The Correlation Analysis and Spreading Pattern of Rabies Cases in Dogs and Humans in Tabanan, Bali from 2009-2014.
Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation
September 12 - 13, 2015. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ISBN 978-967-11350-7-5
THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS AND SPREADING PATTERN OF RABIES CASES IN DOGS AND
HUMANS IN TABANAN, BALI FROM 2009-2014
Tri Adi Putra
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: tri_adi61@yahoo.co.id; Phone: +6287860334383
Ferbian Milas Siswanto
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: ferbianms@gmail.com; Phone: +6285785000050
I Made Kardena
Laboratory of Animals Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: madekardena@gmail.com; Phone: +6281353353399
I Wayan Batan
Laboratory of Animal Clinical Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: bobbatan@yahoo.com; Phone: +6285738596060
ABSTRACT
Rabies is one of the most dangerous zoonotic disease because of the high morbidity and mortality rate. This disease is
caused by members of the RNA virus genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Rabies is an
acute disease which is transmitted through the bite of rabies vectors. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence
of rabies, the area of its deployment and the epidemiological correlation of cases between rabies in dogs and humans in
Tabanan, Bali from 2009 to 2014 in spatial term. This study was an observational study using the confirmation method
of data on rabies cases, both in dogs and humans. Data were obtained from the relevant institutions. Data were then
analyzed, tabulated, and depicted in a map of Tabanan regency from 2009 and until 2014. The result showed that the
incidence of rabies in dogs was firstly occurred in Dajan Peken village, Tabanan district, while in human was firstly
occurred in Buahan village, Tabanan district. The distribution of rabies was 36 cases in dogs and 18 cases in humans. In
addition, the cases of rabies in dogs and humans were spread in 38 villages out of 128 villages in Tabanan. There is a
positive correlation between the incidence of rabies evident in dogs and humans (r=0.324; p 0.05) between rabies cases in dogs and humans,
which mean an increase of rabies cases in dogs followed by an increase number of human rabies cases.
SUGGESTION
Further research on the relationship between the incidence of rabies in animals and humans with their risk factors
analysis are needed. These risk factors that may need to be evaluated including the dogs population, ratio of dog to
humans population, rabies vaccination rate, dogs and humans mobilization, and other related factors. The accurate data
on the epidemiology and risk factors that involve in the spreading of rabies, may help to create an appropriate
prevention program, especially in Tabanan regency.
6
Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation
September 12 - 13, 2015. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ISBN 978-967-11350-7-5
REFERENCES
Batan, I.W., Lestyorini, Y., Milfa, S., Iffandi, C., Nasution, A.A., Faiziah, N., Rasdiyanah., Sobari. I., Herbert.,
Palgunadi, N.Y.L., Kardena, I.M., Widyastuti, S.K., & Suatha, I.K. (2014). Penyebaran Penyakit Rabies pada
Hewan Secara Spasial di Bali pada Tahun 2008-2011. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 15(2), 205-211
Charkazi, A., Behnampour, N., Fathi, M., Esmaeili, A., Shahnazi, H., & Heshmati, H. (2013). Epidemiology of animal
bite in Aq Qala city, northen of Iran. J Edu Health Promot, 2, 13.
Dewi, N.M.R.K. (2012). Faktor risiko gigitan anjing di Kabupaten Tabanan. Thesis. Denpasar: Udayana University.
Dibia, I.N. (2007). Evaluasi Pemberantasan Rabies di pulau Flores Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur: Kajian Surveilans
Tahun 2006. Buletin Veteriner, 19(70), 6-13.
Jemberu, W.T., Molla, W., Almaw, G., & Alemu, S. (2013). Incidence of Rabies in Humans and Domestic Animals and
People's Awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 7(5), e2216.
Knobel, D.L., Cleaveland, S., Coleman, P.G., Fèvre, E.M., Meltzer, M.I., Miranda, M.E., Shaw, A., Zinsstag, J.,
Meslin, F.X. (2005). Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bull World Health Organ, 83(5),
360-8.
Kole, A.K., Roy, R & Kole, D.C. (2014). Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization, 92, 230.
Mahardika, I.G.N., Putra, A.A.G., & Dharma, D.M.N. (2009). Tinjauan Kritis wabah Rabies di Bali: Tantangan dan
Peluang. Denpasar, Diskusi Ilmiah Percepatan Penangulangan Rabies di Bali. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan
Universitas Udayana. 3 Februari 2009.
Müller, T., Johnson, N., Freuling, C.M., Fooks, A.R., Selhorst, T., & Vos, A. (2006). Epidemiology of bat rabies in
Germany. Archives of Virology, 152(2), 273-288
Nugroho, D.K., Pudjiatmoko., Diarmitha, I.K., Tum, S., & Schoonman, L. (2013). Analisis data surveilans rabies
(2008-2011) di propinsi Bali, Indonesia. OSIR, 6(2), 8-12
Putra, A.A.G. (2012). Analisis perkembangan pembrantasan rabies di Provinsi Bali. Capaian passca vaksinasi ke tiga.
BB Vet Denpasar ., 24 (81), 10-23
Si, H., Guo, Z.M., Hao, Y.T., Liu, Y.G., Zhang, D.M., Rao, S.Q., & Lu, J.H. (2008). Rabies trend in China (1990-2007)
and post exposure prophylaxix in the Grang Pug City. BMC Infect Disease, 9, 210.
Stantić-Pavlinić, M., & Hostnik, P. (2002). Animal rabies and post-exposure rabies treatment of humans in Slovenia.
Veterinarski Arhiv, 72(3), 151-157.
Tagueah, A.D., Biharta, S., & Susetya, H. (2012). Tingkat kekebalan Anjing terhadap Rabies di Kota Ambon. JSV,
30(1), 85-98.
Tefera, G., Yimer, E., & Geyid, A. (2002). Endemic existence of rabies in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J., 40(2), 163-170.
Tenzin, Dhand, N.K., Gyeltshen, T., Firestone, S., Zangmo, C., Dema, C., Gyeltshen, R., & Ward, M.P. (2011). Dog
Bites in Humans and Estimating Human Rabies Mortality in Rabies Endemic Areas of Bhutan. PLoS Negl
Trop Dis., 5(11), e1391.
Utami, S., & Sumiarto, B. (2012). Tingkat dan factor risiko kekebalan protektif terhadap rabies pada anjing di Kota
Makassar. Jurnal Veteriner, 13 (1), 77-85.
Vancelik, S., Set, T., Akturk, Z., Calikoglu, O., & Kosan, Z. (2014). The changing of rate of suspeceted rabies bites
after begin to act animal shelter in Erzurum City. Eurasian J Med., 46(3), 151-155.
7
Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation
September 12 - 13, 2015. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ISBN 978-967-11350-7-5
Wang, X., Ding, S., Li, Z., Wang, L., Kou, Z., Feng, K., Wang, L., Wu, X., & Rupprecht, C.E. (2010). Human rabies
epidemiology in Shandong Province, China. Jpn J Infect Dis., 63(5), 323-326.
World Health Organisation (WHO). (2010). Expert Consultation on Rabies. Report. Geneva. WHO Tech. Rep. Series.
931. 121 Page
Yin, C.P., Zhou, H., Wu, H., Tao, X.Y., Rayner, S., Wang, S.M., Tang, Q., & Liang, G.D. (2012). Analysis on factors
related to rabies epidemic in China from 2007-2011. Virol Sin., 27(2), 132-143.
8
September 12 - 13, 2015. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ISBN 978-967-11350-7-5
THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS AND SPREADING PATTERN OF RABIES CASES IN DOGS AND
HUMANS IN TABANAN, BALI FROM 2009-2014
Tri Adi Putra
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: tri_adi61@yahoo.co.id; Phone: +6287860334383
Ferbian Milas Siswanto
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: ferbianms@gmail.com; Phone: +6285785000050
I Made Kardena
Laboratory of Animals Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: madekardena@gmail.com; Phone: +6281353353399
I Wayan Batan
Laboratory of Animal Clinical Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University, 80232 Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: bobbatan@yahoo.com; Phone: +6285738596060
ABSTRACT
Rabies is one of the most dangerous zoonotic disease because of the high morbidity and mortality rate. This disease is
caused by members of the RNA virus genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Rabies is an
acute disease which is transmitted through the bite of rabies vectors. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence
of rabies, the area of its deployment and the epidemiological correlation of cases between rabies in dogs and humans in
Tabanan, Bali from 2009 to 2014 in spatial term. This study was an observational study using the confirmation method
of data on rabies cases, both in dogs and humans. Data were obtained from the relevant institutions. Data were then
analyzed, tabulated, and depicted in a map of Tabanan regency from 2009 and until 2014. The result showed that the
incidence of rabies in dogs was firstly occurred in Dajan Peken village, Tabanan district, while in human was firstly
occurred in Buahan village, Tabanan district. The distribution of rabies was 36 cases in dogs and 18 cases in humans. In
addition, the cases of rabies in dogs and humans were spread in 38 villages out of 128 villages in Tabanan. There is a
positive correlation between the incidence of rabies evident in dogs and humans (r=0.324; p 0.05) between rabies cases in dogs and humans,
which mean an increase of rabies cases in dogs followed by an increase number of human rabies cases.
SUGGESTION
Further research on the relationship between the incidence of rabies in animals and humans with their risk factors
analysis are needed. These risk factors that may need to be evaluated including the dogs population, ratio of dog to
humans population, rabies vaccination rate, dogs and humans mobilization, and other related factors. The accurate data
on the epidemiology and risk factors that involve in the spreading of rabies, may help to create an appropriate
prevention program, especially in Tabanan regency.
6
Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation
September 12 - 13, 2015. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ISBN 978-967-11350-7-5
REFERENCES
Batan, I.W., Lestyorini, Y., Milfa, S., Iffandi, C., Nasution, A.A., Faiziah, N., Rasdiyanah., Sobari. I., Herbert.,
Palgunadi, N.Y.L., Kardena, I.M., Widyastuti, S.K., & Suatha, I.K. (2014). Penyebaran Penyakit Rabies pada
Hewan Secara Spasial di Bali pada Tahun 2008-2011. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 15(2), 205-211
Charkazi, A., Behnampour, N., Fathi, M., Esmaeili, A., Shahnazi, H., & Heshmati, H. (2013). Epidemiology of animal
bite in Aq Qala city, northen of Iran. J Edu Health Promot, 2, 13.
Dewi, N.M.R.K. (2012). Faktor risiko gigitan anjing di Kabupaten Tabanan. Thesis. Denpasar: Udayana University.
Dibia, I.N. (2007). Evaluasi Pemberantasan Rabies di pulau Flores Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur: Kajian Surveilans
Tahun 2006. Buletin Veteriner, 19(70), 6-13.
Jemberu, W.T., Molla, W., Almaw, G., & Alemu, S. (2013). Incidence of Rabies in Humans and Domestic Animals and
People's Awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 7(5), e2216.
Knobel, D.L., Cleaveland, S., Coleman, P.G., Fèvre, E.M., Meltzer, M.I., Miranda, M.E., Shaw, A., Zinsstag, J.,
Meslin, F.X. (2005). Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bull World Health Organ, 83(5),
360-8.
Kole, A.K., Roy, R & Kole, D.C. (2014). Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization, 92, 230.
Mahardika, I.G.N., Putra, A.A.G., & Dharma, D.M.N. (2009). Tinjauan Kritis wabah Rabies di Bali: Tantangan dan
Peluang. Denpasar, Diskusi Ilmiah Percepatan Penangulangan Rabies di Bali. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan
Universitas Udayana. 3 Februari 2009.
Müller, T., Johnson, N., Freuling, C.M., Fooks, A.R., Selhorst, T., & Vos, A. (2006). Epidemiology of bat rabies in
Germany. Archives of Virology, 152(2), 273-288
Nugroho, D.K., Pudjiatmoko., Diarmitha, I.K., Tum, S., & Schoonman, L. (2013). Analisis data surveilans rabies
(2008-2011) di propinsi Bali, Indonesia. OSIR, 6(2), 8-12
Putra, A.A.G. (2012). Analisis perkembangan pembrantasan rabies di Provinsi Bali. Capaian passca vaksinasi ke tiga.
BB Vet Denpasar ., 24 (81), 10-23
Si, H., Guo, Z.M., Hao, Y.T., Liu, Y.G., Zhang, D.M., Rao, S.Q., & Lu, J.H. (2008). Rabies trend in China (1990-2007)
and post exposure prophylaxix in the Grang Pug City. BMC Infect Disease, 9, 210.
Stantić-Pavlinić, M., & Hostnik, P. (2002). Animal rabies and post-exposure rabies treatment of humans in Slovenia.
Veterinarski Arhiv, 72(3), 151-157.
Tagueah, A.D., Biharta, S., & Susetya, H. (2012). Tingkat kekebalan Anjing terhadap Rabies di Kota Ambon. JSV,
30(1), 85-98.
Tefera, G., Yimer, E., & Geyid, A. (2002). Endemic existence of rabies in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J., 40(2), 163-170.
Tenzin, Dhand, N.K., Gyeltshen, T., Firestone, S., Zangmo, C., Dema, C., Gyeltshen, R., & Ward, M.P. (2011). Dog
Bites in Humans and Estimating Human Rabies Mortality in Rabies Endemic Areas of Bhutan. PLoS Negl
Trop Dis., 5(11), e1391.
Utami, S., & Sumiarto, B. (2012). Tingkat dan factor risiko kekebalan protektif terhadap rabies pada anjing di Kota
Makassar. Jurnal Veteriner, 13 (1), 77-85.
Vancelik, S., Set, T., Akturk, Z., Calikoglu, O., & Kosan, Z. (2014). The changing of rate of suspeceted rabies bites
after begin to act animal shelter in Erzurum City. Eurasian J Med., 46(3), 151-155.
7
Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation
September 12 - 13, 2015. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ISBN 978-967-11350-7-5
Wang, X., Ding, S., Li, Z., Wang, L., Kou, Z., Feng, K., Wang, L., Wu, X., & Rupprecht, C.E. (2010). Human rabies
epidemiology in Shandong Province, China. Jpn J Infect Dis., 63(5), 323-326.
World Health Organisation (WHO). (2010). Expert Consultation on Rabies. Report. Geneva. WHO Tech. Rep. Series.
931. 121 Page
Yin, C.P., Zhou, H., Wu, H., Tao, X.Y., Rayner, S., Wang, S.M., Tang, Q., & Liang, G.D. (2012). Analysis on factors
related to rabies epidemic in China from 2007-2011. Virol Sin., 27(2), 132-143.
8