard
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
CFC-11 (CCl3F, trichlorofluoromethane)
CFC-12 (CCl2F2, dichlorodifluoromethane)
CFC-113 (C2Cl3F3, trichlorotrifluoroethane)
6&&
!
;&&
:&&
CFCs is stable in the
atmosphere.
CFCs concentration in
the atmosphere is
increasing since 1950.
"/"&&
&&
1000
+
&&
$&&
&
$%>&
CFC-11 concentration
$%:&
$%;&
$%6&
9
$%B&
$%%&
&&&
Chemical characteristics
Age of spring and GW
4
,
'
Age of spring and GW in a mountainous watershed facing ocean
(Ohta, K., 2008)
84
, *
8A
8@ ,
8+ *
)
9 ,
8 07
B&&
5
$&&&
8
$ &&
$>&&
$;&&
&&&
&&
$B&&
： 降水
：2
大気
, サンプル
'
4
(
,
←'
A