AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN “THE LITTLE MERMAID” FAIRY TALE OF DISNEY’S PRINCESS TREASURY BOOK.

AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN “THE LITTLE MERMAID” FAIRY TALE OF DISNEY’S PRINCESS TREASURY BOOK

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities

the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Nur Mentari Dwi Hayati Reg. Number: A83211174

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA 2016

ABSTRACT

Hayati, N. M. D. 2016. Thesis. “An Analysis of Deixis in ‘The Little Mermaid’ Fairy Tale of Disney’s Princess Treasury Book”. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Humanities. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor : Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling.

Key words : Deixis, Fairy Tale, The Little Mermaid, Disney’s Princess Treasury Book.

This research is conducted to analyze deixis. Many people don’t know what deixis are but they certain use deixis in their situation. It is reason why the researcher studies deixis. In this research, the researcher focuses on fairy tale entitled “The Little Mermaid” in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book. This research is divided into two research problems. First, what are the types of deixis used in

“The Little Mermaid” Fairy Tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book. Second,

what are the dominant types of deixis appear in “The Little Mermaid” Fairy Tale

in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book.

In this research the researcher uses theory from Stephen c. Levinson (1983), he stated that there are five types of deixis, they are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. To reveal the statement of the problems, the researcher uses table for counting the total emergence every types of deixis in data.

The researcher finds all of deixis in the data. Although every types occur in the data but the emergence of every types is different. Person deixis appear in total 55, 1 % or 107. Next, there are 12, 4 % or 24 occurring in time deixis, the total of place deixis is 7, 7% or 15, discourse deixis is 14 % or 27 and the last types is social deixis appear in total 10, 8% or 21.

The functions of using deixis are: helping the reader to understand the text, helping the writer to express the situation, pointing or indicating something, identifying of persons or objects, events and distinguishing social status.

In this research the researcher gives suggestions to next researcher who wants to analyze deixis: use the same Levinson’s deixis theory to analyze different data sources or other book. It will make different and can be enrich our knowledge.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover ... i

Inside Title ... ii

Declaration ... iii

Dedication ... iv

Motto ... v

Advisor’s Approval Sheet ... vi

Examiner’s Approval Sheet ... vii

Acknowledgments... ... viii

Table of Contents ... x

List of table ... xiii

Abstract ... xiv

Intisari ... xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study ... 1

1.2Statements of the Problems ... 3

1.3Objectives of the Study ... 3

1.4Significance of the Study ... 4

1.5Scope and Limitation ... 4

1.6Definition of the Key Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Pragmatics ... 7

2.2 Deixis ... 8

2.2.1 The Types of Deixis ... 10

1. Person Deixis ... 10

a) First Person Deixis ... 10

2. Time Deixis ... 12

3. Place Deixis ... 13

4. Discourse Deixis ... 14

5. Social Deixis ... 15

a) Relational Social Deixis ... 15

b) Absolute Social Deixis ... 16

2.3 Related Studies ... 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Research Design ... 19

3.2 Research Instrument ... 20

3.3 Research Subject ... 20

3.4 Data and Data Source ... 20

3.5 Data Collection ... 21

3.6 Data Analysis ... 22

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ... 23

4.1.1 The Types of Deixis ... 24

1. Person Deixis ... 24

a) First Person Deixis ... 24

b) Second Person Deixis ... 26

c) Third Person Deixis ... 27

2. Time Deixis ... 32

3. Place Deixis ... 35

4. Discourse Deixis ... 37

5. Social Deixis ... 39

a) Relational Social Deixis ... 39

b) Absolute Social Deixis ... 41

4.1.2 The Dominant Types of Deixis ... 43

4.2.1 The Types of Deixis ... 46

1. Person Deixis ... 47

a) First Person Deixis ... 47

b) Second Person Deixis ... 48

c) Third Person Deixis ... 49

2. Time Deixis ... 50

3. Place Deixis ... 50

4. Discourse Deixis ... 51

5. Social Deixis ... 51

a) Relational Social Deixis ... 52

b) Absolute Social Deixis ... 52

4.1.2 The Dominant Types of Deixis ... 52

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 55

5.2 Suggestion ... 57

REFERENCES ... 58

APPENDIX ... 61

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter, the researcher presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and definition of key terms. All these sections will be discussed as follows:

I.1 Background of the Study

The word deixis is derived from the Greek word deiktikos meaning “to show” or “to indicate”. In linguistics, deixis refer to words and phrases. Many people call deixis indexicalls because the expressions refer to other thing. Deixis is included into the branch of pragmatics. Deixis is one part that is studied in the pragmatics. In pragmatics, deixis refer to expression of the reference. Deixis is a pointing to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. The meaning will be clear if the listeners or readers know about who, where, and when the utterance is uttered.

Talking about deixis, it cannot be separated with the function of deixis. Deixis has some functions such as: helping the reader to understand the text, helping the writer to express the situation, pointing or indicating something, identifying of persons, objects, events, and processes, and distinguishing social status. Every linguist has different explaination and opinion about the definition of deixis. Levinson (1983, p. 54) argues that deixis is the single obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is refleted in the structures

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of language themselves and Renkema (2004, p. 121) talks about the word deixis has meaning “to show” or “to indicate” and used to denote those elements in a language which refer directly to the discourse situation.

Whereas, Yule (1996, p. 9) states that deixis is technical term for one of the most basic things that deal with utterance. Thomas (1995, p. 9) also said that deixis or deictic expressions are those which derive part of their meaning from their context of utterance. Based on the definition above, the researcher concludes that deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relationship between language and context in the structure of language itself that has function to point or indicate something. Deixis can be used in a variety of contexts, one of them is fairy tale.

Fairy tale is a type of short story that typically features Eropean folkloric fantasy characters, such as: dwarves, fairies, giants, goblins, mermaids, or witches, and usually magic (Nurgiyantoro, 2010). Sometimes, reader just focus on the sentences in novel or movie but they forget that fairy tales also include words or sentences that can be analyzed. That is the reason why the researcher analyzes the deixis in selected chapters of ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale. ‘The Little Mermaid’ is a type of fairy tale that tells about a young mermaid who lived in the underwater kingdom with her father, her mother and her five sisters.

A young mermaid willing to give up her life in the sea and her identity as mermaid to gain a human soul. She has love with human prince. ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale includes fourteen chapters that told about a Princess’ life with her family since she was child until she got married. ‘The Little Mermaid’ includes Disney’s Princess Treasury. ‘The Little Mermaid’ was written by Hans

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Christian Anderson in 1816. In this research, the researcher found some deixis theory from some linguists but the researcher focused in deixis theory from Stephen C. Levinson including five types, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. The researcher wants to analyze deixis found in ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale. The researher chooses to analyze deixis because the researcher wants to explain about the definition of deixis to readers. The researcher takes fifteen data from fourteen chapter in The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale. This research will be analyzed in pragmatics framework by using deixis theory.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Based on the background of the study above, the writer has two statements of the problems as follows:

1. What are the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” Fairy Tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book?

2. What are the dominant types of deixis appear in “The Little Mermaid” Fairy Tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book?

1.3Objective of the Study

Every research has a goal to be achieved. The researcher has argument the principal purpose that is suitable of statements of the problem. The purpose of this study are:

1. To find out the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” Fairy Tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book.

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2. To identify the dominant types of deixis appear in “The Little Mermaid” Fairy Tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research are supposed to conduct some considerations. The first, this research can give significances such as to give better understanding about deixis theory on “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. The second, this research can give information about deixis to further researcher, students of State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya, especially English Department in Letters and Humanities faculty and readers. The last, this research can give inspirations and alternative reference for the readers who are interested in analysing deixis.

1.5Scope and Limitation

Deixis is one part of pragmatics that include person deixis (first person deixis, second person deixis, third person deixis), place deixis, time deixis, social deixis snd discourse deixis. This research focuses on pragmatics framework. The scope of this research is to identify and analyze deixis based on Stephen C. Levinson theory.

This research focuses on deixis used in a fairy tale which covered five types of deixis. The researcher chooses her analysis in disney’s fairy tale entitled “The Little Mermaid” published in 1816. The Little Mermaid include Disney’s Princess Treasury Book.

Actually, Disney’s Princess Treasury Book have six kinds of fairy tale such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, The

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Little Mermaid, Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast. As a conlusion, the researcher limits her discussion of deixis used in ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale from Disneys Princess Treasury book.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

There are several key terms, which are significant for this study. Therefore, in order to avoid misinterpretation about the use of terms; it is important for the writers to give the suitable meaning of the key terms. Some terms are defined as follows:

1. Deixis

Deixis is a pointing to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. Some linguists explain about deixis, one of them is Levinson. Levinson said that deixis consist of five types: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. Person deixis is the expression used to point to object and people, for examples: me, you, he, she and her. Place deixis is the expression used to point to location, for examples: here and there. Time deixis is the expresssion used to point to time, for examples: now and then. Social deixis is the expression used to distinct social status, for examples: teacher, cousin and your highness. Discourse deixis is the expression referred to discourse and context, for example: this, that, above and below (Stephen C. Levinson, 1983).

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2. Fairy Tale

Fairy tale is a traditional short story that typically characters such as: dwarves, fairies, giants, goblins, mermaids, or witches. Fairy tale written for children usually uses imagination and magic. Story in fairy tale does not always tell about fairies.

3. The Little Mermaid

The Little Mermaid is a type of fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen which telling story about a young mermaid who lived in the underwater kingdom with her father, her mother and her five sisters. A young mermaid willing to give up her life in the sea and her identity as merrmaid to gain a human soul. She has love with human prince.

4. Disney’s Princess Treasury Book

Disney’s Princess Treasury book is a type of book that tells fairy tale about princess. In Disney’s Princess Treasury book there are six part stories such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast. Disney’s Princess Treasury book printed in the United States of America.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents the several theories related to this research. Those are definition of pragmatics, definition of deixis, types of deixis include: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis, and the related studies to support the analysis.

2.1 Pragmatics

The term ‘pragmatics’ is derived from the Greek word pragma means ‘action’. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics which studies how people utterances communicate meaning in context. There are some definitions and statements about pragmatics. According to Levinson, pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of language (Levinson, 1983). Pragmatics is as the study of language usage, such as the scope of pragmatics would include the study of deixis. From the definition above, the researcher can conclude that pragmatics has relation between language and context which contains the study of deixis. Pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning (Yule, 1985).

Yule (1996, p. 3) divided pragmatic field into four definitions. The first definition said that pragmatics is study how to analyze what people mean in that utterance and what the words or phrase in those utterance that is referred to speaker. Second, pragmatic is a study of contextual meaning. Third, pragmatic is the study of how to get communication purpose that is said by the speaker. Fourth,

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pragmatic is the study of the expression of relative distance. All of the definitions concerned with the study of meaning as communication by the speaker or writer and interpreted by the listener or reader. According to Mey, pragmatic studies the use of language in human communication as determined by the condition of society. It means that, pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society (Mey, 1993).

Pragmatics deals with the uses made of those meaning. The following belong to pragmatics: politeness phenomena, reference and deixis, implicatures, and speech act (Cruse, 2006). Based on the statement above, the researcher concludes that pragmatics is the study of meaning that includes deixis, reference, implicature, etc. Furthermore, Leech (1983, p. 1) argues that pragmatics is talking about how language is used in communication. It also can be usefully defined as the study of how utterancea have meaning in situations. Griffiths (2006, p. 1) said that pragmatics is concerned with the use of these tools in meaningful communication. Based on the definition above, the researcher concludes that pragmatic is a general study of how the context influences the speaker in interpreting the meaning of a sentence or study in the connection with situations of speech in system of communication.

2.2 Deixis

The word deixis is derived from the Greek word deiktikos meaning “to show” or “to indicate”. Deixis has wide definition. Each linguist has different explanation about the definition of deixis. Yule (1996, p. 9) distinguishes deictic

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known near from the speaker, the terms are “This, here, now”. Whereas, distal term is known away from the speaker, it is include “That, There and Then”. Therefore, deixis is the signifier used for identifying people, object, event, process or an activity that is being spoken or referred into time. Consider the following example:

Well, today I will come

The word “I” refers to the person who is uttering the sentence. The word “today” is time deixis but do not have clear referent and difficult to understand because we do not know “today” refers to what time the situation.

According to Levinson, deixis is the single obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is refleted in the structures of language themselves (Levinson, 1983). Deictic words are used to point to things in the physical-social contex of the speker and addressee (Kreidler, 1998). Meyer (2009, p. 182) also claims that words have a pointing function commonly referred to as deixis. There are some common words in our language that can’t be interpreted at all if we don’t know the context of the speaker and addressee, such as here, there, this, that, now, then, today, yesterday, you, me, her, him, it, I, them, etc.

The function of deixis is to point or indicate something, identification of persons, objects, events, processes, etc. It also relates to the use of certain linguistic referring devise, such as demonstratives. The example: this book, that child, these boots, those trees. According Thomas, said that deixis or deictic expressions are those which derive part of their meaning from their context of utterance (Thomas, 1995). Based on the definition above, the researcher concludes

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that deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relationship between language and context in the structure of language itself.

2.2.1 The Types of Deixis

Every linguist has different view and opinion about types of deixis. There are several types of deixis as follows person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. In this research, the discussion is focused only on five types of deixis based on Stephen C. Levinson theory, include:

1. Person Deixis

Person deixis is related directly in the grammatical categories of person. The function of person deixis is to indicate person. Levinson (1983, p. 69) says there are three categories of person deixis, such as first person, second person and third person. Category of first person is refers to the speaker, second person is refer to addressee and third person is refer to other participant in the speech situation. According to Renkema, deixis to person is realized using personal pronoun (Renkema, 2004).

a) First Person Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 62) states that first person deixis is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself. First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker. Renkema (2004, p. 122) said that first person deixis is relized using personal pronoun. Fika et al. (1991) said that the example as follows:

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a. Singular pronouns: I, me, myself, my, mine. b. Plural pronouns: we, us, ourselves, our, ours.

Example:

I am singing a song in the dining room

The word “I” is the first person and as a person who uttering the sentence. It can be said that the word “I” is to point the researcher herself in the sentence.

b)Second Person Deixis

Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee (Yule, 1996). Second person deixis is referred to addressee. Levinson (1983, p.62) argues that second person deixis is the encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees. Fika et al. (1991) said that the example as follows:

a. For singular: you, yourself, your, yours. b. For plural: you, yourselves, your, yours.

Example:

You can go to school everyday.

The word “you” is the second person and person who take direct contact with first person or someone who invited to talk with first person.

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c) Third Person Deixis

Third person deixis refers to other participant in the speech situation. Levinson (1983, p. 62) says that Third person deixis deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. According to Yule, third person deixis is a deictic reference as the speaker or addressee and usually imply to the gender that the utterance refers to (Yule, 1996). Third person deixis also can be said as a person who is being talked between the first person and the second person. Fika et al. (1991) claimed that the example as follows:

a. Singular: he, him, his, she, her, it. b. Plural: they, them, their.

c. The third person singular verb suffix –s.

Example:

She is beautiful girl who ever I call.

The word “She” is the third person and as a person who being talked by first person and second person.

2. Time Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 62) said that time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or written message inscribed). It means that time deixis is references that it is used to state the time when the utterance is uttered. The function of time deixis is to indicate time.

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Time deixis is divided into some categories. According to Cruse, there are three kinds of time deixis. First is before the moment of utterance, second is at the time of utterance and the last is after the time of utterance (Cruse, 2000). In English, these three kinds of time deixis called by tense, they are: present tense, past tense and future tense. The deictic expression of time as follows:

Now Then Before

Yesterday Today Tomorrow

This week This month This year

Last week Last month Last year

Next week Next month Next year

Later Soon Ago

Example:

He will meet you today.

The word “today” is included time deixis but do not have clear referent and difficult to understand because we do not know “today” refers to when the time happen. It can be on Sunday, Monday etc because the reference is not clear.

3. Place Deixis

Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of participant in the speech event (Levinson 1983). According to Yule, place deixis is where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. The function of place deixis is to indicate place.

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Thomas (1995, p. 9) states that place deixis, such as here, there, this, that, do not mean very much in isolation; it is only when you know where the speaker is standing. Renkema (2004, p. 123) also states that place deixis can be realized not only the use of demonstrative pronouns, but also by the use of adverb of place: here and there. In demonstrative pronoun, it can be distinguished by the distance.

- Singular: this and that - Plural: those

- Here are used for near distance - There are used for far distance

Example:

There he spotted Sebastian and Flounder

The application of “there” above is the location of person who is performing by “you” and do not have clear referent and difficult to understand because we do not know “there” refers to where the location mean.

4. Discourse Deixis

Discourse deixis also known as text deixis. Levinson (1983, p. 85) states that Discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text. Discourse deixis also refers to the use of expression within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains the utterance.

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According to Levinson, Discourse is deictic reference to a portion of a discourse relative to the speaker’s current location in the discourse. The deictic word used here are the demonstratives this and that. This can be used to refer to a portion of the discourse and that can be used to a previous portion.

- Portion used in texts: above, below, last, previous, proceeding, next. - Portion used in utterances: this, that, there, next, last.

Example:

She hit this girl last week.

Word “this” here simply refer to a certain young female who needs no further introduction.

5. Social Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 63) said that social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or distinctions between the participants or referents in a speech event. The function of social deixis is used to distinct social status. According to Cruse, social deixis is something that has relative social status between hearer and speaker (Cruse, 2000). Social deixis is connected with the social distinction and participant who has role. There are two basic kinds of social deixis, they are:

a. Relational social deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 90) said that relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social characteristic of referent apart from any relative ranking

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of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and addressee. For examples: my husband, teacher, cousin, and pronouns (you, her).

b. Absolute social deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 90) said that absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in certain forms of address, which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee. For examples: your highness, Mr. President, your majesty, etc.

Example of Social Deixis:

“I waked the orderly and he poured mineral water on the dressings.”

The word “the orderly” is absolute social deixis which refers in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee.

2.3 Related Studies

In this research, the researcher not only reads and understand the theory from reference book but also reads some related studies that have similar discussion to compare with this study, the first related study by Made Devi Pebiyanti in 2006. She found the types of deixis including (person deixis: I, He, She, They, We, and You. Time deixis: last, next, today, yesterday, tomorrow, now, and then. Place deixis: here, there, and East. Social deixis: Guru, Yoga, Ashram, West and residence. Discourse deixis: It, this/these, and that/those).

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deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. The third by Anely Faizah in 2008. In her research, she found the deixis used in surah Al-Dukhan is included into three types of deixis, namely: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis. The frequency of those three types of deixis which often appear is person deixis and time deixis.

The fourth by Magdalena Selvi Yuliawati Sudibyo in 2009. She found seven kinds of deixis by William Wordsworth poems include 14 person deixis, 2 time deixis, 3 place deixis, 7 social deixis, 2 discourse deixis, 0 gestural deixis and 0 symbolic deixis. The five by Ike Endah Rachmawati in 2011. She explained about the deixis is the study how to analyze word or phrase which directly relates utterance to a person, time, place, social and discourse.

The sixth by Dwi Setyawati in 2013. She found that four types of deixis used on Emma novel consists of 195 person deixis (63, 2%), 32 spatial person deixis (10, 4%), 42 temporal deixis (13, 6%), and 40 discourse deixis (12, 9%). The seventh by Sherly Marliana in 2013. She found personal deixis established anaphoric or cataphoric relations, time deixis the transcription used, place deixis the transcription mostly used locative adverbs of place, discourse deixis the transcription also has discourse deixis elements, social deixis used some terms for encoding the social relationship status.

The last related study by Zuhriyatul Afiyah in 2014, she found that deixis used on A Farewell to Arms novel consists of person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. Therefore, this research applies theory of deixis in the fairy tale “The Little Mermaid” by Stephen C. Levinson to get more data. The researcher uses fairy tale because it has many word or phrase

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related to deixis. This research is very different with the previous study because no one analyzes types of deixis used fairy tale and can contribute new knowledge about how deixis are used in fairy tale.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

In this chapter, the researcher explained general process of collected and analyzed the data that the researcher used in this research which includes research approach, research instrument, research subject, data and data source, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis. The main purpose of this chapter is to explain the methodology and steps how to collecting and analyzing the data.

3.1 Research Design

In conducting this research, the researcher uses qualitative approach because the researcher described the data and give understanding about deixis in chapters of ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale based on Levinson theory. Besides, Yin (2011) stated that qualitative approach is the data in the form of words or phrases rather than number. It means that, the researcher uses the data of consisted of the form of words or phrases and not in number form. So, this research didn’t use number form.

The researcher described what she has read related to the types of deixis in ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale. Qualitative approach has the use found out the deixis in the fairy tale based on Levinson theory, why the chapters in the fairy tale used deixis and continued with general conclusion. Moreover, the qualitative approach is used to describe each type of deixis produced by all chapters. This method can be flexible to answer the statement of the problems offered in the first chapter.

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3.2 Research Instrument

In this reserach, the key instrument is the researcher herself. The researcher herself as instrument because the researcher herself who actively analyze such as identifying, classifying, analyzing the data, and drawn the conclusion for this research. This research is imposible without any work from the researcher.

Arikunto (2012, p. 126) claimed that instrument as a tool or a means that the researcher used to collect the data. In ccollecting the data, the researcher need copying of ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale, note, pen, as the supporting instrument to facilitate her. The researcher also reading the fairy tale for looked deeper information about ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale.

3.3 Research Subject

There are six kinds of fairy tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast. The subject that researcher choose in this research is “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. In this case, the researcher only focused on chosen one fairy tale entitled “The Little Mermaid” which included fourteen chapters.

3.4 Data and Data Source

The data of this research were focused on the types of deixis that the researcher found the words or vocabularies in fourteen chapters “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale that include person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse

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deixis and social deixis. Whereas, the data source is all chapter of ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale which was taken from the book entitled “Disney’s Princess Treasury”.

3.5 Data Collection

The researcher collected the data of deixis used in fairy tale entitle: “The Little Mermaid”, the following steps would do:

1) The researcher looking for the fairy tale entitled ‘The Little Mermaid’ from the book entitled ‘Disney’s Princess Treasury’.

2) The researcher copying ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale from Disney’s Princess Treasury book.

3) The researcher read three times or more to understand the whole text of the fairy tale. Firstly, the researcher only read the fairy tale. Secondly, the researcher read to know and understand the whole of the text. Thirdly, the researcher read and underline the types of deixis include person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. Fourthly, the researcher read and found the dominant types of deixis in the each chapter.

4) The researcher found and collected the data by coding the words or vocabularies by deixis that found in each chapter of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. For example:

Then he saw Ariel coming toward him out of the ocean. “Well, it’s like I always says: Children have got to be free to lead their own lives!”. “You always say that?”

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But there was no time to rejoice. There he spotted Sebastian and Flounder, who led him to a nearby shore where Ariel was sitting on a rock. “What’s that, Your Majesty?” Sebastian asked.

3.6 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher did some steps to analyze the data. The analysis of data is the process of arranging the data, organizing the data into pattern, category and a unit of basic analysis. The procedure of analyzing the data was divided through the following steps:

1) The researcher identify the words or vocabularies used types of deixis by symbol in the each chapter of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

2) The researcher classified the types of deixis into part person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis that found in each chapter of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

3) The researcher described the dominant types of deixis that occur in the each chapter of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

4) Finally, the researcher concluded the result of the data analysis to answer the statement of problem and gave suggestion for the next study.

Note:

I: First Person Deixis You: Second Person Deixis their: Third Person Deixis Then: Time Deixis

there: Discourse Deixis There: Place deixis

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter, the researcher presents about the findings and discussion. The purpose of this chapter is concerned with the analysis of the data in order to answer the research problems presented in Chapter 1. In the first, the researcher focuses on the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury Book. In the second, the researcher describes the dominant types of deixis appear in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale in Disney’s Princess Treasury book. The analysis will be explained below.

4.1 Findings

After analyzing the deixis utterances from the fairy tale entitled “The Little Mermaid”, the researcher found 194 utterances that show deixis process and then, the researcher classifying the data in deixis on Levinson C. theory propose the types of deixis process.

Table 1: Types of deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Types of Deixis Sample Percentage

1 First Person Deixis 18 9,3 %

2 Second Person Deixis 22 11,3 %

3 Third Person Deixis 67 34,5 %

4 Time Deixis 24 12,4 %

5 Place Deixis 15 7,7 %

6 Discourse Deixis 27 14 %

7 Relational Social Deixis 10 5,1 % 8 Absolute Social Deixis 11 5,7 %

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4.1.1 Types of Deixis

The researcher found five types of deixis include person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. All the data is analyzed bellow:

1. Person Deixis

Person deixis is related directly in the grammatical categories of person. The function of person deixis is to indicate person. According to Levinson, says there are three categories of person deixis, such as first person, second person and third person (Levinson, 1983).

a) First Person Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 62) states that first person deixis is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself. First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker. The discussions below are first person deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 2: First person deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No First Person The Little Mermaid

1 I This I haven’t seen in years!

2 Me Allow me

3 I I just don’t know what we’re going to do with you 4 We’re I just don’t know what we’re going to do with you

5 My Lovesick girl would make a charming addition to my little garden!

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6 I Not thatI blame you

7 I’m I’m telling you

8 My The single most humiliating day of my life!

9 I I hope you appreciate what I go through for you

10 I I hope you appreciate what I go through for you 11 We’ve We’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss you 12 My Congratulation, my dear

13 I I saw the watch-the witch-the witch was watching the mirror and singing in a stolen voice!

14 I’m Do you hear what I’m saying? 15 Me Don’t fool with me, you little brat! 16 I’ll Contract or no, I’ll blast--

17 I Well, it’s like I always says

18 I Well, then, I guess there’s only one problem left

Data 11:

That night, Ariel was shown to a splendid guest room. On her dresser Sebastian was still picking bits of let-tuce and spices from his shell. “This has got to be, without a doubt, the single most humiliating day of my life!” he said. “I hope you appreciate what I go through for you, young lady. Now then, we’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss you. Tomorrow you’ve got to look your best. You’ve got to bat your eyes and pucker up your.

The pronoun “I, my and we’ve” can be categorized as first person deixis that followed by auxilarity have. The plural pronoun “we” refers to Ariel and Sebastian as the plural speaker. It is based the context in this previous sentence He turned to look at Ariel, Sebastian said tenderly, “You are hopeless, child, you know what?” The pronoun “I” refer to Sebastian as the speaker. It is based on the context in this previous sentence I hope you appreciate what I go through for you,

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young lady. The pronoun “I” in the context above is the prince Sebastian. The possessive pronoun “my” is belonging to the Sebastian life that based on the context in the sentence above (Data 11).

b)Second Person Deixis

Levinson (1983, p.62) argues that second person deixis is the encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees. Second person deixis is referred to addressee. The discussions below are second person deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 3: Second person deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Second Person The Little Mermaid

1 You I just don’t know what we’re going to do with you 2 Your As a result of your careless behavior

3 You’re You’re here because you have a thing for this human 4 You You’re here because you have a thing for this human

5 You Not that I blame you

6 Your The solution to your problem is simple 7 You Now, let’s put some clothing on you 8 You I’m telling you

9 You if you want to be human

10 You this first thing you have to do is dress like one 11 You I hope you appreciate what I go through for you 12 You I hope you appreciate what I go through for you

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13 You we’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss you 14 You’ve Tomorrow you’ve got to look your best

15 Your Tomorrow you’ve got to look your best

16 You’ve You’ve got to bat your eyes and pucker up your 17 Your You’ve got to bat your eyes and pucker up your 18 Your You’ve got to bat your eyes and pucker up your

19 Yours it appears that this mystery maiden of yours does in fact exist

20 You Do you hear what I’m saying? 21 You You little brat!

22 You You always sat that?

Data 11:

That night, Ariel was shown to a splendid guest room. On her dresser Sebastian was still picking bits of let-tuce and spices from his shell. “This has got to be, without a doubt, the single most humiliating day of my life!” he said. “I hope you appreciate what I go through for you, young lady. Now then, we’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss you. Tomorrowyou’ve got to look your best. You’ve got to bat your eyes and pucker up your.

The pronoun “you, you, you, you, you, your, your, and your” can be categorized as second person deixis. The first, second, third, fourth and five pronoun “you” refer to Ariel. It is based on the context in this previous sentence Ariel breathed a sigh of relief. The possessive pronoun “your” also refer to Ariel as young lady based on the context in the sentence above (Data 11).

c) Third Person Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 62) says that Third person deixis deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. Third person deixis refers to

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other participant in the speech situation. Third person deixis also can be said as a person who is being talked between the first person and the second person. The discussions below are third person deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. Table 4: Third person deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Third Person The Little Mermaid

1 He then he would know exactly what to think 2 His King Triton rose from his seat

3 His Clenching his trident

4 His His face turned red with fury as he let out a bellow that

shook the seafloor

5 He His face turned red with fury as he let out a bellow that shook the seafloor

6 She She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his

subjects-including his daughters - from interacting with humans

7 Her She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his subjects-including his daughters - from interacting with humans

8 His She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his subjects-including his daughters - from interacting with humans

9 His She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his subjects-including his daughters - from interacting with humans

10 She but she didn’t understand how

11 They if they could make all the beautiful things she had collected from the ocean floor

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collected from the ocean floor 13 They they could be so evil

14 It’s It’s a banded, bulbous snarfblatt

15 It It dates back to prehysterical times when humans used to sit around and stare at each other all day

16 It It got very boring

17 They so they invented this snarfblatt to make fine music 18 He He took a deep breath and blew into the pipe 19 Her Ariel stood before her father in the throne room

20 Her her head bowed slightly while he scolded her for missing the concert

21 He her head bowed slightly while he scolded her for missing the concert

22 Her her head bowed slightly while he scolded her for missing the concert

23 His the disappointment in his voice clear 24 He He turned around and gasped in shock

25 Their Their sparks floating gently down to the water 26 She She ignored his calls to return at once

27 His She ignored his calls to return at once

28 She As she was so intent on seeing what was happening on board

29 His The deal was that Ursula would grant a merperson his or her greatest wish

30 Her The deal was that Ursula would grant a merperson his or her greatest wish

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what she now had in mind

32 Her Her face glowed as she grinned at Ariel’s image 33 She Her face glowed as she grinned at Ariel’s image 34 She She declared with an evil laugh

35 Her Her sisters could tell that Ariel was in love

36 she She had that faraway look in her eyes and day-dreamed more than ever

37 Her She had that faraway look in her eyes and day-dreamed more than ever

38 They They all assumed she’d fallen for a merman 39 She’d They all assumed she’d fallen for a merman 40 Him Ariel sat on a rock above him

41 She Now then, she began

42 He He is quite a catch, isn’t he? 43 He He is quite a catch, isn’t he?

44 Them Scuttle pulled a white sail and some rope off the ship wreck and brought them to Ariel

45 She She draped the sail around her and tied it in place with the rope

46 Her On her dresser Sebastian was still picking bits of let-tuce and spices from his shell

47 His On her dresser Sebastian was still picking bits of let-tuce and spices from his shell

48 He The single most humiliating day of my life! he said 49 He Well, now, Eric he said

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51 She And she is lovely

52 He He took the young woman’s hand 53 He He immediately flew to the dock 54 He He cried, flustered and out of breath 55 Her Ariel knew that her time was almost up

56 She And she just had to get to Eric before sunset 57 Her Ariel looked up, away from her father 58 Her Her own soul now felt hardened

59 She She had disobeyed her father’s strictest rule and fallen in love with a human

60 Her She had disobeyed her father’s strictest rule and fallen in love with a human

61 She She had even made a deal with her father’s enemy 62 Her She had even made a deal with her father’s enemy 63 He he had still given his soul to save her

64 His he had still given his soul to save her 65 Her he had still given his soul to save her

66 Their Children have got to be free to lead their own lives! 67 Them Then the two of them broke into laughter

Data 3:

Ariel was curious about everything above the surface, especially the land creatures called humans. She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his subjects-including his daughters-from interacting with humans. King Triton said that these land creatures were dangerous and could not be trusted. Ariel had never seen any humans up close before, but she didn’t understand how, if they could make all the beautiful things she had collected from the ocean floor, they could be so evil.

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Third person deixis showed by using word “she, her, his, his, she, they, she, they”. The first, second and third pronoun “she” refers to Ariel as little daughter by King Triton, it is based on the sentence “Yes,” King Triton agreed. “And especially my little Ariel”. The word “her” as possessive pronoun she also refers to Ariel. Then, the use of word “his” as possessive pronoun he refers to Aril’s father. The first possessive pronoun “his” refer to King Triton’s subjects based on the sentence, the secod possessive pronoun “his”refer to King Triton’s daughters that based on the context in the sentence above. The plural pronoun “they” refer to humans. It is based on the context in this previous sentence Ariel was curious about everything above the surface, especially the land creatures called humans.

2. Time Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 62) said that time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or written message inscribed). It means that time deixis is references that it is used to state the time when the utterance is uttered. The function of time deixis is to indicate time. In English, these three kinds of time deixis called by tense, they are: present tense, past tense and future tense. The discussions below are time deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 5: Time deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Time The Little Mermaid

1 Then then he would know exactly what to think

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3 years This I haven’t seen in years!

4 times It dates back to prehysterical times when humans used to sit around and stare at each other all day

5 Day It dates back to prehysterical times when humans used to sit around and stare at each other all day

6 Before Ariel stood before her father in the throne room

7 the night Fireworks from the ship lit up the night sky in bright colors

8 Now But the whole collection was nothing compared with what she now had in mind

9 Day She had that faraway look in her eyes and day-dreamed more than ever

10 Now Now then, she began

11 Then Now then, she began

12 Now Now, let’s put some clothing on you

13 That night That night, Ariel was shown to a splendid guest room

14 Now Now then, we’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss

you

15 Then Now then, we’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss you

16 Tomorrow Tomorrow you’ve got to look your best 17 Now Well! now, Eric, he said

18 Time There was no time to waste

19 Time Ariel knew that her time was almost up 20 the third

day

This was the third day

21 Before She just had to get to Eric before sunset. 22 Now Her own soul now felt hardened

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23 Then Then the two of them broke into laughter

24 Then Well, then, I guess there’s only one problem left

Data 4:

“This I haven’t seen in years!” Scuttle replied. “It’s a banded, bulbous snarfblatt. It dates back to prehysterical times when humans used to sit around and stare at each other all day. It got very boring, so they invented this snarfblatt to make fine music. Allow me.” He took a deep breath and blew into the pipe.

The word “years, times and day” can be categorized as time deixis, refers to point the time when the utterance is occuring that based on the context. The word “years” refer to time when Scuttle took out the tobacco pipe. It is based on the context in this previous sentence “This I haven’t seen in years!” Scuttle replied. The word “times and day” refer to time when humans used to sit around and stare at each other long time.

Data 13:

There was no time to waste. He immediately flew to the dock. “Ariel!” he cried, flustered and out of breath. “I saw the watch-the witch-the witch was watching the mirror and singing in a stolen voice! Do you hear what I’m saying? The Prince is marrying the Sea Witch in disguise!” The sun hovered just above the horizon. Ariel knew that hertime was almost up. This was the third day, and she just had to get to Eric before sunset.

The phrase “time, time, the third day and before” can be categorized as time deixis that refers to the time when the sentence is occuring that based on the context. The word “time and time” refers to time when the girl Ariel looked herself in the Mirror and Scuttle say, I’ll have that little mermaid soon. The word “the third day” refers to time when The Prince is marrying the Sea Witch in disguise. The last word is “before” refers to time when the sun hovered just above

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to time when Ariel dove into the water, but she’d forgotten that she didn’t know how to swim with legs.

3. Place Deixis

According to Levinson, place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of participant in the speech event (Levinson 1983). The function of place deixis is to indicate place. The discussions below are place deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 6: Place deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Place The Little Mermaid

1 the bottom of the Ocean But if Eric could see to the bottom of the ocean

2 the bustling kingdom of Atlantia

Fathoms below Eric’s ship, was the bustling kingdom of Atlantia

3 Seafloor His face turned red with fury as he let out a bellow that shook the seafloor

4 these land King Triton said that these land creatures were dangerous and could not be trusted 5 the ocean floor if they could make all the beautiful things

she had collected from the ocean floor 6 the throne room Ariel stood before her father in the throne

room

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8 on board she was so intent on seeing what was happening on board

9 a place in Ursula’s collection

but the deals always ended not only with unfulfilled dreams but with a place in Ursula’s collection

10 the ocean floor Sebastian paced the ocean floor, worried sick

11 Here you’re here because you have a thing for this human, this prince fellow

12 in place She draped the sail around her and tied it in place with the rope

13 guest room That night, Ariel was shown to a splendid guest room

14 Bed Ariel jumped out of bed

15 There There was no time to waste

Data 1:

But if Eric could see to the bottom of the ocean, then he would know exactly what to think. For there, fathoms below Eric’s ship, was the bustling kingdom of Atlantia.

The word “the bottom of the ocean and the bustling kingdom of Atlantia” indicates place deixis which is refers to point a location when the utterance occurs that based on the sentence. This word refers to the place where the situation

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happened but doesn’t know the specific of the place. It encodes the spatial locations relative to the location of the participantss in the speech events.

4. Discourse Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 85) states that Discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text. Discourse deixis refers to the use of expression within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains the utterance. Discourse is deictic reference to a portion of a discourse relative to the speaker’s current location in the discourse. The discussions below are discourse deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 7: Discourse deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Discourse The Little Mermaid

1 There For there, fathoms below Eric’s ship 2 Below For there, fathoms below Eric’s ship

3 That His face turned red with fury as he let out a bellow that shook the seafloor

4 Above Ariel was curious about everything above the surface

5 That King Triton said that these land creatures were dangerous and could not be trusted

6 This This I haven’t seen in years!

7 This so they invented this snarfblatt to make fine music 8 Next The next thing Sebastian knew

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9 That The deal was that Ursula would grant a merperson his or her greatest wish

10 That Her sisters could tell that Ariel was in love

11 That She had that faraway look in her eyes and day-dreamed more than ever

12 Above Ariel sat on a rock above him

13 This you’re here because you have a thing for this human

14 That Not that I blame you

15 This this first thing you have to do is dress like one 16 This This has got to be, without a doubt

17 That we’ve got to make a plan to get that boy to kiss you 18 Next Grimsby stood next to the couple

19 That it appears that this mystery maiden of yours does in fact exist

20 This it appears that this mystery maiden of yours does in fact exist

21 Above The sun hovered just above the horizon 22 That Ariel knew that her time was almost up 23 This This was the third day

24 That And after all that, he had still given his soul to save her

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26 There’s I guess there’s only one problem left 27 That What’s that, Your Majesty?

Data 4:

“This I haven’t seen in years!” Scuttle replied. “It’s a banded, bulbous snarfblatt. It dates back to prehysterical times when humans used to sit around and stare at each other all day. It got very boring, so they invented this snarfblatt to make fine music. Allow me.” He took a deep breath and blew into the pipe.

The word “this and this” can be categorized as discourse deixis which is refers to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself). The first word “this” refers to the forthcoming portion to I haven’t that based on the sentence. The second word “this” refers to the forthcoming portion to snarfblatt that based on the context.

5. Social Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 63) said that social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or distinctions between the participants or referents in a speech event. The function of social deixis is used to distinct social status. Social deixis is connected with the social distinction and participant who has role. There are two basic kinds of social deixis.

a) Relational Social Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 90) said that relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social characteristic of referent apart from any relative ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and

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addressee. The discussions below are relational social deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 8: Relational social deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Relational The Little Mermaid

1 Father She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his subjects-including his daughters-from interacting with humans

2 Father Ariel stood before her father in the throne room

3 young lady I just don’t know what we’re going to do with you, young lady

4 little garden Lovesick girl would make a charming addition to my little garden!

5 Sisters Her sisters could tell that Ariel was in love

6 young lady I hope you appreciate what I go through for you, young lady

7 young woman’s

He took the young woman’s hand

8 Father Ariel looked up, away from her father

9 father’s She had disobeyed her father’s strictest rule and fallen in love with a human

10 father’s She had even made a deal with her father’s enemy

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Data 5:

Ariel stood before her father in the throne room, her head bowed slightly while he scolded her for missing the concert. Flounder hid behind the throne room door. “I just don’t know what we’re going to do with you, young lady,” the King bellowed, the disappointment in his voice clear. “As a result of your careless behavior, the entire celebration was --”

The word “father and young lady” indicate social deixis especially as relational social deixis because this word refers to previous social characteristic between the speaker and addressee that based on sentence. The word “father and young lady” also refers to a social relationship between the speaker and addressee. Flounder has a relation with Ariel’s father because Ariel’s father is his friend who accompanies Ariel going to do something.

b)Absolute Social Deixis

Levinson (1983, p. 90) said that absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in certain forms of address, which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee. The discussions below are absolute social deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale.

Table 9: Absolute social deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

No Absolute The Little Mermaid

1 King Triton King Triton rose from his seat

2 King Triton King Triton said that these land creatures were dangerous and could not be trusted

3 the King The King bellowed, the disappointment in his voice clear

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5 this Prince This prince fellow. Not that I blame you

6 Scuttle Scuttle said, flying toward the nearby shipwreck 7 The Prince The Prince is marrying the Sea Witch in disguise! 8 King Triton King Triton raised an eyebrow

9 the King Sebastain gave the King a nervous glance

10 the King I guess there’sonly one problem left,” the King said 11 Your Majesty What’s that, Your Majesty?

Data 15:

“Mmm, “ Sebastian agreed. “Well, it’s like I always says: Children have got to be free to lead their own lives!”

King Triton raised an eyebrow. “You always say that?”

Sebastian gave the King a nervous glance. Then the two of them broke into laughter. “Well, then, I guess there’s only one problem left,” the King said. “What’s that, Your Majesty?” Sebastian asked.

Social deixis showed by the occurring of the word “King Triton, the King, the King and your majesty”. The phrase “King Triton, the King, the King and your majesty” can be categorized as absolute ssocial deixis that based on the context. It refers to some social characteristic between the speaker and addressee. Absolute social deixis is a deictic referencep that includes no comparison of the ranking between the speaker and addressee.

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4.1.2 Dominant Types of Deixis

Table 10: Dominant types of deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale

Person Deixis is dominant appear in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale with total 55,1 % or 107 deixis which include first person deixis, second person deixis and third person deixis. In every chapter that chooses by the researcher, person deixis is existed. Person deixis consist of three types include first person deixis, second person deixis and third person deixis. First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker. The first pronoun deixis “I” always occur in every chapter of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. The singular pronoun “I” refer to the person who is currently speaking. Levinson (1983, p. 62) argues that first person deixis is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself. The deictic marker “I” can be interpreted as a person who has a role as the main subject of the fairy tale.

The researcher also found first person deixis “me and my”. The singular pronoun “me” can be categorized as the objective case for one person, especially for the King. The objective case is usually placed after verb or preposition. While, the pronouns “my” can be categorized as the possessive pronoun for singular or one person. The pronoun “my” can be interpreted as belonging to me. Next first

No Types of Deixis Sample Percentage

1 First Person Deixis 18 9,3 %

2 Second Person Deixis 22 11,3 %

3 Third Person Deixis 67 34.5 %

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person deixis is “we” The plural pronoun “we” can be interpreted to the speaker that consists of more than one person in the same situation. According to Allsop, the plural pronoun “we” is used to mean all of us as the speaker, the listener (s), and other people in the same situation (Allsop, 1990). Second person deixis which is represented by using word “you” and “your”. Levinson (1983, p. 62) stated that second person deixis is referred to the person or person being addressed.

The pronoun “you” can be used for one or more than one person. The pronoun “you” can be interpreted as a replacement for someone who has a role as addressee or someone which has direct contact with the first person. Azar (1993, p. 231) said that the pronoun “you” means any person or people in general. While for pronoun “your” can be classified as a possessive pronoun for the addressee second person deixis which is represented by using word “you” and “your”. Levinson (1983, p. 62) stated that second person deixis is referred to the person or person being addressed. The pronoun “you” can be used for one or more than one person. The pronoun “you” can be interpreted as a replacement for someone who has a role as addressee or someone which has direct contact with the first person. Azar (1993, p. 231) said that the pronoun “you” means any person or people in general. While for pronoun “your” can be classified as a possessive pronoun for the addressee.

The last type of person deixis is third person deixis. Levinson (1983, p. 62) claimed that third person deixis is referred to the third parties other than the speaker or the person who is being talked between first person and second person. The researcher found the using word “he, she, his, they, it, her, their, him, them”

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in the data. The pronouns “she and he” are deictic refer to the third person deixis or Levinson categorized those deictic element as singular third person deixis. The pronoun “she” can be interpreted as the gender of addressee especially for female, while pronouns “he” can be interpreted as the gender of addressee for male. The words “his”“their” indicate possessive pronoun.

The words “him” “her” and “them” indicate objective case. The pronoun “they” is deictic element as plural third person deixis. The plural pronoun “they” can be interpreted as a group of people who are being addressed and can be used for plural of she, he, it. According to Allsop claimed that the third pronoun “it” can be used for all other inanimate object and for animals where the sex is unknown (Allsop, 1990). The pronoun “herself” indicate reflexive pronoun that refers to the subject. Azar (1993, p. 229) said that a reflexive pronoun usually refers to the subject.

4.2Discussion

This research describes about the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale and analyzes the data used Stephen C. Levinson theory. The next step is the discussion of the whole data which has been provided. This discussion presents about the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. In this research, the researcher explain that the information obtained from the data shows that deixis used in fairy tale of “The Little Mermaid” consist of five types of deixis.

Furthermore, the researcher also explains that the theory of deixis which is proposed by Levinson is used to analyze words or sentences produced by the

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researcher on the literary work. Deixis is a pointing to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. Based on the analysis, the deixis used in fairy tale of “The Little Mermaid” has found five types of deixis theory include person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis

4.2.1 Types of Deixis

This research describes about the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale and analyzes the data used Stephen C. Levinson theory. The next step is the discussion of the whole data which has been provided. This discussion presents about the types of deixis used in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. In this research, the researcher explain that the information obtained from the data shows that deixis used in fairy tale of “The Little Mermaid” consist of five types of deixis.

Furthermore, the researcher also explains that the theory of deixis which is proposed by Levinson is used to analyze words or sentences produced by the researcher on the literary work. Deixis is a pointing to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. Based on the analysis, the deixis used in fairy tale of “The Little Mermaid” has found five types of deixis theory include person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.

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1. Person Deixis

Deixis is dominant appear in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale . In every chapter that chooses by the researcher, person deixis is existed. Person deixis consist of three types include first person deixis, second person deixis and third person deixis.

a) First person deixis

First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker. The first pronoun deixis “I” always occur in every chapter of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. The singular pronoun “I” refer to the person who is currently speaking. The pronoun “I” can be categorized as deictic element and indicate first person deixis based on the context of the utterance. Levinson (1983, p. 62) argues that first person deixis is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself. The deictic marker “I” can be interpreted as a person who has a role as the main subject of the fairy tale. The whole story is only narrated by one person or author. The example of the singular pronoun “I” as follows:

“I’m telling you, if you want to be human, this first thing you have to do is dress like one.” (Chapter 9)

The researcher also found first person deixis “me and my”. The singular pronoun “me” can be categorized as the objective case for one person, especially for the King. The objective case is usually placed after verb or preposition. While, the pronouns “my” can be categorized as the possessive pronoun for singular or one person. The pronoun “my” can be interpreted as belonging to me. The example of the objective case“me” and the possesive pronoun “my” as follows:

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Allow me. (Chapter 3)

“King Triton’s headstrong, lovesick girl would make a charming addition to my little garden!” she declared with an evil laugh. (Chapter 6)

Next first person deixis is “we” The plural pronoun “we” can be interpreted to the speaker that consists of more than one person in the same situation that based on the context of utterance. According to Allsop, the plural pronoun “we” is used to mean all of us as the speaker, the listener (s), and other people in the same situation (Allsop, 1990). The example of the plural pronoun “we” as follows:

“I just don’t know what we’re going to do with you, young lady.” (Chapter 4)

b)Second Person Deixis

Next types of person deixis are second person deixis which is represented by using word “you” and “your”. Levinson (1983, p. 62) stated that second person deixis is referred to the person or person being addressed. The pronoun “you” can be used for one or more than one person. The pronoun “you” can be interpreted as a replacement for someone who has a role as addressee or someone which has direct contact with the first person. Azar (1993, p. 231) said that the pronoun “you” means any person or people in general. While for pronoun “your” can be classified as a possessive pronoun for the addressee. The example of the pronoun “you” and the possesive pronoun “your” as follows:

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c) Third Person Deixis

The last type of person deixis is third person deixis. Levinson (1983, p. 62) claimed that third person deixis is referred to the third parties other than the speaker or the person who is being talked between first person and second person. The researcher found the using word “he, she, his, they, it, her, their, him, them” in the data. The pronouns “she and he” are deictic reference refer to the third person deixis or Levinson categorized those deictic element as singular third person deixis that based on the context of utterance.

The pronoun “she” can be interpreted as the gender of addressee especially for female, while pronouns “he” can be interpreted as the gender of addressee for male. The words “his” “their” indicate possessive pronoun that based on the context. The words “him”“her” and “them” indicate objective case in a sentence. The pronoun “they” is deictic element as plural third person deixis that based on the context of utterance. The example of pronoun “she”, “he” and possesive pronoun “his” as follows:

She knew her father’s rule was designed to keep his subjects-including his daughters-from interacting with humans. (Chapter 2)

But if Eric could see to the bottom of the ocean, thenhe would know exactly what to think. (Chapter 1)

The plural pronoun “they” can be interpreted as a group of people who are being addressed and can be used for plural of she, he, it. According to Allsop claimed that the third pronoun “it” can be used for all other inanimate object and for animals where the sex is unknown (Allsop, 1990). The pronoun “herself” indicate reflexive pronoun that refers to the subject that based on the context. Azar

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CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents two sections, they are: conclusion and suggestion. Conclusion and suggestion as the final result of this thesis entitled “An Analysis of Deixis in ‘The Little Mermaid’ fairy tale of Disney’s Princess Treasury Book”. The researcher analysis the data in the previous chapter, the conclusion and suggestion as the last part of this research. The conclusion is as the answer of the statement of the problem while suggestion is given to give information to the future researchers who are interested in doing futher researchers. The conclusion and suggestion is presented.

5.1CONCLUSION

The researcher concludes that deixis is a pointing to describe the relation between language and contexts when the listeners or readers didn’t know who, where, and when the utterance is uttered. After analyzing the data, the researcher finds five types of the deixis in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale consists of person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. The person deixis is dominant appear in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale which can be classified into three types, include first person deixis, second person deixis, and third person deixis.

The first person deixis is used when the researcher wants to show the speaker who produces the utterance in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale in the form of the first person pronoun both singular and plural, possesive pronoun, and the

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objective case. The second person deixis is used when the researcher wants to show the addresses who is the utterances addresses to which in form of the second person pronoun and the possessive pronoun. The third person deixis is used when the researcher wants to showthe referent is not identified as the speaker or addressee appears in the fairy tale of “The Little Mermaid” which in form of the third person pronoun both singular and plural, possesive pronoun, objective case, third person suffix –s, and reflexive pronoun.

Beside the person deixis, the time deixis is used by the researcher in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale which in the form of adverb of time, the period of days, and verbs or tenses are present, past, and future tense that point to coding time.

They are used by the researcher of “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale to express the

certain period of time when the utteranes are procuced by the speaker. Furthermore, place deixis often occur in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale when the researcher wants to show the place or location of participant in the speech event which has been shown in the context. Place deixis can be in the form of adverb or place and the words associated with a certain place.

Meanwhile, the discourse deixis is used to refer to some portion of discourse that contains the utterance as a signal and its relation to surrounding text. The discourse deixis can be in the form of demonstrative pronoun which refer to the forthcoming discourse and the words that need to be explained more based on the discourse context. Moreover, the social deixis is used by the researcher in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale. The social deixis is used to indicate

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the social status between the speaker and addressee. The social deixis can be in form of word with concern the relative rank or respect.

Additionally, deixis is used to point things in order to make clear what a researcher means. After doing this research, the researcher could more understand

about the content of text especially in “The Little Mermaid” fairy tale which is

categorized as literary work.

5.2 SUGGESTION

The researcher suggests there are several points that can be recommended about the deixis. The recommended are as follows: It is recommended for the next researchers who are interested in doing further research

to use the same Levinson’s deixis theory to analyze different data sources or other

book.

It is recommended for the students of English Department in Letters and Humanities faculty, the Islamic State University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya to understand better on deixis theory by using library, website, thesis, or other scientifically resources. It is also recommended for the readers to determine the types of deixis and to facilitate better research on deixis analysis.

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Thesis:

Afiyah, Zuhriyatul. 2014. An Analysis of Deixis in Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. Surabaya: State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel.

Faizah, Anely. 2008. Analyzing The Deixis Found in Surah Al-Dukhan. Malang: State Islamic University of Malang.

Faricha, Nadhifatul. 2007. A Study on Deixis Used in The National Section of The Jakarta Post. Malang: State Islamic University of Malang.

Marliana, Sherly. 2013. The Use Of Deixis In The Transcription Of The Interview Between Oprah Winfrey, President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in Chicago May 2nd, 2011. Medan: State University of Medan.

Pebiyanti, Made Devi. 2006. Analysis Kinds of Deixis and Their Reference in The Novel Eat, Pray, Love. Denpasar: State University of Udayana.

Rachmawati, Ike Endah. 2011. The Use of Person Deixis in Relation Politeness Function. Semarang: State University of Diponegoro.

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Setyawati, Dwi. 2013. The Analysis of Deixis of the Novel “Emma” by Jane Austen. Medan: State University of Medan.

Yuliawati, Magdalena Selvi. 2009. The Analysis of Deixis in William Wordsworth Poem. Denpasar: State University of Udayana.