FILSAFAT BISNIS ADMINISTRASI BISNIS FAKU

Ayer

Neurath

Schlick
Reichenbach
Hempel

FILSAFAT BISNIS
ADMINISTRASI BISNIS – FAKULTAS ILMU ADMNISTRASI –
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

TEMA KULIAH

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Basic philosophical concepts
The Nature of Business
The Corporate Objective
Philosophy of the products
The internal environment of business
The external suprastructure in the environment of
business
7. The External infrastructure in the business
environment
8. Production (Principles and Perspectives)
9. Marketing (imperatives and Practices)
10. The Business Mover (The Human Factors of
Business)
11. The Consumer ( A Corporate Objective)

1. BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS

SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN FILSAFAT

Pemikiran Yunani Kuno:

Dari Mitos ke Logos

• pemikiran Yunani Kuno (sistem berpikir) tidak dapat dilepaskan dari keberadaan kelahiran
dan perkembangan filsafat, dalam hal ini adalah sejarah filsafat
• tradisi sejarah filsafat mengenal 3 (tiga) tradisi besar sejarah, yakni tradisi: (1) Sejarah
Filsafat India (sekitar2000 SM – dewasa ini), (2) Sejarah Filsafat Cina (sekitar 600 SM –
dewasa ini), dan (3) Sejarah Filsafat Barat (sekitar 600 SM – dewasa ini).

Abad Pertengahan (400-1500 )

• Filsafat pada abad ini dikuasai dengan pemikiran keagamaan (Kristiani). Puncak filsafat
Kristiani ini adalah Patristik (Lt. ―Patres‖/Bapa-bapa Gereja) dan Skolastik Patristik sendiri
dibagi atas Patristik Yunani (atau Patristik Timur) dan Patristik Latin (atau Patristik Barat).
• Jaman Skolastik (sekitar tahun 1000), pengaruh Plotinus diambil alih oleh Aristoteles.
Pemikiran-pemikiran Ariestoteles kembali dikenal dalam karya beberapa filsuf Yahudi
maupun Islam, terutama melalui Avicena (Ibn. Sina, 980-1037), Averroes (Ibn. Rushd,
1126-1198) dan Maimonides (1135-1204).

Jaman Modern: Lahir
dan Berkembangan

Tradisi Ilmu
Pengetahuan

• Jembatan antara Abad pertengahan dan Jaman Modern adalah jaman ―Renesanse‖, periode sekitar 14001600
• Pembaharuan yang sangat bermakna pada jaman ini ((renesanse) adalah ―antroposentrisme‖nya. Artinya
pusat perhatian pemikiran tidak lagi kosmos seperti pada jaman Yunani Kuno, atau Tuhan sebagaimana
dalam Abad Pertengahan.
• Filsuf-filsuf pada jaman ini disebut sebagai para ―empirikus‖, yang ajarannya lebih menekankan bahwa suatu
pengetahuan adalah mungkin karena adanya pengalaman indrawi manusia (Lt. ―empeira‖, ―pengalaman‖).

Jaman Patristik dan
Skolastik: Filsafat
Dalam dan Untuk
Agama

Masa Kini: Suatu
Peneguhan Ilmu Yang
Otonom

•Pada abad ketujuh belas dan kedelapan belas perkembangan pemikiran filsafat pengetahuan

memperlihatkan aliran-aliran besar: rasionalisme, empirisme dan idealisme dengan
mempertahankan wilayah-wilayah yang luas
•Ilmu Sosial, aliran yang tidak bisa dilewatkan adalah positivisme yang digagas oleh filsuf A. Comte
(1798-1857). Menurut Comte pemikiran manusia dapat dibagi kedalam tiga tahap/fase, yaitu tahap:
(1) teologis, (2) Metafisis, dan (3) Positif-ilmiah
•Pada periode terkini (kontemporer) setelah aliran-aliran sebagaimana disebut di atas munculah
aliran-aliran filsafat, misalnya : ―Strukturalisme‖ dan ―Postmodernisme‖.

Immanuel Kant: Faham
Kritisisme (1724-1804) Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)

PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN

Logosentrisme

Pemikiran
Bersifat
Mitologis
(keteranganya
didasarkan atas mitos

dan kepercayaan saja)
terjadi pada dekade awal
sejarah manusia

Pemikiran
Bersifat
Demitologis
Arus besar gerakan
rasionalisme ,
empirisme dan
positivisme
Thales (624-548 SM),
Anaximenes (590-528 SM),
Phitagoras (532 SM),
Heraklitos (535-475 SM),
Parminides (540-475 SM)

kehidupan manusia
pada tataran era
modernitas yang

berbasis pada
pengetahuan ilmiah

PERKEMBANGAN FILSAFAT
 Menurut sejarah kelahirannya istilah filsafat terwujud sebagai
sikap yang ditauladankan oleh Socrates. Yaitu sikap seorang
yang cinta kebijaksanaan yang mendorong pikiran seseorang
untuk terus menerus maju dan mencari kepuasan pikiran,
tidak merasa dirinya ahli, tidak menyerah kepada kemalasan,
terus menerus mengembangkan penalarannya untuk
mendapatkan kebenaran.
Timbulnya filsafat karena manusia merasa kagum dan
merasa heran
 Pada tahap awalnya kekaguman atau keheranan itu terarah
pada gejala-gejala alam. Dalam perkembangan lebih lanjut,
karena persoalan manusia makin kompleks. Sekalipun
bertanya tentang seluruh realitas, filsafat selalu bersifat
―filsafat tentang‖ sesuatu: tentang manusia, tentang alam,
tentang tuhan (akhirat), tentang kebudayaan, kesenian,
bahasa, hukum, agama, sejarah, dsb

PERKEMBANGAN FILSAFAT
ERA
YUNANI
KUNO

TAHUN

TOKOH

PAHAM

URAIAN

+ 600 SM

Para Filsuf

Mitologi

Berdasarkan cerita
dongeng

625-548 SM

Thalus

Rasional

610-540

Anaximandros

580-500
469-370
585-528
544-484
470-399
427-347

Pythagoras
Demokritos
Anaximenes
Herakleitos
Socrates
Plato

384-322

Aristoteles

The nature of the
world
Apeiron/awal dan
abadi
Bilangan
Atom
Udara
Api
Moral/sosial

Ratio/ide/tetap
Indra/berubah
Hilemorphisme /
Materi & bentuk

Kebenaran/
logika

PERKEMBANGAN FILSAFAT (CON)
ERA

TAHUN

TOKOH

Abad
Pertengahan

300 SM –
1300 M

Abad Modern

1596-1650 Descartes

Droysen

PAHAM

URAIAN

Teocentris

Sinkronkan yang
berbeda/aplikatif

Ratio
Cogito ergo sum
/saya berfikir,
saya ada
Empiris

Merobah dari
keimanan ke ratio
Pengetahuan dari
pikiran.
Pengetahuan dari
pengalaman
Sintesis rational
dan empiris
Positivisme
Teologi, Metafisik,
Positif

1632-1704 John Locke
1711-1776 David Hume
1724-1804 Immanuel Kant Empiris/Sepere
ande
1798-1857 August Comte Empiris

CIRI-CIRI REVOLUSI ILMU PENGETAHUAN

 Perubahan cara berfikir, dari rational, moral, metafisik,
teosentris ke cara berfikir empiris/posistifisme yang
berbasis matematik, fisika, astronomi dan lain
sebagainya.
 Struktur ilmu pengetahuan bersifat, obyektif, bebas
nilai, dan tidak terikat pada etika
 Memiliki siklus berfikir mulai dari observasi,
pengelolaan universal, teori dan hipotesis

PEMISAHAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN KEIMANAN
 Sumber pengetahuan diperoleh dari:
1. Empirisme
2. Rasionalisme
3. Intuisi
4. Wahyu
 Pemisahan telah ada sejak masa Socrates yang menolak
mitologi sebagai paham dasar pemikiran
 Dengan munculnya cara berfikir rational, terjadi
pemisahan antara ilmu dan iman
 Upaya penyatuan dipelopori oleh Boethius (500 M)

BIDANG INDUK FILSAFAT
• obyek materialnya,:
pengetahuan (―episteme‖)
dan kebenaran,
epistemologi; logika; dan
kritik ilmu-ilmu

• menyangkut dimensi ruang
dan waktu dalam sebuah
kajian

•obyek materialnya: eksistensi
(keberadaan) dan esensi
(hakekat), metafisika umum
(ontologi); metafisika khusus:
antropologi (tentang manusia);
kosmologi (tentang alam
semesta); teologi (tentang tuhan)

1. Filsafat
Tentang
Pengetahuan

2. Filsafat
Tentang
Seluruh
Keseluruhan
Kenyataan

4. Sejarah
Filsafat

3. Filsafat
Tentang Nilainilai Yang
Terdapat
Dalam Sebuah
Tindakan

• obyek material : kebaikan
dan keindahan,etika; dan
estetika

PENGERTIAN FILSAFAT

 Arti Bahasa

 Kata falsafah atau filsafat dalam bahasa Indonesia merupakan kata
serapan dari bahasa Arab
, yang juga diambil dari bahasa Yunani;
Φιλοσοφία philosophia. Dalam bahasa ini, kata ini merupakan kata
majemuk dan berasal dari kata-kata (philia = persahabatan, cinta dsb.)
dan (sophia = "kebijaksanaan"). Sehingga arti harafiahnya adalah
seorang ―pencinta kebijaksanaan‖.


Ada juga yang mengurainya dengan kata philare atau philo yang berarti cinta dalam
arti yang luas yaitu ―ingin‖ dan karena itu lalu berusaha untuk mencapai yang
diinginkan itu. Kemudian dirangkai dengan kata Sophia artinya kebijakan, pandai dan
pengertian yang mendalam. Dengan mengacu pada konsepsi ini maka dipahami
bahwa filsafat dapat diartikan sebagai sebuah perwujudan dari keinginan untuk
mencapai pandai dan cinta pada kabijakan .

 ―filsafat‖ adalah studi yang mempelajari seluruh fenomena
kehidupan dan pemikiran manusia secara kritis , mendeteksi
problem secara radikal, mencari solusi untuk itu, memberikan
argumentasi dan alasan yang tepat untuk solusi tertentu, serta akhir
dari proses-proses itu dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah proses kerja
ilmiah

KARAKTERISTIK FILSAFAT
(Kattsoff )

1. Filsafat adalah berpikir secara kritis.
2. Filsafat adalah berpikir dalam bentuknya
yang sistematis.
3. Filsafat menghasilkan sesuatu yang runtut.
4. Filsafat adalah berpikir secara rasional.
5. Filsafat bersifat komprehensif.
Jadi berfikir filsafat mengandung makna berfikir
tentang segala sesuatu yang ada secara kritis,
sistematis,tertib,rasional dan komprehensip

PENGERTIAN FILSAFAT
 Filsafat adalah pengetahuan metodis, sistematis dan koheren
tentang seluruh kenyataan (realitas). Filsafat merupakan
refleksi rasional (fikir) atas keseluruhan realitas untuk
mencapai hakikat (= kebenaran) dan memperoleh hikmat (=
kebijaksanaan).
 Al-Kindi (801 - 873 M) : "Kegiatan manusia yang bertingkat
tertinggi adalah filsafat yang merupakan pengetahuan benar
mengenai hakikat segala yang ada sejauh mungkin bagi
manusia ... Bagian filsafat yang paling mulia adalah filsafat
pertama, yaitu pengetahuan kebenaran pertama yang
merupakan sebab dari segala kebenaran".
 Pada sisi yang lain kajian filsafat dalam wacana muslim juga
sering menggunakan kalimat padanan Hikmah sehingga ilmu
filsafat dipadankan dengan ilmu hikmah. Hikmah digunakan
sebagai bentuk ungkapan untuk menyebut makna kearifan,
kebijaksanaan. sehingga dalam berbagai literature kitab-kitab
klasik dikatakan bahwa orang yang ahli kearifan disebut
Hukama’

FILSAFAT ADMINISTRASI
1. Dua sudut pandang administrasi:
a. Administrasi sebagai ilmu sebagai objek kajian
administrasi sepatutnya mengikuti alur pemikiran
manusia, yang pendekatannya dilakukan secara
radikal, menyeluruh, rasional dan objektif;
b. Administrasi sebagai pekerjaan sebagai pola
pemikiran dan rangkaian kegiatan untuk pencapaian
hasil tertentu dengan profesional sesuai tuntutan
kegiatan yang harus dilakukan, sehingga hasil yang
diinginkan terwujud

2. Filsafat administrasi adalah berpikir secara
matang dan mendalam terhadap hakikat dan
makna yang terkandung dalam materi ilmu
administrasi

FRAMEWOERK PHILOSOPHYCAL ABTRACTIOANS

SCIENCE

Object of the
Intellect

From the First
Degree of
Abstraction

Cosmology

Other Physical
Science

Object of The
Will

From the
Second Degree
of Abstraction

Mathematics

Other
Quantitative
Science

Logic

From the Third
Degree of
Abstraction

Ethics

Ontology

Other
Metaphysical
Science

Other
Behavioral /
Social Science

SOURCING PHILOSOPHY PRINCIPLES

1. A Priori, Deductive, From
general/universal to specifics.
2. A Posteriori, Inductive, Form specifics to
general/universal

CONCEPTUALIZING THE PHILOSOPHY OF BUSINESS

Business is a science and a art in its own right

Science

Art

Business is structured
in body of principles
and theories

Policy, strategy,
practice, and artifacts

Business is governed
by principles both in its
study and in its
practice.

Require both
intellectual and
manipulative skills in
proper perspective

Research is one of the
most important tools in
the study of business
and its various field of
operation.

THE ULTIMATE CAUSES OF BUSINESS

―The study of the nature of business in its
ultimate causes‖
1. Formal causes includes the definition of business
together with theories and principles as propounded by
philosophers and business thinkers
2. Material causes is the product or economic good that
is, what business deals with
3. Efficient causes
4. Final causes is the purpose for which business exists
and is pursued.

2. THE NATURE OF BUSINESS

BUSINESS IN PHILOSOPHY FRAMEWORKS

PHILOSOPHY

PURE
(SPECULATIVE)
PHILOSOPHY

APPLIED
(PRACTICAL)
PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy of
Business

Ethical Principles

Philosophy
Concepts

Nature of
Business

Others Fields of
Applied
Philosophy

Social
Responsibility

BUSINESS AS OBJECT OF THE INTELLECT

 First Degree: Material or corporal level:
production, resources, manpower
 Second Degree: Cots and prices, income
and expenses, profit and lose
 Third Degree: Ideas for products and
strategies, generalizations from business
to constitute universals

BUSINESS AS OBJECT OF THE WILL
The objective is to create
quality of life and of
society by providing the
consumers with product
that will satisfy their
human needs

Act
of
will

Exercise of choice
and decisions

Philosophical Triad of Business

Philosophycal
imperatives

Ethics

Social
Responsibility

DIMENSIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS

1. Business as a fundamental social
process
2. Business as an economic function
3. Business as a corporate activity

Nature, objective, their role in
society, and the development of
man

Business as a Fundamental Social Process
THE FUNDAMENTAL
SOCIAL PROCESS

Which is the
Foundation of

Creates
INDUSTRY
(Economic Function)

SATISFACTION OF
HUMAN NEEDS
(Integration of Human
Existence)

Generate
Opportunities
for

For The

BUSENISS FIRM
(Corporate Function)

GOOD AND
SERVICES

Profitable
Service
Generates

To Provide

Producers
Service

Profit
Incentives to

Business as an Economic Function
 Economics is the study of how scarce resources are
allocated in a society of unlimited wants
 Business as an economic function, constituting
functional areas where the fundamental social process is
given expression
 Functional sectors are industry, commerce, production,
distribution
 Business operates to fill in the economic gap between
nature’s wealth and man’s productiveness

Business as a Corporate Activity (1)
 Business provides – individuals or group of individuals –
to engage in the actual undertaking of producing and
bringing the goods to those who need them.
 Aristotle
 The natural art of property acquisition arises out of
the circumstances that some men have too little and
others have too much. The exchange of necessaries
of life with one another is no contrary.
 The unnatural art of property acquisition is commonly
and rightly called the art of wealth-getting. It is mode
by which men inordinately gain form one another.

Business as a Corporate Activity (2)

 Aquinas - on the issue of whether or not it is
lawful to sell a thing at a higher price than what
was paid for it.

 A tradesman is one whose business consists in the exchange of
things
 The natural exchange is where one commodity is exchanged for
another, or money taken is exchange for the commodity in order to
satisfy the needs of life.
 The other kind of change is either of money for money or of the
commodity for money, not on account of the necessities of life but
profit.

 Ssu-Man Chien – (1) One was the acceptance of
business as a worthwhile activity in its own right,
(2) It was the anticipation of the so-called law of
supply and demand.

Business as a Corporate Activity (3)

 Adam Smith ―Wealth of nations‖ – ―free
competition‖. ―businessmen should be left alone
to do what is in their self-interest, and the result
would be that, as if guided by an invisible hand
or divine, they will automatically and inevitably
do what is the best for the consuming public and
/ or the national economy.
 The Populist Philosophical Concepts. James W.
Culliton (HBS), business as the attempt by
owner of private property (or their
representatives) to profit by taking advantage of
an opportunity

3. THE CORPORATE OBJECTIVE

THE GOAL CONCEPT
AN AGENT
Intends

To Do

To Achieve

AN Act
(Agent’s Act)

Naturally Tends Towards

Which is Pursued

Which is Achieved

Either As
THE
INTENDED
ACT

AN END
(Agent’s End)

Either As

Naturally Tends Towards

THE INTENDED
CONSEQUENCE
(Act’s Natural
End)

Or As

Or As
A MODIFIED
ACT
(Circumstantial
Act)

Naturally Tends Towards

THE INTENDED
CONSEQUENCE
(Circumstantial
End)

THE MAJOR PROPONENT

 That which the company would never
abandon under any circumstance
 That which the company must do in order
to survive
 That which if the company fails to attain,
the company would fall as a company

OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS
BUSINESS
DIMENSION

IMMEDIATE
OBJECTIVE

INTERMEDIATE
OBJECTIVE/S

ULTIMATE
OBJECTIVE

REMOTE
OBJECTIVE

Social Process

To provide a
process

Quality of life
and of society

Man

Industry
Function

To provide a
venue/arena

Quality of life
and of society

Man

The Corporate
Entity
(company)

To provide
company core
service

Human needs
satisfaction

Quality of life
and of society

Man

The
Businessman

To provide
personal core
service

Customer
satisfaction

Profit

Man

DEFINITIONS PROFIT

 It is the excess of the total revenues over
total costs during a specific period of time.
(Business)
 Its is the excess over the return to capital
(interest), to land (rent), and to labor
(wage). (Economists)

CONCEPT OF PROFIT

 PROFIT AS A CAUSE

1. It serves as the motivating ultimate end or objective
of the businessman.
2. It serves as a standard against which the
operational efforts or performance of the
businessman is measured.
3. It is the further measure of how well the
businessman can undertake the other objective of
his business.

 PROFIT AS AN EFFECT

 It is what the businessman derives from the business
and serves as his reward for good performance.

4. PHILOSOPHY OF THE PRODUCT

PRODUCT DEFINITION
• Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition,
use or consumption, that might satisfy a want or need.
• A bundle of utility that the buyer receives as a result as of a lease
or purchase.
• A set of tangible physical and chemical attributes assembled in an
identifiable form.
• Anything offered for sale for the purpose of satisfying a want or
need on both sides of the exchange process.
• A combination of functional and psychological features that provide
are offered in an exchange including goods, services, ideas,
people, places and organizations.
• The result of whatever value is added to material as consequence
of an enterprise’s manufacturing, sorting and assembly process

1. Something that can be offered in an exchange
2. Intended to satisfy human needs.

PRINCIPLES OF THE PRODUCT CONCEPT
The Goodness Principle of the Product Concept

Functionally
Active
use

Essential
(core)

Safety

Use Utility

Intrinsic

Passive

Material
Utility

Exchange
Utility

Goodness
Attributes

Possession
Utility
Scarcity

Functional

Extrinsic
Design
Strategies

Package
Price

Convenience

Aesthetic

Possession

PRINCIPLES OF THE PRODUCT CONCEPT
The Commodity Principle of the Product Concept
consumer
Manufacturing
materials

tangible

industrial

Manufacturing
supplies

Convenience
Shopping
raw materials
Specialty
parts
operation
maintenance

Capital goods

goods

Land
Building
equipment

scientifi
c
artistic

ideas
intangible
economic

activities

Goods
services
noneconomic

Industrial
(institutional
services)

personal

personal service
team service
institutional service

consultancy
administrative
operations

Utility,
Medical
Legal
Protective
Social, etc

utility
security
professional
labor
technical

UTILITY
Utility is best circumscribes value (usefulness) in a
product.
 Subject Of Utility

 Venditor Utility is the usefulness of the product to the seller or
marketer who, in selling the product does no utilize it according
to its primary or core service but in its secondary usefulness.
 Consumptor Utility is the usefulness of the product to the
consumer when he uses it according to its primary or core
service, which may be either use utility or possession utility.
• Use Utility is the capacity of product to satisfy human needs through
the practical use or application of the product either by an individual
or by an institution.
• Possession utility is the capacity of a product to provide a person’s
satisfaction goes beyond the mere availability or the ease of
possessing the product, deeper than the satisfaction of the
product’s practical use or its value in the market.

 The Object of Utility

 Objective Utility refers to the intrinsic or coe
service that the product provides.
 Subjective Utility refers to what the user gets
or derives from the product, basically in the
form of the satisfaction of the user’s need.

 The Application of Utility

 Everything we posses has two uses
(Aristotle): (1) the proper or primary use –
core attribute, (2) improper or primary use or
secondary use – not core attribute.

The Corporate Concept
• The term ―corporate‖ refers both to a structure and to a
specific level in that structure.
• As a structure, it refers to the whole organization or the
―corporate entity‖ .
• In this sense corporate philosophy refers to the
philosophy of the whole organization.
• ―Corporate‖ may also refer to the top organizational level
of decision-making, i.e., top management.
• This is the source, the motive force of what the
organization is all about.
• Corporate decisions – policies, corporate goal, and the
lead framework for strategies.

Corporate Endeavor
• Refers to the totality of the life and operations of an
organization’s present status,
• the ―what is‖ of an organization at any given time,
• the starting point of all its subsequent development and
progress toward the corporate goal.
• Corporate Endeavor is often expressed in the Corporate
Mission.

The Corporate Philosophy
• How the corporate entity views the realities of its own
existence in terms of what the institution is all about.
• It is the company’s way of thinking and directs its way of life.
• It is what the company stands for, gives meaning to its
existence, and provides ultimate direction to its operations.
• It is the sum total of the company’s beliefs, principles,
integrated ideals and attitudes which guide management in its
decision.
• More concretely, corporate philosophy is expressed in terms
of the corporate vision, mission, and the goal as often
contained in the company’s credo.
• Every business firm subscribes to a corporate philosophy
regardless of whether or not the business executives give
expression to it.

What influences corporate philosophy?

• The manager’s personal value orientation
• The value orientation of everyone in the
organization
• The prevailing societal processes.
Since values and social pressures are
dynamic and time-bound, corporate
philosophy may change over time.

Corporate Vision
• The Corporate Vision is the expression of the company’s
aspirations which provides the motive force and
inspiration to the company’s continuing pursuit and
sustenance of what it wants to be as an institution.
• Within the context of corporate philosophy, Corporate
Vision is the first principle. It refers to the most ideal
concepts of management circumscribed within the
company’s ideological environment.

The Corporate Mission
• The Corporate Mission Is the statement of what the
company wants to do within the framework of the
corporate vision, and thus serves to provide the direction
for the company’s corporate goal.
• While the corporate vision looks inward, the corporate
mission projects outward to its client and to society.
• “To do what should be done in order to be what we want
to be‖ is the basic corporate mission principle.
• The corporate strategy to pursue the corporate goal is
anchored on the corporate mission, and is sometimes
referred to as the corporate mandate.

The Corporate Credo
• The company credo, where one exists, is the synthesis
of the corporate philosophy.
• It expresses the corporate vision, mission, stated in
terms of what a company believes in (credo, L. credere,
to believe).
• Company credos may differ in enunciation of particular
points of ideals but they all agree in some basic and
abstract principles, i.e., belief in the Almighty God, ideal
society, and faith in the goodness of men, etc

The Corporate Code
• The corporate code is a set of standards that guide the
behavior of its officers and employees.
• It aims to mold a pattern of behavior that is supportive of
the company’s policies, objectives, and its credo.
• May be found either in fragmented documents in the
form of memoranda, circulars, etc., or are codified in one
formal document which may be called a Code of
Conduct, Code of Ethics, Employees Manual, Handbook
on Discipline, and the like.

The Corporate Goal

• It is what the business organization seeks to
achieve in the pursuit of its mission.
• It is what puts the corporate endeavor into
action.
• Basically, the corporate goal of any business
organization is profitable service or service with
profit.
• Every member of the organization—owners,
managers, and workers—should know and
understand it, and be willing to work for it.

Corporate Policy
• The corporate policy flows directly from the corporate
philosophy drawing its strength from the corporate vision
and mission, and is therefore entrenched at the highest
level of the organization.
• It is a direct expression of the corporate philosophy, so
closely identified with it, that the corporate policy is
sometime identified with the corporate philosophy itself.
• Two levels of policies:
• Corporate level – encompasses the whole organization and
provides boundaries and directions of managerial decisions.
• Operational level – forms the guidelines to provided uniform
action or decision on recurring and substantially similar situation.

The Corporate Strategy
• The corporate strategy is the principal framework of the
organization’s effort in pursuing its corporate goal.
• From where the business organization is at any given time
(corporate endeavor) to where it wants to be (corporate goal), the
organization maps out its corporate direction.
• The totality of all the programs, projects, operations, and
undertakings of the organization to attain its corporate goal.
• The whole corporate strategy (policies, programs, projects, etc)
should conform to management thought. Any incongruence
between them could indicate that
• There are pressures which force management to act contrary to
what it professes; or
• There is a false front for what is expressed openly as management
philosophy

Organizational Culture
• The shared orientation of the members of the
organization towards the organizational objects (the
organizational vision, mission, goal; the corporate policy
and strategy; the corporate functions and resources and
the organization’s human elements).
• The general attitude of the members towards work and
towards one another, the pattern of behavior in and out
of the work place;
• The workings of the informal groups are expressions of
the organizational culture.
• If the shared orientation of the organization’s members is
high, the organizational culture is strong; otherwise, it is
weak.

Organizational Climate
• The overall impact of the organization culture on the
members.
• Employees’ perceptions of what occurs in the
organization and contributes positively or negatively to
the development of work.
• The best indicator or organizational climate is employee
morale.
• This is the measure of an employee’s willingness to stay
with and work for the organization, motivated by the
same sense of commitment and respect for the
organization and what it stands for.
• Outsiders cannot perceive the organizational climate
with the same in-depth perception of the insiders.