Akses dan Kesenjangan Digital

Akses dan Kesenjangan Digital
KMN 325 Minggu #13

Area Diskusi
• Kesenjangan Digital
▫ Broadband
▫ Seluler
▫ Literasi

• Ruang Publik
• Akses dan Aksesibilitas

Kesenjangan Digital, Didefinisikan
• Kesenjangan antara mereka yang
memiliki akses ke atau yang bisa
mendapatkan keuntungan dari
teknologi dan mereka yang tidak
bisa.

• Menurut Inpres No.3 Tahun 2003, disebutkan bahwa
digital divide adalah keterisolasian dari perkembangan

global karena tidak mampu memanfaatkan informasi.
• Kesenjangan ini akan berpengaruh kepada percepatan
pembangunan di Indonesia.
• Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh
International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
peningkatan penetrasi broadband sebesar 10% akan
memberikan 1,38% tambahan pertumbuhan produk
domestik bruto di suatu negara. Sedangkan, setiap
peningkatan penetrasi broadband sebesar 1% akan
mengurangi pertumbuhan pengangguran sampai
sebesar 8,61 %.

• Disini bisa kita lihat, bahwa kemajuan suatu bangsa di
masa yang akan datang ditentukan dari tingkat adopsi
pita lebar (broadband adoption) serta konsumsi konten
digital (digital content consumption).
• Salah satu aspek penting dalam mengatasi digital divide
adalah infrastruktur telekomunikasi.
• Tantangan penggelaran infrastuktur di Indonesia cukup
tinggi, karena wilayah yang tersebar dalam kepulauan

terbesar di dunia, landscape yang bervariasi, dan area
pedesaan.

Kesenjangan Digital :

Lebih dari stereotip

Contoh:
▫ Indonesia : Akses broadband pedesaan /
perkotaan
▫ Indonesia: “miskin” v “kaya” (akses)

Broadband : Apa itu??
• Apa artinya bagi Anda?

Broadband: FCC
• Home broadband users are those who said they
used any one of the following technologies to
access the internet from home:
▫

▫
▫
▫
▫

cable modem
a DSL-enabled phone line
fixed wireless
satellite,
a mobile broadband wireless connection for your
computer or cell phone
▫ fiber optic, T-1

Broadband: Kecepatan
• US speeds lag the world
▫
▫
▫
▫

DSL rata-rata setengah megabit per detik
Kabel rata-rata 1.5 megabits per detik
Canada: 5-10 megabits per detik
Asia dan Europe: 100 megabits per second

Akses Broadband : Definisi USA
• FCC mendefinisikan “akses broadband”
berdasarkan kode pos
▫ If there is one subscriber in a 5-digit zip code, the
FCC assumes that everyone in the zip code has
access
▫ If there are two providers, FCC assumes
competition -- even though generally people have
either DSL or cable access

• Hasilnya? Nomor yang dibesar-besarkan

Broadband: USA Posisi Global
• Denmark leads the G7 group of industrialized
countries in broadband penetration per 100 people

(OECD)
▫ 2001: US ranked 4th in the 30 OECD nations
▫ 2008: US ranked 15th

• Pew: “our broadband access tends to be slower and
less capable than that of a number of other nations,
but the lack of solid data from the federal government
makes this hard to quantify.” (InfoWeek)
• Indonesia untuk penetrasi Fixed broadband masih
dibawah 2% pada tahun 2016

Broadband: Kesenjangan Pedesaan /
Perkotaan
• The problem: kepadatan penduduk
▫ 25% population; 75% land mass

• Kita menghadapi masalah ini dengan listrik dan
telepon: hasilnya adalah listrik pedesaan dan
koperasi telepon, pinjaman pemerintah yang
diberikan (semua dilunasi)

• WiMax mungkin “fix”
• Super WiFi mungkin “fix” (62 miles, 22mbs)
▫ Unused TV spectrum

Cell Towers

Source:NYT

Mobile: USA di Posisi Global
• New York Times columnist Thomas L.
Friedman, Aug 2005: (tongue-in-check)
considering a run for President, promised that
after four years, our cell phone service would be
at least as good as Ghana's, and if elected for a
second term, as good as Japan’s.

Mobile: Teknologi US
• In Europe, gov’t standardized on GSM
• In US, gov’t was “hands off”, let the market
decide

▫ Late 2000s, transition began to GSM
(AT&T/Cingular)
▫ Verizon: still CDMA

Mobile: Gambaran Global
• GSM is the fastest growing communications
technology of all time (cite)
▫ 85% of the global market
▫ >25% of the global population

Mobile: Menghubungkan Dunia
• Mobile Internet (which definition?):
▫ Browsing Internet from mobile device
▫ Accessing Internet from a mobile network

• Taiwan: more mobile phones than people!
▫ Leapfrog technology (wireless v wired)

• Less power required

Mobile: Asia
• "We want to make the mobile phone a Swiss Army
knife that can do anything for you," China Mobile
chief executive officer Wang Jianzhou to
BusinessWeek.
• Japan, South Korea, Australia, Taiwan, and Hong
Kong are the leaders in mobile convergence
• Contributing cultural issues:
▫ Commuting patterns
▫ Minimal private spaces
▫ Low per capita PC ownership

Mobile: Konvergensi
• US lags the world due to competing “standards”
for how the data (voice) is transmitted; has led
to slower adoption
• Mobile internet adoption is also impeded by
expensive and slow data plans (relative to the
rest of the world)

Literasi Global

(1/3)

• Isu lain : literasi
▫ Many definitions -- makes it difficult to compare
data

• UN Data, literacy rate,15-24 year olds
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫

Afghanistan, 34%
Congo, 70.4%
Ethiopia, 31.2%
Liberia, 67.4%
Yemen, 75.2%

Literasi Global

(2/3)

• United Nations Literacy Decade (2003-2012)
▫ 2000: one in five adults aged 15+ was illiterate
 Women: two out of three illiterate adults.

▫ 2000: about 70 per cent of the world’s illiterate
adults lived in three regions: Sub-Saharan Africa,
South and West Asia, and the Arab States / North
Africa

Literasi Global

(3/3)

• For internet access to be beneficial, literacy is a
necessary condition

• This is where TV has an “advantage” in oral
cultures
▫ But TV promotes consumerism and requires
media literacy skills to effectively decode
commercial messages

• The other “oral” tech: telephony

Kesenjangan Digital adalah …
• … lebih kompleks daripada mengembangkan
dunia vs dunia berkembang
• Bagaimana hal ini berhubungan, khususnya,
teknologi & masyarakat?
▫ Satu jawaban : ruang publik