Waste Composition Survey And Dry Matter Content Survey In North Sumatera (SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat) Waste composition
THE PILOT PROJECT IN NORTH SUMATRA IN 2011 OF
PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES
(SUB PROJECT 3)
OF PROJECT OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT
WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY AND DRY MATTER
CONTENT SURVEY IN NORTH SUMATERA
(SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat)
Jaya Arjuna
(Mechanical Department, Engineering Faculty of North Sumatera University)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
(Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd.
And Suuri Keikaku Co., Ltd.)
MEDAN 2012
1
THE PILOT PROJECT IN NORTH SUMATRA IN 2011 OF
PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES
(SUB PROJECT 3)
OF PROJECT OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT
WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY AND DRY MATTER CONTENT SURVEY
IN NORTH SUMATERA
(SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat)
Jaya Arjuna
(Mechanical Department, Engineering Faculty of North Sumatera University)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
(Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd.
and Suuri Keikaku Co., Ltd.)
MEDAN 2012
2
PREFACE
Natural disasters such as landslides, floods, droughts, tropical storms, sea level
rise and ocean waves believed closely related to climate change. Expert’s research
claim climate change happened due to the rising of CO2, CH4 gas and other gases
which called as greenhouse gases which is getting thicker and covering the
atmosphere of earth. CH4 gas is an insulator which effectively capture the energy
released from the earth in the form of infrared radiation. CH4 also reflects heat from
earth surface and again goes back to the earth surface which makes earth warmer.
Waste decomposition by bacterial has been announced as a significant contribution
in producing CH4, so it needs to be managed appropriately to reduce the Greenhouse
Gas emissions.
This book is presented as a survey report of waste of Medan city sent to Solid
Waste Disposal Site (SWDS) Namo Bintang and from Stabat city to SWDS Kuala
Bingai Stabat. The survey is conducted in October and December 2011 in order to
find out the waste composition and dry matter content of waste are presented at both
of SWDS. Survey waste in SWDS Namo Bintang and Kwala Bingai is part of the
Pilot Project For Developing National Capacity Development For Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (Sub-Project 3) of Capacity Development for Climate Change Strategies
in Indonesia.
In this opportunity, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to JICA who
trusted me to carry out this project, as well as the direct involvement of DR. Kosuke
Kawai from NIES Japan, Hiroyuki Ueda, Jun Marukawa and Takeshi Enoki and
Hiroshi Itoh from MUFHR and Suuri Keikaku Co. Ltd., Dr. Ucok Siagian and Rias
and also Risalto from ITB. My high appreciation and thanks also goes to DR. Hj.
Wan Hidayati, M.Si, head of Provincial Environmental Board (BLH) of North
Sumatera, who actively encourage me to accomplish the research, Henny Nainggolan
as Head of UPT Laboratory BLH of North Sumatera Provincial Government and DR.
Ikhwansyah Isranuri as Head of Mechanical Department, Technical Engineering
Faculty of North Sumatra University.
My sincere thanks also dedicated to Dinas Kebersihan Kota Medan (Sanitation
Department of Medan City) and Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kabupaten
Langkat (Sanitation and City Landscape Department of Langkat Regency) whose
provide me with ease and great supports in conducting the survey. Their invaluable
supports are unforgettable.
My appreciation and thanks also goes to Syamsul Imam, ST who helped me at
Laboratory and Doisuterca Tarigan, ST for their kind assistances in conducting the
survey and preparation for the materials of these reports.
March, 2012
Jaya Arjuna
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Preface………........................................................................................................
Page
i
Table Of Content....................................................................................................
ii
List Of Tables........................... .............................................................................
v
List Of Figures ...................... ................................................................................
vii
List Of Graphs. ......................... ............................................................................
x
CHAPTER
I
page
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................
1
1. Background ........................................................................................
1
2. Objectives................................................................................ ........
2
3. Survey Interest…………….. .................................................. ..........
3
4. Coverage Implementation of Suvey..................................................
3
5. Survey Implementation Flowchart.....................................................
5
II
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................
6
III
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................
10
Location Survey.........................................................................
10
a. Location Survey...............................................................
10
b. Source of Waste Managed in the Area of Survey..............................
11
c. Transportation Systems.....................................................................
13
d. Waste Management in the survey area of Medan and Stabat........
15
Survey Equipment Used In Survey Implementation .............................
18
a. Type of Waste Composition Survey................................................
18
b. Survey of Dry Matter Content.........................................................
21
Sampling and Determining Procedures .................................................
24
a.
Samples and Determining Type of Waste Composition................
24
b.
Samples and Testing Dry Matter Content.......................................
29
c.
Data Processing and Analysis...........................................................
32
IV
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS................................................................
33
Schedule for conducting Survey............................................................
33
a. Taking the supporting data and field preparation...................
34
4
b. Implementation of Waste Composition Survey...........................
34
Location of Waste Composition Survey.................................................
35
a. SWDS Namo Bintang…………………………………..................
36
b. SWDS Kwala Bingai……………………………………................
37
Condition of Medan Waste Management................................................
37
Waste composition survey……..............................................................
40
a. Source of waste and sample volume..................................................
40
b. Waste composition sampling procedures..........................................
43
c. The results of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang..
48
d. Result of waste composition survey in SWDS Kwala Bingai –
Stabat.................................................................................................
52
Correction Factor for Waste Composition...............................................
54
The Results of Waste Composition Survey Analysis.............................
57
Survey For Dry Matter Content of Solid Waste ...................................
62
a. Samples for testing dry matter content of solid waste......................
62
b. Treatment of waste for dry matter content........................................
62
c. The results of testing for dry matter content in SWDS Namo
Bintang and SWDS Kwala Bingai for survey in October 2011......
65
d. The results for dry matter content in SWDS Namo Bintang and
SWDS Kwala Bingai for survey in December 2011. .......................
V
69
Analysis of the Results for Dry Matter Content................................
78
a. Drying in oven at temperature 105 0C...............................................
90
b. Drying process in oven at temperature 85 0C...................................
91
c. Drying at room temperature for twenty days....................................
92
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................
94
Conclusion...............................................................................................
94
Recomendation........................................................................................
96
97
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
5
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1 : Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Namo Bintang ................
12
2 : Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat.......
13
3 : Types and Number of waste transport vehicle to SWDS Namo
Bintang ............................................................................................
14
4 : Types and Number of waste vehicle transport to Kwala Bingai .....
15
5 : Schedule for waste composition survey and dry matter content
survey.............................................................................................
33
6 : Working condition in SWDS Terjun – Marelan 2011......................
38
7 : Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS
Namo Bintang represents the source region.....................................
41
8 : Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS
Kwala Bingai - Stabat represents the source region........................
42
9 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume of sample taken in SWDS
Namo Bintang - Medan on October 19, 2011………….............
49
10 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume sampel taken at SWDS Namo
Bintang - Medan on December 13, 2011.........................................
50
11 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume taken at SWDS Namo
Bintang – Medan on December 13, 2011 (especially for market
waste)..........................................................................................
51
12 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume taken at SWDS Kwala
Bingai-Stabat tanggal 20 Oktober 2011.......................................
52
13 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume of sample taken at SWDS
Kwala Bingai in survey activity on December 12, 2011...............
53
14 : Summary of Waste Composition Survey in SWDS Namo Bintang
- Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat on October and
December 2011...............................................................................
15 : Testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at SWDS
Namo Bintang heating on 105 oC (survey results October 19,
2011)..........................................................................................
16 : Testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at SWDS
Kwala Bingai heating on 105 oC (survey results October 20,
2011)……………………………………………………………..
17 : Data of testing result for dry matter content of solid waste at
emperature 850C SWDS Namo Bintang (results survey December
13, 2011)………………………………………………
57
66
67
70
6
Table
18 : Data of testing result for dry matter content of solid waste at
temperature 850C SWDS Kwala Bingai (survey results
December 12, 2011)………………………………………………
19 : Data of testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at
room temperature (survey in SWDS Namo Bintang 13 Desember
2011 )………………………………………………….
20 : Data of testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at
room temperature (survey in SWDS Kwala Bingai December 12,
2011)……………………………………………………………...
21 : Comparison of dry matter content for each drying method……
Page
71
72
75
78
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 : Chart flow of the survey................................................................
2 : Waste delivered directly or using pedicab or wheelbarrow,
gathered at the polling station to be moved either to the truck and
then transported to the landfill......................................................
3 : Garbage cart waiting to be moved onto the truck.....................
4 : Garbage cart for collecting garbage from the source. Medan City
Government is conducting the replacement of the garbage
pedicab model so more effective and humane..........
5 : Box measuring waste by volume for the sample size of 250 liters
(wooden box) and 1 m3 (iron box). On the back of the visible
portion of work tent with size 6 x 8 meters................................
6 : Scales to measure the weight of garbage in plastic that have been
labeled according to the type of garbage......................................
7 : Trash is taken from the first truck was stirred with a shovel for
the harmonization process and then conducted quartering to
obtain a more representative results for the sample......................
8 : Implementing dividing waste that has been put on work clothes
(shoes, dress shirts, raincoats, hats, gloves and mask) to listen to
the working procedure of the instructor.. ..............................
Page
5
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
9 : Drying Oven brands Shibata, 20 amperes, 220 volts.....................
21
10 : Scales used for the analysis of dry matter content of the litter.
The right side is a digital analytical balance. ….........................
22
11 : Container dryer (bowls) of the ceramics were weighed using
digital scales analytically.............................................................
23
12 : The container dryer from alluminum..............................................
23
13 : Desiccator for storing material to the material being tested is still
in the dry state...............................................................................
24
14 : Principles of treatment quartering to obtain a sample of 5 kg to
be tested in the laboratory...............................................................
30
15 : Condition of Namo Bintang landfill as final disposal location of
Medan city that uses the method of open dumping........................
16 : Kuala Bingai Landfill, located in the middle of oil palm
plantations......................................................................................
35
37
8
Figure
17 : Trucks carrying the solid waste were being weighted at SWDS
Terjun ……..................................................................................
18 : Measuring the sample volume of waste that has been stirred the
box until homogeneous relatively. Location of photo in SWDS
Kwala Bingai...............................................................................
Page
40
43
19 : Solid waste inserted to measuring box with 1000 litter volume by
250 litter measuring box of volume capacity.................................
44
20 : Sorting waste by its type. ...............................................................
45
21 : Measurement of weight for each type of waste..............................
46
22 : The quartering process in SWDS to prepare samples for dry
matter content of solid waste..........................................................
47
23 : Implementation survey of waste composition at SWDS Namo
Bintang on October 19, 2011. ....................................................
49
24 : Executors of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang
on December 13, 2011 also attended by Dr. Kosuke Kawai form
NIES Japan. ................................................................................
50
25 : The workers of waste composition survey especially for waste
market at SWDS Namo Bintang on December 13, 2011 has been
done sorting the waste and waiting for weighing
sample............................................................................................
51
26 : Reduction of solid dimension prior to be conducted the
quartering to prepare sample for dry matter content at SWDS
Kwala Bingai on October 20, 2011 ..............................................
\
53
27 : Plastic Bag seen on pedicab of waste transport that has been
separated by waste collector. Citizens also drops the solid waste
directly to the temporer disposal site using by car.. .....................
55
28 : Personal truck of waste dropping down the solid waste in a
plastic bag that has been separated from the cart before other
waste transferred to the trucks finally brought into SWDS. This
removal taken place at the temporary station transfer..................
55
29 : Transaction process of solid waste collectors (junk buyers). Each
burlap contains plastic waste by weight 30 kg; and 1 kilogram of
plastic waste purchased at a price Rp. 300, -..................................
The collectors for food residual waste to be sold as livestock
30
feed…………………………....................................................
56
56
9
Figure
31
32
Page
Waste market mostly consisting of food still have benefit for
livestock feed. This type of waste is also potential for bacterial
decay to produce methane gas………………………….............
59
Scavengers separate the solid waste that still have an economic
value as well as an attempt to reduce the volume of waste to be
disposed to SWDS………………………….................................
59
10
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph
1 : Location and Time Survey Implementation and Measurement
Results of Weight Waste................................................................
Page
58
2 : Comparison weight of sample for each waste component; result of 4
61
times survey.............................................................................
3 : Dry0 matter content for all type of solid waste at temperature
68
105 C...............................................................................................
4 : Comparison of dry matter content for all types of solid waste drying
at temperature 1050C for SWDS Namo Bintang and SWDS Kwala
Bingai; also the comparison of its composition......
68
5 : Comparison of dry matter content between two SWDS generated by
drying at temperature of 85 °C and room
temperature.....................................................................................
79
6 : Reduction of weight sample for food type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
80
7 : Reduction of weight sample for paper and cardboard type drying at
temperature 85oC for three days.................................................
80
8 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
80
9 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
in oven at temperature 85oC for three days........................
80
10 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying in oven at temperatur 85 oC for three days..........................
80
11 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at
temperature 85oC for three days....................................................
80
12 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days........................................
81
13 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days...................................................
81
14 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days………………………………..
81
15 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days..................................................
81
16 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
81
11
Graph
Page
17 : Comparison of reduction weight for six type organic waste drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days...........................................
81
18 : Reduction of weight sample for food type drying at room
temperature for twenty days..............................................................
82
19 : Reduction of weight sample for paper and cardboard type drying at
room temperature for twenty days...................................................
82
20 : Reduction of weight sample for nappies type drying at room
temperature for twenty days……………………………………....
82
21 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
at room temperature for twenty days...............................................
82
22 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying at room temperature for twenty days...................................
82
23 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days............................................................
82
24 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying at
room temperature for twenty days..................................................
83
25 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
83
26 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying at room
temperature for twenty days............................................................
83
27 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying at room
temperature for twenty days............................................................
83
28 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days..................................................
83
29 : Comparison of reduction weight for six type of organic waste in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days........................................
83
30 : Dry matter content of waste sample from SWDS Namo Bintang
result survey on December 13, 2011 by using oven drying at 85oC
for three days.................................................................................
84
31 : Dry matter content of waste sample from SWDS Namo Bintang
result of survey on December 13, 2011 drying at room temperature
for twenty days……………………………………….....................
84
32 : Reduction of sample weight for food type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
85
33 : Reduction of sample weight for paper and cardboard type drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days………………………......
85
34 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
85
12
Graph
Page
35 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
in oven at temperature 85 oC for three days.....................................
85
36 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying in oven at temperature 85 oC for three days..........................
85
37 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
85
38 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days..........................................
86
39 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.......................................................
86
40 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.......................................................
86
41 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC during three days..................................................
86
42 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
86
43 : Comparison of reduction sample weight for six type of waste drying
in oven at temperature 85 oC for three days.....................................
86
44 : Reduction of sample weight for food type drying at room
temperature for twenty days..............................................................
87
45 : Reduction of sample weight for paper and cardboard type drying at
room temperature for twenty days.....................................................
87
46 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
87
47 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
at room temperature for twenty days...................................................
87
48 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying at room temperature for twenty days..................................
87
49 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
87
50 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying at
room temperature for twenty days...................................................
88
51 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days.............................................................
88
52 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
88
53 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
88
13
Graph
Page
54 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days.............................................................
88
55 : Comparison of reduction sample weight for six type of solid waste
drying at room temperature for twenty days.....................................
88
56 : Dry matter content of waste from SWDS Kwala Bingai, result of
survey on December 12, 2011 using drying process in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
57 : Dry matter content of waste from SWDS Kwala Bingai, result of
survey on December 12, 2011 using drying at room temperature for
twenty days........................................................................................
89
89
14
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Background
The most serious challenge for policy makers in development for all countries
is if the impact concerned with climate change. The impact of climate change such as
change of season and rainfall patterns, extreme weather with high fluctuation of
rainfall that result landslide, flood, drought, tropical storm, sea level rises, associated
with the budget that must be spent and also the loss of property and life.
People increasingly realize that climate change occur due to human activities
that cause an increase in temperature of the Earth sruface. The consumption of any
fuels and other human activities associated with forests, liquid and solid waste has
caused gases such as CO2 , CH4 and other gases which are called greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases reflect and absorb against heat waves, so the heat emitted from
surface of the earth will be return to the earth's surface.
Serious threat of global warming due to greenhouse gases has caused people
collectively agreed to establish a legally binding agreement to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases. The agreement concerned with the reduction of greenhouse gases
globally is known as Kyoto Protocol, related to preservation of the environment
against the effect of climate change. Each country was asked to inventory and
calculate the volume of greenhouse gases which has been either released into the
atmosphere or reduced at the certain period. The efforts to reduce the greenhouse
gases emission should be provided with information about the specific activities that
could reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emission.
Many environmental preservation has been done related to the seriousness of
reducing the impact of greenhouse gases such as build a good method of estimating
15
or calculating greenhouse gas emissions from an activity or an activity area. Various
policies and development strategies were designed to take into account the impact of
greenhouse gases which would be released to atmosphere and the consequences of its
economic value.
The human activities associated with the greenhouse gases is ineffective waste
management. Almost all urban areas, from small towns, large city to metropolitan
area, are currently managing waste in the landfill waste by open dumping system.
Exposure garbage openly, especially the organic goods could be decomposed by
bacterial decay which in the process produces methane gas, a potential greenhouse
gas-forming. Based on this condition, the management of waste in Solid Waste
Disposal Site (SWDS), the type and volume of waste disposed to landfill waste is a
portion of the sources of greenhouse gases. JICA and USU has developed a
cooperation agreement to conduct a survey related to inventory waste composition
and the dry matter content of the waste disposed to landfill waste. SWDS Namo
Bintang in Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai in Stabat have been designated as a pilot
project to inventory the composition of solid waste and dry matter content of solid
waste. The most important thing is to give some suggestions and advice for the
estimation of waste composition and type of waste approximately which would be
used to determine the dry matter content of the waste throughout all districts in
Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra.
2. Objectives
a.
Obtaining the composition and type of waste in SWDS Namo Bintang Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat.
16
b.
Obtaining the dry matter content of solid waste in SWDS Namo Bintang Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat.
c.
Compiling the survey guidelines to determine the composition and type of
solid waste and dry matter content as the basis for the estimation of
greenhouse gas emissions in North Sumatra.
3. Survey Interest
a.
Obtaining the value of the emission sources of greenhouse gases as a
reference to estimate the gases emitted from the dumped waste in the solid
waste disposal site.
b. Obtaining the composition and type of solid waste disposed to SWDS as a
basis for planning solid waste reduction and handling systems by the regional
government as a municipal solid waste regulator.
c.
Building data activities and the factors of greenhouse gases sources,
particularly in North Sumatra to update the condition about the amount of
gasses emited from the waste.
4. Coverage Implementation of Survey
a.
The collection of secondary data needed to support the survey about
composition, types of solid waste and dry matter content of solid waste as
sample is taken from SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan and SWDS Kwala
Bingai Stabat.
b.
Preparing the equipment necessary for the implementation of the survey
about composition, types of solid waste in SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan
and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat and conducted survey in laboratory of
17
Provincial Environmental Board (BLH) North Sumatera Province. for dry
matter content of solid waste.
c.
Preparing the temporary worker who are involved in this survey.
d.
Implementation of the survey about composition, types of solid waste and
dry matter content of waste.
e.
Preparing draft report and final.report.
f.
Presentation of the survey results and provide suggestions for the
composition of manual guidelines about the waste composition, type of
waste and the dry matter content for Districts/Cities in Indonesia and
discussions for improvement of the manual.
18
5. Survey Implementation Flowchart
SECONDARY DATA
IPCC GUIDELINES
TRAINING MATERIALS
SURVEY PLAN
RECRUITMENT OF
FIELD STAFF
PREPARATION TOOLS
PREPARATION OF
PREPARATION
OF
SURVEY
SURVEY LOCATION
SURVEY OF THE COMPOSITION
AND TYPE OF WASTE
ORGANIC WASTE
NON ORGANIC
WASTE
SURVEY CONTENT AND CONTENT DRY
DRY MATTERWASTE
CONTENT SURVEY
WASTE RESEARCH
MANUALLY
REPORT REPORT
WRITING
MAKING
MANUAL SWDS SURVEY
ESTIMATED
EstimatedGREENHOUSE
Greenhouse
GAS
FROM
GasEMISSIONS
Emmision from
WASTE
PLANT
SWDS
HANDLING POLICY OF
ORGANIC WASTE
HANDLING POLICY OF
CITY WASTE
GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSION REDUCTION
DESIGN TECHNIQUE:
-WASTE REDUCTION
-WASTE HANDLING
ADVOCACY AND EDUCATION AS A RESULT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL WARMING
Figure 1: Flow Chart of the Survey
19
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Natural resource in many kinds which are used by people to suffice their
needs, cannot be used optimally and wisely, so that they will be returned to the
environment as the waste. Based on the characteristic, waste could not be returned its
function and utility by biological process depend on the role of bacteria and microbe
only. Product it has been processed by technologies, the use and residu of process not
biologically, so the waste will be return and problem for the environment. The
composition of the waste it self is the reflection of the consumption patterns, habits,
social structure, and income from the community who produce it. The people, so
called the citizens, who have a low level of income tend to eat the food which is
easily degraded biologically. Ludwig, et.al., (2003) stated that the amount of biodegradable waste tends to decrease in the citizens who development in the city has
turned high.
The high consumption of the people directly impacts to the increasing of
waste production. At present, the waste handling has been the most important and
prime thing in big cities. Many attempts have been done by government to reduce the
volume of the waste. Composting is one of the strategic elements in waste
management which could be implemented in the city landfill. According to Diaz
et.al., (2002), composting is a process of decomposing biologically through bacterial
action. The decomposition organisms are categorized into (i) bacteria, (ii)
actinomycetes, (iii) fungi, (iv) protozoa, (v) worm and (vi) larva. Sharma, (2002) also
stated that composting is a way to reduce waste from its sources. Other activities
could be done to reduce the dumps of waste such as changing the package, changing
20
the shopping habits, increase the re-use value of a product, changing the process in
industry and improving the consumption patterns of products. According to Ludwig
et.al., (2003) urban waste usually consists mainly of organic material that can be
digested by microorganisms. The process of decomposition of organic matter by
fungi and bacteria will produce simple organic compounds. The final product of the
degradation process of organic material will produce CO 2 and CH4, so that a pile of
garbage at the landfill waste is a source of greenhouse gas formation. Carbon
Dioxide and Methane gas that is formed respectively by comparison of the
composition ranges from 40% to 60%. Magnitude of this composition depends on the
presence of oxygen during the degradation process. Gaseous compounds produced
by decomposition of organic material in the landfill waste could potentially be the
cause of global climate change, are highly flammable, the source of the stench, the
cause of rust, so toxic to the human body and also cancer trigger. The concentration
of methane increased by 0.9% annually declared Strevett, et.al, (2002) is responsible
for 20% of the global greenhouse effect. On the other hand, with a citation and
proper management, methane is also a source of energy generation.
In addition to causing gas, waste at the solid waste disposal site will also
produce a liquid called leachate. Leachate as the result of the decomposition process
of organic material, mixturing by the run off the rain and the springs at the landfill
waste. These fluids are potential sources of contaminants to soil, surface water runoff
and shallow groundwater. The content of pollutants in the leachate can be classified
on dissolved organic material that is identified through the parameters COD and
BOD, including methane gas and volatile fatty acids, macro inorganic compounds
such as Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Iron, Manganese
21
chloride, sulfate and Carbonate. The leachate also contained heavy metal content
such as Cadmium, Copper, Chrommium, Lead, Nickel and Zinc as well as organic
compounds in the form Xenbiotic Aromatic Carbon, Phenols and Hallogenated
Aliphatics. (Ludwig et.al., 2003).
Regulation number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management stated that the SWDS
is defined as the Place of Final Processing to process and return the trash to the
media of environment safely for humans and the environment. Based on the mandate
of this Law, the management of SWDS should pay attention to the issue of gas raised
in the decomposition of waste because it can degrade the quality of the environment.
In particular, article 20 paragraph (2) a and (2) d of Law No. 18 of 2008 has also
confirmed that for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions need to do research on
waste composition and dry matter content of the solid waste. Dry matter content of
organic components of waste will decomposed in the process of decomposition by
bacteria. In the process of decomposition will produce CH4 gas, as a greenhouse gas
component of the potential negative impact on climate change. Survey of activities to
make waste segregation in the form of grouping and separation of waste according to
the type, quantity, and/or the nature of waste is also an application of the provisions
outlined in the Law No. 18 year 2008 concerning in waste management.
In Article 20 paragraph (1) stated that the waste reduction activities include
restrictions on waste generation, waste recycling and/or recovery of waste. As a
continuation of efforts to reduce waste, then the Government must be able to set up a
waste reduction target gradually over a certain period, and apply a good
environmentally friendly technologies and activities for the utilization of waste by
reuse and recycle waste. Data related to the composition of the waste survey
22
activities and the content of the dry matter content of waste is an important
component of local for government of the City/Distrcit in building a waste
management and treatment system in accordance to Article 22 paragraph (1) Law no.
18 of 2008 on Waste Management.
23
III. METHODOLOGY
1. Location Survey
a. Location Survey
Survey to determine the waste composition and dry matter content in the North
Sumatra conducted in Medan Metropolitan city and in Stabat city. Medan city
with an area of 265.1 km2 and population according to Medan in Numbers in
2010 was 2,121,053 peoples, supposed to represent Metropolitan cities. Stabat
is the capital of Langkat district has an area of 108.85 km2 and population
numbered 84,440 peoples serve as locations that represent a small town. Both
cities are set as the location of survey is included as a city in the assessment of
Adipura program. Medan city last won Adipura in 2006 and Stabat in 2010.
Based on the assessment criteria of the Ministry of Environment, who ever city
won Adipura that already has a good waste management system and supported
by the presence of SWDS which has also been well managed.
(1) SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan
As the capital city of North Sumatra, Medan which manages two SWDS in
Namo Bintang (176,392 m2) and Terjun-Marelan (137,563 m2). The survey
has been set out to do in SWDS Namo Bintang. SWDS Namo Bintang is
located ± 15 km southern city of Medan and including Deli Serdang
regency administration area with an area of 176,396 Ha. Operational of
SWDS Namo Bintang began in July 1987.
(2) SWDS Kuala Bingai-Stabat
Locations of survey
in the Stabat city conducted at the Government
Landfill waste. SWDS Stabat located in the area of palm oil plantations
24
also called SWDS Kuala Bingai with an area of 2.5 ha. SWDS Kuala
Bingai-Stabat began operating in 2005. SWDS Kuala Bingai not only
receive waste from the City of Stabat, but also from the Berandan city
which is the nearest town to town in the region Stabat Langkat. Waste
from the Berandan City sent to SWDS Kuala Bingai landfill site is only
derived from market of Berandan City.
(3) SWDS Terjun-Marelan
Data of SWDS Terjun Marelan are being used as complement of the data
survey of solid waste anagement system in the city of Medan.. SWDS
Terjun Marelan has a weighbridge facility, so that the volume of landfill
waste that is received is measured based on the weight of waste
transported by vehicle transporters. SDWS Terjun Marelan operate
simultaneously with SWDS TPA Namo Bintang, but sometimes have to
accommodate all the waste of Medan, where SWDS Namo Bintang can
not be operated.
b. Source of Waste Managed in the Area of Survey
(1) Namo Bintang-Medan
Although located in the district of Deli Serdang, SWDS Namo Bintang is
owned and managed by the city Government of Medan. SWDS Namo
Bintang area receive waste from 15 of the 21 District in Medan. The total
area served by SWDS Namo Bintang and its population is as shown in
Table 1.
25
Table 1: Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Namo Bintang
No.
District
Area (Km2)
Number of
households
Population
1.
Medan Johor
14,58
27.918
116.220
2.
Medan Amplas
14,58
26.503
115 156
3.
Medan Denai
9,05
32.511
139.939
4.
Medan Area
5,52
24.190
109.253
5.
Medan City
5,27
19.526
84.292
6.
Medan Tuntungan
20,68
20.249
70.073
7.
Medan Maimun
2,98
10.576
57.859
8.
Medan Polonia
9,01
10.977
53.427
9.
Medan Selayang
12,81
21.122
85.678
10.
Medan Sunggal
15,44
25.205
110.667
11.
Medan Helvetia
13,16
30.824
145.376
12.
Medan Petisah
6,82
15.326
68.120
13.
Medan Baru
5,84
10.041
44.216
14.
Medan Timur
7,76
28.803
113.874
Sources: Medan in Numbers 2010
26
(2) Kuala Bingai-Stabat
Accommodated by the landfill waste at Kuala Bingai that comes from the
Pangkalan Brandan market including from the District of Stabat Babalan with
solid waste from the market sources, housing, and offices in the city Stabat
(Table 2).
Table 2: Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat
No.
District
Area (Km2)
Number of
households
Population
1.
Stabat
108,85
20.195
84.440
2.
Babalan
76,41
64.764
64.764
Sources: Langkat in Numbers 2010
c.
Transportation System
(1) Medan City
Transporting waste of Medan is done by using vehicle type Arm Roll,
Typper and Container. Medan City Government through the City Sanitation
Department of Medan City (Dinas Kebersihan) distributed waste transport
vehicle to sending waste to SWDS Namo Bintang using type of vehicle
Typper, the Arm Roll Container and Container with distribution area and
the number and types of vehicles are distributed as shown in Table 3:
27
Table 3: Types and Number of Carrier using for Solid Waste Disposal Site Namo
Bintang
Typper
6
Transporter
Volume (M 3)
36
Arm Roll
1
7
Typper
5
3
Arm Roll
1
6
Typper
8
6
Typper
13
6
Container
1
10
Typper
16
96
Container
3
30
Medan Tuntungan
Typper
4
24
7.
Medan Maimun
Typper
5
30
8.
Medan Polonia
Typper
5
30
9.
Medan Selayang
Typper
5
30
10.
Medan Sunggal
Typper
7
42
11.
Medan Helvetia
Typper
8
48
Container
1
10
12.
Medan Petisah
Typper
8
48
13.
Medan Baru
Typper
6
48
14.
Medan Barat
Typper
4
32
15.
Medan Timur
Typper
1
6
16.
Backup for Market
Container
4
40
No.
District
1.
Medan Johor
2.
Medan Amplas
3.
Medan Denai
4.
Medan Area
5.
Medan City
6.
Type of Vehicle
Total
Sources: City Sanitation Department Data 2011
28
(2) Stabat City
Stabat transporting waste in the city are served by truck as many as 13 units
consisting of type Arm Roll, Dump Truck and Pick Up. Types of vehicles and
services for the City Stabat region as shown in Table 4:
Table 4: Types and Number of waste vehicle transport to SWDS Kwala Bingai
No.
Village / District
Type of Vehicle
Total
Transporter
Volume (M3)
1.
New Stabat-Stabat
Arm Roll
1
6
2.
Kwala Bingai-Stabat
Pick Up
1
3
3.
Babalan-Brandan Timur
Arm Roll
1
6
4.
Perdamaian-Stabat
Arm Roll
1
6
5.
Kwala Bingai-Stabat
Arm Roll
1
6
6.
Perdamaian-Stabat
Dump Truck
1
8
7.
Kwala Bingai / Sidomulyo
Dump Truck
1
8
8.
Backup / Not Operating
Dump Truck
6
-
Sources: Sanitation and City Landscape Department of Langkat Regency
d. Waste Management in the survey area of Medan and Stabat
Waste management in the survey area depends on the area of collection
services and waste load source. Stabat city that residents and activities a little
bit, served by 13 units of vehicles to residential areas, offices and markets.
29
SWDS Kuala Bingai using the Open Dumping method, so as not to reveal any
installation of methane gas collector formed by the decomposition of waste.
Based on the source, Medan municipal waste can be divided into residential
and household waste, shops, offices, traditional markets and modern markets,
hotels, hospitals, arterial road, and main streets, industrial. Responsibility for
waste management tailored to the location of waste sources Medan. Sanitation
Department of Medan to manage domestic waste, residential, offices and
commercial areas. Market Office Department manages traditional market
waste. Public Works Department to manage waste in drainage channels,
including weeds and sediment. Sub-district level government officials (Camat)
and the village chief (Lurah) to manage waste in a residential area outside the
main streets, as well as private parties responsible for managing the waste from
their Real Estate.
Figure 2: Solid Waste Delivered Directly by the sources or Using Beca or
Wheelbarrow, Gathered at The Polling Station To Be Moved
Either to the Truck and then Transported to the Landfill.
30
Waste collection from residential areas, shops and offices are cited directly by
garbage trucks and transported directly to landfill. Another system is to use a
wheelbarrow to collect garbage or trash pedicab to the polls and then
transferred to a container or into the truck. Waste of a modern market, hotel
and hospital domestic waste collected by the managers in place of the
temporary garbage collection (TPS), transferred onto trucks for transport to
landfill. Waste from public roads pick up by outsourcing peoples from
Sanitation
Department of Medan City by using a wheelbarrow and then
transferred onto trucks for transport to landfill.
Figure 3: Garbage Cart Waiting to be Unloaded Onto the Truck.
Waste from traditional markets collected using pedicab trash into container or
the garbage truck and then take to the landfill. Medan City Government also
provides transportation services using a garbage pick-up called the
31
"Ambulance Trash" to transport the garbage that has not been transported by
wheelbarrow, wheelbarrows and garbage pedicab.
Figure 4 : Garbage cart for collecting garbage from the source. Medan City
Government is conducting the replacement of the garbage pedicab
model whic is more effective and humane.
2. Survey Equipment Used In Survey Implementation
Implementation of the survey was conducted to determine the composition of
waste in the SWDS Namo Bintang in Medan and SWDS Kuala Bingai in Stabat,
which is then followed by determination of dry matter content in the laboratory of
the Provincial Environmental Biard of North Sumatra. The equipment used is
adapted to the purpose of the survey:
a. Type of Waste Composition Survey
Equipment used for the composition survey of waste consists of:
1) Waste Volume Estimator box the size of the volume of 250 liters
2) Volume Estimator solid waste box size of 1 m3
32
3) Scales maximum capacity of 100 Kg.
Figure 5: Box measuring waste by volume for the sample size of 250 liters (wooden
box) and 1 m3 (iron box). On the back of the visible portion of work tent
with size 6 x 8 meters.
Figure 6: Scales to measure the weight of garbage in plastic that have been
labeled according to the type of garbage.
33
Figure 7: Trash is taken from the truck was stirred with a shovel for the
homogenize process and then conducted quartering to obtain a more
representative of the sample.
4) Shovel for mixing waste to homogeneous samples.
5) Machete to reduce the sample size is too large.
6) Scissors in order to reduce the size of the sample to be tested in the drying
process for more homogeneous.
7) Safety equipment and health survey that consists of implementing a cap, shirt,
gloves, rain coats, masks, boots and a bench seat.
8) Paper bags and plastic binder labels to mark the type of waste.
9) Plastic garbage collector consists of several sizes to suit your needs and also
for packaging waste be brought to the laboratory.
10) Work Tents.
34
Figure 8: The workers dividing waste that has been put on work clothes
(shoes, dress shirts, raincoats, hats, gloves and mask) and
listening to the working procedure from the instructor.
b. Survey of Dry Matter Content
Survey equipment for Dry Matter Contents are:
1. Drying Oven
Figure 9: Drying Oven brands Shibata, 20 amperes, 220 volts.
35
2. Digital Scale
Scales used in the weighing process dry matter content of waste are analytic
digital scales and technic digital scales. Analyt
PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES
(SUB PROJECT 3)
OF PROJECT OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT
WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY AND DRY MATTER
CONTENT SURVEY IN NORTH SUMATERA
(SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat)
Jaya Arjuna
(Mechanical Department, Engineering Faculty of North Sumatera University)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
(Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd.
And Suuri Keikaku Co., Ltd.)
MEDAN 2012
1
THE PILOT PROJECT IN NORTH SUMATRA IN 2011 OF
PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES
(SUB PROJECT 3)
OF PROJECT OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT
WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY AND DRY MATTER CONTENT SURVEY
IN NORTH SUMATERA
(SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat)
Jaya Arjuna
(Mechanical Department, Engineering Faculty of North Sumatera University)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
(Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd.
and Suuri Keikaku Co., Ltd.)
MEDAN 2012
2
PREFACE
Natural disasters such as landslides, floods, droughts, tropical storms, sea level
rise and ocean waves believed closely related to climate change. Expert’s research
claim climate change happened due to the rising of CO2, CH4 gas and other gases
which called as greenhouse gases which is getting thicker and covering the
atmosphere of earth. CH4 gas is an insulator which effectively capture the energy
released from the earth in the form of infrared radiation. CH4 also reflects heat from
earth surface and again goes back to the earth surface which makes earth warmer.
Waste decomposition by bacterial has been announced as a significant contribution
in producing CH4, so it needs to be managed appropriately to reduce the Greenhouse
Gas emissions.
This book is presented as a survey report of waste of Medan city sent to Solid
Waste Disposal Site (SWDS) Namo Bintang and from Stabat city to SWDS Kuala
Bingai Stabat. The survey is conducted in October and December 2011 in order to
find out the waste composition and dry matter content of waste are presented at both
of SWDS. Survey waste in SWDS Namo Bintang and Kwala Bingai is part of the
Pilot Project For Developing National Capacity Development For Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (Sub-Project 3) of Capacity Development for Climate Change Strategies
in Indonesia.
In this opportunity, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to JICA who
trusted me to carry out this project, as well as the direct involvement of DR. Kosuke
Kawai from NIES Japan, Hiroyuki Ueda, Jun Marukawa and Takeshi Enoki and
Hiroshi Itoh from MUFHR and Suuri Keikaku Co. Ltd., Dr. Ucok Siagian and Rias
and also Risalto from ITB. My high appreciation and thanks also goes to DR. Hj.
Wan Hidayati, M.Si, head of Provincial Environmental Board (BLH) of North
Sumatera, who actively encourage me to accomplish the research, Henny Nainggolan
as Head of UPT Laboratory BLH of North Sumatera Provincial Government and DR.
Ikhwansyah Isranuri as Head of Mechanical Department, Technical Engineering
Faculty of North Sumatra University.
My sincere thanks also dedicated to Dinas Kebersihan Kota Medan (Sanitation
Department of Medan City) and Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kabupaten
Langkat (Sanitation and City Landscape Department of Langkat Regency) whose
provide me with ease and great supports in conducting the survey. Their invaluable
supports are unforgettable.
My appreciation and thanks also goes to Syamsul Imam, ST who helped me at
Laboratory and Doisuterca Tarigan, ST for their kind assistances in conducting the
survey and preparation for the materials of these reports.
March, 2012
Jaya Arjuna
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Preface………........................................................................................................
Page
i
Table Of Content....................................................................................................
ii
List Of Tables........................... .............................................................................
v
List Of Figures ...................... ................................................................................
vii
List Of Graphs. ......................... ............................................................................
x
CHAPTER
I
page
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................
1
1. Background ........................................................................................
1
2. Objectives................................................................................ ........
2
3. Survey Interest…………….. .................................................. ..........
3
4. Coverage Implementation of Suvey..................................................
3
5. Survey Implementation Flowchart.....................................................
5
II
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................
6
III
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................
10
Location Survey.........................................................................
10
a. Location Survey...............................................................
10
b. Source of Waste Managed in the Area of Survey..............................
11
c. Transportation Systems.....................................................................
13
d. Waste Management in the survey area of Medan and Stabat........
15
Survey Equipment Used In Survey Implementation .............................
18
a. Type of Waste Composition Survey................................................
18
b. Survey of Dry Matter Content.........................................................
21
Sampling and Determining Procedures .................................................
24
a.
Samples and Determining Type of Waste Composition................
24
b.
Samples and Testing Dry Matter Content.......................................
29
c.
Data Processing and Analysis...........................................................
32
IV
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS................................................................
33
Schedule for conducting Survey............................................................
33
a. Taking the supporting data and field preparation...................
34
4
b. Implementation of Waste Composition Survey...........................
34
Location of Waste Composition Survey.................................................
35
a. SWDS Namo Bintang…………………………………..................
36
b. SWDS Kwala Bingai……………………………………................
37
Condition of Medan Waste Management................................................
37
Waste composition survey……..............................................................
40
a. Source of waste and sample volume..................................................
40
b. Waste composition sampling procedures..........................................
43
c. The results of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang..
48
d. Result of waste composition survey in SWDS Kwala Bingai –
Stabat.................................................................................................
52
Correction Factor for Waste Composition...............................................
54
The Results of Waste Composition Survey Analysis.............................
57
Survey For Dry Matter Content of Solid Waste ...................................
62
a. Samples for testing dry matter content of solid waste......................
62
b. Treatment of waste for dry matter content........................................
62
c. The results of testing for dry matter content in SWDS Namo
Bintang and SWDS Kwala Bingai for survey in October 2011......
65
d. The results for dry matter content in SWDS Namo Bintang and
SWDS Kwala Bingai for survey in December 2011. .......................
V
69
Analysis of the Results for Dry Matter Content................................
78
a. Drying in oven at temperature 105 0C...............................................
90
b. Drying process in oven at temperature 85 0C...................................
91
c. Drying at room temperature for twenty days....................................
92
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................
94
Conclusion...............................................................................................
94
Recomendation........................................................................................
96
97
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
5
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1 : Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Namo Bintang ................
12
2 : Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat.......
13
3 : Types and Number of waste transport vehicle to SWDS Namo
Bintang ............................................................................................
14
4 : Types and Number of waste vehicle transport to Kwala Bingai .....
15
5 : Schedule for waste composition survey and dry matter content
survey.............................................................................................
33
6 : Working condition in SWDS Terjun – Marelan 2011......................
38
7 : Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS
Namo Bintang represents the source region.....................................
41
8 : Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS
Kwala Bingai - Stabat represents the source region........................
42
9 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume of sample taken in SWDS
Namo Bintang - Medan on October 19, 2011………….............
49
10 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume sampel taken at SWDS Namo
Bintang - Medan on December 13, 2011.........................................
50
11 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume taken at SWDS Namo
Bintang – Medan on December 13, 2011 (especially for market
waste)..........................................................................................
51
12 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume taken at SWDS Kwala
Bingai-Stabat tanggal 20 Oktober 2011.......................................
52
13 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume of sample taken at SWDS
Kwala Bingai in survey activity on December 12, 2011...............
53
14 : Summary of Waste Composition Survey in SWDS Namo Bintang
- Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat on October and
December 2011...............................................................................
15 : Testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at SWDS
Namo Bintang heating on 105 oC (survey results October 19,
2011)..........................................................................................
16 : Testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at SWDS
Kwala Bingai heating on 105 oC (survey results October 20,
2011)……………………………………………………………..
17 : Data of testing result for dry matter content of solid waste at
emperature 850C SWDS Namo Bintang (results survey December
13, 2011)………………………………………………
57
66
67
70
6
Table
18 : Data of testing result for dry matter content of solid waste at
temperature 850C SWDS Kwala Bingai (survey results
December 12, 2011)………………………………………………
19 : Data of testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at
room temperature (survey in SWDS Namo Bintang 13 Desember
2011 )………………………………………………….
20 : Data of testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at
room temperature (survey in SWDS Kwala Bingai December 12,
2011)……………………………………………………………...
21 : Comparison of dry matter content for each drying method……
Page
71
72
75
78
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 : Chart flow of the survey................................................................
2 : Waste delivered directly or using pedicab or wheelbarrow,
gathered at the polling station to be moved either to the truck and
then transported to the landfill......................................................
3 : Garbage cart waiting to be moved onto the truck.....................
4 : Garbage cart for collecting garbage from the source. Medan City
Government is conducting the replacement of the garbage
pedicab model so more effective and humane..........
5 : Box measuring waste by volume for the sample size of 250 liters
(wooden box) and 1 m3 (iron box). On the back of the visible
portion of work tent with size 6 x 8 meters................................
6 : Scales to measure the weight of garbage in plastic that have been
labeled according to the type of garbage......................................
7 : Trash is taken from the first truck was stirred with a shovel for
the harmonization process and then conducted quartering to
obtain a more representative results for the sample......................
8 : Implementing dividing waste that has been put on work clothes
(shoes, dress shirts, raincoats, hats, gloves and mask) to listen to
the working procedure of the instructor.. ..............................
Page
5
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
9 : Drying Oven brands Shibata, 20 amperes, 220 volts.....................
21
10 : Scales used for the analysis of dry matter content of the litter.
The right side is a digital analytical balance. ….........................
22
11 : Container dryer (bowls) of the ceramics were weighed using
digital scales analytically.............................................................
23
12 : The container dryer from alluminum..............................................
23
13 : Desiccator for storing material to the material being tested is still
in the dry state...............................................................................
24
14 : Principles of treatment quartering to obtain a sample of 5 kg to
be tested in the laboratory...............................................................
30
15 : Condition of Namo Bintang landfill as final disposal location of
Medan city that uses the method of open dumping........................
16 : Kuala Bingai Landfill, located in the middle of oil palm
plantations......................................................................................
35
37
8
Figure
17 : Trucks carrying the solid waste were being weighted at SWDS
Terjun ……..................................................................................
18 : Measuring the sample volume of waste that has been stirred the
box until homogeneous relatively. Location of photo in SWDS
Kwala Bingai...............................................................................
Page
40
43
19 : Solid waste inserted to measuring box with 1000 litter volume by
250 litter measuring box of volume capacity.................................
44
20 : Sorting waste by its type. ...............................................................
45
21 : Measurement of weight for each type of waste..............................
46
22 : The quartering process in SWDS to prepare samples for dry
matter content of solid waste..........................................................
47
23 : Implementation survey of waste composition at SWDS Namo
Bintang on October 19, 2011. ....................................................
49
24 : Executors of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang
on December 13, 2011 also attended by Dr. Kosuke Kawai form
NIES Japan. ................................................................................
50
25 : The workers of waste composition survey especially for waste
market at SWDS Namo Bintang on December 13, 2011 has been
done sorting the waste and waiting for weighing
sample............................................................................................
51
26 : Reduction of solid dimension prior to be conducted the
quartering to prepare sample for dry matter content at SWDS
Kwala Bingai on October 20, 2011 ..............................................
\
53
27 : Plastic Bag seen on pedicab of waste transport that has been
separated by waste collector. Citizens also drops the solid waste
directly to the temporer disposal site using by car.. .....................
55
28 : Personal truck of waste dropping down the solid waste in a
plastic bag that has been separated from the cart before other
waste transferred to the trucks finally brought into SWDS. This
removal taken place at the temporary station transfer..................
55
29 : Transaction process of solid waste collectors (junk buyers). Each
burlap contains plastic waste by weight 30 kg; and 1 kilogram of
plastic waste purchased at a price Rp. 300, -..................................
The collectors for food residual waste to be sold as livestock
30
feed…………………………....................................................
56
56
9
Figure
31
32
Page
Waste market mostly consisting of food still have benefit for
livestock feed. This type of waste is also potential for bacterial
decay to produce methane gas………………………….............
59
Scavengers separate the solid waste that still have an economic
value as well as an attempt to reduce the volume of waste to be
disposed to SWDS………………………….................................
59
10
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph
1 : Location and Time Survey Implementation and Measurement
Results of Weight Waste................................................................
Page
58
2 : Comparison weight of sample for each waste component; result of 4
61
times survey.............................................................................
3 : Dry0 matter content for all type of solid waste at temperature
68
105 C...............................................................................................
4 : Comparison of dry matter content for all types of solid waste drying
at temperature 1050C for SWDS Namo Bintang and SWDS Kwala
Bingai; also the comparison of its composition......
68
5 : Comparison of dry matter content between two SWDS generated by
drying at temperature of 85 °C and room
temperature.....................................................................................
79
6 : Reduction of weight sample for food type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
80
7 : Reduction of weight sample for paper and cardboard type drying at
temperature 85oC for three days.................................................
80
8 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
80
9 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
in oven at temperature 85oC for three days........................
80
10 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying in oven at temperatur 85 oC for three days..........................
80
11 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at
temperature 85oC for three days....................................................
80
12 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days........................................
81
13 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days...................................................
81
14 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days………………………………..
81
15 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days..................................................
81
16 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
81
11
Graph
Page
17 : Comparison of reduction weight for six type organic waste drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days...........................................
81
18 : Reduction of weight sample for food type drying at room
temperature for twenty days..............................................................
82
19 : Reduction of weight sample for paper and cardboard type drying at
room temperature for twenty days...................................................
82
20 : Reduction of weight sample for nappies type drying at room
temperature for twenty days……………………………………....
82
21 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
at room temperature for twenty days...............................................
82
22 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying at room temperature for twenty days...................................
82
23 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days............................................................
82
24 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying at
room temperature for twenty days..................................................
83
25 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
83
26 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying at room
temperature for twenty days............................................................
83
27 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying at room
temperature for twenty days............................................................
83
28 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days..................................................
83
29 : Comparison of reduction weight for six type of organic waste in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days........................................
83
30 : Dry matter content of waste sample from SWDS Namo Bintang
result survey on December 13, 2011 by using oven drying at 85oC
for three days.................................................................................
84
31 : Dry matter content of waste sample from SWDS Namo Bintang
result of survey on December 13, 2011 drying at room temperature
for twenty days……………………………………….....................
84
32 : Reduction of sample weight for food type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.....................................................
85
33 : Reduction of sample weight for paper and cardboard type drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days………………………......
85
34 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
85
12
Graph
Page
35 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
in oven at temperature 85 oC for three days.....................................
85
36 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying in oven at temperature 85 oC for three days..........................
85
37 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
85
38 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying in
oven at temperature 85 oC for three days..........................................
86
39 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.......................................................
86
40 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days.......................................................
86
41 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC during three days..................................................
86
42 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
86
43 : Comparison of reduction sample weight for six type of waste drying
in oven at temperature 85 oC for three days.....................................
86
44 : Reduction of sample weight for food type drying at room
temperature for twenty days..............................................................
87
45 : Reduction of sample weight for paper and cardboard type drying at
room temperature for twenty days.....................................................
87
46 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
87
47 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying
at room temperature for twenty days...................................................
87
48 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying at room temperature for twenty days..................................
87
49 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
87
50 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying at
room temperature for twenty days...................................................
88
51 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days.............................................................
88
52 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
88
53 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying at room
temperature for twenty days...........................................................
88
13
Graph
Page
54 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days.............................................................
88
55 : Comparison of reduction sample weight for six type of solid waste
drying at room temperature for twenty days.....................................
88
56 : Dry matter content of waste from SWDS Kwala Bingai, result of
survey on December 12, 2011 using drying process in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days........................................................
57 : Dry matter content of waste from SWDS Kwala Bingai, result of
survey on December 12, 2011 using drying at room temperature for
twenty days........................................................................................
89
89
14
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Background
The most serious challenge for policy makers in development for all countries
is if the impact concerned with climate change. The impact of climate change such as
change of season and rainfall patterns, extreme weather with high fluctuation of
rainfall that result landslide, flood, drought, tropical storm, sea level rises, associated
with the budget that must be spent and also the loss of property and life.
People increasingly realize that climate change occur due to human activities
that cause an increase in temperature of the Earth sruface. The consumption of any
fuels and other human activities associated with forests, liquid and solid waste has
caused gases such as CO2 , CH4 and other gases which are called greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases reflect and absorb against heat waves, so the heat emitted from
surface of the earth will be return to the earth's surface.
Serious threat of global warming due to greenhouse gases has caused people
collectively agreed to establish a legally binding agreement to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases. The agreement concerned with the reduction of greenhouse gases
globally is known as Kyoto Protocol, related to preservation of the environment
against the effect of climate change. Each country was asked to inventory and
calculate the volume of greenhouse gases which has been either released into the
atmosphere or reduced at the certain period. The efforts to reduce the greenhouse
gases emission should be provided with information about the specific activities that
could reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emission.
Many environmental preservation has been done related to the seriousness of
reducing the impact of greenhouse gases such as build a good method of estimating
15
or calculating greenhouse gas emissions from an activity or an activity area. Various
policies and development strategies were designed to take into account the impact of
greenhouse gases which would be released to atmosphere and the consequences of its
economic value.
The human activities associated with the greenhouse gases is ineffective waste
management. Almost all urban areas, from small towns, large city to metropolitan
area, are currently managing waste in the landfill waste by open dumping system.
Exposure garbage openly, especially the organic goods could be decomposed by
bacterial decay which in the process produces methane gas, a potential greenhouse
gas-forming. Based on this condition, the management of waste in Solid Waste
Disposal Site (SWDS), the type and volume of waste disposed to landfill waste is a
portion of the sources of greenhouse gases. JICA and USU has developed a
cooperation agreement to conduct a survey related to inventory waste composition
and the dry matter content of the waste disposed to landfill waste. SWDS Namo
Bintang in Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai in Stabat have been designated as a pilot
project to inventory the composition of solid waste and dry matter content of solid
waste. The most important thing is to give some suggestions and advice for the
estimation of waste composition and type of waste approximately which would be
used to determine the dry matter content of the waste throughout all districts in
Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra.
2. Objectives
a.
Obtaining the composition and type of waste in SWDS Namo Bintang Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat.
16
b.
Obtaining the dry matter content of solid waste in SWDS Namo Bintang Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat.
c.
Compiling the survey guidelines to determine the composition and type of
solid waste and dry matter content as the basis for the estimation of
greenhouse gas emissions in North Sumatra.
3. Survey Interest
a.
Obtaining the value of the emission sources of greenhouse gases as a
reference to estimate the gases emitted from the dumped waste in the solid
waste disposal site.
b. Obtaining the composition and type of solid waste disposed to SWDS as a
basis for planning solid waste reduction and handling systems by the regional
government as a municipal solid waste regulator.
c.
Building data activities and the factors of greenhouse gases sources,
particularly in North Sumatra to update the condition about the amount of
gasses emited from the waste.
4. Coverage Implementation of Survey
a.
The collection of secondary data needed to support the survey about
composition, types of solid waste and dry matter content of solid waste as
sample is taken from SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan and SWDS Kwala
Bingai Stabat.
b.
Preparing the equipment necessary for the implementation of the survey
about composition, types of solid waste in SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan
and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat and conducted survey in laboratory of
17
Provincial Environmental Board (BLH) North Sumatera Province. for dry
matter content of solid waste.
c.
Preparing the temporary worker who are involved in this survey.
d.
Implementation of the survey about composition, types of solid waste and
dry matter content of waste.
e.
Preparing draft report and final.report.
f.
Presentation of the survey results and provide suggestions for the
composition of manual guidelines about the waste composition, type of
waste and the dry matter content for Districts/Cities in Indonesia and
discussions for improvement of the manual.
18
5. Survey Implementation Flowchart
SECONDARY DATA
IPCC GUIDELINES
TRAINING MATERIALS
SURVEY PLAN
RECRUITMENT OF
FIELD STAFF
PREPARATION TOOLS
PREPARATION OF
PREPARATION
OF
SURVEY
SURVEY LOCATION
SURVEY OF THE COMPOSITION
AND TYPE OF WASTE
ORGANIC WASTE
NON ORGANIC
WASTE
SURVEY CONTENT AND CONTENT DRY
DRY MATTERWASTE
CONTENT SURVEY
WASTE RESEARCH
MANUALLY
REPORT REPORT
WRITING
MAKING
MANUAL SWDS SURVEY
ESTIMATED
EstimatedGREENHOUSE
Greenhouse
GAS
FROM
GasEMISSIONS
Emmision from
WASTE
PLANT
SWDS
HANDLING POLICY OF
ORGANIC WASTE
HANDLING POLICY OF
CITY WASTE
GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSION REDUCTION
DESIGN TECHNIQUE:
-WASTE REDUCTION
-WASTE HANDLING
ADVOCACY AND EDUCATION AS A RESULT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL WARMING
Figure 1: Flow Chart of the Survey
19
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Natural resource in many kinds which are used by people to suffice their
needs, cannot be used optimally and wisely, so that they will be returned to the
environment as the waste. Based on the characteristic, waste could not be returned its
function and utility by biological process depend on the role of bacteria and microbe
only. Product it has been processed by technologies, the use and residu of process not
biologically, so the waste will be return and problem for the environment. The
composition of the waste it self is the reflection of the consumption patterns, habits,
social structure, and income from the community who produce it. The people, so
called the citizens, who have a low level of income tend to eat the food which is
easily degraded biologically. Ludwig, et.al., (2003) stated that the amount of biodegradable waste tends to decrease in the citizens who development in the city has
turned high.
The high consumption of the people directly impacts to the increasing of
waste production. At present, the waste handling has been the most important and
prime thing in big cities. Many attempts have been done by government to reduce the
volume of the waste. Composting is one of the strategic elements in waste
management which could be implemented in the city landfill. According to Diaz
et.al., (2002), composting is a process of decomposing biologically through bacterial
action. The decomposition organisms are categorized into (i) bacteria, (ii)
actinomycetes, (iii) fungi, (iv) protozoa, (v) worm and (vi) larva. Sharma, (2002) also
stated that composting is a way to reduce waste from its sources. Other activities
could be done to reduce the dumps of waste such as changing the package, changing
20
the shopping habits, increase the re-use value of a product, changing the process in
industry and improving the consumption patterns of products. According to Ludwig
et.al., (2003) urban waste usually consists mainly of organic material that can be
digested by microorganisms. The process of decomposition of organic matter by
fungi and bacteria will produce simple organic compounds. The final product of the
degradation process of organic material will produce CO 2 and CH4, so that a pile of
garbage at the landfill waste is a source of greenhouse gas formation. Carbon
Dioxide and Methane gas that is formed respectively by comparison of the
composition ranges from 40% to 60%. Magnitude of this composition depends on the
presence of oxygen during the degradation process. Gaseous compounds produced
by decomposition of organic material in the landfill waste could potentially be the
cause of global climate change, are highly flammable, the source of the stench, the
cause of rust, so toxic to the human body and also cancer trigger. The concentration
of methane increased by 0.9% annually declared Strevett, et.al, (2002) is responsible
for 20% of the global greenhouse effect. On the other hand, with a citation and
proper management, methane is also a source of energy generation.
In addition to causing gas, waste at the solid waste disposal site will also
produce a liquid called leachate. Leachate as the result of the decomposition process
of organic material, mixturing by the run off the rain and the springs at the landfill
waste. These fluids are potential sources of contaminants to soil, surface water runoff
and shallow groundwater. The content of pollutants in the leachate can be classified
on dissolved organic material that is identified through the parameters COD and
BOD, including methane gas and volatile fatty acids, macro inorganic compounds
such as Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Iron, Manganese
21
chloride, sulfate and Carbonate. The leachate also contained heavy metal content
such as Cadmium, Copper, Chrommium, Lead, Nickel and Zinc as well as organic
compounds in the form Xenbiotic Aromatic Carbon, Phenols and Hallogenated
Aliphatics. (Ludwig et.al., 2003).
Regulation number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management stated that the SWDS
is defined as the Place of Final Processing to process and return the trash to the
media of environment safely for humans and the environment. Based on the mandate
of this Law, the management of SWDS should pay attention to the issue of gas raised
in the decomposition of waste because it can degrade the quality of the environment.
In particular, article 20 paragraph (2) a and (2) d of Law No. 18 of 2008 has also
confirmed that for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions need to do research on
waste composition and dry matter content of the solid waste. Dry matter content of
organic components of waste will decomposed in the process of decomposition by
bacteria. In the process of decomposition will produce CH4 gas, as a greenhouse gas
component of the potential negative impact on climate change. Survey of activities to
make waste segregation in the form of grouping and separation of waste according to
the type, quantity, and/or the nature of waste is also an application of the provisions
outlined in the Law No. 18 year 2008 concerning in waste management.
In Article 20 paragraph (1) stated that the waste reduction activities include
restrictions on waste generation, waste recycling and/or recovery of waste. As a
continuation of efforts to reduce waste, then the Government must be able to set up a
waste reduction target gradually over a certain period, and apply a good
environmentally friendly technologies and activities for the utilization of waste by
reuse and recycle waste. Data related to the composition of the waste survey
22
activities and the content of the dry matter content of waste is an important
component of local for government of the City/Distrcit in building a waste
management and treatment system in accordance to Article 22 paragraph (1) Law no.
18 of 2008 on Waste Management.
23
III. METHODOLOGY
1. Location Survey
a. Location Survey
Survey to determine the waste composition and dry matter content in the North
Sumatra conducted in Medan Metropolitan city and in Stabat city. Medan city
with an area of 265.1 km2 and population according to Medan in Numbers in
2010 was 2,121,053 peoples, supposed to represent Metropolitan cities. Stabat
is the capital of Langkat district has an area of 108.85 km2 and population
numbered 84,440 peoples serve as locations that represent a small town. Both
cities are set as the location of survey is included as a city in the assessment of
Adipura program. Medan city last won Adipura in 2006 and Stabat in 2010.
Based on the assessment criteria of the Ministry of Environment, who ever city
won Adipura that already has a good waste management system and supported
by the presence of SWDS which has also been well managed.
(1) SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan
As the capital city of North Sumatra, Medan which manages two SWDS in
Namo Bintang (176,392 m2) and Terjun-Marelan (137,563 m2). The survey
has been set out to do in SWDS Namo Bintang. SWDS Namo Bintang is
located ± 15 km southern city of Medan and including Deli Serdang
regency administration area with an area of 176,396 Ha. Operational of
SWDS Namo Bintang began in July 1987.
(2) SWDS Kuala Bingai-Stabat
Locations of survey
in the Stabat city conducted at the Government
Landfill waste. SWDS Stabat located in the area of palm oil plantations
24
also called SWDS Kuala Bingai with an area of 2.5 ha. SWDS Kuala
Bingai-Stabat began operating in 2005. SWDS Kuala Bingai not only
receive waste from the City of Stabat, but also from the Berandan city
which is the nearest town to town in the region Stabat Langkat. Waste
from the Berandan City sent to SWDS Kuala Bingai landfill site is only
derived from market of Berandan City.
(3) SWDS Terjun-Marelan
Data of SWDS Terjun Marelan are being used as complement of the data
survey of solid waste anagement system in the city of Medan.. SWDS
Terjun Marelan has a weighbridge facility, so that the volume of landfill
waste that is received is measured based on the weight of waste
transported by vehicle transporters. SDWS Terjun Marelan operate
simultaneously with SWDS TPA Namo Bintang, but sometimes have to
accommodate all the waste of Medan, where SWDS Namo Bintang can
not be operated.
b. Source of Waste Managed in the Area of Survey
(1) Namo Bintang-Medan
Although located in the district of Deli Serdang, SWDS Namo Bintang is
owned and managed by the city Government of Medan. SWDS Namo
Bintang area receive waste from 15 of the 21 District in Medan. The total
area served by SWDS Namo Bintang and its population is as shown in
Table 1.
25
Table 1: Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Namo Bintang
No.
District
Area (Km2)
Number of
households
Population
1.
Medan Johor
14,58
27.918
116.220
2.
Medan Amplas
14,58
26.503
115 156
3.
Medan Denai
9,05
32.511
139.939
4.
Medan Area
5,52
24.190
109.253
5.
Medan City
5,27
19.526
84.292
6.
Medan Tuntungan
20,68
20.249
70.073
7.
Medan Maimun
2,98
10.576
57.859
8.
Medan Polonia
9,01
10.977
53.427
9.
Medan Selayang
12,81
21.122
85.678
10.
Medan Sunggal
15,44
25.205
110.667
11.
Medan Helvetia
13,16
30.824
145.376
12.
Medan Petisah
6,82
15.326
68.120
13.
Medan Baru
5,84
10.041
44.216
14.
Medan Timur
7,76
28.803
113.874
Sources: Medan in Numbers 2010
26
(2) Kuala Bingai-Stabat
Accommodated by the landfill waste at Kuala Bingai that comes from the
Pangkalan Brandan market including from the District of Stabat Babalan with
solid waste from the market sources, housing, and offices in the city Stabat
(Table 2).
Table 2: Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat
No.
District
Area (Km2)
Number of
households
Population
1.
Stabat
108,85
20.195
84.440
2.
Babalan
76,41
64.764
64.764
Sources: Langkat in Numbers 2010
c.
Transportation System
(1) Medan City
Transporting waste of Medan is done by using vehicle type Arm Roll,
Typper and Container. Medan City Government through the City Sanitation
Department of Medan City (Dinas Kebersihan) distributed waste transport
vehicle to sending waste to SWDS Namo Bintang using type of vehicle
Typper, the Arm Roll Container and Container with distribution area and
the number and types of vehicles are distributed as shown in Table 3:
27
Table 3: Types and Number of Carrier using for Solid Waste Disposal Site Namo
Bintang
Typper
6
Transporter
Volume (M 3)
36
Arm Roll
1
7
Typper
5
3
Arm Roll
1
6
Typper
8
6
Typper
13
6
Container
1
10
Typper
16
96
Container
3
30
Medan Tuntungan
Typper
4
24
7.
Medan Maimun
Typper
5
30
8.
Medan Polonia
Typper
5
30
9.
Medan Selayang
Typper
5
30
10.
Medan Sunggal
Typper
7
42
11.
Medan Helvetia
Typper
8
48
Container
1
10
12.
Medan Petisah
Typper
8
48
13.
Medan Baru
Typper
6
48
14.
Medan Barat
Typper
4
32
15.
Medan Timur
Typper
1
6
16.
Backup for Market
Container
4
40
No.
District
1.
Medan Johor
2.
Medan Amplas
3.
Medan Denai
4.
Medan Area
5.
Medan City
6.
Type of Vehicle
Total
Sources: City Sanitation Department Data 2011
28
(2) Stabat City
Stabat transporting waste in the city are served by truck as many as 13 units
consisting of type Arm Roll, Dump Truck and Pick Up. Types of vehicles and
services for the City Stabat region as shown in Table 4:
Table 4: Types and Number of waste vehicle transport to SWDS Kwala Bingai
No.
Village / District
Type of Vehicle
Total
Transporter
Volume (M3)
1.
New Stabat-Stabat
Arm Roll
1
6
2.
Kwala Bingai-Stabat
Pick Up
1
3
3.
Babalan-Brandan Timur
Arm Roll
1
6
4.
Perdamaian-Stabat
Arm Roll
1
6
5.
Kwala Bingai-Stabat
Arm Roll
1
6
6.
Perdamaian-Stabat
Dump Truck
1
8
7.
Kwala Bingai / Sidomulyo
Dump Truck
1
8
8.
Backup / Not Operating
Dump Truck
6
-
Sources: Sanitation and City Landscape Department of Langkat Regency
d. Waste Management in the survey area of Medan and Stabat
Waste management in the survey area depends on the area of collection
services and waste load source. Stabat city that residents and activities a little
bit, served by 13 units of vehicles to residential areas, offices and markets.
29
SWDS Kuala Bingai using the Open Dumping method, so as not to reveal any
installation of methane gas collector formed by the decomposition of waste.
Based on the source, Medan municipal waste can be divided into residential
and household waste, shops, offices, traditional markets and modern markets,
hotels, hospitals, arterial road, and main streets, industrial. Responsibility for
waste management tailored to the location of waste sources Medan. Sanitation
Department of Medan to manage domestic waste, residential, offices and
commercial areas. Market Office Department manages traditional market
waste. Public Works Department to manage waste in drainage channels,
including weeds and sediment. Sub-district level government officials (Camat)
and the village chief (Lurah) to manage waste in a residential area outside the
main streets, as well as private parties responsible for managing the waste from
their Real Estate.
Figure 2: Solid Waste Delivered Directly by the sources or Using Beca or
Wheelbarrow, Gathered at The Polling Station To Be Moved
Either to the Truck and then Transported to the Landfill.
30
Waste collection from residential areas, shops and offices are cited directly by
garbage trucks and transported directly to landfill. Another system is to use a
wheelbarrow to collect garbage or trash pedicab to the polls and then
transferred to a container or into the truck. Waste of a modern market, hotel
and hospital domestic waste collected by the managers in place of the
temporary garbage collection (TPS), transferred onto trucks for transport to
landfill. Waste from public roads pick up by outsourcing peoples from
Sanitation
Department of Medan City by using a wheelbarrow and then
transferred onto trucks for transport to landfill.
Figure 3: Garbage Cart Waiting to be Unloaded Onto the Truck.
Waste from traditional markets collected using pedicab trash into container or
the garbage truck and then take to the landfill. Medan City Government also
provides transportation services using a garbage pick-up called the
31
"Ambulance Trash" to transport the garbage that has not been transported by
wheelbarrow, wheelbarrows and garbage pedicab.
Figure 4 : Garbage cart for collecting garbage from the source. Medan City
Government is conducting the replacement of the garbage pedicab
model whic is more effective and humane.
2. Survey Equipment Used In Survey Implementation
Implementation of the survey was conducted to determine the composition of
waste in the SWDS Namo Bintang in Medan and SWDS Kuala Bingai in Stabat,
which is then followed by determination of dry matter content in the laboratory of
the Provincial Environmental Biard of North Sumatra. The equipment used is
adapted to the purpose of the survey:
a. Type of Waste Composition Survey
Equipment used for the composition survey of waste consists of:
1) Waste Volume Estimator box the size of the volume of 250 liters
2) Volume Estimator solid waste box size of 1 m3
32
3) Scales maximum capacity of 100 Kg.
Figure 5: Box measuring waste by volume for the sample size of 250 liters (wooden
box) and 1 m3 (iron box). On the back of the visible portion of work tent
with size 6 x 8 meters.
Figure 6: Scales to measure the weight of garbage in plastic that have been
labeled according to the type of garbage.
33
Figure 7: Trash is taken from the truck was stirred with a shovel for the
homogenize process and then conducted quartering to obtain a more
representative of the sample.
4) Shovel for mixing waste to homogeneous samples.
5) Machete to reduce the sample size is too large.
6) Scissors in order to reduce the size of the sample to be tested in the drying
process for more homogeneous.
7) Safety equipment and health survey that consists of implementing a cap, shirt,
gloves, rain coats, masks, boots and a bench seat.
8) Paper bags and plastic binder labels to mark the type of waste.
9) Plastic garbage collector consists of several sizes to suit your needs and also
for packaging waste be brought to the laboratory.
10) Work Tents.
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Figure 8: The workers dividing waste that has been put on work clothes
(shoes, dress shirts, raincoats, hats, gloves and mask) and
listening to the working procedure from the instructor.
b. Survey of Dry Matter Content
Survey equipment for Dry Matter Contents are:
1. Drying Oven
Figure 9: Drying Oven brands Shibata, 20 amperes, 220 volts.
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2. Digital Scale
Scales used in the weighing process dry matter content of waste are analytic
digital scales and technic digital scales. Analyt