Hizkia Christian Wilianto 22010112130079 Lap.KTI Bab7
46
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Price AS, Wilson ML. Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses Penyakit.
Jakarta: EGC; 2006.
2.
Mutschler E. Dinamika Obat, 5th ed. Bandung: ITB; 1991.
3.
Tjay TH, Rahardja K. Obat-Obat Penting: Khasiat, Penggunaan, dan EfekEfek Sampingnya, 6th ed. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo; 2002.
4.
Bakowsky VS, Hanly JG. Complications of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory
drug gastropathy and use of gastric cytoprotection: Experience at a
tertiary care health center: J Rheumatol; 1999.
5.
Hargono D. Obat Tradisional dalm Zaman Teknologi’, Majalah Kesehata
Masyarakat; 1997.
6.
Anggraini W. Efek Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji
(Psidium guava Linn.) pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar. Surakarta:
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2008.
7.
Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant
and antimicrobal activities of essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens and
Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. J Nat Sci; 2007: 6(1) : 3142.
8.
Nadkarni KM. Nadkarni’s Indian materia medica (Volume 1). Mumbai:
Poupular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 1995: 77-78.
9.
Sudarsono, Gunawan D, Wahyuono S. Tumbuhan Obat II: Hasil
Penelitian, Sifat- sifat dan Penggunaan. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Obat
Tradisional UGM; 2002.
10.
Evacusiany E, Santosa S, Irwan M. Analgesic Effect Of Ethanol Extract Of
Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) On Mice Swiss-Webster Strain.
Bandung: Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Maranatha; 2010.
11.
Yamazaki M et al. Germacrone as Central Nervous System Depresant. Jpn.
Kokai Tokyo Koho; Pat. No.: 89139527; 8pp.; in Japan.
12.
Rahmawati J. Efek Analgesik Kombinasi Ekstrak Air Seduhan Daun Dewa
(Gynura pseudochina L.) dan Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)
pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) dengan Metode Paw Pressure Test;
47
2010.
13.
Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V.
Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice. 2011.
14.
Tamsuri A. Konsep dan Penatalaksanaan Nyeri. Jakarta: EGC; 2007.
15.
Sherwood, L. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem, Edisi 6. Jakarta: EGC;
2012.
16.
Soenarjo, Jatmiko DH. Anestesiologi. Semarang: IDSAI cabang Jawa
Tengah; 2010.
17.
Kozier B, et al. Buku Ajar Praktik Keperawatan Klinis Kozier Erb. Jakarta:
EGC; 2009.
18.
Caio MB, Oliveira T. Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine. Revista
Brasileira de Anestesiologia; 2010; 60(3):325-33.
19.
Barak BK et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on
postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery.
Nepal med coll J. 2010;12(4):215-20.
20.
Edward GM Jr, Maged SM, Michael JM. Clinical Anesthesiology. New
York: Mc Grow Hill; 2006.
21.
Rushman, Davies, Cashman. Lee’s synopsis of anesthesia. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann International Editions; 2005.
22.
Boulton, T.B. Anestesiologi, Edisi 10. Jakarta: EGC. 2004; p120-122.
23.
Latief SA et al. Petunjuk Praktis Anestesiologi. Jakarta: Bag. Anestesiologi
dan Terapi intensif FK UI; 2002; p86-90.
24.
Bertram GK. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Jakarta: EGC; 2010.
25.
Guy LW. Basic Science Review of Anesthesiology. New York: Mc Graw
Hill; 1997.
26.
Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman & Gilman’s The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw Hill; 2006;
27: 666-682.
27.
Katzung BG. 2011. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik, edisi ke-10. Jakarta:
EGC; 2011.
28.
Wallace JL, Vong L. NSAID-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage and The
Design of GI-sparing NSAIDs. Br J Pharmacol; 2008; 153: 100-109.
48
29.
Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V. Buku Ajar Patologi, edisi ke-7. Jakarta:
EGC; 2007; 1(15): 609-630.
30.
Sibuea WH, Panggabean MM, Gultom SP. Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, edisi ke2. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta; 2005; 1: 169-180
31.
Heyne K. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, Jilid ke-3. Jakarta: Yayasan
Sarana Warna Jaya; 1987.
32.
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. Monografi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat
Indonesia, Volume 1. Jakarta: Badan POM RI; 2004.
33.
Rahayu WP, Fardiaz S, Darusman LK. Kajian Aktivitas dan Produksi
Komponen Antimikroba dari Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga).
Laporan Akhir Penelitian HIBAH Bersaing VII Perguruan Tinggi Tahun
Anggaran 1998-2000; 2000.
34.
Thomas E, Shanmugan J, Rafi MM. Antibacterial Activity of Plants
Belonging to Zingiberaceace Family. Bio Med; 1996;16:15-20.
35.
Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Ochi M, Yoshikawa M.
Gastroprotective of Phenyl Propanoids from The Rhizomes of Alpinia
galanga in Rats: Structural Requirements and Mode of Action. Eur J
Pharmacol; 2003;47:59-67.
36.
Juntachote T, Berghofer E. Antioxidative Properties and Stability of
Ethanolic Extracts of Holi Basil and Galanga. Food Chem; 2005;92:193202.
37.
Nagashekhar M, Shivprasad HN. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity
of The Topical Preparation of Alpinia galangal Willd. Biomed Contents;
2005;1:63.
38.
Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of A Ginger Extract on Knee Pain in
Patients with Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum; 2001;44:2531-8.
39.
Barik BR, Kundu AB, Dey AK. Two Phenolic Constituents from Alpinia
galangal Rhizomes. Phytochemistry; 1987;26:2126-7.
40.
Lee SJ, Ando T. Optically Active 1’-Acetoxychavicol Acetate and It’s
Position Isomers: Synthesis and Repellent Effect against Adzuki Bean
Weevil. J Pestic Sci; 2001;26:76-81
41
Nakamura Y, Murakami A, Ohto Y, Torikai K, Tanata T, Ohigashi H.
49
Suppression of Tumor Promoter-Induced Oxidative Stress and
Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Skin by A Superoxide Generation
Inhibitor 1’-Acetoxychavicol Acetate. Cancer Res; 1998;58:4832-9.
42
Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. Bioactive Principles/Chemical
Constituents The Essential Oil of Alpinia galangal Willd. J Essen Oil Res;
1992;4:81-2.
43
Chrubasik S dkk. Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the
ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine journal Elsevier Vol 13;
2004
44
Winarni C. Kandungan Bahan Aktif Jahe dan Pemanfaatanya Dalam
Bidang Kesehatan. Bogor: Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pascapanen Pertanian; 2011
45
Syamsuhidayat SS, Hutapea. JR. Inventaris Tanaman Obat Indonesia.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Kesehatan; 1991.
46
Januwati M, Yuhono JT. Budidaya cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum
Vahl).Bogor; 2003; 7:1-3.
47
Emmyzar, Rostiana O, Sofiana B. Standar Prosedur Operasional Budidaya
Cabe Jawa. Bogor: Circular; 2004.
48
Afifah E. Khasiat dan Manfaat Temulawak. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka;
2005; 5: 43-59.
49
Ravindran PN, Babu KN. Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. Washington DC:
CRC Press; 2005; pp. 87-97.
50
Fatmawati DA. Pola Protein dan Kandungan Kurkuminoid Rimpang
Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb). Bogor: FMIPA IPB; 2008; hlm.
1-43.
51
Jian YT, Mai GF, Wang JD, Zhang YL, Luo RC, Fang YX. Preventive and
Therapeutic Effects of NF-KappaB Inhibitor Curcumin in Rats Colitis
Induced by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid. World J Gastroenterol; 2005; 11:
1747-52.
52
IUPAC Provisional Recommendations; 2004 Chapter P-12.1; page 4.
53
Hosea C, Robin ST. "Acetic Acid", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
50
Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
54
International Programme on Chemical Safety. 5 June 2010.
55
Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Acetic Acid. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
56
Kelompok Kerja Phyto Medica. Penapisan Farmakologi, Pengujian
Fitokimia dan Pengujian Klinis. Jakarta: Yayasan Phytomedica; 1993; hal.
3-6.
57
Wuryaningsih L E et al. Uji Analgesik Ekstrak Etanol Kering Rimpang
Kencur Asal Purwodadi pada Mencit Dengan Metode Geliat (Writhing
Reflex Test), Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia; 1996; hal. 24-25
58
Gupta M et al. Studies on Anti- inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic
Properties of Methanol Extract of Caesalpinia bonducella leaves in
Experimental Animal Models, Iranian J. Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
Calcutta, India: Razi Institute for Drug Research; 2003
51
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1
52
Lampiran 2
53
Lampiran 3
Tabel Konversi Perhitungan Dosis
(Laurance & Bacharach, 1964)
Mencit
20 g
Tikus
200 g
Marmot
400 g
Kelinci
1,5 kg
Kucing
2 kg
Kera
4 kg
Anjing
12 kg
Manusia
70 kg
Mencit
20 g
1,0
7,0
12,25
27,8
29,7
64,1
124,2
387,9
Tikus 200
g
0,14
1,0
1,74
3,9
4,2
9,2
17,8
56,0
Marmot
400 g
0,08
0,57
1,0
2,25
2,4
5,2
10,2
31,5
Kelinci
1,5 kg
0,04
0,25
0,44
1,0
1,08
2,4
4,5
14,2
Kucing 2
kg
0,03
0,23
0,41
0,92
1,0
2,2
4,1
13,0
Kera 4 kg
0,016
0,11
0,19
0,42
0,45
1,0
1,9
6,1
Anjing 12
kg
0,008
0,06
0,1
0,22
0,24
0,52
1,0
3,1
Manusia
70 kg
0,0026
0,018
0,031
0,07
0,076
0,16
0,32
1,0
54
Lampiran 4
Perhitungan Dosis
Aspirin
Dosis lazim aspirin sekali adalah 325-650 mg pada manusia dewasa.
Dikonversi ke mencit yang beratnya 20 gram menjadi:
0,0026 x 500 = 1,3 mg/20 gramBB
Produk X
Dosis lazim Produk X 15-30 ml pada manusia dewasa.
Dikonversi ke mencit yang beratnya 20 gram menjadi:
1.
0,0026 x 30
= 0,078 ml/20 gramBB
≈ 0,1 ml/20 gramBB
2.
0,0026 x 4(30)
= 0,312 ml/20 gramBB
≈ 0,35 ml/20 gramBB
55
Lampiran 5
Hasil Penelititan
Jumlah Geliat
Mencit
Ke
15 Menit I
15 Menit II
K1
K2
P1
P2
K (-)
K (+)
P1
P2
1
5
8
3
1
8
6
0
0
2
6
3
5
0
3
0
2
0
3
11
1
4
0
7
1
3
0
4
4
2
7
0
6
1
9
0
5
8
1
3
0
7
0
0
0
6
4
3
3
0
2
2
1
0
56
Lampiran 6
Analisis Data
Explore
Kelompok
57
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
58
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
59
T-Test (K1)
Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1
Mean
6.33
5.50
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
Std. Deviation
2.733
2.429
Std. Error
Mean
1.116
.992
Paired Samples Correlations
N
Pair
1
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I &
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
Correlation
6
.422
Sig.
.405
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
.833
2.787
1.138
Lower
Upper
-2.091
3.758
.732
5
.497
60
NPar Tests (K2)
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
a. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
b. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
c. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
-2.060a
.039
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
5a
0b
1c
6
Mean Rank
3.00
.00
Sum of Ranks
15.00
.00
61
NPar Tests (P1)
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
a. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
b. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
c. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
-1.701a
.089
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
5a
1b
0c
6
Mean Rank
3.70
2.50
Sum of Ranks
18.50
2.50
62
NPar Tests (P2)
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
a. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
b. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
c. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
-1.000a
.317
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
1a
0b
5c
6
Mean Rank
1.00
.00
Sum of Ranks
1.00
.00
63
NPar Tests
Kruskal-Wallis Test
64
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K1
K2
Total
K1
K2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
8.75
4.25
Sum of Ranks
52.50
25.50
9.00
4.00
54.00
24.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
4.500
25.500
-2.177
.029
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.026
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
3.000
24.000
-2.423
.015
a
.015
65
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K1
P1
Total
K1
P1
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
8.25
4.75
Sum of Ranks
49.50
28.50
8.17
4.83
49.00
29.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
7.500
28.500
-1.708
.088
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.093
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
8.000
29.000
-1.613
.107
a
.132
66
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K1
P2
Total
K1
P2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
9.50
3.50
Sum of Ranks
57.00
21.00
9.50
3.50
57.00
21.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
.000
21.000
-2.994
.003
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.002
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
.000
21.000
-3.083
.002
a
.002
67
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K2
P1
Total
K2
P1
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
5.00
8.00
Sum of Ranks
30.00
48.00
6.08
6.92
36.50
41.50
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
9.000
30.000
-1.497
.134
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.180
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
15.500
36.500
-.411
.681
a
.699
68
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K2
P2
Total
K2
P2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
9.33
3.67
Sum of Ranks
56.00
22.00
8.50
4.50
51.00
27.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
1.000
22.000
-2.850
.004
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.004
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
6.000
27.000
-2.292
.022
a
.065
69
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
P1
P2
Total
P1
P2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
9.50
3.50
Sum of Ranks
57.00
21.00
8.50
4.50
51.00
27.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
.000
21.000
-3.011
.003
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.002
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
6.000
27.000
-2.286
.022
a
.065
70
Lampiran 7
Dokumentasi Penelitian
71
Lampiran 8
BIODATA MAHASISWA
Identitas
Nama
: Hizkia Christian Wilianto
NIM
: 22010112130079
Tempat/ tanggal lahir : Bekasi, 27 Oktober 1993
Jenis kelamin
: Laki-laki
Alamat
: Jl. Gondang Timur 4 No. 66B, Bulusan, Tembalang
Nomor telepon
:-
Nomor HP
: 08561921992
E-mail
: [email protected]
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal
1)
2)
3)
4)
SD
: SD Kasih Bunda
Lulus tahun
: 2006
SMP
: SMP Negeri 1 Bekasi
Lulus tahun
: 2009
SMA
: SMA Negeri 1 Bekasi
Lulus tahun
: 2012
Universitas
: Univ. Diponegoro Fakultas Kedokteran
Prodi Pendidikan Dokter
Masuk tahun : 2012
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Price AS, Wilson ML. Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses Penyakit.
Jakarta: EGC; 2006.
2.
Mutschler E. Dinamika Obat, 5th ed. Bandung: ITB; 1991.
3.
Tjay TH, Rahardja K. Obat-Obat Penting: Khasiat, Penggunaan, dan EfekEfek Sampingnya, 6th ed. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo; 2002.
4.
Bakowsky VS, Hanly JG. Complications of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory
drug gastropathy and use of gastric cytoprotection: Experience at a
tertiary care health center: J Rheumatol; 1999.
5.
Hargono D. Obat Tradisional dalm Zaman Teknologi’, Majalah Kesehata
Masyarakat; 1997.
6.
Anggraini W. Efek Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji
(Psidium guava Linn.) pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar. Surakarta:
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2008.
7.
Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant
and antimicrobal activities of essential oil from Hyptis suaveolens and
Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. J Nat Sci; 2007: 6(1) : 3142.
8.
Nadkarni KM. Nadkarni’s Indian materia medica (Volume 1). Mumbai:
Poupular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 1995: 77-78.
9.
Sudarsono, Gunawan D, Wahyuono S. Tumbuhan Obat II: Hasil
Penelitian, Sifat- sifat dan Penggunaan. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Obat
Tradisional UGM; 2002.
10.
Evacusiany E, Santosa S, Irwan M. Analgesic Effect Of Ethanol Extract Of
Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) On Mice Swiss-Webster Strain.
Bandung: Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Maranatha; 2010.
11.
Yamazaki M et al. Germacrone as Central Nervous System Depresant. Jpn.
Kokai Tokyo Koho; Pat. No.: 89139527; 8pp.; in Japan.
12.
Rahmawati J. Efek Analgesik Kombinasi Ekstrak Air Seduhan Daun Dewa
(Gynura pseudochina L.) dan Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)
pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) dengan Metode Paw Pressure Test;
47
2010.
13.
Acharya SD, Ullal SD, Padiyar S, Rao YD, Upadhyaya K, Pillai D, Raj V.
Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia Galanga rhizome in mice. 2011.
14.
Tamsuri A. Konsep dan Penatalaksanaan Nyeri. Jakarta: EGC; 2007.
15.
Sherwood, L. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem, Edisi 6. Jakarta: EGC;
2012.
16.
Soenarjo, Jatmiko DH. Anestesiologi. Semarang: IDSAI cabang Jawa
Tengah; 2010.
17.
Kozier B, et al. Buku Ajar Praktik Keperawatan Klinis Kozier Erb. Jakarta:
EGC; 2009.
18.
Caio MB, Oliveira T. Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine. Revista
Brasileira de Anestesiologia; 2010; 60(3):325-33.
19.
Barak BK et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on
postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery.
Nepal med coll J. 2010;12(4):215-20.
20.
Edward GM Jr, Maged SM, Michael JM. Clinical Anesthesiology. New
York: Mc Grow Hill; 2006.
21.
Rushman, Davies, Cashman. Lee’s synopsis of anesthesia. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann International Editions; 2005.
22.
Boulton, T.B. Anestesiologi, Edisi 10. Jakarta: EGC. 2004; p120-122.
23.
Latief SA et al. Petunjuk Praktis Anestesiologi. Jakarta: Bag. Anestesiologi
dan Terapi intensif FK UI; 2002; p86-90.
24.
Bertram GK. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Jakarta: EGC; 2010.
25.
Guy LW. Basic Science Review of Anesthesiology. New York: Mc Graw
Hill; 1997.
26.
Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman & Gilman’s The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw Hill; 2006;
27: 666-682.
27.
Katzung BG. 2011. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik, edisi ke-10. Jakarta:
EGC; 2011.
28.
Wallace JL, Vong L. NSAID-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage and The
Design of GI-sparing NSAIDs. Br J Pharmacol; 2008; 153: 100-109.
48
29.
Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V. Buku Ajar Patologi, edisi ke-7. Jakarta:
EGC; 2007; 1(15): 609-630.
30.
Sibuea WH, Panggabean MM, Gultom SP. Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, edisi ke2. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta; 2005; 1: 169-180
31.
Heyne K. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, Jilid ke-3. Jakarta: Yayasan
Sarana Warna Jaya; 1987.
32.
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. Monografi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat
Indonesia, Volume 1. Jakarta: Badan POM RI; 2004.
33.
Rahayu WP, Fardiaz S, Darusman LK. Kajian Aktivitas dan Produksi
Komponen Antimikroba dari Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga).
Laporan Akhir Penelitian HIBAH Bersaing VII Perguruan Tinggi Tahun
Anggaran 1998-2000; 2000.
34.
Thomas E, Shanmugan J, Rafi MM. Antibacterial Activity of Plants
Belonging to Zingiberaceace Family. Bio Med; 1996;16:15-20.
35.
Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Ochi M, Yoshikawa M.
Gastroprotective of Phenyl Propanoids from The Rhizomes of Alpinia
galanga in Rats: Structural Requirements and Mode of Action. Eur J
Pharmacol; 2003;47:59-67.
36.
Juntachote T, Berghofer E. Antioxidative Properties and Stability of
Ethanolic Extracts of Holi Basil and Galanga. Food Chem; 2005;92:193202.
37.
Nagashekhar M, Shivprasad HN. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity
of The Topical Preparation of Alpinia galangal Willd. Biomed Contents;
2005;1:63.
38.
Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of A Ginger Extract on Knee Pain in
Patients with Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum; 2001;44:2531-8.
39.
Barik BR, Kundu AB, Dey AK. Two Phenolic Constituents from Alpinia
galangal Rhizomes. Phytochemistry; 1987;26:2126-7.
40.
Lee SJ, Ando T. Optically Active 1’-Acetoxychavicol Acetate and It’s
Position Isomers: Synthesis and Repellent Effect against Adzuki Bean
Weevil. J Pestic Sci; 2001;26:76-81
41
Nakamura Y, Murakami A, Ohto Y, Torikai K, Tanata T, Ohigashi H.
49
Suppression of Tumor Promoter-Induced Oxidative Stress and
Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Skin by A Superoxide Generation
Inhibitor 1’-Acetoxychavicol Acetate. Cancer Res; 1998;58:4832-9.
42
Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. Bioactive Principles/Chemical
Constituents The Essential Oil of Alpinia galangal Willd. J Essen Oil Res;
1992;4:81-2.
43
Chrubasik S dkk. Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the
ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine journal Elsevier Vol 13;
2004
44
Winarni C. Kandungan Bahan Aktif Jahe dan Pemanfaatanya Dalam
Bidang Kesehatan. Bogor: Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pascapanen Pertanian; 2011
45
Syamsuhidayat SS, Hutapea. JR. Inventaris Tanaman Obat Indonesia.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Kesehatan; 1991.
46
Januwati M, Yuhono JT. Budidaya cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum
Vahl).Bogor; 2003; 7:1-3.
47
Emmyzar, Rostiana O, Sofiana B. Standar Prosedur Operasional Budidaya
Cabe Jawa. Bogor: Circular; 2004.
48
Afifah E. Khasiat dan Manfaat Temulawak. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka;
2005; 5: 43-59.
49
Ravindran PN, Babu KN. Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. Washington DC:
CRC Press; 2005; pp. 87-97.
50
Fatmawati DA. Pola Protein dan Kandungan Kurkuminoid Rimpang
Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb). Bogor: FMIPA IPB; 2008; hlm.
1-43.
51
Jian YT, Mai GF, Wang JD, Zhang YL, Luo RC, Fang YX. Preventive and
Therapeutic Effects of NF-KappaB Inhibitor Curcumin in Rats Colitis
Induced by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid. World J Gastroenterol; 2005; 11:
1747-52.
52
IUPAC Provisional Recommendations; 2004 Chapter P-12.1; page 4.
53
Hosea C, Robin ST. "Acetic Acid", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
50
Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
54
International Programme on Chemical Safety. 5 June 2010.
55
Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Acetic Acid. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
56
Kelompok Kerja Phyto Medica. Penapisan Farmakologi, Pengujian
Fitokimia dan Pengujian Klinis. Jakarta: Yayasan Phytomedica; 1993; hal.
3-6.
57
Wuryaningsih L E et al. Uji Analgesik Ekstrak Etanol Kering Rimpang
Kencur Asal Purwodadi pada Mencit Dengan Metode Geliat (Writhing
Reflex Test), Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia; 1996; hal. 24-25
58
Gupta M et al. Studies on Anti- inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic
Properties of Methanol Extract of Caesalpinia bonducella leaves in
Experimental Animal Models, Iranian J. Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
Calcutta, India: Razi Institute for Drug Research; 2003
51
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1
52
Lampiran 2
53
Lampiran 3
Tabel Konversi Perhitungan Dosis
(Laurance & Bacharach, 1964)
Mencit
20 g
Tikus
200 g
Marmot
400 g
Kelinci
1,5 kg
Kucing
2 kg
Kera
4 kg
Anjing
12 kg
Manusia
70 kg
Mencit
20 g
1,0
7,0
12,25
27,8
29,7
64,1
124,2
387,9
Tikus 200
g
0,14
1,0
1,74
3,9
4,2
9,2
17,8
56,0
Marmot
400 g
0,08
0,57
1,0
2,25
2,4
5,2
10,2
31,5
Kelinci
1,5 kg
0,04
0,25
0,44
1,0
1,08
2,4
4,5
14,2
Kucing 2
kg
0,03
0,23
0,41
0,92
1,0
2,2
4,1
13,0
Kera 4 kg
0,016
0,11
0,19
0,42
0,45
1,0
1,9
6,1
Anjing 12
kg
0,008
0,06
0,1
0,22
0,24
0,52
1,0
3,1
Manusia
70 kg
0,0026
0,018
0,031
0,07
0,076
0,16
0,32
1,0
54
Lampiran 4
Perhitungan Dosis
Aspirin
Dosis lazim aspirin sekali adalah 325-650 mg pada manusia dewasa.
Dikonversi ke mencit yang beratnya 20 gram menjadi:
0,0026 x 500 = 1,3 mg/20 gramBB
Produk X
Dosis lazim Produk X 15-30 ml pada manusia dewasa.
Dikonversi ke mencit yang beratnya 20 gram menjadi:
1.
0,0026 x 30
= 0,078 ml/20 gramBB
≈ 0,1 ml/20 gramBB
2.
0,0026 x 4(30)
= 0,312 ml/20 gramBB
≈ 0,35 ml/20 gramBB
55
Lampiran 5
Hasil Penelititan
Jumlah Geliat
Mencit
Ke
15 Menit I
15 Menit II
K1
K2
P1
P2
K (-)
K (+)
P1
P2
1
5
8
3
1
8
6
0
0
2
6
3
5
0
3
0
2
0
3
11
1
4
0
7
1
3
0
4
4
2
7
0
6
1
9
0
5
8
1
3
0
7
0
0
0
6
4
3
3
0
2
2
1
0
56
Lampiran 6
Analisis Data
Explore
Kelompok
57
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
58
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
59
T-Test (K1)
Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1
Mean
6.33
5.50
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
Std. Deviation
2.733
2.429
Std. Error
Mean
1.116
.992
Paired Samples Correlations
N
Pair
1
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I &
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
Correlation
6
.422
Sig.
.405
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
.833
2.787
1.138
Lower
Upper
-2.091
3.758
.732
5
.497
60
NPar Tests (K2)
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
a. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
b. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
c. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
-2.060a
.039
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
5a
0b
1c
6
Mean Rank
3.00
.00
Sum of Ranks
15.00
.00
61
NPar Tests (P1)
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
a. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
b. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
c. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
-1.701a
.089
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
5a
1b
0c
6
Mean Rank
3.70
2.50
Sum of Ranks
18.50
2.50
62
NPar Tests (P2)
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
a. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II < Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
b. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II > Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
c. Jumlah geliat 15 menit II = Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
-1.000a
.317
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
1a
0b
5c
6
Mean Rank
1.00
.00
Sum of Ranks
1.00
.00
63
NPar Tests
Kruskal-Wallis Test
64
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K1
K2
Total
K1
K2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
8.75
4.25
Sum of Ranks
52.50
25.50
9.00
4.00
54.00
24.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
4.500
25.500
-2.177
.029
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.026
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
3.000
24.000
-2.423
.015
a
.015
65
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K1
P1
Total
K1
P1
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
8.25
4.75
Sum of Ranks
49.50
28.50
8.17
4.83
49.00
29.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
7.500
28.500
-1.708
.088
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.093
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
8.000
29.000
-1.613
.107
a
.132
66
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K1
P2
Total
K1
P2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
9.50
3.50
Sum of Ranks
57.00
21.00
9.50
3.50
57.00
21.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
.000
21.000
-2.994
.003
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.002
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
.000
21.000
-3.083
.002
a
.002
67
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K2
P1
Total
K2
P1
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
5.00
8.00
Sum of Ranks
30.00
48.00
6.08
6.92
36.50
41.50
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
9.000
30.000
-1.497
.134
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.180
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
15.500
36.500
-.411
.681
a
.699
68
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
K2
P2
Total
K2
P2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
9.33
3.67
Sum of Ranks
56.00
22.00
8.50
4.50
51.00
27.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
1.000
22.000
-2.850
.004
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.004
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
6.000
27.000
-2.292
.022
a
.065
69
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Kelompok
P1
P2
Total
P1
P2
Total
Jumlah geliat 15 menit I
Jumlah geliat 15 menit II
N
6
6
12
6
6
12
Mean Rank
9.50
3.50
Sum of Ranks
57.00
21.00
8.50
4.50
51.00
27.00
Test Statisticsb
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed
Sig.)]
Jumlah geliat
15 menit I
.000
21.000
-3.011
.003
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
a
.002
Jumlah geliat
15 menit II
6.000
27.000
-2.286
.022
a
.065
70
Lampiran 7
Dokumentasi Penelitian
71
Lampiran 8
BIODATA MAHASISWA
Identitas
Nama
: Hizkia Christian Wilianto
NIM
: 22010112130079
Tempat/ tanggal lahir : Bekasi, 27 Oktober 1993
Jenis kelamin
: Laki-laki
Alamat
: Jl. Gondang Timur 4 No. 66B, Bulusan, Tembalang
Nomor telepon
:-
Nomor HP
: 08561921992
: [email protected]
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal
1)
2)
3)
4)
SD
: SD Kasih Bunda
Lulus tahun
: 2006
SMP
: SMP Negeri 1 Bekasi
Lulus tahun
: 2009
SMA
: SMA Negeri 1 Bekasi
Lulus tahun
: 2012
Universitas
: Univ. Diponegoro Fakultas Kedokteran
Prodi Pendidikan Dokter
Masuk tahun : 2012