Inge`s struggle to adjust to the Australian society as a migrant portrayed in Angelika`s Fremd`s Heartland - USD Repository
INGE’S STRUGGLE TO ADJUST TO THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY AS
A MIGRANT PORTRAYED IN ANGELIKA’S FREMD’S HEARTLAND AN UNDERGARDUATE THESISPresented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
KHARISMA DHITA RETNOSARI
Student Number: 044214094
INGE’S STRUGGLE TO ADJUST TO THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY AS
A MIGRANT PORTRAYED IN ANGELIKA’S FREMD’S HEARTLAND AN UNDERGARDUATE THESISPresented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
KHARISMA DHITA RETNOSARI
Student Number: 044214094
“We cannot direct the wind, but we can adjust the sails”
- Bertha Calloway-
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My mom, dad, & brothers
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Kharisma Dhita Retnosari Nomor : 044214094
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universiatas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
INGE’S STRUGGLE TO ADJUST TO THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY AS
A MIGRANT PORTRAYED IN ANGELIKA’S FREMD’S
HEARTLAND
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 30 September 2011 Yang menyatakan Kharisma Dhita Retnosari
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA
Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang saya tulis ini tiak memuat karya ata bagian lain kecuali yang telah disebutkan dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka sebagai layaknya karya ilmiah.
Yogyakarta, 30 September 2011 Kharisma Dhita Retnosari
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT who always guides and leads my way in finishing my study. I would like to express my big thanks to my parents and my brothers who always pray, support, and encourage me. I also would like to express my thanks to my dearest uncle Widi Sumaryono and family for giving me inspiration.
I am really indebted to Adventina Putranti, S.S, M.Hum. I thank her for the guidance and also the time she has given to me. I would like to express my sincere thank to my co-advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. I really appreciate him for the corrections and suggestions in finishing this undergraduate thesis. My special thanks go to English Letters Department lecturers, to Mbak Nik and all Letters Department staff of Sanata Dharma University. I thank them for their kindness in helping me during my study in Sanata Dharma University. I also thank KOPERTIS for the scholarship given to me during my study.
Afterward, I would like to thank mbak Pras and family for their help; to my friends in mitra PUSD and B2W for the fun they share with me; to Angga and family, Marwati, Nita, Aryk, Taufik, Dyah, Yuli, Iin, Pita, Tata, Nicki and family, Wawan, Adit, Galih, Ronny, mbak Ratna, mbak Ella, mbak Filly, mbak Amie, mbak Poppy, and the rest of my friends that I can not mention one by one. Thanks for everything, guys!
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE
.............................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGE
.................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE
............................................................................... iii
MOTTO PAGE
........................................................................................... iv
DEDICATIONAL PAGE
........................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
.................................. vi
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA
..................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
........................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
............................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT
................................................................................................. xi
ABSTRAK
................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
.............................................................. 1
A. Background of the Study .................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation .......................................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................... 4
D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................ 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
............................................. 7
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................. 7
B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................... 10
C. Review on Australian Society in Mid 1950-1960s ............................ 20
D. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 24
A. Object of the Study ............................................................................. 24 B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................ 25 C. Method of the Study ........................................................................... 26CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 28
A.The Characteristics of Inge ................................................................. 28 B. The Portrayal of Inge’s Struggle to Adjust to the Australian Society as a Migrant Seen Through Her Characteristics in Fremd’s Heartland ........................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................. 51
LIST OF CHART
Chart1. The Acculturation Curve .................................................................. 19
ABSTRACT
KHARISMA DHITA RETNOSARI (2011). Inge’s Struggle to Adjust to the
Australian Society As a Migrant Potrayed in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.Angelika Fremd’s Heartland tells about migrants’ life include the social encounter with the Australians. In the process of migration, an acculturation struggle occurs. When people leave one environment, they enter another environment, and living in a new environment must be followed by efforts of adjustment.
There are two objectives in this thesis. The first is to find out the characterization of Inge as the main character in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland. The second one is to see how Inge struggle to adjust to the Australian society as a migrant.
This thesis is accomplished by using library research. Inge’s migrant’s struggle for adjustment to the Australian society is part of social phenomenon in society. Hence, the writer applied sociological approach in conducting the analysis.
As the first result of the analysis, it is found that Inge’s characteristics are tolerant and open minded, optimistic, tough, sociable, bright, brave, and caring. Move to the second result, experiencing hard struggle in the adjustment stage of her acculturation process, Inge succeeds to be accepted as part of the Australian society. During this struggle, her characteristics found in the first analysis contribute to her success to adjust to the Australian society.
ABSTRAK
KHARISMA DHITA RETNOSARI (2011). Inge’s Struggle to Adjust to the
Australian Society As a Migrant Potrayed in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Novel karya Angelika Fremd yang bejudul Heartland berkisah tentang kehidupan para imigran di Australia, mulai dari awal kedatangan mereka hingga pada upaya-upaya adaptasi sosial mereka. Dalam proses migrasi, terjadilah proses akulturasi. Saat masyarakat meninggalkan tanah kelahirannya, mereka secara otomatis akan memasuki wilayah baru dengan kondisi lingkungan yang baru. Hidup di lingkungan yang baru mengkondisikan mereka untuk berjuang melakukan upaya adaptasi.
Penelitian dalam skripsi ini bertujuan untuk: Pertama adalah penggambaran karakter Inge sebagai tokoh utama di dalam novel Heartland; kedua adalah terkait upaya dia dalam perjuangannya untuk beradaptasi dalam proses akulturasi dengan didukung oleh karakteristik yang ia miliki.
Dalam skripsi ini penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka guna memperoleh data-data yang diperlukan. Sehubungan dengan fokus penelitian yang terkait dengan salah satu fenomena sosial, yaitu perjuangan Inge untuk beralkulturasi dengan kehidupan sosial masyarakat Australia, maka pendekatan yang diterapkan dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini adalah pendekatan sosial.
Hasil analisis dari pokok pembahasan pertama skripsi ini terkuak bahwa karakter Inge adalah toleran dan berpikiran terbuka, optimistis, teguh, mudah bersosialisasi, berpikiran cemerlang, berani, dan penyayang. Selanjutnya, hasil analisis dari pokok pembahasan kedua adalah Inge berhasil diterima menjadi bagian dari kehidupan masyarakat Australia. Ia mampu berjuang untuk beradaptasi dengan kehidupan masyarakat Australia, dan semuanya itu tidak lepas dari dukungan karakteristik yang ia miliki.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of there sub chapters. The first sub chapter is
background of the study. It covers the description of the topic and also the reasons why the topic is chosen and is worth studying. The second one is problem formulation. It covers the formulation of problems to be analyzed in this thesis. The third one is objective of the study. It covers the objectives accomplished in this study. The last one is definition of terms. It covers the explanation of some special key terms used in this thesis.
A. Background of the Study
Australia is a nation shaped by migration. With the Aborigines as the “native” inhabitants, the migration wave began with the colonial settlement during which Australia was used as a British penal colony from 1788, which resulted in mainly British and Irish immigrants. Merged with the colonial settlement is the gold-rush migration, which attracted Chinese and other European immigrants (Svensson, 2010:11).
Known as the post-war migration, the next wave occurs after the Second World War. At that time there is an immigration program in Australia, where the government financially supports migration and sends representatives, especially to refuge for thousands of Europeans war victims. At the same time, large numbers of families in Britain and Europe were seeking more satisfying life and opportunities in new homelands.
When people leave one environment, they enter new environment. Living in a new environment, they need efforts of adjustment. For example, consider the ways people deal with oxygen pressure, natives of highland usually have certain genetic advantages for life at a very high altitude with low air pressure. However, people have a capacity for immediate physiological adaptation or adjustment. Thus, for the lowlanders, arriving in the highlands, they immediately increase their breathing rate, often doubling their usual rate at sea level. From this example, it can be seen that people creatively manipulate their environment, for they are not just determined by it (Kottak, 1991: 3). However, adjustment in this thesis is distinctly social, and is within the frame of acculturation process for adjustment is part of acculturation process. Acculturation is the process by which people migrate to and learn a culture that is different from their original (or heritage) culture (Heire, 2008: 512). Therefore, acculturation is”a process of conditioning” (Fairchild, 1975: 3) that involves struggle for adjustment. Adjustment itself refers to the process of adapting, making or becoming suitable to match a standard.
In the process of acculturation, most people generally find such difficulties not welcomed in the new society. Much of the diversities in society, involve culture, nature, etc. reflect adjustment to varied environments and circumstances.
This thesis uses Heartland, a post-war migration literature written by Angelika Fremd as the object of the study. Heartland is chosen since this is the novel where the migrant’s encounter with Australia is readily noticed. In addition, it is quite interesting that Angelika Fremd is a Germany immigrant in Australia. In 1922, she received an award given by the Literature Board of the Australia Council. She was awarded a Fellowship Category B.
(http://www.projectroom.com/joystick/cross2000/5/angelikafremd.htm). In other words, this novel’s view on migration theme written by a migrant author makes this novel become captivating and worth studying to be used as the object of the study in this thesis.
Fremd’s Heartland tells a story about migrants’ life includes the social encounter with Australian society and its environment. It is after the Second World War in 1956 when Inge and her younger sister Monika, her mother Lisl and her father Karl migrate together from Germany to Australia. In the middle of the story, they are later joined by Inge’s grandmother, Emma. As migrants, they find many difficulties in Australia, a new country with different society. In that new land, in her acculturation process, Inge as a migrant tries to survive through her struggle for adjustment. accepted as part of the society in Australia. Inge, through her characteristics, can be said is a well portrayal of struggle for adjustment to the Australian society.
That is the reason why Inge becomes a well chosen character to be analyzed in this thesis.
B. Problem Formulation
Considering the background given above, two problems are formulated as follows:
1. How is Inge characterized in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland?
2. How do Inge’s characteristics in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland portray Inge’s struggle to adjust to the Australian society as a migrant?
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives in this thesis. The first objective is to know how Inge as the main character is characterized in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland. The second objective is to explore Inge’s ability to struggle for adjustment to the
Australian society revealed through the contribution of her characteristics.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and to achieve a deep comprehension
1. Struggle Struggle is one of the basic forms of social interaction, synonymous with opposition, and including competition, contravention, and conflict. To be specific, it is an effort to secure advantage for one’s self by matching one’s strength with another’s (Fairchild, 1975: 310).
2. Adjustment Adjustment here refers to social adjustment, means a kind of striving, in which there is deliberate effort toward a better or improved adaptation. It also described as a step or stage in general associative process to achieve a type of relationship between personalities, groups, culture elements, and culture complexes which are harmonious and mutually satisfactory to the personalities and groups involved (Fairchild, 1975:275-276).
3. Migrants Migrants are defined as those who move from a heritage culture (their original culture) to a host culture (their new culture) and include those who inted to stay only temporarily (known as sojourners) and those who intend to move permanently (known as immigrants) (Heire, 2008: 512).
4. Society Elisabeth Langland in Society in the Novel defines society in a wider sense, words, society is people and their classes involve customs, conventions, beliefs and values, their institutions and their physical environment.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter contains three sub-chapters. First is review of related studies. It involves reviews and related studies previously done by other people. Second is
review of related theories. It consists of theories that are used to analyze the two problems formulated in chapter one. Third is review on Australian migration and society. The last is theoretical framework. It tells about the uses of the theories.
A. Review of Related Studies
Coming to this part, the writer deals with review about the author and also the previous studies that have been done related to the novel and the topic of this thesis. These reviews and studies are taken from online articles, journal, paper, and theses of English Letters Department students of Sanata Dharma University and also a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia.
Born in 1944 in Seelow Mark, Germany, Angelika Fremd migrated to Australia in 1956. She lived in Dandenong, Victoria. Being a teacher, at the year between 1966 and 1986 she taught high school in Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia. Then, from 1986 to 1989 she worked as Literature Officer for Queensland, a position funded by the Literature Board of the Australia
One of the reviews about Angelika Fremd’s work, Heartland, quoting from the same online source above, is coming from Sue Walton. Here, she states that Inge’s struggle in searching for self-knowledge and self-understanding are sort of realization for her curiosity about identity, and not realizing that her refusal to choose any specific course of action is in itself a kind of selection.
Entitled Immigrant Writing Coming of Age? The Getting of Genre in
Angelika Fremd’s Heartland
, Efi Hatzimanolis’s paper in The Journal of
Narrative Technique
examines the contradictory ways Heartland addresses issues of gender and genre in terms of construct “immigrant experience”, where “coming of age” suggests the resolution of contradiction. “the getting of genre” here signifies ideas of the material, social production of texts and subjects as cites and agents respectively of conflicting discourses, including the discourses which describe and define their coming of age. In other words, Heartland’s narrative development of the character of Inge exposes the way women in Australian society are addressed as feminine subjects in narratives which represent female experience according to the conventions of romance fiction and realism.
Some of English Letters Department students of Sanata Dharma University use Heartland as their thesis objects. The first thesis is Betty Andriyani’s thesis titled Searching for Woman Existence as Seen in Inge’s Character: A Feminist
Reading on Fremd’s Heartland. In this thesis she reveals the feminism idea
Inge breaks the negative stereotype on woman through freedom to speak and autonomy in controlling her own self, that woman is able to compete in patriarchal society. She notes her own existence as a woman with her qualities in social life.
Similar with Betty Andriyani, Michael Bosco Kellen’s thesis also uses
Heartland
as his object. Entitled Inge’s Revolts Against Parthriarchal Society in
Angelika Fremd’s Heartland, this thesis deals with the revolt of Inge Heinrich.
His analysis shows that Inge, in the novel, is a representation of a real feminist who revolts against patriarchal society. However, the oppression is coming not only from men, but also from women surround her, since those women cannot escape themselves from male domination. With the oppression in patriarchal society, in turn they unconsciously oppress their womenfolk who want to struggle against male domination and revolts against patriarchal society. In her revolt, the ideas of feminism that she struggled for are equality, freedom, and woman’s dignity.
Another study comes from Petra Fachinger’s thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia.
Entitled Counter-Discursive Strategies in First World Migrant Writing, this thesis presents an analytical discussion of contemporary fictional and autobiographical narratives by migrants who write in a language other than their mother tongue range of cultural experience, in which Angelika Fremd’s Heartland is one of several corpuses discussed in his thesis. His finding shows that self-reflexive negotiation of Self and Other in the text takes different forms depending on the writer’s ethnic and racial background, his/her gender and he adopted country’s social and political attitudes toward the newcomer. Re-writing, however, which is understood as an intentional, political dialogue with specific texts, is a recurrent counter-discursive strategy in the texts discussed. Finally, the thesis argues that the re-writing of traditional literary genres is the most prevalent form of “writing back” in migrant literature. Text written by migrant not only creatively revise literary conventions, challenge the concept of “national literature” and undermine canonically established categories, but also defeat attempts to approach a text with a single “appropriate” theory to reveal the strategies and the effects of cultural hybridity.
Those reviews and studies that have been conducted above are related to Angelika Fremd’s novel, Heartland. Different from the studies mentioned above, in this thesis the writer will have another focus. In this thesis, the writer is focusing the topic on migrant’s struggle for adjustment to the Australian society contributed by the characteristics of Inge, the Heartland’s main character.
B. Review of Related Theories
expresses in what they say -the dialogue- and what they do- their action (1985:20).
Based on Abrams’s definition, it can be said that in analyzing the character, what the character’s say and do are very important. The readers can see how the character’s interaction to other character determines what kind of person he or she is.
Another definition of character comes from Richard Gill. In his book entitled Mastering English Literature, he describes character as someone in a literary work who has some sorts of identity, an identity which is made up by appearance, conversation, action, name, and (possibly) thoughts going on in the head (Gill, 1995:127). Supporting Gills, Abrams states that based on the importance basically character can be divided into two categories, major and minor character. Major character usually appears in the whole story. The events that appear in the whole of the story always involve the major character, whether it is directly or indirectly (Abrams, 1985: 20-21). Minor characters have a predicate as the supporting character in the story. Their roles are less important than the main character as their characters are not fully developed and they function to support the development of the major character (Henkle, 1977:95).
Meanwhile, Holman and Harmon say although a character is created imaginatively, a character is a brief descriptive sketch of a personage, so that a to bring out the consequences of an action done by a character (Holman and Harmon, 1986:24).
Characterization is the way the author characterizes the character in the narrative (Abrams, 1985: 24). Abrams also said that there are two means that is used to characterize the person. The first is by “showing”. The author presents his characters talking and acting. By this means the author tries to make the readers infer the motive behind what the characters in the story say or do. The second means is “telling”. In this means, the author intervenes authoritatively to describe the qualities of the characters in the story.
In characterization, to transfer the idea about what sort of people are in the story to the readers, the character’s personality presentation including the character’s attitude, appearance, motif, and action are being created to be life like (Murphy, 1972:161). According to Guth (1981:52), in a good story, the author does not simply tell the readers what the character is look like. The readers have chance to observe the character in the story. An author may help the readers understand a character in variety of ways. Laurence Perrine (Perrine, 1974:69) in
Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense describes the three principles to make the
characterization convincing:
a. There is a consistency in the character’s manners, which means that the character’s characterization cannot change without any acceptable reason. If c. The characters in a work of art are created by its writer as a picture of human as real as possible.
Further, there is an important distinction to be made between character and characterization. We might remember the difference by saying that characterization is a method (of delivering information about characters), while character is the product of characterization (Gill, 1995:127). Related to the method of characterization, Murphy states several ways of putting together (characterize) selected features to be figured out as character in a story as follows below: a. Personal description
The author’s elaborate description of a person’s appearance like the character’s face, eyes, hair, skin, and clothes may ease the reader in figuring a character’s personality.
b. Character as seen by another Here, the author describes the character through the eyes and opinions of another character of the story.
c. Speech The author gives the readers an insight into one character of the story through what the character says, by paying attention to how the character utter his or her speech. in a form of the author’s direct comment through a person’s thought, conversation, or medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others A trace to a person’s character also can be conveyed through conversations of other people, includes what they say about him or her.
f. Reactions Giving traces in connection with a person’s character, the author leads the readers in seeing how this person reacts to several kinds of situations and occurrences. This reaction may reveal this person’s impression and perception.
g. Direct comment Through the narration, particularly in third-person narrator, the author may directly comments on a person’s character.
h. Thought Sometimes the author gives the readers such direct information about the matter being thought by a person. In addition, even the author will describes what other people are thinking about. In this case the author plays role as a person who knows everything. i. Mannerism
Here, the author describes a person’s mannerisms, habits of idiosyncrasies that may also inform the readers such things about his character. traditions of their home country to the Australian society. For example, Germans are preserve some of these traditions in the Australian setting and have adjusted their lives and customs to the local environment. The members of the younger generation of Germany immigrants want to fit in with their friends at school and so they often adopt many of the local cultures traditions.
Australia has been receiving migrants ever since the First Fleet sailed into Port Jackson. Even before then, because the aborigines also probably migrated into Australia from the north. Since then there have been successive waves of immigration, the biggest and most ambitious being hat which began after the last year (Mc.Gregor, 1966:357). This was preceded by the colonial settlement since 1788 with mainly British and Irish immigrants. Next was the coming of the Chinese and other European immigrants, known as gold-rush migration (Svensson, 2010:11). After the Second World War, the post-war migration wave encountered. An accelerated population growth to enable more rapid development of the nation’s resources and to offset the demographic caused by the low birth- rate of the 1930s was urgently needed. Hence, an immigration program known as “populate or perish” was followed. The Australian government financially supported immigration and sent representatives, especially to Europe, to actively persuaded people to immigrate to Australia (Svensson, 2010: 12). From those circumstances, emerged the decision by the Australian Government to embark on all, tough many didn’t stay. Some assisted migrants went to private homes; most were temporarily housed in hastily built hostels and disused military camps. Some were prejudiced against the migration of Jews (Pike, 1966:12).
The earliest migration theorist, Ernest Ravenstein as cited by Lee (1966: 47) uses census data from England and Wales to develop his "Laws of Migration". He concludes that migration is governed by a "push-pull" process; that is, unfavorable conditions in one place (oppressive laws, heavy taxation, etc.) "push" people out, and favorable conditions in an external location "pull" them out. Ravenstein's laws states that the primary cause for migration was better external economic opportunities; the volume of migration decreases as distance increases; migration occurs in stages instead of one long move; population movements are bilateral; and migration differentials (for example: gender, social class, age) influence a person's mobility.
Many theorists follow Ravenstein's footsteps. The dominant theories in contemporary scholarship are more or less variations of his conclusions. Everett Lee (1966: 47-48) reformulates Ravenstein's theory to give more emphasis to internal (or push) factors. Lee also outlines the impact that intervening obstacles have on the migration process of migrants. He argues that variables such as distance, physical and political barriers, and having dependents can obstruct or even prevent migration. Lee points out that the migration process experienced by as a person's education, knowledge of a potential receiver population, family ties, and the like can facilitate or retard migration.
Related to migrants’ intervening obstacles, migrants have intervening obstacles or difficulties in experiencing their new life in the new society. And it leads migrants to struggle for adjustment to the new society. Most of the difficulties are caused by the different society with its different culture, language, habit, and environment. It even becomes harder when stereotype and poverty are follows.
Those differences manifest culture-bound syndromes. Depression and social anxiety disorder are some of the universally observed syndromes. Depression, as one of the most commonly identified syndrome, has been experienced by most migrants. Sadness or depressed mood, a sense of futility or feelings of worthless or guilt, an inability to feel pleasure, change and weight or appetite, sleep problems, psychomotor change, poor concentration or indecisiveness, and fatigue or loss of energy are some of depression’s symptoms. Not all depressed people show the same symptoms. For most people, these occurrences are relatively fleeting and are typically confined to the aftermath of a tragedy of personal disappointment. For others, however, these feelings can last for long periods of time and can become extremely debilitating.
Social anxiety disorder is a fear that that one is in danger of acting in an
424). Social anxiety is well documented around the world, reflects the universal concerns that people share as a social species.
In brief, different people move for different reasons, and these differences affect migrants’ life in relation to the new society in receiver country. The expression migration experience relates to the fact that different causes for migration will produce different outcomes observable from a sociological perspective.
3. Theory of Adjustment in Acculturation Frame
Adjustment in this thesis is the one within the frame of acculturation process. It is because adjustment is part of acculturation process, while acculturation itself is a process by which people migrate and struggle to learn a culture that is different from their original or heritage culture (Heire, 2008:511).
He mentions some of the reasons for people’s move. Some move to be closer to family member, some move to seek fame and fortune, some move because they are refugees and have no choice but to leave their countries, some leave to study abroad with the intention of returning to their home country upon graduating, and some move as young children because their parents decide that it is in the family’s best interest.
The process of acculturation according to Heire involves three stages, which are shown in a U curve. The vertical line of the curve represents migrant’s feeling process are begun with the honeymoon process. In this process, on their arrival people feel an enthusiasm with their new environment. Following this is the culture shock stage. At this stage, after few times the migrants undergo conflicts because of the lack understanding of the host culture. The final stage is the adjustment stage. Moving to a new environment will be followed by the experience of adjustment. The migrated people learn to adjust with the host culture.
Chart 1. The Acculturation Curve (Quoted from Heire, 2008:513)
The adjustment that individual go through in the new environment can be enormous. At this stage, people will apply different type of adjustment strategies with different outcomes. The first is integration. Here people see the positive view, in which they combine the goodness of both cultures. Second is marginalization. Here people see the negative view on both cultures. Here, they receiver society but have no effort to maintain his or her heritage culture. The last type is separation. People want to maintain his or her heritage culture. In other word, they refuse the host culture. Above all, some people, depending on how psychologically prepared they are, might be able to understand "cultural diffusion" (exchange of different customs, beliefs, stereotypes, etc).
C. Review on Australian Society in Mid 1950-1960s
Australia is the driest continent on earth, dead at the centre and only intermittently fertile toward the edges. The outstanding physical characteristics of the continent is “the bush”, as the inland countryside is called; for over a century it provided the frontier against which the Australian settler had to advance, and for most of its history Australia has been a pioneering nation struggling to bring a vast and intractable continent under control. It is not surprising, therefore, that the bush mystique has long flavored Australian life and the way Australians think of themselves, and that this in turn has colored the image they have projected upon the outside world. Many people still think of the bush as the ‘real’ Australia and the bushman as the real Australian (McGregor, 1966:18).
In some inner suburbs migrants formed minority national colonies; in some outer suburbs they outnumbered the natives. Many worked in heavy industry, building and construction; some as businessmen, skilled tradesmen, professional
Referring to Langland’s (1948:17) description about society, more than people and their classes, society is also about customs, conventions, beliefs and values, their institutions and their physical environment. Those customs, conventions, beliefs and values are part of culture, because “culture is also about ideas, beliefs, and values (Haines, 2005:4)”. Most cultures in the Australian colonies were based on British forms, also being democratized in the second half of the 19th century. The young of the Australian society can be seen by some as a threat, but by others belief in them became a salvationary cult: “They are sharp, up to date, ambitious, image-conscious, materialist—and more than anything else they are aware: aware of ideas, fashions, cults, overseas trends, music, business techniques, in a way very few groups of Australians have been before.” They at last seemed greater masters than any earlier generation of the easy manner so long sought by Australians, but frustrated by their other traditions and by their own uncertainties. “In certain ways—especially in the emphasis on naturalness and on a relaxed, open style, and perhaps in a greater feeling for democratic equality.
Social disturbances were so rare. The old hatred of immigrants began to fade. The Australian fears of admitting strangers entered their country proved false that ordinary Australians would turn their historic intolerance on migrants. With so little unemployed, migrants provided no economic threat, and the balance of nationalities was well-proportioned, with no dominant nationality making a
Outside Australia, the word “affluence” is described as a new stated of affairs, and in other countries it had produced marked strains in social relations.
But the cohesiveness of Australian society meant that Australians adapted to “affluence” with perhaps less strain than any other country. They had been getting ready for a long time to accept that ordinary people should enjoy the privileges of the rich and while the economic changes that provided the basis of affluence meant many upsets in other countries, as people were forced to find new jobs, or lost jobs altogether, the cohesiveness of Australian society—the uniformity of much of its education and, except for the Aborigines, its lack of depressed groups—meant an ability to adjust with comparative smoothness to changing technological demands. A desire for everyone to have a job seemed so deeply stuck in the general consciousness that this, along with luck, meant that unemployment was usually as little as one per cent or less, and if it began moving toward two per cent there was a political crisis.
Australia was changing profoundly as it scraped together a larger education system which, although it had other professed aims, was to service this new demand. For the first time education became a general means of getting jobs with status beyond those of the traditional professions.
However, Australians cared more about the ownership of a house than the quality of accommodation it provided. Houses were often constructed of poor or
D. Theoretical Framework
The theories of character and characterization will be applied in answering the first problem formulation. The theories provide any understanding about character’s definition, about how to discuss characters and also how the characters are depicted in the novel.
The theories of migrants and migration experience, adjustment in frame of acculturation, and review on Australian society will be used to answer the second problem formulation. Those theories are used to support the understanding about Inge’s migration experience and the problems Inge should face in Australia as a migrant. Further, review on the Australian society in mid 1950-1960s helps the writer to understand deeper about the Australian society in which Inge struggle to adjust. In brief, all the theories and reviews which have been stated will be used to support each other in answering the problems formulation formulated in chapter one.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three sub-chapters. The first is object of the study. It covers the description of the object used in this thesis. Second is approach of the study. It tells the readers about the approach used in this study. Last is method of the study. It conveys the reader about the methodology applied in answering the problems formulation in this thesis.
A. Object of the Study
Written by Angelika Fremd, Heartland is the first part of a trilogy; The
Glass Inferno and The Dance of Ka Li Ma. First published in 1989 by University
of Queensland, Australia, this novel deals with the life of Inge Heinrich and family as postwar Germany migrant in Australia.
Angelika Fremd’s Heartland is a novel with a story about being a migrant in Australia. It tells how Inge Heinrich, together with her family adapt and undergo the pain as a migrant family, where such environment with different people, language and culture become obstacles to face on, altogether with the painful awareness of war effects, displacement, and the legacy of nazy on their lives and identities. Overcoming this condition, Inge draws her survival in order to be accepted in the new environment.
The Glass Inferno,
are used in a number of Australian and overseas English and cultural studies courses at university level <http://www.projectroom.com/joystick/cross2000/5/afremdheartreview.htm>.
B. Approach of the Study
In analysing the topic, the writer applies the Sociological Approach to literature. According to David Daiches, sociological criticism in literature can greatly advance knowledge by helping the reader to see why some faults are characteristics of works of certain period—can help to explain the nature of such faults, though the discovery that they are faults is made with reference to purely literary standards faults. Related to the area of analysis, sociological Approach to literature examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is received. It examines literature as either a document reflecting social conditions or a product of those conditions. It analyzes the social content of a literary work, about what cultural, economic or political values a particular text implicitly promotes. Literature may function as an ideological instrument in the proper sense of word, by exalting a specific system of domination and contributing to its educational goals. The solitude of the individual or the feeling of collective security, social optimism or despair, interest of psychological self- reflection or adherence to an objective scale of values, may be mentioned as
The writer uses the sociological approach in analyzing the topic because the topic is related to sociological issue. The topic is about a struggle to adjust to the Australian society contributed by the main character’s characteristics. This approach is needed to know the process of adjustment to the Australian society supported by contributive characteristics of Inge.
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study used in this thesis was library research, since the focus of this study was on literary work. It means that the writer took all the references from the library to support the analysis. The novel Heartland by Angelika Fremd was the primary data, while the secondary data were gathered together through books, journals, and some academic online papers and articles relevant to the topic of the analysis.
There were several steps in doing the analysis. The first step was collecting any data related to both the story and the problems previously formulated in chapter one, then read and re-read the data, both primary (the novel) and the secondary data in detail. After learning the data, the writer formulated the problems into two questions.
The second step was analyzing the data. The analysis process was done by answering the two questions raised in problems formulation. The first problem
Australian society revealed through the contribution of her characteristics, the
theory of migrants and migration experience, adjustment in the frame of acculturation, and review on Australian migration and society are used.
The final step, the third step was drawing conclusion. By summarizing the finding answers of the problems formulation and selecting important points of the study, the final step was completed.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS In this chapter the two problems formulation will be answered. The first
part will analyze Inge’s characterization in Heartland. The second part will analyze how Inge’s characteristics in Angelika Fremd’s Heartland portray Inge’s struggle to adjust to the Australian society as a migrant.