F isherm en-H ou seh old’s Accessibilities to Solving Problems o f Their Poverty :A Case Study in the East Java Coastal Villages

ABSTRACT

T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e r e s e a r c h a r e ( 1 ) to i d e n t i f y a c h a n g e f o r bio-physic

poverty and to disempowering home marine social economy, (2) to analyse factors influencing the strategy of resource usage and fishermen

empowerment and (3) to analyse accessibilities of poor home

f i s h e r m e n in s o l v i n g t h e i r n e e d s .

The research used a survey method and a poverty rapid appraisal (PRA).

Primary data are collected from home fisherman respondents using Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) and Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches (SLA). Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with an analysis model of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

The results of the first-year research are as follows: (1) exploitation pressures on coastal marine resources are very intensive and exceed maximum sustainable yield (MSY) (over exploited). (2) Fishing operations of the fishermen are far away fishing locations, quantity and fish-size are smaller. Some poor fishermen solved their problems by using size-renovation of t h e i r s h i p s a n d a d j u s t i n g c a t c h i n g fis h t e c h n o l o g y , f i s h i n g ground, post-harvest activities. (3) Poor fishermen have the

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44 F ish erm en -H ou seltold’s A ccessibilities to .........

accessibilities with orderly scores as follows: social assets have

a highest score (0.940), physical assets scored of 0.444, human resource assets scored of 0.353, financial assets for business developments scored of 0.309, and accessibility on availability of fish-resources at lowest score of 0.285. With the results, empowering and solving the poverties of the fishermen are

c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y n e e d e d w i t h lo c a l c o n t e n t a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e approach an emphasis on policies of strengthening capital institution for the local poor fishermen.

Keywords: Accessibilities; Fishermen; Poverty.

1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

T h e c o a s t a l a r e a o f I n d o n e s i a is r i c h o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . T h e c o a s t lin e , a p p r o x m a t e l y 8 1 , 0 0 0 k m s ( D a h u r i , e t al. 2 0 0 0 ) , is a l s o a d v a n t g e o u s f o r l i v e s . O n e o f t h e p o t e n c i a l r e s o u r c e s is f is h r e s o u r c e . T h e f i s h e r m e n liv e somewhere the area with very low income. They are poor and undertaking v e r y h a r d w o r k s . O f s u c h w o r s e c o d i t i o n o f t h e i r l iv e s , it is n e c e s s a r y t o

empower and develop them, the coastal area and natural resources of ocean

a s t h e i r p o t e n c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e w o r s e c o n d i t i o n is a l s o a l s o c a u s e d b y the poor and worse system of exploitation of the resources and the human

f a c t o r s . T h e f i s h e r m e n s till k e e p u s i g t h e t r a d i t i o a l t o o l s f o r f i s h i g . A l t h o u g h the relatively modern ways are performed, the meaningful effect does not

b r i n g f o r t i n t o t h e r e a l i ty o f t h e i r liv e s .

The coastal area of Indonesia where most fishermen live has great n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . O n e o f t h e p o t e n c i a l r e s o u r c e s h e r e is f i s h r e s o u r c e w h i c h is s till n o t p r o f e s s i o n a l l y d e v e l o p e d a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y t o u c h e d . T h e n a t u r a l resources are much available, but they are poor, and are not affordable enough to meet their daily needs. Their fishing activities are traditionally done, and of course they gets few fish. At the same time illegal fishermen w h o a r e f r o m n e i g h b o r h o o d c o u n t r i e s , f i s h i n g w i t h i lle g a l i n s t r u m e n t s g e t m u c h m o r e f i s h a n d d i s t r u c t t h e r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s . In t h i s c a s e , it is n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p a n d e m p o w e r t h e c o a s t a l v i l l a g e - f i s h e r m e n b e s i d e s r e f r e s s i n g t h e i l le g a l f i s h i n g .

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h e d e v e l o p m e n t c o n d u c t e d s o f a r s till d o e s n o t m e e t t h e re al o b j e c t i v e s . T h e c o a s t a l v i l l a g e r s a r e s till p o s e d a s t h e o b j e c t o f d e v e l o p m e n t r a t h e r t h a n a s u b j e c t . T h e y a r e t o b e i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e in d e s i g n i n g a n d

i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e p r o g r a m o f d e v e l o p m e n t ( U U N o . 2 2 & 2 5 t a h u n 1 9 9 9 ).

B a s e d o n t h e f a c t a b o v e , it is n e c e s s a r y t o c o n d u c t a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y o n human

supported by the government.

development and

empowerment

programs

1.2 Statement of the Problems

There are some factors causing the coastal village poverty, especially the lo w c l a s s f i s h e r m e n . T h e p r o b l e m s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e s t a t e d a s t h e f o l l o w i n g .

1 H o w is t h e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c h a n g e s o f f is h a v a i l a b i l i t y o n t h e f i s h e r m e n poverty?

2 How do the households solve their unempowerment and poverty?

v What are the factors influencing the household fishermen accessibilities in s o l v i n g t h e i r u n e m p o w e r m e n t a n d p o v e r t y w h e n t h e y a r e f a c i n g b i o ­

physical changes and the goverment policy of fish resource exploitation?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

T h i s s t u d y is a i m e d at:

1. Identifying a change for bio-physic livelihoods, to solving their poverty and to disempowering home marine social economy

2. Analysing factors influencing the strategy of resource usage and fishermen empowerment

3 A n a l y s i n g a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s o f p o o r h o m e f i s h e r m e n in s o l v i n g t h e i r n e e d s .

2. Theoritical Framework

During 1990s World Bank had been conducting research on poverty and

h u m a e m p o w e r m e n t in m o r e t h a n 5 0 c o u n t r i e s in t h e w o r l d . It w a s d o n e w i th Participtory Poverty Assessment (PPA) and found that poor people are not lazy, n o t s t u p i d , n o t c o r r u p t ( N a r a y a n e t a l, 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e y a r e p o o r b e c a u s e o f p o o r

laciIties and infrastructures, corrupt and unlawful practices by the government

a n d N G O . o t h e r u n a c c o m o d a t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t s . T h e s o l u t i o n o f f e r e d in t h i s c a s e s ( I ) to s t r e n g t h e n a n i n s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e m , ( 2 ) t o c h a n g e s o c i a l n o r m , a n d ( 3 ) to

d e v e l o p t h e i r e n t r e p r e n e u r s k i l ls . T h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f f u n d i n g p r o g r a m f o r t h e p o o r m e n still m e e t g r e a t b a r r i e s b e c a u s e it is d o n e f o r s u c h s h o r t p e r i o d , o n e y e a r . A c t u a l l y , >uch p r o g r a m s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d f o r a r e a s o n a b l e p e r i o d o f t i m e , f o r 10 till 2 0

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46 Fisherm en-H ousehoU Vs A ccessibilities to .........

y e a r s ( N a r a y a n , e t a l. 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e m e a n i n g f u l c h a n g e s w i l l b e o n s a t i s f a c t i o n r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e p r o g r a m , i f it is b a s e d o n t h e a p p r o a c h o f “ c o m m u n i t y locomotive” for any matters, the changes of mindsets, the synergical efforts of individual strength and community strenth, the community leaders’ commitment o f d e c r e a s i n g t h e p o v e r t y r a te . In t h i s c a s e , t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s r o l e s is n e e d e d in empowering and developing the poor fishermen.

A s t u d y o n t h e g o v e r m e n t ’s r o l e s in e n h a n c h i n g t h e p o o r m e n q i a l i t y o f life w a s c o n d u c t e d b y M u b y a r t o , S u t r i s n o a n d D o v e ( 1 9 8 3 ) r e v e a l e d th a t :

(1) The poor fishermen was gettting poor because they don not have a

c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e s in f i s h i n g . T h e l a r g e v e s s e l s o p e r a t e d b y t h e r i c h m e n , e x p l o i t e d t o o m u c h m o r e fis h m a d e t h e m l o s e a n d t h e y j u s t g o t f e w fis h . O f c o u r s e , t h e i r i n c o m e w a s a l s o g e t t i n g d e c r e a s e d .

( 2 ) T h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n d id n o t b e h a v e “ e x p l o s i v e ” b e c a u s e t h e r i c h m e n

w h o liv e in t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s c a r e d t h e m . T h e r i c h p r o v i d e d a j o b f o r them, paid zakat, infaq and shadaqah. This tradition creates a patron- client relationship.

(3) The government was necessary to regulate the resource exploitation,

e s p e c i a l l y f o r p r o t e c t i n g t h e p o o r m e n ’s i m p o r t a n c e . According to the results of reerach conducted by World Bank based on “ S u s t a i n a b l e L i v e l i h o o d s A p p r o a c h ” ( M u k h e r j e e , e t a l. 2 0 0 2 ) t h a t t h e o t h e r f a c t o r s m a k i n g t h e f i s h e r m e n p o o r is b r i e f l y e x p a l i n e d t h a t 1) t h e i r

h o u s e h o l d is r e l a t i v e l y w e a k f o r a n y c h a l l e n g e b e c a u s e o f p o o r f i s h i n g tools and equipments, and poor skill of fishing, no space for preserving fish;

2 ) l o w e r s k i ll s , k n o w l e d g e , and eduacated; 3) the social and structural transformation does not touch them; 4) the strategy undertaken

b y t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n in f a c i n g t h e c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h t h e r i v a l s is various: some take advantages from other commodity of coast, while t h e i r w i v e s p r o d u c e s n a c k s m a d e o f f i s h , e t c . ; a n d 5 ) t h e w o r l d B a n k ’s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f e m p o w e r i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g t h e m is t h a t t h e founded intitutions should be empowered and effected for them, then the p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a ll is n e e d e d a n d f o c u s e d o n d e v e l o p i n g t h e r e s o u r c e s comprehensively.

Based on the previous studies, there are some important issues to o v e r v i e w in d e e p a s t h e t h e f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m s . T h e y a r e 1) t h e p o v e r t y p r o b l e m o f t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n a n d t h e its s o l u t i o n is s p e c i f i c in t e r m o f

location: 2) the local institutions are needed to strengthen and effected for well- r u n f i s i h i n g a c t i v i t i e s ; a n d 3 ) e m p o w e r i n g a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e lo c a l

institutions needs the long-term financial system effected continuously based on the local considerations.

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T h i s s t u d y is a l s o f i n a l l y a i m e d a t a n a l y z i n g a n y i n f o r m a t i o n b a s e d o n t h e l o c a l p o o r f i s h e r m e n ’s p a r t i c i p a t i o n f o r f o r m u l a t i n g a m o d e l o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g

a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f m a r k e t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d f i s h e r m e n - f i n a n c e . It is c a l l e d T h e Progressive Financial Intitution Development for Structural Development of Progressive Coastal Villages.

3. Methodology

3.1 The Conceptual Framework

This study focuses on human-centered development consisting of the freedom, the welfare, the safety, and the dependence. Those

i n c l u d e t h e p h y s i c a l life q u a l i t y , j o b s , f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e , i n d e p e n d e n c e ,

a n d s o c i a l a n d p o li ti c a l d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e f o l l o w i n g t h e f i g u r e d i s c u s s i n g

h u m a n p o s i t i o n in t h e f r a m e o f t h e r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

National Development

Rural Development

Human Development

Intervention Government

Rural Development

National Development

Sutrisno, and Dove, 1983:9).

T h e i n s t i t u t i o n in h u m a n d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m p l a y a v e r y

i m p o r t a n t r o l e . It is c o m m o n l y d i v i d e d i n t o t w o : g o v e r n m e n t a l organization (GO) and non-governmental organization (NGO). The t y p o l o g y is p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 3 .1 .

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48 Fisherm en-H ousehoU Vs A ccessibilities to

C e n tral

LSM

Government P e rse re k a ta n a g a m a / etnis P ro v in c e /R e g e n c e

A so siasi bisn is

Ju stic e

A sosiasi kasta

L ocal G o v e r n m e n t

o rg a n iz a tio n

/V illa g e

N e ig h b o u r , R T /R W

Lo ca l P olic e

R elatives

H e a lth C e n te r

T ra d itio n a l lead e rs

Field C o n s u lta n ts

Local N G O R e lig io u s b u ild in g s

T a b le 3.1: T y p o lo g y o f N o n -g o v e rm e n ta l O rg a n iz a tio n (N a ra y a n , et al., IB R D , 2 0 0 0 )

3.2 The Lower-income Fishermen

In t h i s s t u d y , t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n is d e f i n e d a s ( a ) t h o s e w h o d o not have production tools, (b) those who have very simple production tools, and (c) those who have production tools with the reach-capacity

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1? m i l e s , a n d ( d ) t h o s e w h o is still j o b l e s s , u n e m p o w e r e d , l o w e r educated with small houses.

Opportunity, Mobility, and Accessibility

to Resources

i'igure 3.2: The institutional and accessibility on opportunity (Narayan. at al., 2000. p. 12)

________ ^ - One \va\ relation M ---------►

= I \vo-wa\ relation

_ . - Low/weak interdependence

3.3 Location of the Research

It t a k e s p l a c e in E a s t J a v a , a n d d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r z o n e s : ( a ) t h e northern zone including Weru village, Lamongan, (b) Madura island, L e k o k v i l l a g e , ( c ) M u n c a r v i l la g e , B a n y u w a n g i , a n d ( d ) t h e s o u t h e r n / o n e i n c l u d i n g P r i g i v i l la g e , T u l u n g a g u n g .

3.4 .Method of

Analysis I)

F is h S t o c k E s t i m a t i o n ( M S Y ) T h i s m o d e l is f r o m S c h a e f e r , e s t i m a t e d u s i n g O L S ( O r d i n a r y Least Squares) between production (Y) and number of standard

i n s t r u m e n t s ( e f f o r t ) y e a r 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 4 . T h i s m a y b e s t a t e d in th e

f o l l o w in g e q u a t i o n ( 1 )

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F isher m en -H o use h o ld ’.v

A ccessibilities to

Y = a . E - b . E ........ ( 1 )

The function of fishing sustainably has the same form with the

g r o w t h o f f is h s t o c k . It is a p a r a b o l i c f o r m . E q u a l i t y ( 1 ) m a y b e s t a t e d in t h e o t h e r e q u a t i o n , C P U E ( C a s h P e r U n i t E f f o r t , Y / E ) , t h e n it b e c o m e s e q u a t i o n ( 2 )

Y/E = a - b . E ........................ ( 2 )

U s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n d a t a a n d t h e n u m b e r o f t r a n s p o r t s in a p a r t i c u l a r p e r io d ( 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 4 ) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n C P U E and the growth of transport can be set up. Then,

OLS, the p a r a m e t e r v a l u e o f a a n d b in t h e e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) c a n b e e s t i m a t e d . T h e r e s u l t o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n a a n d b is u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e Q maximum (MSY) and optimal E (the number of effort).

(2) Identifying the households’ asset of fishermen In i d e n t i f y i n g t h e i r a s s e t s a n d o u t p u t s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s u s e t h e

m o d e l f r o m W o r l d B a n k ( M u k h e r j e e , e t a l, 2 0 0 2 ) . It c o n s i s t s o f (a) types of asset (input), and the result ( outputs). The first

i n c l u d e s 1) h u m a n c a p i t a l , 2 ) p h y s i c a l c a p i t a l , 3 ) s o c i a l c a p it a l ,

4) financial capital, and 5) natural resource capital. The latter

c o n s i s t s o f 1) i n c r e a s i n g i n c o m e l e v e l , 2 ) i n c r e a s i n g w e l f a r e , 3 ) eliminating their weaknesses, and 4) sustaining the right

e x p l o i t a t i o n o f lo c a l n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . (3)

Some factors affecting their poverty and accessibility. Some factors estimatd to affect directly and indirectly on their

poverty may be divided into two: input and output. The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e t h r e e is s t a t e d in F i g u r e 3 .3 .

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In p u t Factor

O u tp u t Factor

Human Capital:

Education and experience, 1 . H o u s e h o l d ’s

intrepreneurial skill, \

income 2. Competition of

Exploitation

fishing

Physical Capital:

3. Migrattion Transpotation, size and

strategy and

4. Leave fishing technology of fishing, value of

Physical

Social-

--- * Economy of

5. Business diversifica-tion

fishing tools, size of vessels,

6. Access to traders / machine.

value of vessels, PK of

the Poor

markets SocialCapital:

F i s h e r m e n ’s

7. Access to wife network, groups

Social

Housholds

8. Other factors

9. N u m b e r f i s h in g

Financial capital : expenses, frequency credit, and capital.

10. Expenses Natural Reource: fishing

11. Intrepreneunal skill

zones, Reserves, sort of fish.

F ig u re 3.3: In p u t-O u tp u t F ac to rs a ffe c tin g p h y sical h o u s e h o ld e c o n o m y o f the p o o r fish e rm e n

The input-output factors above may be divided into three

g r o u p s : a ) i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s , b ) e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s , a n d c ) i n t r e p r e n e u r i a l s k ill

f a c t o r s , a s c a l l e d s o c i a l - e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s . T h e l a t te r is m e a s u r e d b a s e d o n t h e i r h o u s e h o l d c o v e r i n g : 1) t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e , 2 ) t h e i n n o v a t i o n , 3 ) t h e r i s k - t a k i n g , 4 ) t h e i n i t i a t i v e a c t i o n , a n d a c t i v e l y c o m p e t e in h a v i n g market/trade potential.

The research variables are measured using quantitative and qualitative approach. The qualitative variables are measured using Likert S c a l e w i t h f i v e p o in t s . T h e t y p e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p is t e s t e d a n d p r e s e n t e d in

F i g u r e 3 .4 . T h e s c o r e s a r e b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a n d a r d s : Score 1 means quite unagreeable Score 2 means not agreeable Score 3 means neutral Score 4 means agreeable Score 5 means quite agreeable

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52 Fish erm en -H o use ho Id ’s A ccessibilities to

F ig u re 3.4: T h e c a u se -e ffe c t o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a n g e s on h o u s e h o ld po v e rty o f the p o o r fish erm e n .

data are analyzed descriptively. To get the description on any factors affecting the social (human) empowerment effectivity, the researchers employed the

The primary

i n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a n d e c o n o m e t r i c m o d e l in t h e f o r m o f simultaneous equation. In a n a l y z i n g d a t a o n c a u s e - e f f e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s employ Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the following procedures:

2) path diagram development, 3) path diagram convertion into structural equation and model, 4) input matrix and model estimation selection, 5) observing the possibility of model identification problems, 6) evaluation of criteria of

g o o d n e s s o f fit, a n d 7 ) m o d e l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n .

3.5 Types of Data and Gathering of Data T h e t y p e s o f d a t a in t h e i r r e s e a r c h a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o : p r i m a r y

d a t a a n d s e c o n d a r y d a t a . T h e f i rs t is c o l l e c t e d w i t h i n - d e p t h i n t e r v i e w

b a s e d o n p o v e r t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s s e s s m e n t ( P P A ) . T h e s e c o n d a r y d a t a is needed as the complement for the primary data collected from the related institutions.

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4. Results and Discussions

4.1 The Reserve of Fish Resources

T h e re s e rv e level o f fish re s o u rc e in E ast J a v a is g e ttin g d e c re a s e d . E x p lo ita tio n level o f fish in Bali O c e a n (H a riy a n to , 2 0 0 5 ) w a s fo u n d o v e r ex p lo ite d . T h e s a m e th in g als o h a p p e n e d in M a d u r a oce an . T a b le 4.1, T a b le 4.2, T a b le 4.3

e x p la in th e re s e rv e level o f fish. No

Item

P elagis Fish

D e m e rs a l Fish To tal

MSY

Effort

MSY

Effort

(Ton)

(ton)

(unit)

(to n )

Opt

4 Prod.

5 T ra n s 1.012 2004

T a b le 4.1: T h e e s tim a te d results o f m a x im u m fish p r o d u c tio n ( M S Y ) o f M a d u r a O c e a n ( S c h a e fe r M o d e l) a n d Fish p r o d u c tio n in 2 0 0 4 .

No

D etails

T o tal

1 T h e c h a n g e s o f fishing z o n e s

a. N o ch a n g e

b. G et farther

2 Size o f V e sse ls

a. N o c h a n g e

b. G e t larger

3 B u s in e ss A c tiv itie s

4 S iz e o f Fish

5 N u m b e r o f c a u g h t-fish

a. N o ch a n g e

b. G e t less

6 O p e ra tio n a l co st o f fishing

Vol. 14, No. 1, August 2006 £) Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University

F ish erm en -H ou seh old ’s

A ccessibilities to

a. N o c h a n g e

23 9 2 ,0 0 T a b le 4.2: T h e Fish R e s e rv e a c c o rd in g to th e r e s p o n d e n ts o f Prigi V illa g e

b. G e t h ig h e r

No

D etails

b. G e t farth er

b. G e t larg e r

3 C h a n g e o f B u sin e ss activ ities

4 C h a n g e o f size o f fish

a. N o c h a n g e

b. G e t s m aller

5 Change of number of

c a u g h t-fish

6 C h a n g e o f o p e ra tio n a l co st o f fish in g

F ig u re 4.3: T h e Fish R e s e rv e A c c o rd in g to the re s p o n d e n ts o f W e ru V illa g e

2 Social and Economic Condition of Fishermen

T h e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n o f f i s h e r m e n in e a s t j a v a r e l a t e d t o t h e l o c a l c o n d i t i o n w i t h h o u s e h o l d c o n s u m p t i o n l e v e l in 2 0 0 5 is l e s s than Rp. 20,000.- per day as stated by the respondents of Prigi Village

asse t

o w n e rs h ip

a. < Rp. 10,00 m illio n s

19 76 ,0 0 m illio n

b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0

c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s

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The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society 55

2 B u s in e s asse t o w n e rs h ip

a. < Rp. 10,00 m illio n s

7 2 8 ,0 0 m illio n

b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0

c. > R p. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s

3 In c o m e p e r m o n th

1. Fish, K gs

2. In c o m e rate

a. < Rp. 0 ,5 0 m illions

1 4 ,0 0 m iiian s

c. > Rp. 1,00

b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0

c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 th o u sa n d s

2. Per m onth

a. < Rp. 0 ,5 0 m illions

5 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s

b. Rp. 0 ,5 0 - Rp. 1,00

c. > R p 1,00 m illio n s

T a b e l 4.4. T h e E c o n o m ic W e lfa re R ate o f F ish e rm e n H o u s e h o ld o f R e s p o n d e n t in Prigi

V illag e

a. < Rp. 10,00 m illion

9 3 6 ,0 0 m illion

b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0

c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s

2 B u s in e ss asse t o w n e rs h ip

a. < Rp. 10,00 m illio n s

4 4 ,0 0 m illion

b. Rp. 10,00 - Rp. 2 0 ,0 0

c. > Rp. 2 0 ,0 0 m illio n s

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56 F ish erm en -H ou seh old ’v

A ccessibilities to

3 In c o m e p e r m o n th

1. Fish, K g

2. In c o m e rate

a. < Rp. 0 ,5 0 m illio n s

0 0 ,0 0 m illio n s

c. > Rp. 1,00 m illion

4 H o u s e h o ld c o n s u m p tio n

1. Per day a.< Rp. 10,-th o u san d s

18 72 ,0 0 th o u s a n

b. Rp. 10,00

a. < Rp. 0 ,50 m illions

8 3 2 ,0 0 m illio n s

b. Rp. 0 ,5 0 - Rp. 1,00

c. > R p 1,00 m illio n s

T abel 4.5. T h e E c o n o m ic W e lfa re R ate o f F ish e rm e n H o u s e h o ld o f R e s p o n d e n in W e ru

V illag e

The social and economic condition and the ways the fishermen solve their problems (poverty) are stated as follows:

1 T h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e i r h o u s e s is m o s t l y m a d e o f b a m b o o w a l l / w o o d . T h e “ g o o d ” h o u s e s f o u n d in t h e f i e l d a r e o w n e d b y a n d occupied by fish traders, boss, and/or vessel-owners. The most

h o u s e s w h e r e t h e f i s h e r m e n liv e a r e g i f t f r o m t h e i r p a r e n t s .

2. T h e f i s h e r m e n ’s h a b i t o f r e l i e v i n g t h e m s e l v e s a t t h e b e a c h is

d i f f i c u l t t o m a i n t a i n a l t h o u g h w a s h i n g r o o m s a r e a v a i l a b l e in t h e i r houses.

3. The fishermen's wives spend more their time for writing their husbands from fishing rather than helping them make money. They also tend to avoid any activities held by the head of villages because they feel underestimated and lower social status and lower educated.

4. Religious and social activities are intensively performed.

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T h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s s u b s i d i e s a r e n o t w e l l d e l i v e r e d . F o r e x a m p l e , some of them got only 5 kg of rice per household rather than 20 kg of rice which should be actually received. The fishermen are quite dependent on the fish traders because of

d e b t s . T h e p r i c e is s e t u p u n r e a s o n a b l e b y t h e w h o l e s a l e r s f o r t h e fishermen. This condition makes them get sorrow and affects their daily lives. The infrastructure for transportation, education, and

health services are available. In t h e c o n t e x t o f e c o n o m i c r e l a t i o n o f t h e f i s h e r m e n , “ f i s h - t r a d e r s ” plays a very important roles between the traders and the fishermen. The fish traders do not only buy fish but also provide any loans w h i c h s e e m s t o b e u s e f u l a n d h e l p f u l f o r t h e f i s h e r m e n , b u t in fa c t, the loans are just “trap” for them. O c e a n a s a c o m m o n p r o p e r t y t e n d t o b e o v e r e x p l o i t e d . It a f f e c t s t h e number of caught-fish. The number of vessels, the use of catching tools which destroy the ocean resource, eco-systems, the irregular climate may cause the number of caught-fish decreased and create p o v e r t y . T h e t e c h n o l o g y u s e d in f i s h i n g l i k e “ p u r s e s e i n e ” a n d “ d a n i s h s e i n e " is n o t u s e f u l b e c a u s e t h e n u m b e r o f c a u g h t - f i s h is

g e t t i n g d e c r e a s e d w h i l e t h e o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t is g e t t i n g i n c r e a s e d .

The Fishermen’s Accessibility

The fishermen have accessibilities from the lowest until the

f o u n d t h a t t h e r e w a s “ a n a c t o r ” w h o d o m i n a t e d t h e e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y in Were Village. Thus, some efforts of maintaining their lives meet be based on local considerations and should be comprehensively performed with the s t r u c t u r a l a n d c u l t u r a l a p p r o a c h t o all a s p e c t s o f t h e h o u s e h o l d p e n t a g o n

a s s e t . T h e l e v e l o f a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s s h o w e d b y t h e f i s h e r m e n o f P rig i

V i l l a g e a n d W e r u V i l l a g e is p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 4 . 6 a n d f a b l e 4 .7 .

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58 F ish ern ten -H ou seh old’s A ccessibilities to

No

D eta ils* )

c. High

c. High

3 C ap ital

c. High

c. High

c. High

*) N o te s : T h e lo w est sco re : 0 -3, T h e m id d le : 4 - 6 a n d the hig h est: > 6 T ab le 4.6: T h e E c o n o m ic a l A c c e ss ib ility o f F is h e r m e n ’s H o u s e h o ld o f Prigi V illag e

Detail *)

T otal

c. High

3 C a p ital

c. High

c. High

5 S ocial

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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research Postgraduate Program, Brawijaya University

c. High

*) N o te s : T h e lo w e st s c o re : 0 -3, T h e m id d le : 4 - 6 a n d the hig h est: > 6

T a b le 4.7: T h e E c o n o m ic a l A c c e ss ib ility o f F is h e r m e n ’s H o u s e h o ld o f W e ru V illag e

4.4 Empowering the Poor Fishermen

The factors which affect the increase of their income, those of empowerment program participant and non-participants are fishing production, productive time spent and the cost of production or operation. The factors which affect the incraese of fishing production are the asset of vessels, type of catching tools, quality human resource, fish

p r i c e , t h e f i s h i n g a r e a , a n d b u s i n e s s d e v e l o p m e n t a f t e r h a r v e s t t im e . While the factors which affect the decrease of production of results of

f i s h i n g is f u e l . S o m e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e f i s h i n g c o s t s a r e v e s s e l s u s e d , type of catching tools, result quality and human resource quality.

Thus, the development of the ocean area for increasing the

5.1 In g e n e r a l , t h e r e s e r v e o f f i s h r e s o u r c e in E a s t J a v a is g e t t i n g d e c r e a s e d . It i n f l u e n c e s d i r e c t l y t h e f i s h e r m e n ’s i n c o m e . T h e l e v e l o f e x p l o i t a t i o n reaches over available fish resource (over exploited). Thus, the m a i n t e n a n c e a n d t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e f i s h e r m e n ’s i n c o m e s h o u l d b e focused on the use of technology which does not destruct environment, quality approach, and the target of commercial fish. The increase of their income from other activities (non-fishing) could be an after-harvest time (agroindustry) and other alternatives of activities.

5 .2 T h e d e c r e a s e o f r e s e r v e o f f i s h r e s o u r c e s is f o l l o w e d b y t h e d e c r e a s e o f

f i s h i n g a r e a , f i s h n u m b e r , a n d fis h s iz e t h e f i s h e r m e n g o t f r o m f i s h i n g . T h i s c o n d i t i o n m a k e s t h e m s o r r o w . T h e w o m e n in t h e v i l l a g e s s p e n t m o r e t h e i r t i m e j u s t f o r w a i t i n g f o r t h e i r h u s b a n d s f r o m f i s h i n g r a th e r than doing things for money and they avoid attending any meeting

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60 Fisherm en-H ousehoU Vs A ccessibilities to .........

because their social and economic status and level of educational background.

5.3 Religious and social activities are intensively performed. The fish auction facilitated by the government do not function well. Most of the government program does not run as being expected. However, the fish- t r a d e r s p l a y a d o m i n a n t r o l e f o r t h e i r li v e s . T h e y p r o v i d e a n y l o a n s f o r t h e m , t h e n s e t u p t h e f i s h p r i c e u n f a ir ly . T h i s , o f c o u r s e , i n f l u e n c e s t h e i r

income. The people perceive ocean as the public property to be over exploited. The increase of vessels quantity, the operating of catching t o o l s w h i c h d e s t r u c t s f is h r e s o u r c e s , e c o - s y s t e m , u n p r e d i c t e d c l i m a t e also affect the number of caught-flsh, and cause poverty.

B e c a u s e t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n is e a s i l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e c l i m a t e a n d environmental changes, the fishermen have various accessibilities from t h e h i g h e s t till t h e l o w e s t . S o c i a l c a p i t a l ( a s s e t ) is t h e h i g h e s t ( 0 . 9 0 ) , p h y s i c a l a s s e t ( t h e h a r b o u r ) is 0 . 4 4 4 , h u m a n c a p i t a l ( t h e f i s h e r m e n ' s s k i l l a n d k n o w l e d g e o f f i s h i n g ) is 0 . 3 5 3 , f i n a n c i a l c a p i t a l ( t h e i r a b i l i t y to

g e t c a p i t a l a n d d e v e l o p b u s i n e s s ) is 0 . 3 0 9 a n d t h e l o w e s t is n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s ( f is h r e s e r v e ) , 0 . 2 8 5 . T h u s , a ll e f f o r t s o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i r lives should be performed comprehensively based on the structural and natural approaches.

5 .5 Some factors affecting the increase of their income of those of participants joining the empowerment program or non-participants are

f i s h i n g p r o d u c t i o n o r o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t. F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e i n c r e a s e o f fishing production the asset of vessels, type of catching tools, human r e s o u r c e q u a l i t y , f i s h p r i c e , f i s h i n g a r e a , a n d b u s i n e s s d e v e l o p m e n t a f te r

h a r v e s t t i m e . F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e d e c r e a s e o f p r o d u c t i o n o f f i s h i n g is

f u e l. F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e f i s h i n g c o s t is t h e o p e r a t i n g o f v e s s e l s , t y p e o f catching tools, fish quality and human resource quality.

6. Suggestions

The development of coastal area of Indonesia aimed at increasing the

f i s h e r m e n ’s w e l f a r e a n d d e c r e a s i n g t h e p o v e r t y r a t e is s u g g e s t e d a s t h e following.

1. to focus on developing human resources, the quality of technological environment, the fish resource and the quality of caught-fish. Those are to be supported by intensive training and intensive guides for effective fishing and other activities, then they are expected to have alternative

jobs other than fishing.

2. t o d r u m in o n t h e a c c e s s e m p o w e r m e n t a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e i r accessibility to local financial institutions by maintaining the pentagon

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assets especially those leading to the funding services which are mainly r e a l i z e d in p r o v i d i n g e q u i p m e n t s f o r f i s h i n g w h i c h m a k e t h e m w o r k more efficient make the environment more sustainable.

3. A l s o , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s f o c u s e s o n t h e p o l i c y a n a l y s i s and strengthening institutions, local leadership, and marketing/funding for the poor fishermen.

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