F isherm en-H ou seh old’s Accessibilities to Solving Problems o f Their Poverty :A Case Study in the East Java Coastal Villages
ABSTRACT
T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e r e s e a r c h a r e ( 1 ) to i d e n t i f y a c h a n g e f o r bio-physic
poverty and to disempowering home marine social economy, (2) to analyse factors influencing the strategy of resource usage and fishermen
empowerment and (3) to analyse accessibilities of poor home
f i s h e r m e n in s o l v i n g t h e i r n e e d s .
The research used a survey method and a poverty rapid appraisal (PRA).
Primary data are collected from home fisherman respondents using Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) and Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches (SLA). Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with an analysis model of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
The results of the first-year research are as follows: (1) exploitation pressures on coastal marine resources are very intensive and exceed maximum sustainable yield (MSY) (over exploited). (2) Fishing operations of the fishermen are far away fishing locations, quantity and fish-size are smaller. Some poor fishermen solved their problems by using size-renovation of t h e i r s h i p s a n d a d j u s t i n g c a t c h i n g fis h t e c h n o l o g y , f i s h i n g ground, post-harvest activities. (3) Poor fishermen have the
Vol. 14, No. I, August 2006 Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
44 F ish erm en -H ou seltold’s A ccessibilities to .........
accessibilities with orderly scores as follows: social assets have
a highest score (0.940), physical assets scored of 0.444, human resource assets scored of 0.353, financial assets for business developments scored of 0.309, and accessibility on availability of fish-resources at lowest score of 0.285. With the results, empowering and solving the poverties of the fishermen are
c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y n e e d e d w i t h lo c a l c o n t e n t a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e approach an emphasis on policies of strengthening capital institution for the local poor fishermen.
Keywords: Accessibilities; Fishermen; Poverty.
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
T h e c o a s t a l a r e a o f I n d o n e s i a is r i c h o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . T h e c o a s t lin e , a p p r o x m a t e l y 8 1 , 0 0 0 k m s ( D a h u r i , e t al. 2 0 0 0 ) , is a l s o a d v a n t g e o u s f o r l i v e s . O n e o f t h e p o t e n c i a l r e s o u r c e s is f is h r e s o u r c e . T h e f i s h e r m e n liv e somewhere the area with very low income. They are poor and undertaking v e r y h a r d w o r k s . O f s u c h w o r s e c o d i t i o n o f t h e i r l iv e s , it is n e c e s s a r y t o
empower and develop them, the coastal area and natural resources of ocean
a s t h e i r p o t e n c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e w o r s e c o n d i t i o n is a l s o a l s o c a u s e d b y the poor and worse system of exploitation of the resources and the human
f a c t o r s . T h e f i s h e r m e n s till k e e p u s i g t h e t r a d i t i o a l t o o l s f o r f i s h i g . A l t h o u g h the relatively modern ways are performed, the meaningful effect does not
b r i n g f o r t i n t o t h e r e a l i ty o f t h e i r liv e s .
The coastal area of Indonesia where most fishermen live has great n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . O n e o f t h e p o t e n c i a l r e s o u r c e s h e r e is f i s h r e s o u r c e w h i c h is s till n o t p r o f e s s i o n a l l y d e v e l o p e d a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y t o u c h e d . T h e n a t u r a l resources are much available, but they are poor, and are not affordable enough to meet their daily needs. Their fishing activities are traditionally done, and of course they gets few fish. At the same time illegal fishermen w h o a r e f r o m n e i g h b o r h o o d c o u n t r i e s , f i s h i n g w i t h i lle g a l i n s t r u m e n t s g e t m u c h m o r e f i s h a n d d i s t r u c t t h e r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s . In t h i s c a s e , it is n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p a n d e m p o w e r t h e c o a s t a l v i l l a g e - f i s h e r m e n b e s i d e s r e f r e s s i n g t h e i l le g a l f i s h i n g .
Vol. 14, No. I, A ugust 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 45
h e d e v e l o p m e n t c o n d u c t e d s o f a r s till d o e s n o t m e e t t h e re al o b j e c t i v e s . T h e c o a s t a l v i l l a g e r s a r e s till p o s e d a s t h e o b j e c t o f d e v e l o p m e n t r a t h e r t h a n a s u b j e c t . T h e y a r e t o b e i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e in d e s i g n i n g a n d
i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e p r o g r a m o f d e v e l o p m e n t ( U U N o . 2 2 & 2 5 t a h u n 1 9 9 9 ).
B a s e d o n t h e f a c t a b o v e , it is n e c e s s a r y t o c o n d u c t a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y o n human
supported by the government.
development and
empowerment
programs
1.2 Statement of the Problems
There are some factors causing the coastal village poverty, especially the lo w c l a s s f i s h e r m e n . T h e p r o b l e m s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e s t a t e d a s t h e f o l l o w i n g .
1 H o w is t h e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c h a n g e s o f f is h a v a i l a b i l i t y o n t h e f i s h e r m e n poverty?
2 How do the households solve their unempowerment and poverty?
v What are the factors influencing the household fishermen accessibilities in s o l v i n g t h e i r u n e m p o w e r m e n t a n d p o v e r t y w h e n t h e y a r e f a c i n g b i o
physical changes and the goverment policy of fish resource exploitation?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
T h i s s t u d y is a i m e d at:
1. Identifying a change for bio-physic livelihoods, to solving their poverty and to disempowering home marine social economy
2. Analysing factors influencing the strategy of resource usage and fishermen empowerment
3 A n a l y s i n g a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s o f p o o r h o m e f i s h e r m e n in s o l v i n g t h e i r n e e d s .
2. Theoritical Framework
During 1990s World Bank had been conducting research on poverty and
h u m a e m p o w e r m e n t in m o r e t h a n 5 0 c o u n t r i e s in t h e w o r l d . It w a s d o n e w i th Participtory Poverty Assessment (PPA) and found that poor people are not lazy, n o t s t u p i d , n o t c o r r u p t ( N a r a y a n e t a l, 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e y a r e p o o r b e c a u s e o f p o o r
laciIties and infrastructures, corrupt and unlawful practices by the government
a n d N G O . o t h e r u n a c c o m o d a t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t s . T h e s o l u t i o n o f f e r e d in t h i s c a s e s ( I ) to s t r e n g t h e n a n i n s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e m , ( 2 ) t o c h a n g e s o c i a l n o r m , a n d ( 3 ) to
d e v e l o p t h e i r e n t r e p r e n e u r s k i l ls . T h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f f u n d i n g p r o g r a m f o r t h e p o o r m e n still m e e t g r e a t b a r r i e s b e c a u s e it is d o n e f o r s u c h s h o r t p e r i o d , o n e y e a r . A c t u a l l y , >uch p r o g r a m s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d f o r a r e a s o n a b l e p e r i o d o f t i m e , f o r 10 till 2 0
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
46 Fisherm en-H ousehoU Vs A ccessibilities to .........
y e a r s ( N a r a y a n , e t a l. 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e m e a n i n g f u l c h a n g e s w i l l b e o n s a t i s f a c t i o n r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e p r o g r a m , i f it is b a s e d o n t h e a p p r o a c h o f “ c o m m u n i t y locomotive” for any matters, the changes of mindsets, the synergical efforts of individual strength and community strenth, the community leaders’ commitment o f d e c r e a s i n g t h e p o v e r t y r a te . In t h i s c a s e , t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s r o l e s is n e e d e d in empowering and developing the poor fishermen.
A s t u d y o n t h e g o v e r m e n t ’s r o l e s in e n h a n c h i n g t h e p o o r m e n q i a l i t y o f life w a s c o n d u c t e d b y M u b y a r t o , S u t r i s n o a n d D o v e ( 1 9 8 3 ) r e v e a l e d th a t :
(1) The poor fishermen was gettting poor because they don not have a
c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e s in f i s h i n g . T h e l a r g e v e s s e l s o p e r a t e d b y t h e r i c h m e n , e x p l o i t e d t o o m u c h m o r e fis h m a d e t h e m l o s e a n d t h e y j u s t g o t f e w fis h . O f c o u r s e , t h e i r i n c o m e w a s a l s o g e t t i n g d e c r e a s e d .
( 2 ) T h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n d id n o t b e h a v e “ e x p l o s i v e ” b e c a u s e t h e r i c h m e n
w h o liv e in t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s c a r e d t h e m . T h e r i c h p r o v i d e d a j o b f o r them, paid zakat, infaq and shadaqah. This tradition creates a patron- client relationship.
(3) The government was necessary to regulate the resource exploitation,
e s p e c i a l l y f o r p r o t e c t i n g t h e p o o r m e n ’s i m p o r t a n c e . According to the results of reerach conducted by World Bank based on “ S u s t a i n a b l e L i v e l i h o o d s A p p r o a c h ” ( M u k h e r j e e , e t a l. 2 0 0 2 ) t h a t t h e o t h e r f a c t o r s m a k i n g t h e f i s h e r m e n p o o r is b r i e f l y e x p a l i n e d t h a t 1) t h e i r
h o u s e h o l d is r e l a t i v e l y w e a k f o r a n y c h a l l e n g e b e c a u s e o f p o o r f i s h i n g tools and equipments, and poor skill of fishing, no space for preserving fish;
2 ) l o w e r s k i ll s , k n o w l e d g e , and eduacated; 3) the social and structural transformation does not touch them; 4) the strategy undertaken
b y t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n in f a c i n g t h e c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h t h e r i v a l s is various: some take advantages from other commodity of coast, while t h e i r w i v e s p r o d u c e s n a c k s m a d e o f f i s h , e t c . ; a n d 5 ) t h e w o r l d B a n k ’s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f e m p o w e r i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g t h e m is t h a t t h e founded intitutions should be empowered and effected for them, then the p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a ll is n e e d e d a n d f o c u s e d o n d e v e l o p i n g t h e r e s o u r c e s comprehensively.
Based on the previous studies, there are some important issues to o v e r v i e w in d e e p a s t h e t h e f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m s . T h e y a r e 1) t h e p o v e r t y p r o b l e m o f t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n a n d t h e its s o l u t i o n is s p e c i f i c in t e r m o f
location: 2) the local institutions are needed to strengthen and effected for well- r u n f i s i h i n g a c t i v i t i e s ; a n d 3 ) e m p o w e r i n g a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e lo c a l
institutions needs the long-term financial system effected continuously based on the local considerations.
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 47
T h i s s t u d y is a l s o f i n a l l y a i m e d a t a n a l y z i n g a n y i n f o r m a t i o n b a s e d o n t h e l o c a l p o o r f i s h e r m e n ’s p a r t i c i p a t i o n f o r f o r m u l a t i n g a m o d e l o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g
a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f m a r k e t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d f i s h e r m e n - f i n a n c e . It is c a l l e d T h e Progressive Financial Intitution Development for Structural Development of Progressive Coastal Villages.
3. Methodology
3.1 The Conceptual Framework
This study focuses on human-centered development consisting of the freedom, the welfare, the safety, and the dependence. Those
i n c l u d e t h e p h y s i c a l life q u a l i t y , j o b s , f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e , i n d e p e n d e n c e ,
a n d s o c i a l a n d p o li ti c a l d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e f o l l o w i n g t h e f i g u r e d i s c u s s i n g
h u m a n p o s i t i o n in t h e f r a m e o f t h e r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t .
National Development
Rural Development
Human Development
Intervention Government
Rural Development
National Development
Sutrisno, and Dove, 1983:9).
T h e i n s t i t u t i o n in h u m a n d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m p l a y a v e r y
i m p o r t a n t r o l e . It is c o m m o n l y d i v i d e d i n t o t w o : g o v e r n m e n t a l organization (GO) and non-governmental organization (NGO). The t y p o l o g y is p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 3 .1 .
Vol. 14, \ o . I, August 2006 CO Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and M anagement Research
Postgraduate Program , Brawijaya University
48 Fisherm en-H ousehoU Vs A ccessibilities to
C e n tral
LSM
Government P e rse re k a ta n a g a m a / etnis P ro v in c e /R e g e n c e
A so siasi bisn is
Ju stic e
A sosiasi kasta
L ocal G o v e r n m e n t
o rg a n iz a tio n
/V illa g e
N e ig h b o u r , R T /R W
Lo ca l P olic e
R elatives
H e a lth C e n te r
T ra d itio n a l lead e rs
Field C o n s u lta n ts
Local N G O R e lig io u s b u ild in g s
T a b le 3.1: T y p o lo g y o f N o n -g o v e rm e n ta l O rg a n iz a tio n (N a ra y a n , et al., IB R D , 2 0 0 0 )
3.2 The Lower-income Fishermen
In t h i s s t u d y , t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n is d e f i n e d a s ( a ) t h o s e w h o d o not have production tools, (b) those who have very simple production tools, and (c) those who have production tools with the reach-capacity
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 49
1? m i l e s , a n d ( d ) t h o s e w h o is still j o b l e s s , u n e m p o w e r e d , l o w e r educated with small houses.
Opportunity, Mobility, and Accessibility
to Resources
i'igure 3.2: The institutional and accessibility on opportunity (Narayan. at al., 2000. p. 12)
________ ^ - One \va\ relation M ---------►
= I \vo-wa\ relation
_ . - Low/weak interdependence
3.3 Location of the Research
It t a k e s p l a c e in E a s t J a v a , a n d d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r z o n e s : ( a ) t h e northern zone including Weru village, Lamongan, (b) Madura island, L e k o k v i l l a g e , ( c ) M u n c a r v i l la g e , B a n y u w a n g i , a n d ( d ) t h e s o u t h e r n / o n e i n c l u d i n g P r i g i v i l la g e , T u l u n g a g u n g .
3.4 .Method of
Analysis I)
F is h S t o c k E s t i m a t i o n ( M S Y ) T h i s m o d e l is f r o m S c h a e f e r , e s t i m a t e d u s i n g O L S ( O r d i n a r y Least Squares) between production (Y) and number of standard
i n s t r u m e n t s ( e f f o r t ) y e a r 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 4 . T h i s m a y b e s t a t e d in th e
f o l l o w in g e q u a t i o n ( 1 )
V ol. 14, .\o. I, August 2006 <; Cent re fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya I niversity
F isher m en -H o use h o ld ’.v
A ccessibilities to
Y = a . E - b . E ........ ( 1 )
The function of fishing sustainably has the same form with the
g r o w t h o f f is h s t o c k . It is a p a r a b o l i c f o r m . E q u a l i t y ( 1 ) m a y b e s t a t e d in t h e o t h e r e q u a t i o n , C P U E ( C a s h P e r U n i t E f f o r t , Y / E ) , t h e n it b e c o m e s e q u a t i o n ( 2 )
Y/E = a - b . E ........................ ( 2 )
U s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n d a t a a n d t h e n u m b e r o f t r a n s p o r t s in a p a r t i c u l a r p e r io d ( 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 4 ) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n C P U E and the growth of transport can be set up. Then,
OLS, the p a r a m e t e r v a l u e o f a a n d b in t h e e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) c a n b e e s t i m a t e d . T h e r e s u l t o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n a a n d b is u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e Q maximum (MSY) and optimal E (the number of effort).
(2) Identifying the households’ asset of fishermen In i d e n t i f y i n g t h e i r a s s e t s a n d o u t p u t s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s u s e t h e
m o d e l f r o m W o r l d B a n k ( M u k h e r j e e , e t a l, 2 0 0 2 ) . It c o n s i s t s o f (a) types of asset (input), and the result ( outputs). The first
i n c l u d e s 1) h u m a n c a p i t a l , 2 ) p h y s i c a l c a p i t a l , 3 ) s o c i a l c a p it a l ,
4) financial capital, and 5) natural resource capital. The latter
c o n s i s t s o f 1) i n c r e a s i n g i n c o m e l e v e l , 2 ) i n c r e a s i n g w e l f a r e , 3 ) eliminating their weaknesses, and 4) sustaining the right
e x p l o i t a t i o n o f lo c a l n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . (3)
Some factors affecting their poverty and accessibility. Some factors estimatd to affect directly and indirectly on their
poverty may be divided into two: input and output. The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e t h r e e is s t a t e d in F i g u r e 3 .3 .
VoL 14, No. 1 , August 2006 CO Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 51
In p u t Factor
O u tp u t Factor
Human Capital:
Education and experience, 1 . H o u s e h o l d ’s
intrepreneurial skill, \
income 2. Competition of
Exploitation
fishing
Physical Capital:
3. Migrattion Transpotation, size and
strategy and
4. Leave fishing technology of fishing, value of
Physical
Social-
--- * Economy of
5. Business diversifica-tion
fishing tools, size of vessels,
6. Access to traders / machine.
value of vessels, PK of
the Poor
markets SocialCapital:
F i s h e r m e n ’s
7. Access to wife network, groups
Social
Housholds
8. Other factors
9. N u m b e r f i s h in g
Financial capital : expenses, frequency credit, and capital.
10. Expenses Natural Reource: fishing
11. Intrepreneunal skill
zones, Reserves, sort of fish.
F ig u re 3.3: In p u t-O u tp u t F ac to rs a ffe c tin g p h y sical h o u s e h o ld e c o n o m y o f the p o o r fish e rm e n
The input-output factors above may be divided into three
g r o u p s : a ) i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s , b ) e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s , a n d c ) i n t r e p r e n e u r i a l s k ill
f a c t o r s , a s c a l l e d s o c i a l - e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s . T h e l a t te r is m e a s u r e d b a s e d o n t h e i r h o u s e h o l d c o v e r i n g : 1) t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e , 2 ) t h e i n n o v a t i o n , 3 ) t h e r i s k - t a k i n g , 4 ) t h e i n i t i a t i v e a c t i o n , a n d a c t i v e l y c o m p e t e in h a v i n g market/trade potential.
The research variables are measured using quantitative and qualitative approach. The qualitative variables are measured using Likert S c a l e w i t h f i v e p o in t s . T h e t y p e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p is t e s t e d a n d p r e s e n t e d in
F i g u r e 3 .4 . T h e s c o r e s a r e b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a n d a r d s : Score 1 means quite unagreeable Score 2 means not agreeable Score 3 means neutral Score 4 means agreeable Score 5 means quite agreeable
Vol. 14, No. 1, A ugust 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
52 Fish erm en -H o use ho Id ’s A ccessibilities to
F ig u re 3.4: T h e c a u se -e ffe c t o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a n g e s on h o u s e h o ld po v e rty o f the p o o r fish erm e n .
data are analyzed descriptively. To get the description on any factors affecting the social (human) empowerment effectivity, the researchers employed the
The primary
i n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a n d e c o n o m e t r i c m o d e l in t h e f o r m o f simultaneous equation. In a n a l y z i n g d a t a o n c a u s e - e f f e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s employ Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the following procedures:
2) path diagram development, 3) path diagram convertion into structural equation and model, 4) input matrix and model estimation selection, 5) observing the possibility of model identification problems, 6) evaluation of criteria of
g o o d n e s s o f fit, a n d 7 ) m o d e l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n .
3.5 Types of Data and Gathering of Data T h e t y p e s o f d a t a in t h e i r r e s e a r c h a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o : p r i m a r y
d a t a a n d s e c o n d a r y d a t a . T h e f i rs t is c o l l e c t e d w i t h i n - d e p t h i n t e r v i e w
b a s e d o n p o v e r t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s s e s s m e n t ( P P A ) . T h e s e c o n d a r y d a t a is needed as the complement for the primary data collected from the related institutions.
Vol. 14, No. I, A ugust 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and M anagement Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 53
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 The Reserve of Fish Resources
T h e re s e rv e level o f fish re s o u rc e in E ast J a v a is g e ttin g d e c re a s e d . E x p lo ita tio n level o f fish in Bali O c e a n (H a riy a n to , 2 0 0 5 ) w a s fo u n d o v e r ex p lo ite d . T h e s a m e th in g als o h a p p e n e d in M a d u r a oce an . T a b le 4.1, T a b le 4.2, T a b le 4.3
e x p la in th e re s e rv e level o f fish. No
Item
P elagis Fish
D e m e rs a l Fish To tal
MSY
Effort
MSY
Effort
(Ton)
(ton)
(unit)
(to n )
Opt
4 Prod.
5 T ra n s 1.012 2004
T a b le 4.1: T h e e s tim a te d results o f m a x im u m fish p r o d u c tio n ( M S Y ) o f M a d u r a O c e a n ( S c h a e fe r M o d e l) a n d Fish p r o d u c tio n in 2 0 0 4 .
No
D etails
T o tal
1 T h e c h a n g e s o f fishing z o n e s
a. N o ch a n g e
b. G et farther
2 Size o f V e sse ls
a. N o c h a n g e
b. G e t larger
3 B u s in e ss A c tiv itie s
4 S iz e o f Fish
5 N u m b e r o f c a u g h t-fish
a. N o ch a n g e
b. G e t less
6 O p e ra tio n a l co st o f fishing
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006 £) Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
F ish erm en -H ou seh old ’s
A ccessibilities to
a. N o c h a n g e
23 9 2 ,0 0 T a b le 4.2: T h e Fish R e s e rv e a c c o rd in g to th e r e s p o n d e n ts o f Prigi V illa g e
b. G e t h ig h e r
No
D etails
b. G e t farth er
b. G e t larg e r
3 C h a n g e o f B u sin e ss activ ities
4 C h a n g e o f size o f fish
a. N o c h a n g e
b. G e t s m aller
5 Change of number of
c a u g h t-fish
6 C h a n g e o f o p e ra tio n a l co st o f fish in g
F ig u re 4.3: T h e Fish R e s e rv e A c c o rd in g to the re s p o n d e n ts o f W e ru V illa g e
2 Social and Economic Condition of Fishermen
T h e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n o f f i s h e r m e n in e a s t j a v a r e l a t e d t o t h e l o c a l c o n d i t i o n w i t h h o u s e h o l d c o n s u m p t i o n l e v e l in 2 0 0 5 is l e s s than Rp. 20,000.- per day as stated by the respondents of Prigi Village
asse t
o w n e rs h ip
a. < Rp. 10,00 m illio n s
19 76 ,0 0 m illio n
b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0
c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s
VoL 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 55
2 B u s in e s asse t o w n e rs h ip
a. < Rp. 10,00 m illio n s
7 2 8 ,0 0 m illio n
b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0
c. > R p. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s
3 In c o m e p e r m o n th
1. Fish, K gs
2. In c o m e rate
a. < Rp. 0 ,5 0 m illions
1 4 ,0 0 m iiian s
c. > Rp. 1,00
b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0
c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 th o u sa n d s
2. Per m onth
a. < Rp. 0 ,5 0 m illions
5 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s
b. Rp. 0 ,5 0 - Rp. 1,00
c. > R p 1,00 m illio n s
T a b e l 4.4. T h e E c o n o m ic W e lfa re R ate o f F ish e rm e n H o u s e h o ld o f R e s p o n d e n t in Prigi
V illag e
a. < Rp. 10,00 m illion
9 3 6 ,0 0 m illion
b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0
c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s
2 B u s in e ss asse t o w n e rs h ip
a. < Rp. 10,00 m illio n s
4 4 ,0 0 m illion
b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0
c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
56 F ish erm en -H ou seh old ’v
A ccessibilities to
3 In c o m e p e r m o n th
1. Fish, K g
2. In c o m e rate
a. < Rp. 0 ,5 0 m illio n s
0 0 ,0 0 m illio n s
c. > Rp. 1,00 m illion
4 H o u s e h o ld c o n s u m p tio n
1. Per day a.< Rp. 10,-th o u san d s
18 72 ,0 0 th o u s a n
b. Rp. 10,00
a. < Rp. 0 ,50 m illions
8 3 2 ,0 0 m illio n s
b. Rp. 0 ,5 0 - Rp. 1,00
c. > R p 1,00 m illio n s
T abel 4.5. T h e E c o n o m ic W e lfa re R ate o f F ish e rm e n H o u s e h o ld o f R e s p o n d e n in W e ru
V illag e
The social and economic condition and the ways the fishermen solve their problems (poverty) are stated as follows:
1 T h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e i r h o u s e s is m o s t l y m a d e o f b a m b o o w a l l / w o o d . T h e “ g o o d ” h o u s e s f o u n d in t h e f i e l d a r e o w n e d b y a n d occupied by fish traders, boss, and/or vessel-owners. The most
h o u s e s w h e r e t h e f i s h e r m e n liv e a r e g i f t f r o m t h e i r p a r e n t s .
2. T h e f i s h e r m e n ’s h a b i t o f r e l i e v i n g t h e m s e l v e s a t t h e b e a c h is
d i f f i c u l t t o m a i n t a i n a l t h o u g h w a s h i n g r o o m s a r e a v a i l a b l e in t h e i r houses.
3. The fishermen's wives spend more their time for writing their husbands from fishing rather than helping them make money. They also tend to avoid any activities held by the head of villages because they feel underestimated and lower social status and lower educated.
4. Religious and social activities are intensively performed.
VoL 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 57
T h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s s u b s i d i e s a r e n o t w e l l d e l i v e r e d . F o r e x a m p l e , some of them got only 5 kg of rice per household rather than 20 kg of rice which should be actually received. The fishermen are quite dependent on the fish traders because of
d e b t s . T h e p r i c e is s e t u p u n r e a s o n a b l e b y t h e w h o l e s a l e r s f o r t h e fishermen. This condition makes them get sorrow and affects their daily lives. The infrastructure for transportation, education, and
health services are available. In t h e c o n t e x t o f e c o n o m i c r e l a t i o n o f t h e f i s h e r m e n , “ f i s h - t r a d e r s ” plays a very important roles between the traders and the fishermen. The fish traders do not only buy fish but also provide any loans w h i c h s e e m s t o b e u s e f u l a n d h e l p f u l f o r t h e f i s h e r m e n , b u t in fa c t, the loans are just “trap” for them. O c e a n a s a c o m m o n p r o p e r t y t e n d t o b e o v e r e x p l o i t e d . It a f f e c t s t h e number of caught-fish. The number of vessels, the use of catching tools which destroy the ocean resource, eco-systems, the irregular climate may cause the number of caught-fish decreased and create p o v e r t y . T h e t e c h n o l o g y u s e d in f i s h i n g l i k e “ p u r s e s e i n e ” a n d “ d a n i s h s e i n e " is n o t u s e f u l b e c a u s e t h e n u m b e r o f c a u g h t - f i s h is
g e t t i n g d e c r e a s e d w h i l e t h e o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t is g e t t i n g i n c r e a s e d .
The Fishermen’s Accessibility
The fishermen have accessibilities from the lowest until the
f o u n d t h a t t h e r e w a s “ a n a c t o r ” w h o d o m i n a t e d t h e e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y in Were Village. Thus, some efforts of maintaining their lives meet be based on local considerations and should be comprehensively performed with the s t r u c t u r a l a n d c u l t u r a l a p p r o a c h t o all a s p e c t s o f t h e h o u s e h o l d p e n t a g o n
a s s e t . T h e l e v e l o f a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s s h o w e d b y t h e f i s h e r m e n o f P rig i
V i l l a g e a n d W e r u V i l l a g e is p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 4 . 6 a n d f a b l e 4 .7 .
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006 Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
58 F ish ern ten -H ou seh old’s A ccessibilities to
No
D eta ils* )
c. High
c. High
3 C ap ital
c. High
c. High
c. High
*) N o te s : T h e lo w est sco re : 0 -3, T h e m id d le : 4 - 6 a n d the hig h est: > 6 T ab le 4.6: T h e E c o n o m ic a l A c c e ss ib ility o f F is h e r m e n ’s H o u s e h o ld o f Prigi V illag e
Detail *)
T otal
c. High
3 C a p ital
c. High
c. High
5 S ocial
Vol. 14, No. 1, A ugust 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
c. High
*) N o te s : T h e lo w e st s c o re : 0 -3, T h e m id d le : 4 - 6 a n d the hig h est: > 6
T a b le 4.7: T h e E c o n o m ic a l A c c e ss ib ility o f F is h e r m e n ’s H o u s e h o ld o f W e ru V illag e
4.4 Empowering the Poor Fishermen
The factors which affect the increase of their income, those of empowerment program participant and non-participants are fishing production, productive time spent and the cost of production or operation. The factors which affect the incraese of fishing production are the asset of vessels, type of catching tools, quality human resource, fish
p r i c e , t h e f i s h i n g a r e a , a n d b u s i n e s s d e v e l o p m e n t a f t e r h a r v e s t t im e . While the factors which affect the decrease of production of results of
f i s h i n g is f u e l . S o m e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e f i s h i n g c o s t s a r e v e s s e l s u s e d , type of catching tools, result quality and human resource quality.
Thus, the development of the ocean area for increasing the
5.1 In g e n e r a l , t h e r e s e r v e o f f i s h r e s o u r c e in E a s t J a v a is g e t t i n g d e c r e a s e d . It i n f l u e n c e s d i r e c t l y t h e f i s h e r m e n ’s i n c o m e . T h e l e v e l o f e x p l o i t a t i o n reaches over available fish resource (over exploited). Thus, the m a i n t e n a n c e a n d t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e f i s h e r m e n ’s i n c o m e s h o u l d b e focused on the use of technology which does not destruct environment, quality approach, and the target of commercial fish. The increase of their income from other activities (non-fishing) could be an after-harvest time (agroindustry) and other alternatives of activities.
5 .2 T h e d e c r e a s e o f r e s e r v e o f f i s h r e s o u r c e s is f o l l o w e d b y t h e d e c r e a s e o f
f i s h i n g a r e a , f i s h n u m b e r , a n d fis h s iz e t h e f i s h e r m e n g o t f r o m f i s h i n g . T h i s c o n d i t i o n m a k e s t h e m s o r r o w . T h e w o m e n in t h e v i l l a g e s s p e n t m o r e t h e i r t i m e j u s t f o r w a i t i n g f o r t h e i r h u s b a n d s f r o m f i s h i n g r a th e r than doing things for money and they avoid attending any meeting
Vol. 14, No. I, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
60 Fisherm en-H ousehoU Vs A ccessibilities to .........
because their social and economic status and level of educational background.
5.3 Religious and social activities are intensively performed. The fish auction facilitated by the government do not function well. Most of the government program does not run as being expected. However, the fish- t r a d e r s p l a y a d o m i n a n t r o l e f o r t h e i r li v e s . T h e y p r o v i d e a n y l o a n s f o r t h e m , t h e n s e t u p t h e f i s h p r i c e u n f a ir ly . T h i s , o f c o u r s e , i n f l u e n c e s t h e i r
income. The people perceive ocean as the public property to be over exploited. The increase of vessels quantity, the operating of catching t o o l s w h i c h d e s t r u c t s f is h r e s o u r c e s , e c o - s y s t e m , u n p r e d i c t e d c l i m a t e also affect the number of caught-flsh, and cause poverty.
B e c a u s e t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n is e a s i l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e c l i m a t e a n d environmental changes, the fishermen have various accessibilities from t h e h i g h e s t till t h e l o w e s t . S o c i a l c a p i t a l ( a s s e t ) is t h e h i g h e s t ( 0 . 9 0 ) , p h y s i c a l a s s e t ( t h e h a r b o u r ) is 0 . 4 4 4 , h u m a n c a p i t a l ( t h e f i s h e r m e n ' s s k i l l a n d k n o w l e d g e o f f i s h i n g ) is 0 . 3 5 3 , f i n a n c i a l c a p i t a l ( t h e i r a b i l i t y to
g e t c a p i t a l a n d d e v e l o p b u s i n e s s ) is 0 . 3 0 9 a n d t h e l o w e s t is n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s ( f is h r e s e r v e ) , 0 . 2 8 5 . T h u s , a ll e f f o r t s o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i r lives should be performed comprehensively based on the structural and natural approaches.
5 .5 Some factors affecting the increase of their income of those of participants joining the empowerment program or non-participants are
f i s h i n g p r o d u c t i o n o r o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t. F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e i n c r e a s e o f fishing production the asset of vessels, type of catching tools, human r e s o u r c e q u a l i t y , f i s h p r i c e , f i s h i n g a r e a , a n d b u s i n e s s d e v e l o p m e n t a f te r
h a r v e s t t i m e . F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e d e c r e a s e o f p r o d u c t i o n o f f i s h i n g is
f u e l. F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e f i s h i n g c o s t is t h e o p e r a t i n g o f v e s s e l s , t y p e o f catching tools, fish quality and human resource quality.
6. Suggestions
The development of coastal area of Indonesia aimed at increasing the
f i s h e r m e n ’s w e l f a r e a n d d e c r e a s i n g t h e p o v e r t y r a t e is s u g g e s t e d a s t h e following.
1. to focus on developing human resources, the quality of technological environment, the fish resource and the quality of caught-fish. Those are to be supported by intensive training and intensive guides for effective fishing and other activities, then they are expected to have alternative
jobs other than fishing.
2. t o d r u m in o n t h e a c c e s s e m p o w e r m e n t a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e i r accessibility to local financial institutions by maintaining the pentagon
Vol. 14, ISo. I, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 61
assets especially those leading to the funding services which are mainly r e a l i z e d in p r o v i d i n g e q u i p m e n t s f o r f i s h i n g w h i c h m a k e t h e m w o r k more efficient make the environment more sustainable.
3. A l s o , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s f o c u s e s o n t h e p o l i c y a n a l y s i s and strengthening institutions, local leadership, and marketing/funding for the poor fishermen.
References
B e t k e . F. 1 9 8 9 . T h e F i s h e r m e n o f L e k o k , T r a d i t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g y a n d S o c i o
E c o n o m i c T r a n s i t i o n in T w o F i s h i n g V i l l a g e o f E a s t J a v a , I n d o n e s i a . Ringkasan Hasil Penelitian. Department of Sociology, University of
B i e l e f e l d , B i e l e f e ld .
D a h u r i , R . e t a l. 1 9 9 8 . “ P e n y u s u n a n K o n s e p P e n g e l o l a a n S u m b e r d a y a P e s i s i r
dan Lautan yang Berakar dari Masyarakat” Kerjasama Ditjen Bangda dengan Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, IPB. Laporan Akhir.
Dayal, Rekha, Christine van Wijk and Nilanjana Mukherjee. 2000. Methodology for Participatory Assessments (MPA). International Water and Sanitation Centre. IRC. Program.
Dinas Perikanan Propinsi Jawa Timur. 1980-2000. S t a t is t i k P e r i k a n a n J a w a Timur Tahun
1980 - 2000. Dinas Perikanan Propinsi Jawa Timu, Surabaya.
F e l l iz a r , F r a n c i s c o F. 1 9 9 4 . A c h i e v i n g S u s t a i n a b l e D e v e l o p m e n t T h r o u g h Community-Based Resource Management
(CBRM)
AFSSRN-Sponsored
Seminar-Workshop on
C o m m u n i t y - B a s e d M a n a g e m e n t o f C o s t a l R e s o u r c e s , 7 - 8 D e c 1 9 9 4 . I l o i lo
C i ty .
Friedman, John. 1992. Empowerment. The Politics of Alternative Development. Blackwell Publishers. Cambridge MA & Oxford UK.
Kikuchi, Masao. 1987. Delema Ekonomi Desa. Suatu pendekatan Ekonomi terhadap Perubahan Kelembagaan di Asia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarata.
Vol. 14, No. I, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
62 F ish erm en -H ou seh old’s A ccessibilities to
K u s n a d i , 2 0 0 2 . K o n f l i k S o s ia l N e l a y a n : “ K e m i s k i n a n D a n P e r e b u t a n S u m b e r Daya Perikanan”. LKiS, Yogyakarta.
Kusnadi, 2003. Akar Kemiskinan Nelayan. LKiS, Yogyakarta
L e m b a r a n N e g a r a R I. T a h u n 1 9 9 9 No. 60. 1999. Undang-Undang Republik
Indonesia No. 22 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, Jakarta.
Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2000 No. 54. 2000. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 25 Tahun 2000 Tentang Kewenangan Pemerintah dan Kewenangan Propinsi sebagai Daerah Otonom, Jakarta.
Mosher, A.T., 1974. Menciptak'in Struktur Pedesaan Progresif. CV. Yasaguna, Jakarta
Mosher, A.T., 1983. Menggerakkan dan Membangun Pertanian (Syarat-Syarat Pokok Penibangunan Modernisasi). CV. Yasaguna, Jakarta.
M u b y a r t o , L o e k m a n S u t r i s n o d a n D o v e . 1 9 8 3 . N e l a y a n d a n K e m i s k i n a n . S tu d i Ekonomi Antropologi di Dua Desa. Yayasan Agro Ekonomika - CV. Rajawali, Jakarta.
M u h a m m a d , S a h r i d a n E. S u s i l o . 1 9 9 8 . E a s t J a v a F i s h e r m e n ’ s A t t i t u d e s Towards New Fishing Technologies
in Roch, J. (editor). Proceedings of
Socio-Ecnomics, Inovation and Management of the Java Sea Pelagic Fisheries. Seminar SOSEKIMA
4-7 December
1995, Bandungan.
E u r o p e a n U n i o n - C e n t r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u te f o r F i s h e r i e s ( C R I F I ) - French Scientific Research Institute for Development through Cooperation (ORSTOM), Jakarta.
Muhammad, Sahri. 2002. Ekonomi Rumahtangga Nelayan dan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan Jawa Timur : Suatu Analisis Simulasi Kebijakan.
Program Pascasaraja, IPB, Bogor (Desertasi)
Mukherjee, Nilanjana, Joan Ilardjono and Elizabeth Carriere. 2002. People,
P o v e r t y a n d L i v e l i h o o d s . L i n k f o r S u t a i n a b l e P o v e r t y R e d u c t i o n in Indonesia. The Word Bank and Departement for International Development (DFID), UK.
Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and M anagement Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 63
N a r a y a n , D e e p a , a t al. 2 0 0 0 . V o i c e s o f T h e P o o r . C a n A n y o n e H e a r U s 1 Oxford University Press for Word Bank, Washington.
S i n g h . I., L . S q u i r e a n d J. S t r a u s s . 1 9 8 6 . A g r i c u l t u r a l H o u s e h o l d M o d e l s
Extensions, Applications and Policy. The Johns Hopkins Umversit\ Press, Baltimore.
S m i t h . I. R. 1 9 8 7 . P e n m g k a t a n P e n d a p a t a n P e r i k a n a n p a d a S u m b e r d a y a \ a n u
Sudah Lebih I angkap. (Bahasa Indonesia; dalum M a r a h u d i n d a n S m i th (editors). Ekonomi Perikanan. Yayasan Obor-Gramedia. Jakarta
S u m o d i n m g r a t . G u n a w a n . 1 9 9 8 . M e m b a n g u n P e r e k o n o m i a n R a k v a t P u s ta k a P e 1 aj a r - 1 D E A . Y o g \ a k a r t a
I j o k r o w i n o t o . M o e l j a r t o . 1 9 9 6 P c m b a n g u n a n D e l e m a d a n l a n t a n g a n P u s ta k a Pelajar, Yogyakarta
W a h y o n o , A r i , a t al. 2 0 0 1 . P e m b e r d a y a a n M a s y a r a k a t N e l a y a n . P e n e r b i t M e d i a
P r e s s i n d o K e r j a s a m a d e n g a n Y a y a s a n A d i k a r y a - F: o r d I o u n d a t
Vol. 14, ,\o. /, August 2006
Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University