02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT What is an ecosystem, and how can we study one? Is the earth an open or closed system with respect to energy and elements? How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and how are they important to ecosystems? What are the major con
29/09/2011
What is an ecosystem, and how can we study
one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and
how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem
function?
What are the major factors responsible for the
differences between ecosystems?
02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
The concept of the agroecosystem is
based on ecological principles
Scales of Ecological Organization
Populations
1
29/09/2011
! " !#$
#
#%&
'& $
$
Tissues
Organs
systems
Organs
Organism
Autecology/Physiological ecology
&
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance
to stresses in environment where it will
live?
!"
A population is a group of individuals of the
same species inhabiting the same area at
the same time.
Important characteristics:
○ Population size, density, and dispersion
○ Birth and death rates
○ Growth rates
○ Age structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Population size,
density, and
dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity
○ Genetic Diversity
!"
Population ecology
Concerned
:
Important in determining the factors that control
population size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to support
population over time
"
#
A population is a group of plants, animals, or
other organisms, all of the same species,
that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
1. Numbers of individuals in a population
2. Population dynamics: how and why those
numbers increase or decrease over time
3. Population ecologists try to determine the
processes common to all populations
2
29/09/2011
!"
"
#
Communities an assemblage of populations
living together in the same
of
location at the same time.
The important thing :
Biologists in applied disciplines such as
Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management
1. Community structure and functioning
2. Community Biodiversity
○ Number and types of species
○ Relative abundance of species
○ Interactions among species
Must manage populations of economic
importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species
from extinction
3. Community Development
○ Community resilience to disturbance
○ Nutrient and energy flow
Ecosystems are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological
processes.
Community ecology
Concerned
:
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different
species
665000
Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient
recycling.
670 000
675000
PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU
$
KEL. PENCAL UKA N
Sumb erbran tas
#
$
9140000
DE SA TUL UNG REJO
DE SA SUM BERGO NDO DE SA T OY OMA RTO
9140000
Example:
In Watershed
Ka li Bra ntas
Si dorej o
Gabes
Junggo
Tegal sari
Gerdu
9135000
9135000
Selekta
Kek ep
Gondang
Paya n
Segu ndu
DES A PUNTE N
Rek esa n Kul on
K ungku k
DE SA B ULU KERTO
Gem bol
P agersa ri
Ngebruk
Sengonan
Rek esan W etan
P unten
P agergu nung
Tala ngs ari
P rumb ung
Prambatan
B umi aji
Gi ntung
Ta langr ej o
Clak et
Gem ul o
Sikorembug
Kandanga n
DESA
Brau Lebak
K lir an
Kapr u
GUN UN GSA RI
Brau
Cangar
Tonggol ari
Santri an
Borolas ah
DE SA S IDO MULYO
Baru
DE SA B UM IAJI
Tl ogorejo
Sum bersar i
DES A SUMBE RE JO
Banar an
Ti nj omoyo
DESA PA NDA NRE JO
Beru
DES A GI RIPU RN O
Binang un
Sabr angbendo
Cem bo
Sumberejo
Songgoriti
Kedung
B orogon dang
K lum us an
Las ah
Kajar
9130000
Sawa han
Plam boyan
Fl amboya n
Ngu jung
Kraj an
Dadap an
S onggo kerto
Tambuh
Pes antren
DES A TAWAN GARGO
Kali puti h
Pandan
Nga gl ik Ut ara
Pes anggrahan
DE SA P ASA NG GRA HAN
DESA PANDES AR I
Ngagl ik Selata n
Ngudi
Kraj an
Wun ucari
Leban
Srebet Barat
Srebet Ti mur
KEL . SO NGG OKE RTO
9130000
!"#
$
Dur ek
KEL . SI SIR
Ngemul
Meduran
B rak
Gentin g
Temas
Sreb et Ti m ur
Ngem ul
Meduran
KE L. TETemas
MA SBarat
KEL. NGAGLIK
Kamp ungan yar Kam punganyar
Genengan
B atu
Kl er ek
Putuk
K ali mal ang
Besu l
K ampun gteh
Suko mul yo
Gl on ggong
Toy omerto
Ngudi
Toyom arto
Kraj an
DESA TORONGRE JO
Gondorejo
Bej i
Oro@or oom bo
Ngukir
DES A B EJI
AREA L KE HU TANAN
DES A P END EM
Kajang
Pend em
DESA ORO@O ROOMB O
Rej oso
Tl ekung
DE SA MOJNgandat
ORE JO
DE SA J UNR EJO
DES A TLEKU NG
J eding
Dresel
Jun rejo
Dadaptuli
s Utara
DESA
DAD
AP REJO
9125000
Gangsiranputuk
9125000
Landuse:
: Hutan Alami
: Hutan Produksi
: Hutan Reboisasi
: Lahan Terbuka
: Pemukiman
: Perkebunan
: Rumput
: Sawah
: Semak
: Tegalan
2000
665000
0
2000
670 000
4000 Meters
675000
3
29/09/2011
%
! ! "
The
is the
global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is the
global ecological system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere
and atmosphere
$$!
Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability
Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem
4
29/09/2011
#
$
&'
# " (
*'
# " (
)$
"
How ecosystems function:
and
.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
) !
5
29/09/2011
%
$
" # "
#
$
(
) '
* '
6
29/09/2011
'
Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged
ecosystem
Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—
not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently
involved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed
ecosystem:
Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem
Will not continue on its own without management
If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture
without human input again
+
,
%
%
#—
&
%
'
( )
*
+
#
*
&
%
%
,
-
,
-
.
(
#
/
0 (
%
)
(
(
(
#
0 (
0 (
/
$
,
/
(
Figure 2.7
Functional components of an agroecosystem.
+
#
7
29/09/2011
#'+
' , %
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Using the soil as a
pool of nutrients:
Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops then
removal from
area
Erosion
Leaching
Run@off
www.themegallery.com
Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run@off
leaching
Company Logo
1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem .
2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di
dalam komunitas tersebut
3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam
komunitas tersebut
8
What is an ecosystem, and how can we study
one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and
how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem
function?
What are the major factors responsible for the
differences between ecosystems?
02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
The concept of the agroecosystem is
based on ecological principles
Scales of Ecological Organization
Populations
1
29/09/2011
! " !#$
#
#%&
'& $
$
Tissues
Organs
systems
Organs
Organism
Autecology/Physiological ecology
&
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance
to stresses in environment where it will
live?
!"
A population is a group of individuals of the
same species inhabiting the same area at
the same time.
Important characteristics:
○ Population size, density, and dispersion
○ Birth and death rates
○ Growth rates
○ Age structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Population size,
density, and
dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity
○ Genetic Diversity
!"
Population ecology
Concerned
:
Important in determining the factors that control
population size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to support
population over time
"
#
A population is a group of plants, animals, or
other organisms, all of the same species,
that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
1. Numbers of individuals in a population
2. Population dynamics: how and why those
numbers increase or decrease over time
3. Population ecologists try to determine the
processes common to all populations
2
29/09/2011
!"
"
#
Communities an assemblage of populations
living together in the same
of
location at the same time.
The important thing :
Biologists in applied disciplines such as
Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management
1. Community structure and functioning
2. Community Biodiversity
○ Number and types of species
○ Relative abundance of species
○ Interactions among species
Must manage populations of economic
importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species
from extinction
3. Community Development
○ Community resilience to disturbance
○ Nutrient and energy flow
Ecosystems are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological
processes.
Community ecology
Concerned
:
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different
species
665000
Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient
recycling.
670 000
675000
PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU
$
KEL. PENCAL UKA N
Sumb erbran tas
#
$
9140000
DE SA TUL UNG REJO
DE SA SUM BERGO NDO DE SA T OY OMA RTO
9140000
Example:
In Watershed
Ka li Bra ntas
Si dorej o
Gabes
Junggo
Tegal sari
Gerdu
9135000
9135000
Selekta
Kek ep
Gondang
Paya n
Segu ndu
DES A PUNTE N
Rek esa n Kul on
K ungku k
DE SA B ULU KERTO
Gem bol
P agersa ri
Ngebruk
Sengonan
Rek esan W etan
P unten
P agergu nung
Tala ngs ari
P rumb ung
Prambatan
B umi aji
Gi ntung
Ta langr ej o
Clak et
Gem ul o
Sikorembug
Kandanga n
DESA
Brau Lebak
K lir an
Kapr u
GUN UN GSA RI
Brau
Cangar
Tonggol ari
Santri an
Borolas ah
DE SA S IDO MULYO
Baru
DE SA B UM IAJI
Tl ogorejo
Sum bersar i
DES A SUMBE RE JO
Banar an
Ti nj omoyo
DESA PA NDA NRE JO
Beru
DES A GI RIPU RN O
Binang un
Sabr angbendo
Cem bo
Sumberejo
Songgoriti
Kedung
B orogon dang
K lum us an
Las ah
Kajar
9130000
Sawa han
Plam boyan
Fl amboya n
Ngu jung
Kraj an
Dadap an
S onggo kerto
Tambuh
Pes antren
DES A TAWAN GARGO
Kali puti h
Pandan
Nga gl ik Ut ara
Pes anggrahan
DE SA P ASA NG GRA HAN
DESA PANDES AR I
Ngagl ik Selata n
Ngudi
Kraj an
Wun ucari
Leban
Srebet Barat
Srebet Ti mur
KEL . SO NGG OKE RTO
9130000
!"#
$
Dur ek
KEL . SI SIR
Ngemul
Meduran
B rak
Gentin g
Temas
Sreb et Ti m ur
Ngem ul
Meduran
KE L. TETemas
MA SBarat
KEL. NGAGLIK
Kamp ungan yar Kam punganyar
Genengan
B atu
Kl er ek
Putuk
K ali mal ang
Besu l
K ampun gteh
Suko mul yo
Gl on ggong
Toy omerto
Ngudi
Toyom arto
Kraj an
DESA TORONGRE JO
Gondorejo
Bej i
Oro@or oom bo
Ngukir
DES A B EJI
AREA L KE HU TANAN
DES A P END EM
Kajang
Pend em
DESA ORO@O ROOMB O
Rej oso
Tl ekung
DE SA MOJNgandat
ORE JO
DE SA J UNR EJO
DES A TLEKU NG
J eding
Dresel
Jun rejo
Dadaptuli
s Utara
DESA
DAD
AP REJO
9125000
Gangsiranputuk
9125000
Landuse:
: Hutan Alami
: Hutan Produksi
: Hutan Reboisasi
: Lahan Terbuka
: Pemukiman
: Perkebunan
: Rumput
: Sawah
: Semak
: Tegalan
2000
665000
0
2000
670 000
4000 Meters
675000
3
29/09/2011
%
! ! "
The
is the
global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is the
global ecological system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere
and atmosphere
$$!
Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability
Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem
4
29/09/2011
#
$
&'
# " (
*'
# " (
)$
"
How ecosystems function:
and
.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
) !
5
29/09/2011
%
$
" # "
#
$
(
) '
* '
6
29/09/2011
'
Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged
ecosystem
Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—
not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently
involved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed
ecosystem:
Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem
Will not continue on its own without management
If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture
without human input again
+
,
%
%
#—
&
%
'
( )
*
+
#
*
&
%
%
,
-
,
-
.
(
#
/
0 (
%
)
(
(
(
#
0 (
0 (
/
$
,
/
(
Figure 2.7
Functional components of an agroecosystem.
+
#
7
29/09/2011
#'+
' , %
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Using the soil as a
pool of nutrients:
Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops then
removal from
area
Erosion
Leaching
Run@off
www.themegallery.com
Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run@off
leaching
Company Logo
1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem .
2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di
dalam komunitas tersebut
3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam
komunitas tersebut
8