A Contrastive Analysis Of Suffixes Between English And Achehnese

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SUFFIXES

BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ACHEHNESE

A THESIS

BY

NURHADI. S

REG. NO. 070721014

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I fully realize that writing this thesis is not an easy task. It takes so much time and energy. While doing so, I encounter many problems owing to my limited knowledge; nevertheless, with the help and encouragements from so many people I know, I have finally been able to overcome the problems and complete the writing of this thesis. Therefore, on this occasion, I wish to express my heartiest gratitude to the following people.

First of all, I would like thanks to Allah SWT, who has given me life, strength, guidance and uncountable blessing in all my life, my study in completion my thesis.

My sincere gratitude also goes to my Supervisor, Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah, M.A. and my Co-supervisor, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, respectively who have indeed contributed their precious time in correcting to the preliminary version of this thesis.

Secondly, I also wish to express my great thanks to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin M.A., Ph.D, the Head of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Department, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, all the lectures of English for their kindness, assistance and valuable knowledge they have given to me along my academic years in English Department.

Then, I am greatly indebted to my beloved family: my parents, H. Harjono. S,SE. and Hj. Lisnawati Ali, my brother, M. Murdani. S “Dani”, and my sister, Masthura Sari

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“Sari”, and all of the members of my family, for their great love, prayer, guidance, spiritual and financial support along my life. I really love you all.

I would like to thank my lovely, Rita “mee-mee”, thank you for giving me love, spirit, support and being with me in doing this thesis. I love you always!

Finally, I would like thank my best friends “SOBAT”, Obink, Edy, Acep, Nolan, Dede, Ridha, Heru, Andi, Maxmoon. Thank you for your support, pray, and hope that our friendship never dies!! I love you and VIVA FOREVER!! And also, thanks to Ikatan Remaja Mesjid Mu’awanah for your pray and support. May Allah Swt bless you All.

Medan, January, 2009

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Nurhadi. S declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : NURHADI. S

Title of thesis : A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SUFFIXES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ACHEHNESE

Qualification : S-1/Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the Librarian of University of North Sumatera, Faculty of Letters, English Department on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Sripsi ini berjudul ‘ CONTRASTIVE ANALISIS OF SUFFIXES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ACHEHNESE ’. Bahasa yang digunakan dalam bahasa sumber adalah bahasa Inggris dan bahasa sasaran adalah bahasa Aceh. Objek kajian analisis yaitu Suffix atau akhiran dari kedua bahasa tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam analisis yaitu metode Contrative Analysis. Suffix atau akhiran dianalisis dari segi bentuk, distribusi, fungsi dan arti. Sebagai hasil dari analisis ditemukan bahwa dari segi bentuk akhiran kedua bahasa berkorespondensi sebagian, dari segi distribusi berkorespondensi sebagian, dari segi fungsi berkorespondensi, dan dari segi arti berkorespondensi sebagian.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……… i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……… iii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………. iv

ABSTRAK….……… ...………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Background of the Analysis 1.2. The Problem of the Analysis 1.3. The Scope of the Analysis 1.4. The Objective of the Analysis 1.5. The Significance of the Analysis 1.6. Methodology

1.6.1 Research Method 1.6.2 Data Collecting Method 1.6.3 Data Analysis Method 1.7. Review of Related Literature

CHAPTER II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Morphology

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2.2.1 Morphemes

2.2.2 Words

2.3 An Account on Morphological Process 2.4 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis

CHAPTER III. DATA OF MORPHOLOGYCAL PROCESS OF SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND ACHEHNESE

3.1 Suffixes in English 3.2 Suffixes in Achehnese

CHAPTER IV. THE ANALYSIS OF SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND

ACHEHNESE 4.1. Form

4.2. Distribution

4.3 Function

4.4 Meaning

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions

5.2. Suggestions

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Analysis

Language is purely important as a tool of communication. As human beings, it is

needed as a medium of communication through which we express our emotions, ideas,

feelings and thoughts to our fellow people. As a member of the society or social group

language is used to convey our needs, desires, and everything what someone wants to

express to the society. And also it indicates the existence of human beings. It means that

we, as human being can not do our activities without using the language. Whatever we do

in this world, we use language to express everything in our mind, for example: warning

someone or requesting something, ect. We can also express what in our mind by using

gesture or body movement, actions signals and sound, for example, if we want to say

“no” we can move our head from side to side. So, I predict that language is the means of

communication or sounds, signs, symbols that have meaning.

One of the linguistic aspects is concerned with the contrastive analysis. Ridwan

(1998:8) state that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik

yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan dan menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan. The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are narrow or limited because those term refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise versa. So, it is advised to use the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’.

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In this occasion, I would like to make the contrast between English and

Achehnese in terms of suffixes. It has been known that suffix is one of the affixes.

Katamba (1993:44) says that ‘An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when

attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base.’

Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morpheme.

Nida (1949:6) says that ‘morpheme is the meaningful unit of which language is

composed.’

Affix is concluded bound morpheme because it can not stand alone and must be attached

to the based form. It is also the same with suffix because as it was said above, suffix is

one of the affixes.

Katamba (1993:44) says that a suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem or

base) slow–ly, -er, -ist, -s, -ing and -ed.

For example:

Base form suffix

ENGLISH big + -er bigger

ACHEHNESE rayeuk /rayə’/ + -that / Өαt / rayeukthat / rayə’Өαt / ‘big’ ‘bigger’

English and Achehnese absolutely come from different language families. And

also, I come from Achehnese family. Achehnese is one of the native ethnic groups of

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia. Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam consists of 21

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districts with amount of resident 4.075.599 people, do not include foreign citizens, base

on Statistic Bureau’s Report of 2004.

Achehnese speakers are mostly live in 5 regencies and 3 municipalities of local

governments, they are :

Regency/city Capital Sub District Village Population

1. Aceh Besar Jantho 22 601 301.575 2. Pidie Sigli 30 948 469.888 3. Aceh Utara Lhoksukon 22 852 487.526 4. Bireuen Bireuen 10 541 348.057 5. Aceh Timur Idie 21 484 312.014 6. Banda Aceh Banda Aceh 9 89 239.146 7. Lhokseumawe Lhokseumawe 3 68 138.663 8. Langsa Langsa 3 51 135.167 (Source : 2004.Buku Saku NAD 2004. Banda Aceh:Badan Pusat Statistik/BPS, NAD)

And some of Achehnese live in 12 others regencies and 1 other municipality of

local governments, they are :

Regency/city Capital Sub District Village Population

1. Simeulue Sinabang 8 135 71.517 2. Aceh Singkil Singkil 13 189 144.684 3. Aceh Selatan Tapak Tuan 16 247 185.704 4. Aceh Tenggara Kuta Cane 11 250 168.229 5. Aceh Tengah Takengon 10 209 285.619 6. Aceh Barat Meulaboh 11 321 160.545 7. Aceh Barat Daya Blangpidie 6 129 111.100 8. Gayo Lues Blangkejeren 5 97 68.312 9. Aceh Tamiang Kuala Simpang 8 209 229.520 10. Nagan Raya Jeuram 5 222 110.486 11. Aceh Jaya Calang 6 172 79.155 12. Bener Meriah Simpang Tiga 7 115

13. Sabang Sabang 2 18 28.692 (Source : 2004.Buku Saku NAD 2004. Banda Aceh:Badan Pusat Statistik/BPS, NAD)

The rest resident of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam are the speakers of the following

languages : Gayo, Alas, Tamieng, Jamee, Singkil, Kluet, Sigulai, and Defayan on the

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In doing this analysis, I just focus on analyzing suffixes in 5 regencies and 3

municipalities, they are Aceh Besar, Pidie, Aceh Utara, Bireun, Aceh Timur, Banda Aceh,

Lhokseumawe and Langsa.

Dealing with the contrastive analysis between English and Achehnese in

affixation process especially in suffixes, the writer is going to answer the question “Are

there any correspondences, partly correspondences, and non-correspondences between

English and Achehnese in terms of their suffixes?”

1.2 The Problems of the Analysis

In this thesis, I try to solve the problems and make them easier to understand by

giving further explanation about suffixes in English and Achehnese. The problems to be

investigated are:

1. How are the morphological process of suffix in English and Achehnese?

2. Are there any correspondences, partly correspondences, and non-

correspondences of analysis of form, distribution, function, and meaning of

suffixes in both language?

1.3 The Scope of the Analysis

As it might be understood, the study of contrastive linguistics has a wide scope. It

is difficult for me to analyze all aspects and cases involved. For the accuracy of the result,

I focus my analysis on contrasting of 10 suffixes in English, there are -able, -en, -er, -ful,

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-kon, -keuh, which are attached to word and contrasting them from aspects of form,

distribution, function, and meaning.

1.4 The Objectives of the Analysis

There are some objectives of writing this thesis. They are as follows:

1. To explain the morphological process of suffix in English and Achehnese.

2. To find out the correspondences, partly correspondences, and the non-

correspondences of suffixes in both languages.

1.5 The Significances of the Analysis

Having known the objectives of the analysis, it is expected that the readers will

get some significances of the analysis. The significances expected are as follows:

1. This thesis will show the readers the form, distribution, function and meaning of

suffixes in both languages.

2. This thesis will give the readers the knowledge about contrastive suffixes in both

languages.

3. This thesis can be a reference to the students who are studying in linguistics.

1.6 Methodology

One of the essential parts in scientific research in analyzing the data is to have a method

of analysis. In this thesis I apply library research which using written information to

support the analysis. I will make suffixes in English and Achehnese as the main object of

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There are some steps which will be taken in doing the analysis. First, I will collect the

data from some books. Then the second step, I will analyze the data from aspect of form,

distribution, function and meaning. Finally, I will contrast them and make a general

conclusion from the analysis.

1.6.1 Research Method

The methodology research is aimed to solve the problem by describing the facts

and data systematically based on the recent fact. Nawawi (1991:61) in his book entitled

“Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial” says that there are two methods of research. Those are

library and field research method. The first is done by collecting the data from books,

newspapers, magazines, journals and other written sources, whereas the last one is done

by asking such designed questions to a certain group of people in collecting data.

I will do library research. Library research is the method which is supplied by

collecting data or information from references which have been written by linguists or

other experts.

In addition to library research, the writer also uses descriptive method. Nawawi

(1995:67) states, “Metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur atau cara

memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang diselidiki (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, pabrik, dan lain-lain) sebagaimana adanya, berdasarkan, fakta-fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang”.

In writing this thesis, I try to apply a systematic theory to describe suffixes in

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suffixes in English and Achehnese and finally takes the correspondence,

partly-correspondence, and non-correspondence of two languages suffixes.

1.6.2 Data Collecting Method

The collecting data is very important. In this analysis, I analyze English and

Achehnese in suffixes from aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning. I collect

some references which are related to this thesis. One of the books that I use for the data in

Achenese is Bahasa Aceh (Drs. Budiman Sulaiman) and the books that I use for the data

in English are Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words (Nida, Eugene A),

Contemporary English Grammar (Murthy, Jayanthi Dakshina), and the other thesis that

can be a source of the data of suffixes in English.

1.6.3 Data Analysis Method

The data is analyzed based on contrastive analysis. Ridwan (1998:8) says that

contrastive analysis is a method of linguistics analysis which tries to describe, prove and

analyze the differences or similarities between two languages, which are being compared.

Further, Hartman (1972:72) says that contrastive analysis or contrastive study is a method

of linguistic analysis which shows the similarities and differences between two or more

languages or dialect with the aim of finding principles which can be applied to practical

problems in language learning or teaching and translation. So, based on statements above,

in this thesis, the sata is analyzed by describing, contrasting and finding the

correspondence, partly correspondence, and non correspondence between suffixes in

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The steps that I do in this thesis are as follows:

1. To identify the suffixes both in English and Achehnese.

2. To describe the suffixes both in English and Achehnese in aspects of form,

distribution, function, and meaning.

3. To prove the suffixes both in English and Achehnese in aspects of form,

distribution, function, and meaning.

4. To make the contrastive analysis of the data in aspects of form, distribution,

function, and meaning.

5. To find the correspondence, partly correspondence, and non correspondence from

aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning.

1.7 Review of Related Literature

In supporting the idea of the analysis, the writer collected and used some books

which are relevant to the topic. All these have given much contribution to the writer in

writing this thesis. Those can be seen in the discussion.

Ridwan (1998:8) states that ‘Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode

penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan’ (Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that

tries to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual

aspects of two or more compared languages). The use of terms ‘similarity and

dissimilarity’ are narrow or limited because those terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise versa. So, it is

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advised to use the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non- correspondence’.

Sulaiman, B. (1979) in the book entitled ‘Bahasa Aceh’. In this book the writer

examine carefully of Structure Achehnese dialectal of Peusangan.

Amron (1982:137), in his thesis entitled ‘Suatu Analisis Kontrastif Antara Sufiks

Bahasa Minangkabau Dengan Bahasa Inggeris’, the thesis analyzes the form,

distribution, function, and meaning of suffixes in both languages.

In this thesis, it is found that, there are partly-correspondences in form,

correspondences in distribution, correspondences in function and

non-correspondences in meaning between English and Minangkabau Language.

All these literature above are supporting for me because their description can give

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CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Morphology

In this century, morphology has been regarded as an essentially synchronic

discipline, that is to say, a discipline focusing on the study of word-structure at one stage

in the life of a language.

Katamba (1993:3) says that ‘morphology is the study of the internal structure of

words’.

Some other linguists like Tarigan (1985:4) says that ‘morfologi adalah bagian

dari ilmu bahasa yang membicarakan seluk beluk kata serta pengaruh perubahan-perubahanbentuk kata terhadap golongan dan arti kata’. While, Nida (1949:1) says that

morphologyis the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.

Based on those quotations above it can be said that morphology is a branch of the

study language that talks about word structure and formation. It studies how words are

put together from their smaller parts and the ruler governing this process.

Muchtar (2006:2) says that ‘morphology has the object of research. It is

morpheme. It is different with phonology that is concerned with the functioning of sounds units within the system of individual languages, whereas that of phonetics is concerned with the nature and typology of speech sound in themselves and also syntax that traditionallycovers both the constructions of phrases and sentences and also the features of meaning which are associated with them, and semantics then reduces to the study of words meaning-to which perhaps we may add the meanings of idioms’. These subfields

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have a big relationship. If we want to investigate a language, we have to investigate it

from these subfields.

2.2 Morphemes and Words 2.2.1 Morphemes

Morphology emphasizes in morpheme. So, morpheme cannot be ignored. Some

definitions of morpheme can be seen below:

Katamba (1993:20) says that ‘the term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest,

indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of.’

So, from those quotations above it may conclude that morpheme is the minimal

distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of morphology.

For example: Cats

The word ‘cats’ consists of two morphemes. They are:

 Cat one kind of animals

 -s a plural marker on nouns

According to Ridwan, in his book entitled “Dasar-Dasar Linguistika”, he

classifies type of morpheme become 3 dimensions. They are:

1. Bound Morpheme or Dependent Morpheme

Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. It must be attached to

the base form. Or, a bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by

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2. Free Morpheme or Independent Morpheme

Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone. It must not be attached to the

base form. Or, a free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can occur by it.

However, other morphemes such as affixes can be attached to it.

Example:

BASE FORM SUFFIX

ENGLISH suit + {-able} suitable

condition + {-al} conditional

ACHEHNESE meunan ‘that’ + {-keuh} meunankeuh ‘that too’ haba ‘tell’ + {-pih} habapih ‘tell too’

Suffix –able and –al in English and suffix –an in Achenese are bound morpheme. If they

are not attached to the base form, they will not have meaning. While, base form suit and

condition in English and kirém and urŏh in Achehnese are free morpheme because they can stand alone. And if they stand alone, they have meaning.

3. Poly-morphemic word

Poly-morphemic word is morphemes that are attached in word consist of free

morphemes.

Example:

House + work housework

ENGLISH

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From those examples above, word housework consists of two free morphemes,

house and work. And also, word aircraft consists of two free morphemes air and craft.

Each free morpheme has meaning.

2.2.2 Words

Linguists often have a problem with word in linguistics. The claim that words have

structure might come as a surprise because normally speakers think of words as

indivisible units of meaning. This is probably due to the fact that many words are

morphologically simple. For example, the, fierce, desk, eat, boot, at, fee, mosquito, etc,

cannot be divided up into smaller units that are themselves meaningful. It is impossible to

say what the –quito part of mosquito or the –erce part of fierce means.

But very many English words are morphologically complex. They can be broken

down into smaller units that are meaningful. This is true of words like desk-s and boot-s,

for instance, where desk refers to one piece of furniture and boot refers to one item of

footwear, while in both cases the –s serves the grammatical function of indicating the

plurality.

Words are used for different purposes. They, in other words, perform a variety of

functions. They, sometimes, name of persons, places and things an on certain occasions,

they are used I place of nouns or they describe things, persons, or places. Words are also

used to describe actions, show relationships and to combine words or sentences. Words

may also be used to modify a verb, and adjective or another adverb and to express some

sudden feeling. They are classified into eight kinds on account of their functions (Murthy

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 Noun

Noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, an idea or a quality of mind.

Example:

- Muhammad Ali is a boxer of legendary.

- Indonesia is archipelagic country.

- Newspaper is useful for society.

In the first sentence, Muhammad Ali is the name of a person.

In the second, Indonesia is the name of a place or country.

In the third, Newspaper is the name of thing.

 Adjective

Adjective is a word used to describe or qualify nouns. Example:

- I read a detective comic.

- Alex is a handsome boy.

The word ‘detective’ tells about the comic and word ‘handsome’ tells us

something about boy.

 Pronoun

Pronoun is a word used in place of nouns. Example:

- Alex is my friend. He is very handsome.

- I visited Jakarta. This is the capital of Indonesia.

The Italicized words ‘he’ and ‘this’ are pronouns because they stand for persons

or things. ‘He’ stands for Alex and ‘this’ stands for Indonesia.

 Verb

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- I wait for Harry.

- My sister is sick.

- There are some books on the table.

The word ‘wait’ tells us what ‘I’ do in the first sentence. The word ‘is’ expresses

the condition of subject ‘my sister’ and the word ‘are’ expresses existence.

 Adverb

Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb or a word

used to explain how, where, when and why an action is performed. Example:

- They live happily.

- Harry is very handsome.

- He speaks English quite well.

In the first sentence, the word ‘happily’ modifies the verb ‘live’. In the second,

the word ‘very’ modifies the adjective ‘handsome’. And in the third, the word

‘quite’ modifies another adverb ‘well’.

 Preposition

Preposition is a word used to explain the relation between two grammatical words

or a word used with a noun or pronoun to show their relation with some other

words in the sentence. Example:

- I am fond of Michael.

- They boasted about their wealth.

- He is angry with me.

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The word ‘of ’ shows the relation between the adjective ‘fond’ and the noun

‘Michael’ in the first sentence. The relation between the verb ‘boasted’ and the

noun ‘wealth’ is shown by the word ‘about’ in the second sentence.

The word ‘with’ shows the relation between the adjective ‘angry’ and the pronoun

‘me’ in the third sentence. The word ‘in’ shows the relation between the noun

‘money’ and another noun ‘bank’.

 Conjunction

Conjunction is a word used to combine two words or sentence. Example:

- John visited Siantar and Parapat last year.

- Tom will come today or tomorrow.

- He tried hard but he failed in his attempt.

The word ‘and’ joins two words ‘Siantar’ and ‘Parapat’ in the first sentence. In

the second sentence, the word ‘or’ joins the two words ‘today’ and ‘tomorrow’,

while in the third sentence, the word ‘but’ joins two sentences ‘he tried hard’ and

‘he failed in his attempt’.

 Interjection

Interjection is word which expresses some sudden feeling. Example:

- Alas!

- Excellent!

- Well said!

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2.3 An Account on Morphological Process

As it is known that the term morphological process is a way of forming the word

which relates a morpheme to another. Morphological process varies according to the type

of their process.

Tarigan (1992:237) groups them into five main types. They are: affixation,

reduplication, internal modification, suppletion, and zero modification.

Crystal (1987:90) divides morphological process into four. They are: affixation,

conversion (derivation), compounding, and reduplication.

The definition of the types of morphological process is discussed below:

1. Affixation

The bound forms which in secondary derivation are added to the underlying are

called affixation. The affixation in English can be divided into two: prefix and suffix.

e.g:

re- + play (n) replay (v)

PREFIX

be- + friend (v) befriend (v)

-ist + human (v) humanist (n)

SUFFIX

-able + enjoy (v) enjoyable (n)

Budiman Sulaiman (1978:8) states that the affixation in Achehnese can be divided

into four: prefix, infix, suffix and confix.

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keu- + lhèe (adj) ‘three’ keulhèe (n)‘third’

PREFIX

si- + uroe (v) ‘day’ siuroe (n) ‘one day’

-eun- + pajoh (v) ‘eat’ peunajoh (n) ‘food’

INFIX

-eul- + gantoe (v) ‘change’ geulantoe (adj) ‘substitute’

-sit + jak (v) ‘go’ jaksit (v) ‘go too’

SUFFIX

-kon + manyak (n) ‘small’ manyakkon (adj)

‘since chilhood’

peu-…-an + tinggal (n) ‘remain’ peuninggalan (n) ‘ommission’

CONFIX

keu-…-an + rela (adj) ‘volunteer’ keurelaan (adj) ‘alacrity’

2. Reduplication

Bloch and Trager (in Tarigan, H.G. 1992:7) state that reduplication is the

repetition of all or part of the base, with and without internal change, before or after the base itself.

e.g: papa

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3. Internal Modification

Samsuri (1994:92) states that … karena perubahan-perubahan itu sendiri

terdapat di dalam morfem-morfem itu, kami sebut perubahan-perubahan itu perubahan intern.

Internal modification can be divided into two:

 Internal Modification in vocalic change

e.g: present past past participle

eat ate eaten

get got got, gotten

drink drank drunk

 Internal Modification in plural and singular change e.g: man men

tooth teeth

Internal modification is not found in Achenese.

4. Suppletion

Samsuri (1994:193) states that suplisi adalah proses morfologi yang

menyebabkan adanya bentuk yang sama sekali baru.

e.g: present past

go went

am was

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5. Zero Modification

Nida (in Tarigan 1992:248) states that when the structure of a series of related

forms is such that is the significant absence of a formal feature at some point or points in the series, we may describe such a significant absence as zero.

e.g: Verb forms

present past past participle

cut cut cut

put put put

Noun forms

Singular Plural

Sheep Sheep

Deer Deer

In Achenese, zero modification is not found.

So, from the quotations and explanations above, it can be concluded that

Morphological Process is the process of forming words or word formation by adding

affixes to the base form, or in other words, the process of morphology in the way to

form words by combining one morpheme with others.

2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis

Since World War II until the middle of 1960s, Contrastive Analysis dominated world of

studying target language and foreign language. The understanding of contrastive analysis

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Crystal ( ) states that contrastive is a term used in Linguistics for a difference between

units, especially one which serves to distinguish meanings in a language.

Ridwan (1998:8) states that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode

penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan (Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries

to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual aspects

of two or more compared languages). The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are

narrow or limited because those terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise verse. So, it is advised to use the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’. It is

also emphasized with Ridwan’s statement that analisis kontrastif menggarisbawahi

usaha-usaha untuk menemukan unsur-unsur yang sama (correspondence), sebagian sama (partly-correspondence) dan tidak sama atau beda penuh (non-correspondence) antara bahasa-bahasa dibandingkan. So, language and contrastive analysis cannot be

separated because there is a big relationship between them because the material of

contrastive analysis is language.

From those quotations above, it can be concluded that contrastive analysis is a

method of analysis that observes the similarities and differences which consists in two

more language in the different language family.

According to Ridwan, there are three goals of contrastive analysis. They are:

 To find out the correspondence

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 To find out the non-correspondence

But, besides that the final goal of Contrastive Linguistics is to study the target language.

Correspondence means that when we analyze and compare two different languages, we

will find the similarities between both of them, such as they are correspondence in

meaning or function. Partly correspondence means that when we analyze and compare

two different languages, we will find the similarity but not in whole part. And the non-

correspondence means that there is no similarity between two languages.

Ridwan (1998:9) says that contrastive analysis has two steps or ways of approach

in contrasting two or more languages. They are:

 Synchronic Approach

Synchronic Approach is an approach of Contrastive Linguistics that focused on

the contemporary forms in the languages that are compared.

 Diachronic Approach

Diachronic Approach is approach of Contrastive Linguistics that focused on the

using of language that is differed from one term to another term.

The function of Contrastive Linguistics are divided into two (Tarigan 1992:226).

They are scientific function and practical function. Practical function is related to the

error analysis and interference analysis. Interference is influenced with some factors; they

are age, education, occupation, religion, area, etc. But in Scientific function, it will find

out or prove the similarity and the difference in some forms, characteristics, or even in

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Languages compared and languages in contact. It is important to know that the

interference can happen because of bilingual or multilingual.

Contrastive analysis has two aspects of analyzing, they are: Psychology aspects

and Linguistic aspect (Guntur 1992:17). Psychological analysis consists of the difficulties

of study, the way of arranging the teaching material, and how to give the lesson. While

linguistic aspect relates with the problems of contrasting the two or more languages.

According to Hartman and Stark (1972:43) state, “Comparative and contrastive

have similarity that is they compare two or more languages.”

The methodology of contrastive analysis is something like how we get the

similarities and differences of two languages. Contrastive analysis usually compares and

finds the differences and similarities between both languages that compared.

And the last, in Contrastive Linguistics (Contrastive Analysis), we will analyze

the base form. For analyzing it, we can use some terms to make us easily analyze it, such

as:

 Form

In this thesis, I analyze the suffixes between English and Achenese. So, in form, it

will be discussed about the suffixes which are attached to the base form which is

ended with vowel, consonant, diphthong, semivowel and cluster phoneme.

Ridwan (1997:8) says that vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without

audible stopping of the breath such as a, i, u, e, o. Then, consonant is a speech

sound produced by abstructing or impeding the passage of air at the same point in the vocaltract above glottis such as p, b, t, g, m, n, f, s, v, z, h, l.. And,

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pronounce them by means of quick glide from one vowel sound to the other; for

example, /ai/ as glide and /ei/ as in make. Semivowels-also known as glides,

especially in older literature are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with

full syllabic vowels. That is, they are vowel-like sounds that do not form the

nucleus of a syllable or mora; they are not the most prominent part of the syllable

such as w, r, j. (www.wikipedia.com). Longman Dictionary of Applied

Linguistics (1985:59) says that cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants.

For example, /st/ in /test/ test.

 Distribution

In distribution, it will be discussed about the distribution the part of speech such

as numeral, verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, preposition,

conjunction, and interjection that can be attached with suffixes or not. Part of

speech or word-class help us recognize the grammatical function of units in a

sentence and on the contrary, the ability to use a word in a sentence requires

knowledge of its syntactic category.

 Function

In function, it will be discussed about the changing of part of speech function

after attached by suffix. For example, from noun to adjective (friend+ly friendly)

or adjective to adverb (quick+ly quickly).

 Meaning

In meaning, it will be discussed about the meaning of the words after attached by

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CHAPTER III

DATA OF MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND ACHEHNESE

3.1 Suffixes in English 3.1.1 Suffix –able

e.g:

1. accept (v) + -able acceptable(adj)

2. bear (v) + -able bearable (adj)

3. enjoy (v) + -able enjoyable (adj)

4. marriage (n) + -able marriageable (adj)

3.1.2 Suffix –en

e.g:

1. dark (adj) + -en darken (v)

2. height (n) + -en heighten (v)

3. soft (adj) + -en soften (v)

4. weak (adj) + -en weaken (v)

5. wake (v) + -en waken (v)

3.1.3 Suffix –er

e.g:

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2. long (adj) + -er longer (adj)

3. short (adj) + -er shorter (adj)

4. supply (v) + -er supplier (n)

5. write (v) + -er writer (n)

3.1.4 Suffix –ful

e.g:

1. doubt (n) + -ful doubtful (adj)

2. ear (n) + -ful earful (adj)

3. hope (v) + -ful hopeful (adj)

4. help (v) + -ful helpful (adj)

5. play (v) + -ful playful (adj)

6. use (v) + -ful useful (adj)

7. wonder (v) + -ful wonderful (adj )

3.1.5 Suffix –ity

e.g:

1. active (adj) + -ity activity (n)

2. Christian (n) + -ity Christianity (n)

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3.1.6 Suffix –ing

e.g:

1. draw (v) + -ing drawing (v)

2. fly (v) + -ing flying (v)

3. give (v) + -ing giving (v)

4. play (v) + -ing playing (v)

5. smile (v) + -ing smiling (v)

6. teach (v) + -ing teaching (v)

7. walk (v) + -ing walking (v)

8. watch (v) + -ing wathing (v)

3.1.7 Suffix –ize

e.g:

1. author (n) + -ize authorize (v)

2. modern (adj) + -ize modernize (v)

3. natural (adj) + -ize naturalize (v)

4. sterile (adj) + -ize sterilize (v)

5. terror (n) + -ize terrorize (v)

3.1.8 Suffix –ly

e.g:

1. complete (v) + -ly completely (adv)

(37)

3. quick (adj) + -ly quickly (adv)

4. slow (adj) + -ly slowly (adv)

3.1.9 Suffix –ment

e.g:

1. agree (v) + -ment agreement (n)

2. arrange (v) + -ment arrangement (n)

3. develop (v) + -ment development(n)

3.1.10 Suffix –ness

e.g:

1. good (adj) + -ness goodness (n)

2. lonely (adj) + -ness loneliness (n)

3. mad (adj) + -ness madness (n)

4. strange(adj) + -ness strangeness (n)

3.2 Suffixes in Achehnese 3.2.1 Suffix –that

e.g:

1.rayeuk (adj) + -that rayeukthat (adj)

2.ubiet (adj) + -that ubietthat (adj)

3.paneuk (adj) + -that paneukthat (adj)

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3.2.2 Suffix –pih

e.g:

1.haba (v) + -pih habapih (v)

2.beuklam (adv) + -pih beuklampih (adv)

3.bah (v) + -pih bahpih (conj)

4.babah (n) + -pih babahpih (adv)

5.limeung (numeral) + -pih limeungpih ( adv )

6.meu’en (v) + -pih meu’enpih ( adv )

7.su’um (adj) + -pih su’umpih ( adv )

3.2.3 Suffix –sit / –cit

e.g:

1.jak (v) + -sit jaksit (adv)

2.hana (pronoun) + -sit hanasit (adv)

3.saban (adj) + -cit sabancit (adv)

4.panyang (adj) + -sit panyangsit (adv)

5.peut (numeral) + -sit peutsit (adv)

6.ngen (n) + -sit ngensit (adv)

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3.2.4 Suffix –kon

e.g:

1.bunoe (adv) + -kon bunoekon (adv)

2.baroe (adv) + -kon baroekon (adv)

3.manyak (n) + -kon manyakkon (adv)

3.2.5 Suffix –keuh

e.g:

1.meunan (adv) + -keuh meunankeuh (adv)

2.lom (adv) + -keuh lomkeuh (adv)

3.me (v) + -keuh mekeuh (v)

4.bagah (adj) + -keuh bagahkeuh (adv)

5.ok (n) + -keuh okkeuh (adv)

6.seuribe (numeral) + -keuh seuribekeuh (adv)

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CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND ACHEHNESE

4.1 Form

 Suffixes can be attached to base form ended with vowel phonemes

English Achehnese

1. – able 1. – that

marriage +-able marriageable gasa + -that gasathat

2. – en 2. – pih

wake + -en waken haba + -pih habapih

3. – er 3. – sit

write + -er writer hana + -sit hanasit

4. – ful 4. – kon

use + -ful useful baroe + -kon baroekon

5. – ity 5. – keuh

active + -ity activity me + -keuh mekeuh

6. – ing

smile + -ing smiling

7. – ize

sterile + -ize sterilize

8. – ly

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9. – ment

agree + -ment agreement

10. – ness

strange + -ness strangeness

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English all suffixes are formed by some phonemes

 In Achehnese, all suffixes are formed by some phonemes too.

 In English, all suffixes can be attached to base form ended with vowel phoneme

 In Achehnese, all suffixes can be attached to base form ended with vowel phoneme too.

 Suffixes can be attached to base form ended with consonant phonemes

English Achehnese

1. – able 1. – that

accept +-able acceptable rayeuk + -that rayeukthat

2. – en 2. – pih

weak + -en weaken bah + -pih bahpih

3. – er 3. – sit

big + -er bigger jak + -sit jaksit

4. – ful 4. – kon

help +-ful helpful manyak + -kon manyakkon

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elastic + -ity elasticity meunan + -keuh meunankeuh

6. – ing

walk + -ing walking

7. – ize

modern + -ize modernize

8. – ly

quick + -ly quickly

9. – ment

develop + -ment development

10. – ness

mad + -ness madness

From the data above, it can be analyzed that :

 In English all suffixes can be attached to base form ended with consonant phoneme.

 In Achehnese all suffixes can be attached to base form ended with consonant phoneme too.

 Suffixes that can be attached to cluster

English Achehnese

1. – ing 1. – pih

teach + -ing teaching beuklam + -pih beuklampih

(43)

2. – sit / – cit

saban + -cit sabancit

3. – kon

manyak + -kon manyakkon

from the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, only suffix –ing can be attached to base form ended with cluster phoneme and suffix -able, -en, -er, -ful, -ity, -ize, -ly, -ment, -ness cannot be

attached to base form ended with cluster phoneme.

 In Achehnese, suffix –pih, -sit/ -cit, -kon can be attached to base form ended with cluster phoneme but suffix -that, -keuh cannot be attached to base form ended

with cluster phoneme.

 Suffixes that can be attached to semivowel

English Achehnese

1. – able There is no suffixes can be attached to

bear + -able bearable semivowel

2. – er

supply + -er supplier

3. – ful

(44)

4. – ing

draw + -ing drawing

5. – ize

author + -ize authorize

6. – ly

slow + -ly slowly

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, suffix -able, -er, -ful, -ing, -ize, -ly can be attached to base form ended with semivowel phoneme and suffix -en, -ity, -ment, -ness cannot be attached to

base form ended with semivowel phoneme.

 In Achehnese, there is no suffixes can be attached to semivowel phoneme.

 Suffixes can be attached to diphthong

English Achehnese

1. – able There is no suffixes can be attached to

enjoy + -able enjoyable diphthong in Achenese

2. – ful

play + -ful playful

3. – ing

fly + -ing flying

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from the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, it is found that suffix -able, -ful, -ing can be attached to base form ended with diphthong phoneme and suffix -en, -er, -ity, -ize, -ly, -ment, -ness

cannot be attached to base form ended with diphthong phoneme.

 In Achehnese, there is no suffixes can be attached to diphthong phoneme.

4.2 Distribution

 Suffixes that can be attached the Verb

English Achehnese

1. – able 1. – pih

accept (v) + -able acceptable meu’en (v) + -pih meu’enpih

2. – er 2. – sit / – cit

employ (v) + -er employer meuruno (v) + -sit meurunosit

3. – ful 3. – keuh

help (v) + -ful helpful me (v) + -keuh mekueh

4. – ing

give (v) + -ing giving

5. – ly complete (v) + -ity completely

6. – ment

develop (v) + -ment development

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 In English, it can be seen that suffix -able, -er, -ful, -ing, -ly, -ment can be attached to the base form of verb but suffix -en, -ity, -ize, -ness cannot be attached

to the base form of verb.

 In Achehnese, it can be seen that suffix -pih, -sit/-cit, -keuh can be attached to the base form of verb but suffix -that, -kon cannot be attached to the base form of

verb.

 Suffixes that can be attached the Noun

English Achehnese

1. – en 1. – pih

height (n) + -en heighten babah (n) + -pih babahpih

2. – ful 2. – sit / – cit

ear (n) + -ful earful ngen (n) + -sit ngensit

3. – ity 3. – keuh

Christian (n) + -ity Christianity ok (n) + -keuh okkueh

4. – ize

terror (n) + -ize terrorize

5. – ly friend (n) + -ly friendly

from the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, suffix -en, -ful, -ity, -ize, -ly can be attached to the base form of noun but suffix -able, -er, -ing, -ment, -ness cannot be attached to the base form of noun.

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 In Achehnese, it can be seen that suffix -pih, -sit/-cit, -keuh can be attached to the base form of noun but suffix -that, -kon cannot be attached to the base form of

noun.

 Suffixes that can be attached the Adjective

English Achehnese

1. – en 1. – that

soft (adj) + -en soften ubiet (adj) + -that ubietthat

2. – er 2. – pih

long (adj) + -er longer su’um (adj) + -pih su’umpih

3. – ity 3. – sit / – cit

elastic (adj) + -ity elasticity panyang (adj) + -sit panyangsit

4. – ize 4 – keuh

natural (adj) + -ize naturalize bagah (adj) + -keuh bagahkeuh

5. – ly quick(adj) + -ly quickly

6. – ness

lonely (adj) + -ness lonelyness

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, suffix -en, -er, -ity, -ize, -ly, -ness can be attached to the base form of adjective but suffix -able, -ful, -ing, -ment, cannot be attached to the base form of

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 In Achehnese, suffix –that, -pih, -sit/-cit, -keuh can be attached to the base form of adjective but suffix -kon cannot be attached to the base form of adjective.

 Suffixes that can be attached the Numeral

English Achehnese

There is no suffix that can be 1. – pih

attached to numeral limeung + -pih limeungpih

2. – sit / – cit

peut + -sit peutsit

3. – keuh

seuribe + -keuh seuribekeuh

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :



In English, there is no suffix that can be attached to numeral

 In Achehnese, suffix -pih, -sit/-cit, -keuh can be attached to the base form of numeral and suffix –that, -kon cannot be attached to the base form of numeral.

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4.3 Function

 Suffixes that change the class word of base form

English Achehnese

1. – able 1. – pih

accept (v) + -able acceptable(adj) haba (v) + -pih habapih (adv)

marriage(v) + -able marriageable(adj)

2. – en 2. – sit / – cit

dark (adj) + -en darken (v) jak (v) + -sit jaksit (adv)

height (n) + -en heighten (v)

3. – er 3. – keuh

write (v) + -er writer (n) lom (v) + -keuh lomkeuh (adv)

4. – ful

doubt (n) + -ful doubtful (adj)

hope (v) + -ful hopeful (adj)

5. – ity active (adj) + -ity activity (n)

6. – ize

author (n) + -ize authorize (v)

modern (adj) + -ize modernize (v)

7. – ly

complete(v) + -ly completely (adv)

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8. – ment

arrange (v) + -ment arrangement (n)

9. – ness

good (adj) + -ness goodness (n)

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, not all suffixes can be change the class word of base form. The suffixes that can be change the class word of base form are –able, en, er, ful,

-ity, -ize, -ly, -ment, -ness.

 The function of suffix –able are to form adjective from verb, the function of suffix –en are to form verb from adjective and to form verb from noun. The function of

suffix –er are to form noun from verb, the function of suffix –ful are to form

adjective from noun and to form adjective from verb. The function of suffix –ity

are to form noun from adjective, the function of suffix –ize are to form verb from

noun and to form verb from adjective. The function of suffix –ly are to form

adverb from verb and to form adjective from noun. The function of suffix –ment

are to form noun from verb. The function of suffix –ness are to form noun from

adjective.

 In Achehnese, not all suffixes can be change the class word of base form. The suffixes that can be change the class word of base form are –pih, -sit/-cit, -keuh.

 The function of suffix –pih are to form adverb from verb, the function of suffix – sit/-cit are to form adverb from verb, and the function of suffix –keuh are to form

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 Suffixes that cannot change the class word of base form

English Achehnese

1. – en 1. – that

waken (v) + -en waken (v) paneuk (adj) + -that paneukthat (adj)

2. – er 2. – pih

short (adj) + -er shorter (adj) beuklam (adv) + -pih beuklampih (adv)

3. – ing 3. – kon

play (v) + -ing playing (v) bunoe (adv) + -kon bunoekon (adv)

4. – ity 4. – keuh

Christian (n) + -ity Christianity(n) meunan (adv) + -keuh meunankeuh (adv)

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :

 In English, suffixes –en, -er, -ing, -ity cannot be change the class word of base form.

 The function of suffix –en are to form verb from verb, the function of suffix –er are to form adjective from adjective, the function of suffix –ing are to form verb

from verb and the function of suffix –ity are to form noun from noun.

 In Achehnese, suffixes –that, -pih, -kon, -keuh cannot be change the class word of base form.

 The function of suffix –that are to form adjective from adjective, the function of suffix –pih are to form adverb from adverb, and the function of suffix –kon are to

form adverb from adverb and the function of suffix –keuh are to form adverb

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4.4 Meaning

The term “meaning is used to analyze whether there are similarities between English

and Achehnese in meaning.

English Achehnese

1. – able 1. – that

accept + -able acceptable paneuk + -that paneukthat

‘can be accepted’ ‘short’ ‘more short’

2. – en 2. – pih

height + -en heighten beuklam + -pih beuklampih

‘make height’ ‘yesterday’ ‘showing yesterday too’

3. – er 3. – sit/– cit

short + -er shorter jak + -sit jaksit

‘more short’ ‘go’ ‘explain that someone go too’

4. – ful 4. – kon

hope + -ful hopeful baroe + -kon baroekon

‘full of hope’ ‘yesterday’ ‘since yesterday’

5. – ity 5. – keuh

active + -ity activity meunan + -keuh meunankeuh

‘the state of being active’ ‘like that’ ‘so it is’

6. – ing

play + -ing playing

(53)

7. – ize

author + -ize authorize

‘give authority to’

8. – ly

friend + -ly friendly

‘showing kindness’

9. – ment

develop + -ment development

‘the gradual growth of’

10. – ness

good + -ness goodness

‘quality of being good’

Based on the data above, it can be analyze that :

 Only suffix –er, -ly in English and suffix –that, pih in Achehnese have the same meaning.

 Suffix –er in English and suffix –that in Achehnese indicate the meaning of “more”

 Suffix –ly in English and suffix –pi in Achehnese indicate the meaning of “showing something”.

 Suffix -able, -en, -ful, -ity, -ing, -ize, -ment, -ness in English and suffix -sit/-cit, -kon, -keuh in Achehnese have the different meaning.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

Having analyzed the data of both languages, I would like to draw some

conclusions concerning the analysis of form, distribution, function, and meaning. I will

conclude what suffixes are correspondence, partly correspondence, and non

correspondence in both languages.

a. Form

Suffixes in English and Achehnese are partly correspondence in the aspect of

form because it is found that not all suffixes that can be attached to the base which is

ended with vowel, consonant, semivowel, diphthong or cluster phoneme in both

languages.

b. Distribution

Suffixes in English and Achehnese are partly correspondence in the aspect of

distribution because it is found that not all suffixes that can be attached to the base of

noun, adjective, verb, or numeral in both languages.

c. Function

It is found that suffixes in English and Achehnese are correspondence in the

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word class and suffix that does not change the name of word class. Suffixes that can

change the name of word class are -able, -en, -er, -ful, -ity, -ize, -ly, -ment, -ness (English)

and –pih, -sit/ -cit, -keuh (Achehnese). Suffix that cannot change the name of word class

are –en, -er, -ing, -ity (English) and –that, -pih, -kon, -keuh (Achehnese).

d. Meaning

Meaning in English and Achehnese are partly correspondence because not all

suffixes have same meaning in both languages but there are some suffixes that have same

meaning in both languages. Suffix –er in English and suffix –that in Achehnese indicate

the meaning of ‘more’ ; and suffix –ly in English and suffix –pih in Achehnese indicate

the meaning of ‘showing something’.

5.2 Suggestion

The analysis of this thesis is limited. Therefore, I suggest the student of English

Department who are interested in this field, to do further research on other morphological

process such as : reduplication, suppletion, etc. I hope this thesis could be a reference for

those who want to do further research in English and Achehnese, and I fully realize that

thesis is still far from being perfect, therefore any constractive criticism will be highly

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Ridwan, T.A. 1997. An Introduction to Phonetics and Graphemics. Medan: USU. --- 1997. Dasar-Dasar Linguistika. Medan: USU.

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Sulaiman, B. Yusuf, H. Hanum, Sy. Lani, R.C. 1983. Struktur Bahasa Aceh, Morfologi dan Sintaksis. Jakarta Timur: Pusat Pembinan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Depdikbud.

Sulaiman, B. Hanum, Sy. Ismail, R. Ibrahim, I. 1986. Ragam dan Dialek Bahasa Aceh. Jakarta Timur: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Depdikbud. Sulaiman, B. 1979. Bahasa Aceh. Jakarta Timur: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan

Bahasa, Depdikbud.

Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1985. Pengajaran Morfologi. Bandung: Angkasa.

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APPENDICES

English base form, morphological process of suffixes :

1. accept / k'sept/ (v) + -able acceptable / k'sept bl/ (adj) 2. bear /be (r)/ (v) + -able bearable /be r bl/ (adj) 3. enjoy / n'd / (v) + -able enjoyable / n'd bl/ (adj) 4. marriage /'m r d / (n) + -able marriageable /'m r d bl/ (adj)

5. dark / / (adj) + -en darken / / (v)

6. height / / (n) + -en heighten / / (v)

7. soft / / (adj) + -en soften / / (v)

8. weak / /(adj) + -en weaken / / (v)

9. wake / /(v) + -en waken / /(v) 10. big / /(adj) + -er bigger / / (adj) 11. long / /(adj) + -er longer / / (adj) 12. short / /(adj) + -er shorter / / (adj) 13. supply / /(v) + -er supplier / /(n) 14. write / /(v) + -er writer / /(n)

15. doubt / /(n) + -ful doubtful / / (adj) 16. ear / / (n) + -ful earful / / (adj) 17. hope / / (v) + -ful hopeful / / (adj) 18. help / /(v) + -ful helpful / /(adj) 19. play / /(v) + -ful playful / /(adj) 20. use / /(v) + -ful useful / /(adj)

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22. active / / (adj) + -ity activity / /(n)

23. Christian / / (n) + -ity Christianity / / (n) 24. elastic / / (adj) + -ity elasticity / / (n)

25. draw / / (v) + -ing drawing / / (v)

26. fly / / (v) + -ing flying / /(v)

27. give / / (v) + -ing giving / / (v)

28. play / / (v) + -ing playing / / (v)

29. smile / / (v) + -ing smiling / / (v)

30. teach / / (v) + -ing teaching / / (v)

31. walk / / (v) + -ing walking / / (v)

32. watch / / (v) + -ing watching / / (v)

33. author / / (n) + -ize authorize / / (v)

34. modern / / (adj) + -ize modernize / / (v)

35. natural / / (adj) + -ize naturalize / / (v)

36. sterile / / (adj) + -ize sterilize / / (v)

37. terror / / (n) + -ize terrorize / / (v)

38. complete / / (v) + -ly completely / / (adv) 39. friend / / (n) + -ly friendly / / (adj ) 40. quick / / (adj) + -ly quickly / / (adv) 41. slow / / (adj) + -ly slowly / / (adv) 42. agree / / (v) + -ment agreement / / (n) 43. arrange / / (v) + -ment arrangement / / (n) 44. develop / / (v) + -ment development / / (n)

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45. good / / (adj) + -ness goodness / / (n) 46. lonely / / (adj) + -ness loneliness / / (n) 47. mad / / (adj) + -ness madness / / (n) 48. strange / / (adj) + -ness strangeness / / (n)

Achehnese base form, morphological process of suffixes and meaning in English and Indonesian:

1.rayeuk / / ‘big’(adj) + -that rayeukthat / / ‘bigger’ (adj) ‘besar’ ‘sangat besar’ 2.ubiet / / ‘small’(adj) + -that ubietthat / / ‘smaller’ (adj)

‘kecil’ ‘sangat kecil’ 3.paneuk/ /‘short’(adj) + -that paneukthat / / ‘shorter’ (adj)

‘pendek’ ‘sangat pendek’

4.gasa / / ‘coarse’(adj) + -that gasathat / / ‘coarser’ (adj)

‘kasar’ ‘sangat kasar’

5.haba / / ’talk’(v) + -pih habapih / / ‘talk too’ (adv)

‘bicara/cerita’ ‘bicarapun/pembicaraanpun’ 6.beuklam/ /‘last night’(adv) + -pih beuklampih / / ‘last night too’ (adv)

‘kemarin/semalam’ ‘kemarinpun/semalampun’ 7.bah / / ‘let’ (v) + -pih bahpih / / ‘although’ (conj)

‘biar’ ‘biarpun’

8.babah / / ‘mouth’ (n) + -pih babahpih / / ‘mouth too’ (adv)

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9.limeung / / ‘five’ (numeral) + -pih limeungpih / / ‘five too’( adv )

‘lima’ ‘limapun/lima juga’

10.meu’en / / ‘play’ (v) + -pih meu’enpih / / ‘play too’ (adv)

‘main’ ‘mainpun’

11.su’um / / ‘hot’ (adj) + -pih su’umpih / / ‘hot too’ (adv) ‘panas’ ‘panaspun’ 12.jak / / ‘go’ (v) + -sit jaksit / / ‘go too’ (adv)

‘pergi’ ‘pergi juga’

13.hana / / ‘nothing’(pronoun) + -sit hanasit / / ‘nothing too’(adv) ‘tidak ada’ ‘tidak ada juga’ 14.saban / / ‘same’ (adj) + -cit sabancit / / ‘same too’(adv)

‘sama’ ‘sama juga’

15.panyang / / ‘long’ (adj) + -sit panyangsit / / ‘long too’(adv)

‘panjang’ ‘panjang juga’

16.peut / / ‘four’ (numeral) + -sit peutsit / / ‘four too’(adv)

‘empat’ ‘empat juga’

17.ngen / / ‘friend’ (n) + -sit ngensit / / ‘friend too’(adv)

‘teman’ ‘teman juga’

18.meuruno / / ‘study’ (adj) + -sit meurunosit / / ‘study too’(adv) ‘belajar’ ‘belajar juga’

19.bunoe / / ‘a while ago’(adv) + -kon bunoekon / / ‘since a while ago’(adv) ‘tadi’ ‘sejak tadi’

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20.baroe / / ‘yesterday’(adv) + -kon baroekon / / ‘since yesterday’ (adv) ‘kemarin’ ‘sejak kemarin’

21.manyak / / ‘child’(n) + -kon manyakkon / / ‘since child’ (adv) ‘anak kecil’ ‘sejak kecil’ 22.meunan / / ‘like that’ + -keuh meunankeuh / / ‘so it is’

‘begitu’ ‘begitulah’ 23.lom / / ’again’(adv) + -keuh lomkeuh / / ‘want again’ (adv)

‘lagi’ ‘lagilah’

24.me / / ‘bring’(v) + -keuh mekeuh / / ‘bring it’ (v)

‘bawa’ ‘bawalah’

25.bagah / / ‘quick’(adj) + -keuh bagahkeuh / / ‘hurry up’ (adv)

‘cepat’ ‘cepatlah’

26.ok / o’/ ‘hair’ (n) + -keuh okkeuh / / ‘your hair’ (adv)

‘rambut’ ‘rambutmu’

27.seuribe / / ‘one thousand’ (numeral) + -keuh seuribekeuh / /

‘it is one thousand’ (adv)

‘seribu’ ‘seribulah’

List of Suffixes in English : 1. –able / /

2. –en / / 3. –er / / 4. –ful / /

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5. –ity / / 6. –ing / / 7. –ize / / 8. –ly / / 9. –ment / / 10. –ness / /

List of Suffixes in Achehnese : 1. –that / / ‘very’ (sangat) 2. –pih / / ‘too’ (pun/juga) 3. –sit / –cit / / ‘too’ (juga) 4. –kon / / ‘since’ (sejak) 5. –keuh / / ‘is ’ (lah or mu)

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APPENDICES

English base form, morphological process of suffixes :

5. dark / / (adj) + -en darken / / (v)

6. height / / (n) + -en heighten / / (v)

7. soft / / (adj) + -en soften / / (v)

8. weak / /(adj) + -en weaken / / (v)

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22. active / / (adj) + -ity activity / /(n)

23. Christian / / (n) + -ity Christianity / / (n) 24. elastic / / (adj) + -ity elasticity / / (n)

25. draw / / (v) + -ing drawing / / (v)

26. fly / / (v) + -ing flying / /(v)

27. give / / (v) + -ing giving / / (v)

28. play / / (v) + -ing playing / / (v)

29. smile / / (v) + -ing smiling / / (v)

30. teach / / (v) + -ing teaching / / (v)

31. walk / / (v) + -ing walking / / (v)

32. watch / / (v) + -ing watching / / (v)

33. author / / (n) + -ize authorize / / (v)

34. modern / / (adj) + -ize modernize / / (v)

35. natural / / (adj) + -ize naturalize / / (v)

36. sterile / / (adj) + -ize sterilize / / (v)

37. terror / / (n) + -ize terrorize / / (v)

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45. good / / (adj) + -ness goodness / / (n) 46. lonely / / (adj) + -ness loneliness / / (n) 47. mad / / (adj) + -ness madness / / (n) 48. strange / / (adj) + -ness strangeness / / (n)

Achehnese base form, morphological process of suffixes and meaning in English and Indonesian:

1.rayeuk / / ‘big’(adj) + -that rayeukthat / / ‘bigger’ (adj)

‘besar’ ‘sangat besar’

2.ubiet / / ‘small’(adj) + -that ubietthat / / ‘smaller’ (adj) ‘kecil’ ‘sangat kecil’ 3.paneuk/ /‘short’(adj) + -that paneukthat / / ‘shorter’ (adj)

‘pendek’ ‘sangat pendek’

4.gasa / / ‘coarse’(adj) + -that gasathat / / ‘coarser’ (adj)

‘kasar’ ‘sangat kasar’

5.haba / / ’talk’(v) + -pih habapih / / ‘talk too’ (adv)

‘bicara/cerita’ ‘bicarapun/pembicaraanpun’

6.beuklam/ /‘last night’(adv) + -pih beuklampih / / ‘last night too’ (adv) ‘kemarin/semalam’ ‘kemarinpun/semalampun’ 7.bah / / ‘let’ (v) + -pih bahpih / / ‘although’ (conj)

‘biar’ ‘biarpun’

8.babah / / ‘mouth’ (n) + -pih babahpih / / ‘mouth too’ (adv)

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9.limeung / / ‘five’ (numeral) + -pih limeungpih / / ‘five too’( adv )

‘lima’ ‘limapun/lima juga’

10.meu’en / / ‘play’ (v) + -pih meu’enpih / / ‘play too’ (adv)

‘main’ ‘mainpun’

11.su’um / / ‘hot’ (adj) + -pih su’umpih / / ‘hot too’ (adv)

‘panas’ ‘panaspun’

12.jak / / ‘go’ (v) + -sit jaksit / / ‘go too’ (adv) ‘pergi’ ‘pergi juga’

13.hana / / ‘nothing’(pronoun) + -sit hanasit / / ‘nothing too’(adv)

‘tidak ada’ ‘tidak ada juga’

14.saban / / ‘same’ (adj) + -cit sabancit / / ‘same too’(adv)

‘sama’ ‘sama juga’

15.panyang / / ‘long’ (adj) + -sit panyangsit / / ‘long too’(adv)

‘panjang’ ‘panjang juga’

16.peut / / ‘four’ (numeral) + -sit peutsit / / ‘four too’(adv)

‘empat’ ‘empat juga’

17.ngen / / ‘friend’ (n) + -sit ngensit / / ‘friend too’(adv)

‘teman’ ‘teman juga’

18.meuruno / / ‘study’ (adj) + -sit meurunosit / / ‘study too’(adv)

‘belajar’ ‘belajar juga’

19.bunoe / / ‘a while ago’(adv) + -kon bunoekon / / ‘since a while ago’(adv) ‘tadi’ ‘sejak tadi’

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20.baroe / / ‘yesterday’(adv) + -kon baroekon / / ‘since yesterday’ (adv) ‘kemarin’ ‘sejak kemarin’

21.manyak / / ‘child’(n) + -kon manyakkon / / ‘since child’ (adv) ‘anak kecil’ ‘sejak kecil’ 22.meunan / / ‘like that’ + -keuh meunankeuh / / ‘so it is’

‘begitu’ ‘begitulah’ 23.lom / / ’again’(adv) + -keuh lomkeuh / / ‘want again’ (adv)

‘lagi’ ‘lagilah’

24.me / / ‘bring’(v) + -keuh mekeuh / / ‘bring it’ (v)

‘bawa’ ‘bawalah’

25.bagah / / ‘quick’(adj) + -keuh bagahkeuh / / ‘hurry up’ (adv)

‘cepat’ ‘cepatlah’

26.ok / o’/ ‘hair’ (n) + -keuh okkeuh / / ‘your hair’ (adv)

‘rambut’ ‘rambutmu’

27.seuribe / / ‘one thousand’ (numeral) + -keuh seuribekeuh / /

‘it is one thousand’ (adv)

‘seribu’ ‘seribulah’

List of Suffixes in English :

1. –able / / 2. –en / / 3. –er / / 4. –ful / /

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5. –ity / / 6. –ing / / 7. –ize / / 8. –ly / / 9. –ment / / 10. –ness / /

List of Suffixes in Achehnese :

1. –that / / ‘very’ (sangat) 2. –pih / / ‘too’ (pun/juga) 3. –sit / –cit / / ‘too’ (juga) 4. –kon / / ‘since’ (sejak) 5. –keuh / / ‘is ’ (lah or mu)

A Contrastive Analysis Of Suffixes Between English And Achehnese