Model Pengolahan Limbah Cair dengan Pendekatan Sistem Dinamik dalam Upaya Produksi Bersih pada Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan
LAMPIRAN
Universitas Sumatera Utara
t on
30. 000
20. 000
Jum lah Hasil Biogas
Hasil Pengolahan I I
Hasil Pengolahan I
Gas Met ana akan diolah
10. 000
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
( ton)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ton
80.000.000
60.000.000
40.000.000
20.000.000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
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27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
28
ton
6.000.000.000
5.000.000.000
4.000.000.000
3.000.000.000
2.000.000.000
1.000.000.000
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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24
25
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28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ton
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ton
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
28
EQUATION WINDOWS :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 1 : Instrumen Penelitian Data Existing Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
Bagian 1. General Data
Nama Pabrik
Lokasi
Nomor Telepon
Jumlah Pekerja
Laki-laki
Perempuan
Tahun Pembangunan
Pemilik
Pelanggan
Palm Supplier
Lokasi Pabrik
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
No. Register :
Fax
:
Nilai investasi :
Plan Location
Plan Layout
Flow Process Chart Factory
Bagian 2. Production Process Data
1. Raw Material
Material Type
For Production Process
1. Fresh Fruit Bunch
2.
For Wastewater Treatment Plant
1.
2.
3.
2. Product
Products
1. Palm Oil
2. Palm Kernel Oil
By Product
1. Kernel
2. Fibers
3. Shell
4. Ampty Fruit Bunches
5. Ash from Boiler
6. Wastewater
Quantity (ton)/ year
Price/unit (Dollar)
Quantity (ton)/year
Quantity (ton)/year
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3. Energy Use
Energy Use
Production
Process
Energy Use/month
Watewater
Treatment
total
1. Electricity (Unit)
2. Diesel (unit)
3. Fibre or Shell
(Unit)
4. Water Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Production Process
Boiler
Cooling Water
Sterilization
Oil Extraction
• Digester
• Screw Press
• Separator
• Vibrating Screen
• Sand Cyclone
Cleaning Machine
Clay Bath
Domestic
Total
Water Used (m3/month)
Bagian 3. Schematic Diagram ; Palm Oil Mill Process
Process Chart Diagram
Jam Kerja
Rata-rata kapasitas produk
per hari,
:
shifts/hari
(unit
:
per bulan)
Kapasitas maksimum produk ;
(unit :
Bagian 4. Waste Management
1. Wastewater Treatment Schematic Diagram
per bulan)
Layout kolam Limbah cair kelapa sawit
2. Wastewater Characteristic
Parameter
Influent
Effluent
1.PH
2.SS (mg/l)
3.BOD (mg/l)
4.COD (mg/l)
5.Oil (mg/l)
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3. Effluence Management
O Agriculture
O Channel, River
O other
4. Solid Waste Management
Waste
In Plant Reuse/
Recycle
External Reuse/ Recycle
Sell to
Price
Disposal
Other
1. Fiber
2.Shell
3.Empty Fruit Bunches
4.Sludge Cake
5.Ash From Boiler
5. Air Pollution c Control
O Air Pollutan Equipment
O No
6. What is the environmental problem of the factory?
O Wastewater
O Solid Waste
O Noise
O Air Pollution
O Smell from
O Dust from
7. What have ben the biggest obstacles to improve the envioremental performance?
O Technology
O Financial
O Knowlegde
O Other
8. Do you think that The industrial emission/effluent standard are appropriate
O Yes
O No, Reason
Bagian 5. Clean Technology
I. General
1. What is the concept of the world clean technology?
2. Has the company adopted the cleaner production?
O Yes, from when
O No
3. Why does the company apply cleaner production?
O reduce oil loss
O increase production efficienncy
O enchance product quality
O educe cost of production
O increase competitiveness
O comply with the effluent standard
4. What is the incentive for company to apply the clean technologies?
5. What have been the changes adopted in last 10 years?
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O clean technology
O good Housekeeping
O in-plent reuse/recycle
O process modification
O Waste Exchange
O reuse/recycle of wasteroduc
O wastewater water treatment plant
6. Who have introduced clean technology to the factory?
O government agency
O international donor agency
O NGOs
O University
O other mills
O Supplier
7. What are the major barriers of clean technology application within the mill/
O lack of the personal resource O lack of know-how
O lack of information
O lack of incentive from government institute
O lack of competitiveness
O lack of money
O Other
8. What the government agenciesWhat the government agencies should do for better
industrial environmental management?
II. Clean Technology
1. What the kind of improvements has been done/
1.1.
Wastewater
a. Control system of sterilizer
O automatic
O Manual
b. Management of wastewater from sterilization
O go to wastewater treatment plant
O separate and reclycle to
O Other
c. Oil water separation equipment
O separator
O decanter
O decanter & separator
O settling tank
O buffer tank
O Other
d. Management of steam condensate
O drain to sewer
O separate and recycle
e. Oil separation from wastewater before pumped to wastewater treatment
O oil trap tank
O oil skinner
O other
1.2.
Solid waste management
a. EFB disporal
O mushroom
O fertilizer
O landfill
O burning
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b. Fibre disposal
O fuel in factory
O shell to other factories
O other
c. Shell disposal
O fuel in factory
O shell to other factories
O other
d. Floating scum
O soap
O fuel
O other
2. After cleaner production application, any change?
O increase production yield
O enchance product quality
O reduce water comparison
O reduce wastewater flow
O reduce oil loss in wastewater
O reduce energy consumption
O reduce operation cost
3. What is done in oder to introduce continuously improvement and how is this done?
4. What eill be done, in future, related to improving the technology management in the
company?
III. Knowledge
1. What is your source of knowledge in relation to improvement of the environmental
performance?
O consultancy
O supplier
O university/research institute
O Government agency O NGOs
O International donor agency
O Other
2. What kind of knowledge do the company need in oder to improve more?
O technical assistance
O training
O demonstration
O consultancy
O pilot plant
O other
O manual
O financial assistance
O low interest loam
O goam
O other
IV. Regulation
1. Which environmental laws must the company comply with?
2. Who enforces the law and how is this done?
O control of emission
O self-control
O visual inspection
O reaction when problem occur
O other
3. What is the conception of regulation authority?
O enemy
O partner
O co-operation
O control and enforcement
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4. Do the company think that the regulations need to be improved/
O yes
O no
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Market
Who is the competitive of palm oil/
What are the competitive advantages of the company today/in the future?
Does the company see opportunities in the market in the field of green products?
How big is the capacity to investigate the oppurtunities in new markets and create
new market potentials?
5. What need to be done to improve this?
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Questionnaire for 2 selected factories (PTP dan PT LONSUM)
Clean Technology Approach
1. What iss the conception of the world clean technology?
2. What are the environmental problems of factory?
3. Project concrn in environmental improvement to the factory (Actors involving, how,
when and the outcome)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4. What have been done in process to improve environmental performance or reduce
environmental impact in company?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5. Details of clean technology introduction within a mill
Project Motivation
Incentive
Information
From
whom
Barrier
Problem
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6.
What relationship do you have with the following actors?
Actor
Relationship
Contact
frequency
Report
Report
Frecuency
Type of
resources
Type of
Exchange
Policy
Actors
Economic
Actor
Societal
Actor
7. Do you have to deal with any pressure from environmental agencies, the surrounding
community, or others actors on environmental issues?
8. What is the improvement of the business in the future?
a. Hardware
b. Software
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 2 : Data Kehilangan Minyak
Data Kehilangan Minyak Untuk Tiap Stasiun
No
Stasiun Kernel
1
883,58
2
828,73
3
907,46
4
797,30
5
907,71
6
683,41
7
633,88
8
869,43
9
987,63
10
711,96
11
1021,19
12
690,44
13
707,08
14
908,73
15
824,88
16
896,00
17
868,20
18
804,73
19
767,24
20
884,02
21
629,67
22
867,24
23
843,24
24
644,40
25
570,30
26
804,99
27
922,30
28
851,26
29
913,22
30
912,76
Jumlah
24542,98
Stasiun Pemurnian
4754,11
3813,39
4556,01
3565,60
3766,41
3228,97
3407,57
4460,13
5094,82
3969,18
4337,62
3672,79
3413,69
5326,17
4291,48
4672,40
4568,17
4136,46
4504,99
4472,75
3024,61
4873,58
4535,96
3786,88
3137,03
4187,99
5126,40
4949,32
5130,75
5019,03
127784,26
Stasiun Pengempakan
4219,11
4190,60
4459,22
3961,45
4115,10
3082,61
3323,29
4430,20
4540,37
4040,15
4306,90
3481,97
3591,95
4825,75
4031,56
4102,01
4254,96
4167,73
4941,88
4660,19
3049,29
4256,70
4092,04
3257,16
2869,83
3901,87
4550,74
4266,46
4512,34
4479,04
121962,47
Stasiun Perebusan
4834,24
4839,38
5384,93
4712,75
4961,92
3672,31
3916,75
5244,41
5392,87
4724,05
5262,56
4031,88
4221,81
5601,52
4141,76
4903,25
5014,80
4704,39
4628,05
5462,42
3548,00
4502,66
4929,48
3936,00
3241,16
4041,88
5385,56
4831,37
5536,10
5301,04
140909,30
Universitas Sumatera Utara
KEHILANGAN MINYAK SAWIT
Waktu
TBS Air Rebusan Tandan Kosong Buah Minyak dlm Pd.Biji
Kedatangan Masuk (Sample) (Sample) (Nos)
Max 0.8 %
Ikut
Tankos
Minyak Sawit
AMPAS
Slug Akhir
Total
Efisiensi
ALB
Air
kot
buah ikut (Sample) (Sample) (Nos) (Sample) (Nos) Kehilangan Pengutipan
Tankos Max 0.8%
Max 2.5 % Max 12 %
Myk/TBS myk sawit
Max 1.65% Min 93%
1
1020
2000
1890 5300 2760
.50
.840
4.800 8860 .780 28.900 1530
93450
3570 .140 .017.000
2
980
2080
1930 5133 2870
.40
.830
4.880 8700 .900 27060 1540
93560
3680 .130 .017.000
3
1002
1999
1930 6540 2930
.520
.850
4.850 7990 .800 30000 1450
93650
3780 .140 .017.000
4
990
1998
1930 6987 2920
.550
.780
4.640 6900 .810 25700 1500
93600
4670 .130 .017.000
5
987
2050
2000 6800 2950
.530
.900
4.560 7500 .900 28900 1560
93700
4570 .150 .017.000
6
993
1890
1890 6320 2860
.40
.800
4.500 7560 .800 23900 1650
92900
4350 .140 .017.000
7
1020
1930
1930 5430 2940
.40
.810
4.600 7890 .810 29000 1550
93560
3200 .140 .017.000
8
980
1930
1930 5550 2800
.490
.900
4.750 6780 .850 30900 1450
93520
5670 .130 .017.000
9
1002
1930
1930 6820 2900
.480
.800
4.560 7890 .780 27060 1650
93600
4560 .150 .017.000
10
990
2000
2000 5740 2700
.490
.810
4.500 7690 .900 30000 1350
93700
5660 .140 .017.000
11
987
2000
1930 6850 2800
.510
.850
4.600 6780 .800 25700 1550
92900
4670 .140 .017.000
12
993
1890
1890 5740 2900
.520
.780
4.750 7890 .810 30900 1450
93560
4570 .140 .017.000
13
967
2040
1930 6320 2700
.550
.900
4.750 7690 .900 27060 1650
93520
4350 .130 .017.000
14
987
1930
1930 5430 2920
.530
.800
4.800 8860 .840 30000 1350
93700
3200 .140 .017.000
15
990
2120
1930 5550 2950
.480
.810
4.880 8700 .830 25700 1450
92900
5670 .130 .017.000
16
987
2130
2000 6820 2860
.490
.900
4.850 7990 .850 30900 1500
93560
4560 .150 .017.000
17
993
2143
2000 5740 2940
.510
.840
4.640 6900 .780 27060 1560
93520
5660 .140 .017.000
18
967
1879
1890 6850 2940
.40
.830
4.560 7990 .900 30000 1650
93450
4670 .150 .017.000
19
999
1768
2040 6850 2920
.40
.850
4.500 6900 .800 25700 1550
93560
4570 .140 .017.000
20
976
1790
2120 6320 2950
.490
.780
4.600 8860 .810 28900 1450
93650
4350 .140 .017.000
21
1020
1990
2130 5430 2860
.480
.900
4.750 8700 .850 23900 1500
93600
3680 .130 .017.000
22
970
1930
2143 5550 2940
.490
.800
4.850 7990 .780 29000 1560
93700
3780 .150 .017.000
23
1001
1930
1930 6320 2700
.480
.810
4.640 6900 .900 30900 1650
92900
4670 .140 .017.000
24
1009
1930
1930 5430 2800
.490
.800
4.560 7500 .800 27060 1550
93560
4570 .140 .017.000
25
1000
2000
1930 5430 2900
.510
.810
4.500 7560 .810 30000 1450
93520
4350 .140 .017.000
26
990
2000
2000 6850 2700
.40
.900
4.600 7890 .900 25700 1650
93600
3200 .130 .017.000
27
987
1890
2000 5740 2920
.40
.800
4.750 6780 .800 28900 1560
93700
5670 .140 .017.000
28
993
2040
2000 6320 2900
.50
.810
4.600 7890 .810 23900 1650
92900
4560 .140 .017.000
29
950
2120
1890 5430 2700
.40
.850
4.750 7690 .800 29000 1550
93560
5660 .130 .017.000
30
1009
2130
2040 5430 2920
.520
.850
4.850 6780 .810 30900 1450
93520
3570 .140 .017.000
31
1000
2143
2100 5430 2920
.550
.850
4.640 7890 .900 27060 1500
93560
3680 .140 .017.000
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 3 : Metodologi Perhitungan Dasar Emisi dari Lagoons
Emisi metana fugitatif dari Lagoons (kolam penampung limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit).
Eproject = EF CH4_lagoons + E CH4_NTWF + E CH4_IC+Leaks
= 5875 + 0 + 1747
= 7622 tCO2
ECH4 lagoons = Mlaggoon – anaerobic*EF CH4 *GW CH4/1000
= 1332269 * 0.21* 21/1000
= 5875 tCO2
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan dengan proses anorganik pada pada sistem
lagoons (penampung limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit)
Mlaggoon _ anaerobic =Mlaggoon _ total - Mlaggoon _ anaerobic - Mlaggoon _Chemical_ox Mlaggoon _deposition.
= 1631177 – 214828 – 0 – 84081
= 1332269 kgCOD
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan dalam sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ input =Minput_ total * ( 1- RNAWTF)
= 8408131*(1-0.80)
= 1681626 kgCOD
Jumlah material organic yang terdegradasi (dihilangkan) secara anaerob pada sistem
lagoon
Mlaggoon _ aerobic =254* 2.32*365
= 214828 kgCOD
Jumlah material organic yang hilang selama proses oksidasi kimia pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ chemical_ox = 0 KgCOD
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Jumlah total material yang dipindahkan pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ total = Mlaggoon _ input * Rlaggoon
= 1627648*0.97
= 1578819 kgCOD
Material deposisi pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ deposisi = Mlaggoon _ input * Rdeposisi
= 1681626*0.05
= 84081 kgCOD
Emisi Metana dari dari limbah cair anaerob
ECH4_ NTWF = ECH4_lagoon BL - E CH4_lagoons
= (32650-5875)*0
= 0 tCO2
Emisi Metana dari Emisi Combusi yang Tidak Efesien
ECH4_ IC + Leaks = ( ∑ Vr*CH4_r – (1-fr)*GWP CH4) + PEflare
= 2181434 * 0.00072 *(1-0.98)*21 + 1090
= 1747 tCO2
Emisi Baseline
EBl = ECH4_lagoon BL - E CO2_heat_BL + ECO2_Power_BL
= 32650 + 0 + 3360
= 36010 tCO2
Emisi Metana Fugitatif Dari Lagoons
ECH4 lagoons = Mlaggoon – anaerobic*EF CH4 *GWP CH4/1000
= 7403688 * 0.21* 21/1000
= 32650 tCO2
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Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan dengan proses anaerobik pada sistem
lagoon
Mlaggoon _ anaerobic _BL =Mlaggoon _ total_BL - Mlaggoon _ aerobic_BL Mlaggoon _Chemical_ox_BL - Mlaggoon _deposition_BL
= 8032565 – 21482 – 0 – 414050
= 7403688 tCO2
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ tota_BLl = Mlaggoon _ input_BL * Rlaggoon
= 8280995*0.97
= 8032565 kgCOD
Jumlah material organik yang hilang selama proses oksidasi kimia pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ chemical_ox = 0 KgCOD
Material deposisi pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ deposisi_BL = Mlaggoon _ input_BL * Rdeposisi
= 8280995*0.05
= 414050 kgCOD
Jumlah material organic yang terdegradasi (dihilangkan) secara anaerob pada sistem
lagoon
Mlaggoon _ aerobic =254* 2.32*365
= 214828 kgCOD
Pada dan/atau emisi grid power yang digantikan berdasarkan kelompok biogas yang
dikumpulkan di dalam perlakuan secara anaerob
ECO2_power = EL*CEF
= 6601 * 0.509
= 3360 tCO2
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Leakage (Kebocoran)
Berdasarkan metodologi yang digunakan, kebocoran ini diharapkan untuk
dihindari/diabaikan.
Reduksi Emisi
ER = EBL - Eproject
ER = 36010 – 7622
ER = 28388 tCO2
Summary of the ex-ante estimation of emission reductions :
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total Estimated
Reduction
(tCO2)
Total number of
crediting years
Annual average
over the
crediting period
of estimated
reduction (tCO2)
Basseline
emissions
36010
36832
36863
46027
62627
75772
75772
75772
75772
75772
Project
emissions
7622
8072
8089
13103
11815
14357
14357
14357
14357
14357
Annual estimation of
emission reduction
28388
28760
28774
32924
50812
61415
61415
61415
61415
61415
476730
10
47673
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1. Validasi Model : Jumlah Produksi CPO
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Jumlah Produksi CPO (data
aktual) Zij
3.584.352,777
1419241,965
623850,002
331648,717
224303,097
184868,552
170381,068
165059,202
163102,970
162384,700
162121,063
162024,310
161987,872
161975,653
161970,310
161968,631
161968,396
161968,147
161968,471
161968,370
Jumlah Produksi CPO
(data aktual) Wij
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
2166433,132
898343,252
432488,726
261348,191
198477,169
175380,362
166894,859
163778,127
162633,352
162212,003
162057,530
162001,243
161980,500
161972,492
161970,140
161969,036
161968,473
161967,698
161967,874
161967,989
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d
rata-rata)
1417919,645
520898,713
191361,276
70300,526
25825,928
9488,189
3486,209
1281,075
469,618
172,697
63,533
23,067
7,373
3,161
0,170
-0,405
-0,077
0,448
0,597
0,381
112065,106
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
1705256076166,290
167144917821,851
6287882584,595
1744280158,123
7437195796,748
10522023884,427
11789376981,495
12273101588,846
12453552979,169
12519911223,314
12544352404,588
12553418604,501
12556935594,781
12557879538,591
12558549874,054
12558678818,251
12558605239,707
12558487584,742
12558454185,327
12558502763,277
2072992183792,680
t0,025;19 > t0 =
Model Valid
1036496091896,340
0,00000216
2,093
Ho diterima
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2. Validasi Model : Biogas Yang Dihasilkan
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Biogas yang dihasilkan (data
aktual) Zij
4052,645
8665,701
14843,015
20539,889
24937,259
27998,786
29992,519
31231,954
31976,762
32412,970
32663,369
32804,825
32883,704
32927,218
32951,008
32963,916
32970,874
32974,604
32976,594
32977,650
Biogas yang dihasilkan (hasil
simulasi model) Wij
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
4009,085
8530,736
14632,586
20305,289
24719,997
27819,153
29854,308
31130,162
31903,346
32360,019
32624,394
32775,017
32859,723
32906,848
32932,832
32947,049
32954,778
32958,955
32961,202
32962,405
43,559
134,966
210,429
234,600
217,262
179,633
138,211
101,792
73,415
52,951
38,974
29,807
23,981
20,370
18,177
16,867
16,097
15,649
15,392
15,245
79,869
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d
rata-rata)
1318,390596
3035,654465
17045,99265
23941,76142
18876,8315
9952,927633
3403,781593
480,6275995
41,64709698
724,5653288
1672,369114
2506,158473
3123,453873
3540,157099
3805,933871
3969,186877
4066,857541
4124,175465
4157,321238
4176,266839
113964,0603
56982,03014
0,028033005
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 = Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Validasi Model : Bahan Baku TBS
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Bahan Baku TBS (data aktual) Zij
7.213.412,610
7.213.612,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.012,610
7.213.320,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.012,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.302,610
7.203.412,610
7.213.002,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.489,610
7.213.400,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.012,610
7.212.412,610
7.213.052,610
7.212.412,610
Bahan Baku TBS (data aktual)
Wij
6.491.502,920
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
Selisih (dj = Zij Wij)
721909,690
722244,190
722044,190
721644,190
721952,190
722044,190
722044,190
721644,190
722044,190
721934,190
712044,190
721634,190
722044,190
722121,190
722032,190
722044,190
721644,190
721044,190
721684,190
721044,190
721342,115
Sd
T0
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d ratarata)
322141,381
813739,306
492909,306
91249,306
372191,506
492909,306
492909,306
91249,306
492909,306
350552,806
86451409,306
85307,806
492909,306
606957,856
476203,506
492909,306
91249,306
88759,306
117015,306
88759,306
93004241,138
46502120,569
0,31024053
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 : Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4. Validasi Model : Jumlah Produksi Inti
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Jumlah Produksi
Inti (data aktual) Zij
1.728.037,59
1.728.000,00
1.729.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.808.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
Jumlah Produksi Inti (hasil
simulasi model) Wij
1.662.223,66
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
65813,930
65812,500
66812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
145812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
69862,572
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d
rata-rata)
16391498
16403079,16
9302936,155
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
5768391639
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
6072938419
3036469209
0,000460157
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 : Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5. Validasi Model : Biaya Kedatangan TBS
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Biaya Kedatangan Buah
(data aktual) Zij
1.076.922.394,93
1.045.170.316,56
1.074.593.731,88
1.029.699.662,95
1.059.061.048,07
1.078.289.034,32
1.090.223.380,20
1.059.144.004,01
1.050.844.759,52
1.058.040.321,18
1.069.786.088,97
1.048.867.928,32
1.041.736.990,41
1.061.896.139,37
1.044.482.720,70
1.046.983.295,06
1.042.489.336,27
1.054.692.832,86
1.077.219.987,71
1.135.355.995,38
Biaya Kedatangan Buah
(hasil simulasi model) Wij
1.051.899.017,10
1.056.352.825,62
1.085.254.440,46
1.053.079.804,47
1.074.639.016,25
985.979.430,85
1.020.827.868,35
1.078.308.883,77
1.069.877.995,96
1.091.419.532,10
1.038.710.395,49
1.055.148.708,80
1.070.572.935,96
1.052.679.770,47
1.078.027.828,92
1.151.088.363,35
1.033.100.529,17
1.080.745.171,62
1.030.517.865,41
1.083.615.478,94
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
25023377,830
-11182509,060
-10660708,580
-23380141,520
-15577968,180
92309603,470
69395511,850
-19164879,760
-19033236,440
-33379210,920
31075693,480
-6280780,480
-28835945,550
9216368,900
-33545108,220
-104105068,290
9388807,100
-26052338,760
46702122,300
51740516,440
182705,281
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata
(dj - d rata-rata)
617059012711484,000
129168097005509,000
117579624150082,000
555207749343833,000
248398827928508,000
8487365370018480,000
4790412593227020,000
374329046899380,000
369252416205655,000
1126402219049380,000
954376719894446,000
41776648176185,200
842082096022483,000
81607078390277,100
1137565403524510,000
10875939716291900,000
84752310711001,300
688277535806969,000
2164056159834150,000
2658207891558670,000
36343816516749900,000
18171908258374900,000
0,0000000002011
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 : Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 4 : Data Volume Biogas Secara untuk diuji ANOVA
Perlakuan
CI
C2
C3
A1
B1
15
18
20
25
17
18,5
16,3
19,8
16,5
20,2
19,2
17,3
A2
B2
16,5
17,8
15,7
20
19,5
18
20,1
18,8
17,3
18,1
19,2
19,9
B1
12,3
17,5
18,4
19,2
17,4
18
19,5
19,9
18,7
20,1
15,5
16,7
A3
B2
18
15,3
14,7
18
15,7
16,2
17,1
18,2
19,2
20
17,7
15,9
B1
19,2
19,7
20
19,3
18,3
17,9
19,1
19,5
17,8
17,5
18,7
19,5
B2
17,3
18,1
18,5
19
17,4
18,1
18,5
19
16,5
19
19,9
20
Dengan ketentuan :
Temperature (T) A
Pressure (P) B
Retention Time (Rt) C
A1 = 65-75
B1 = 1-1,5
C1 = 15-25
A2 = 75-85
B2 = 1,5-2
C2 = 25-35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
A3 = 85-90
C3 = 35-45
Langkah-langkah pengujian korelasi :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Perhitungan Persamaan Regresi
Cara I : Mengganti definisi variabel
Model Pengolahan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (Lanjutan)
y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6x6 + bx7 + cx8 + dx9 + k
Dimana :
y = Bahan baku TBS
a1 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap tandan kosong
a2 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap serabut
a3 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap cangkang
a4 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap sluge
a5 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap gas
a6 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap air
b = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap jumlah produksi CPO
c = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap jumlah produksi inti
d = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap jumlah biogas yang dihasilkan
x1 = Tandan Kosong
x2 = Serabut
x3 = Cangkang
x4 = Sluge
x5 = gas
x6 = Air
x7 = Jumlah produksi CPO
x8 = Jumlah produksi inti
x9 = Jumlah Biogas yang Dihasilkan
k = Penduga bagi intersep
Dari formulasi diatas, maka dapat ditentukan ramalan pengelolaan pabrik kelapa
sawit. Adapun contoh perhitungan ramalan pengelolaan pabrik kelapa sawit dengan
menggunakan formulasi diatas adalah :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
a1 = 27 % - 30 %
a2 = 13 % - 15 %
a3 = 7 % - 8 %
a4 = 6 % - 7 %
a5 = 3 % - 5 %
a6 = 7 % - 8 %
b = 17% - 18%
c = 3% - 4%
d= 16% - 19 %
Untuk mencari nilai k menggunakan rumus :
k=
∑Y − x ∑ a
1
1
− x 2 ∑ a 2 − x 3 ∑ a 3 − x 4 ∑ a 4 − x 5 ∑ a 5 − x 6 ∑ a 6 − x 7 ∑ b − x8 ∑ c − x 9 ∑ d
n
Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa :
Dari data diatas maka formulasinya:
y = 27% a1 + 13% a2 + 7% a3 + 6% a4 + 3% a5 + 7% a6 + 17% b + 3% c + 16% d + 9.92
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 6 : Diagram Fishbone
Volume Limbah
Proses Produksi
Tenaga kerja
Pengendalian
Bahan
Keahlian
Mutu/Kualitas
Kapasitas
Zero
Waste
Biotik
Limbah
Cair
Antibiotik
Limbah
Padat
Kebersihan
Air
Buangan
pabrik
Keasaman
limbah
Ukuran
- Jumlah
- sistem
Pengolahan
Lingkungan
-
Ph
Suhu
Nutrisi
Kehadiran Udara
Serat
Tandan
Kosong
Polusi
Udara
Tempat Peralatan
Hasil Pengolahan
s
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 7 : Quality Funtion Deployment
E
E
a
E
a
A
A
e
+twmpwratur
Kualitas
TBS
peleburan
Ampas sedikit
5
e
a
A
A
a
A
BC
A
S
Jumlah minyak
4
e
e
a
a
e
a
A
BC
S
Kualitas minyak baik
4
A
a
A
a
a
A
BC
A
S
Tahan lama
5
a
a
a
a
a
A
B
S
AC
Tidak berbau tengik
4
E
e
e
e
e
a
C
S
Harga murah
4
E
a
a
a
a
E
A
SB
C
Satuan
-
Hr
-
%
-
kg
Tingkat kesulitan
4
3
4
2
3
4
Derajat kepentingan(%)
11
24
20
13
20
13
B PTP 3
Perkiraan biaya (%)
20
15
20
10
15
20
C PTP 4
MODUS
-kepadatan
cetakan
Tingkat
penyaringan
Derajat Hubungan
A = Tingkat hubungan kuat=9
a = Tingkat hubungan sedang=6
e = Tingkat hubungan lemah=3
E = Tidak ada hubungan=0
-komposisi bahan
Tingkat
pemurnian
cetakan
e
-kecepatan
mesin
Kadar air
e
+kecepatan
Kekuatan
pelepasan
cetakan
pengepresan
KARAKTERISTIK
TEKNIK
+kecepatan
Lama
perebusan
penuangan
Derajat Kepentingan
1-5 = kurang penting
6-10 = cukup penting
11-15 = penting
16-24 = sangat penting
E
e
A
A
a
KEINGINAN
KONSUMEN
Persepsi konsumen
1
2
AB
3
4
5
S LONSUM
Tingkat Kesulitan
1 =Tidak Sulit
2 =Sedang
3 =Sulit
4 =Sangat Sulit
5 =Sangat Sulit Sekali
Biaya
0 – 10 = murah
11 – 20 = sedang
21 – 30 = mahal
A PTP 2
Persepsi Konsumen
5 = Sangat baik
4 = Baik
3 = Cukup
2 = Tidak baik
1 = Sangat tidak baik
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Air
Rebusan
Kedatangan
Masuk
(Sample)
Tandan Kosong
(Sample)
(Nos)
Max 0.8 %
KEHILANGAN MINYAK SAWIT
Minyak
dlm
Buah
Pd.Biji
Ikut
buah ikut
Tankos
Max 2.5
%
Tankos
Max 12 %
(Sample)
Max
0.8%
Minyak Sawit
AMPAS
(Sample)
(Nos)
Slug Akhir
(Sample)
(Nos)
Total
Efisiensi
Kehilangan
Pengutipan
Myk/TBS
myk sawit
Max 1.65%
Min 93%
ALB
Air
Kot
1
1020
2000
1890
5300
2760
.50
.840
4,800
8860
.780
28,900
1530
93450
3570
.140
0.017
2
980
2080
1930
5133
2870
.40
.830
4,880
8700
.900
27060
1540
93560
3680
.130
0.017
3
1002
1999
1930
6540
2930
.520
.850
4,850
7990
.800
30000
1450
93650
3780
.140
0.017
4
990
1998
1930
6987
2920
.550
.780
4,640
6900
.810
25700
1500
93600
4670
.130
0.017
5
987
2050
2000
6800
2950
.530
.900
4,560
7500
.900
28900
1560
93700
4570
.150
0.017
6
993
1890
1890
6320
2860
.40
.800
4,500
7560
.800
23900
1650
92900
4350
.140
0.017
7
1020
1930
1930
5430
2940
.40
.810
4,600
7890
.810
29000
1550
93560
3200
.140
0.017
8
980
1930
1930
5550
2800
.490
.900
4,750
6780
.850
30900
1450
93520
5670
.130
0.017
9
1002
1930
1930
6820
2900
.480
.800
4,560
7890
.780
27060
1650
93600
4560
.150
0.017
10
990
2000
2000
5740
2700
.490
.810
4,500
7690
.900
30000
1350
93700
5660
.140
0.017
11
987
2000
1930
6850
2800
.510
.850
4,600
6780
.800
25700
1550
92900
4670
.140
0.017
12
993
1890
1890
5740
2900
.520
.780
4,750
7890
.810
30900
1450
93560
4570
.140
0.017
13
967
2040
1930
6320
2700
.550
.900
4,750
7690
.900
27060
1650
93520
4350
.130
0.017
14
987
1930
1930
5430
2920
.530
.800
4,800
8860
.840
30000
1350
93700
3200
.140
0.017
15
990
2120
1930
5550
2950
.480
.810
4,880
8700
.830
25700
1450
92900
5670
.130
0.017
16
987
2130
2000
6820
2860
.490
.900
4,850
7990
.850
30900
1500
93560
4560
.150
0.017
17
993
2143
2000
5740
2940
.510
.840
4,640
6900
.780
27060
1560
93520
5660
.140
0.017
18
967
1879
1890
6850
2940
.40
.830
4,560
7990
.900
30000
1650
93450
4670
.150
0.017
19
999
1768
2040
6850
2920
.40
.850
4,500
6900
.800
25700
1550
93560
4570
.140
0.017
20
976
1790
2120
6320
2950
.490
.780
4,600
8860
.810
28900
1450
93650
4350
.140
0.017
21
1020
1990
2130
5430
2860
.480
.900
4,750
8700
.850
23900
1500
93600
3680
.130
0.017
22
970
1930
2143
5550
2940
.490
.800
4,850
7990
.780
29000
1560
93700
3780
.150
0.017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Air
Rebusan
Kedatangan
Masuk
(Sample)
Buah
Minyak
dlm
(Nos)
Ikut
buah ikut
Tandan Kosong
(Sample)
Max 0.8 %
Pd.Biji
AMPAS
(Nos)
Slug Akhir
(Sample)
(Nos)
Total
Efisiensi
Kehilangan
Pengutipan
Myk/TBS
myk sawit
(Sample)
Tankos
(Sample)
Max
0.8%
Max 12 %
0.81
4,640
0.9
1650
92900
4670
Max 1.65%
0.14
ALB
Air
Kot
Min 93%
0.017
23
1001
1930
23
1001
1930
1930
2700
Tankos
Max 2.5
%
0.48
24
1009
1930
1930
2800
0.49
0.8
4,560
0.8
1550
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
24
1009
1930
25
1000
2000
1930
2900
0.51
0.81
4,500
0.81
1450
93520
4350
0.14
0.017
25
1000
2000
26
990
2000
2000
2700
0.4
0.9
4,600
0.9
1650
93600
3200
0.13
0.017
26
990
2000
27
987
1890
2000
2920
0.4
0.8
4,750
0.8
1560
93700
5670
0.14
0.017
27
987
1890
28
993
2040
2000
2900
0.5
0.81
4,600
0.81
1650
92900
4560
0.14
0.017
28
993
2040
29
950
2120
1890
2700
0.4
0.85
4,750
0.8
1550
93560
5660
0.13
0.017
29
950
2120
30
1009
2130
2040
2920
0.52
0.85
4,850
0.81
1450
93520
3570
0.14
0.017
30
1009
2130
31
1000
2143
2100
2920
0.55
0.85
4,640
0.9
1500
93560
3680
0.14
0.017
31
1000
2143
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Masuk
Kedatangan
Ampas
KEHILANGAN INTI SAWIT
LTDS- LTDSI
II
H.Cyclone ClayBath
(Sample)
Max
2.00%
INTI SAWIT
Inti dlm
Total
Efisiensi
buah ikut
Kehilangan
pengutipan
tankos
Max
0.20%
Inti/TBS
Min.60%
Intisawit
Min
92.00%
ALB
Air
Kdr.Kot
Inti
MAX
Pecah
Kdr.MYK
Dalam
Inti
1
1020
1530
4,560
4,750
.490
.480
93520
987
7500
5300
29000
45340
2
980
1540
4,500
4,750
.480
.490
93600
993
7560
5133
30900
45450
3
1002
1450
4,600
4,800
.490
.510
93700
967
7890
6540
27060
45650
4
990
1500
4,750
4,880
.510
.520
92900
999
6780
6987
30000
45760
5
987
1560
4,750
4,850
.520
.550
93560
976
7890
6800
25700
45760
6
993
1650
4,800
4,500
.550
.530
93520
1020
7690
6320
30900
45430
7
1020
1550
4,880
4,600
.530
.480
93700
970
8860
5430
27060
45870
8
980
1450
4,850
4,750
.480
.510
92900
1001
8700
5550
30000
45790
9
1002
1650
4,640
4,750
.490
.520
93560
1009
7990
6820
30000
45760
10
990
1350
4,560
4,800
.510
.550
93560
1000
6900
5740
28,900
45430
11
987
1450
4,500
4,880
.490
.530
93650
990
7500
6850
27060
45870
12
993
1500
4,500
4,850
.480
.480
93600
1020
7500
5740
30000
45870
13
967
1560
4,800
4,640
.490
.490
93700
980
7560
6320
25700
45340
14
987
1650
4,880
4,560
.510
.510
92900
1002
7890
5430
28900
45450
15
990
1550
4,850
4,500
.520
.490
93560
990
6780
5550
23900
45650
16
987
1450
4,640
4,500
.480
.490
93520
987
7890
5550
29000
45760
17
993
1650
4,560
4,750
.490
.510
93600
987
7690
6820
30900
45760
18
967
1350
4,500
4,750
.510
.490
93560
993
8860
5740
27060
45430
19
999
1550
4,600
4,800
.490
.490
93520
967
8700
6850
30000
45870
20
976
1450
4,750
4,880
.480
.480
93700
999
7990
5740
25700
45790
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Masuk
Kedatangan
Ampas
KEHILANGAN INTI SAWIT
LTDS- LTDSI
II
H.Cyclone ClayBath
(Sample)
Max
2.00%
INTI SAWIT
Inti dlm
Total
Efisiensi
buah ikut
Kehilangan
pengutipan
tankos
Max
0.20%
Inti/TBS
Min.60%
Intisawit
Min
92.00%
ALB
Air
Kdr.Kot
Inti
MAX
Pecah
Kdr.MYK
Dalam
Inti
23
1001
1450
4,600
4,800
.520
.520
93520
970
7560
5550
30000
45430
24
1009
1500
4,750
4,880
.490
.510
93450
1001
8860
6820
25700
45870
25
1000
1560
4,750
4,850
.480
.520
93560
1009
8700
5740
28900
45790
26
990
1650
4,800
4,640
.490
.490
93650
1000
7990
6850
23900
45760
27
987
1550
4,880
4,750
.510
.490
93600
990
6900
6850
29000
45760
28
993
1450
4,500
4,800
.520
.510
93700
987
7500
6320
30900
45430
29
950
1500
4,600
4,880
.510
.490
92900
1001
7990
5740
27060
45870
30
1009
1560
4,750
4,850
.520
.490
93560
1009
6900
6320
30000
45790
31
1000
1650
4,600
4,640
.490
.490
93520
1000
7500
5430
25700
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Kedatangan
Masuk
Air
Rebusan
(Sample)
Max 0,8
%
Tandan
Kosong
(Sample)
Buah
Minyak
dlm
Ikut
buah ikut
Tankos
Max 2,5
%
Tankos
Max 12
%
Pd,Biji
AMPAS
Slug
Akhir
Total
(Sample)
Max
0,8%
(Sample)
(Sample)
Kehilangan
Minyak Sawit
Efisiensi
Myk/TBS
Pengutipan
Max 1,65%
myk sawit
ALB
Air
kot
1
1020
2000
1890
2760
0.5
0.84
4,800
0.78
1530
93450
3570
0.14
0.017
2
980
2080
1930
2870
0.4
0.83
4,880
0.9
1540
93560
3680
0.13
0.017
3
1002
1999
1930
2930
0.52
0.85
4,850
0.8
1450
93650
3780
0.14
0.017
4
990
1998
1930
2920
0.55
0.78
4,640
0.81
1500
93600
4670
0.13
0.017
5
987
2050
2000
2950
0.53
0.9
4,560
0.9
1560
93700
4570
0.15
0.017
6
993
1890
1890
2860
0.4
0.8
4,500
0.8
1650
92900
4350
0.14
0.017
7
1020
1930
1930
2940
0.4
0.81
4,600
0.81
1550
93560
3200
0.14
0.017
8
980
1930
1930
2800
0.49
0.9
4,750
0.85
1450
93520
5670
0.13
0.017
9
1002
1930
1930
2900
0.48
0.8
4,560
0.78
1650
93600
4560
0.15
0.017
10
990
2000
2000
2700
0.49
0.81
4,500
0.9
1350
93700
5660
0.14
0.017
11
987
2000
1930
2800
0.51
0.85
4,600
0.8
1550
92900
4670
0.14
0.017
12
993
1890
1890
2900
0.52
0.78
4,750
0.81
1450
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
13
967
2040
1930
2700
0.55
0.9
4,750
0.9
1650
93520
4350
0.13
0.017
14
987
1930
1930
2920
0.53
0.8
4,800
0.84
1350
93700
3200
0.14
0.017
15
990
2120
1930
2950
0.48
0.81
4,880
0.83
1450
92900
5670
0.13
0.017
16
987
2130
2000
2860
0.49
0.9
4,850
0.85
1500
93560
4560
0.15
0.017
17
993
2143
2000
2940
0.51
0.84
4,640
0.78
1560
93520
5660
0.14
0.017
18
967
1879
1890
2940
0.4
0.83
4,560
0.9
1650
93450
4670
0.15
0.017
19
999
1768
2040
2920
0.4
0.85
4,500
0.8
1550
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
20
976
1790
2120
2950
0.49
0.78
4,600
0.81
1450
93650
4350
0.14
0.017
21
1020
1990
2130
2860
0.48
0.9
4,750
0.85
1500
93600
3680
0.13
0.017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
Ke
datangan
TBS
Masuk
Air
Rebusan
(Sample)
Max 0,8
%
Tandan
Kosong
(Sample)
Buah
Minyak
dlm
Ikut
buah ikut
Tankos
Max 2,5
%
Tankos
Max 12
%
Pd,Biji
AMPAS
Slug
Akhir
Total
(Sample)
Max
0,8%
(Sample)
(Sample)
Kehilangan
Minyak Sawit
Efisiensi
ALB
Air
kot
Myk/TBS
Pengutipan
myk sawit
93700
3780
0.15
0.017
22
970
1930
2143
2940
0.49
0.8
4,850
0.78
Max 1,65%
1560
23
1001
1930
1930
2700
0.48
0.81
4,640
0.9
1650
92900
4670
0.14
0.017
24
1009
1930
1930
2800
0.49
0.8
4,560
0.8
1550
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
25
1000
2000
1930
2900
0.51
0.81
4,500
0.81
1450
93520
4350
0.14
0.017
26
990
2000
2000
2700
0.4
0.9
4,600
0.9
1650
93600
3200
0.13
0.017
27
987
1890
2000
2920
0.4
0.8
4,750
0.8
1560
93700
5670
0.14
0.017
28
993
2040
2000
2900
0.5
0.81
4,600
0.81
1650
92900
4560
0.14
0.017
29
950
2120
1890
2700
0.4
0.85
4,750
0.8
1550
93560
5660
0.13
0.017
30
1009
2130
2040
2920
0.52
0.85
4,850
0.81
1450
93520
3570
0.14
0.017
31
1000
2143
2100
2920
0.55
0.85
4,640
0.9
1500
93560
3680
0.14
0.017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pengujian Distribusi
1. Data TBS Masuk
2. Data Air Rebusan
60
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Data Tandan Kosong
4. Data Buah Ikut Tankos
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5. Data Minyak dalam Buah Ikut Tankos
6. Data Pd Biji
Universitas Sumatera Utara
7. Data Ampas
8. Data Slug Akhir
Universitas Sumatera Utara
9. Data Total Kehilangan
10. Data Efisiensi Pengutipan
Universitas Sumatera Utara
11. Data ALB
12. Data Air
Untuk melihat hasil perhitungan parameter dan pengujian dengan kolmogorovsmirnov, Anderson-darling dan chi-square, dapat dilihat pada File dengan nama Uji
Distribusi dengan terlebih dahulu menginstall software easyfit 5.40.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
60
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
t on
30. 000
20. 000
Jum lah Hasil Biogas
Hasil Pengolahan I I
Hasil Pengolahan I
Gas Met ana akan diolah
10. 000
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
( ton)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ton
80.000.000
60.000.000
40.000.000
20.000.000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
28
ton
6.000.000.000
5.000.000.000
4.000.000.000
3.000.000.000
2.000.000.000
1.000.000.000
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ton
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ton
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
28
EQUATION WINDOWS :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 1 : Instrumen Penelitian Data Existing Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
Bagian 1. General Data
Nama Pabrik
Lokasi
Nomor Telepon
Jumlah Pekerja
Laki-laki
Perempuan
Tahun Pembangunan
Pemilik
Pelanggan
Palm Supplier
Lokasi Pabrik
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
No. Register :
Fax
:
Nilai investasi :
Plan Location
Plan Layout
Flow Process Chart Factory
Bagian 2. Production Process Data
1. Raw Material
Material Type
For Production Process
1. Fresh Fruit Bunch
2.
For Wastewater Treatment Plant
1.
2.
3.
2. Product
Products
1. Palm Oil
2. Palm Kernel Oil
By Product
1. Kernel
2. Fibers
3. Shell
4. Ampty Fruit Bunches
5. Ash from Boiler
6. Wastewater
Quantity (ton)/ year
Price/unit (Dollar)
Quantity (ton)/year
Quantity (ton)/year
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Energy Use
Energy Use
Production
Process
Energy Use/month
Watewater
Treatment
total
1. Electricity (Unit)
2. Diesel (unit)
3. Fibre or Shell
(Unit)
4. Water Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Production Process
Boiler
Cooling Water
Sterilization
Oil Extraction
• Digester
• Screw Press
• Separator
• Vibrating Screen
• Sand Cyclone
Cleaning Machine
Clay Bath
Domestic
Total
Water Used (m3/month)
Bagian 3. Schematic Diagram ; Palm Oil Mill Process
Process Chart Diagram
Jam Kerja
Rata-rata kapasitas produk
per hari,
:
shifts/hari
(unit
:
per bulan)
Kapasitas maksimum produk ;
(unit :
Bagian 4. Waste Management
1. Wastewater Treatment Schematic Diagram
per bulan)
Layout kolam Limbah cair kelapa sawit
2. Wastewater Characteristic
Parameter
Influent
Effluent
1.PH
2.SS (mg/l)
3.BOD (mg/l)
4.COD (mg/l)
5.Oil (mg/l)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Effluence Management
O Agriculture
O Channel, River
O other
4. Solid Waste Management
Waste
In Plant Reuse/
Recycle
External Reuse/ Recycle
Sell to
Price
Disposal
Other
1. Fiber
2.Shell
3.Empty Fruit Bunches
4.Sludge Cake
5.Ash From Boiler
5. Air Pollution c Control
O Air Pollutan Equipment
O No
6. What is the environmental problem of the factory?
O Wastewater
O Solid Waste
O Noise
O Air Pollution
O Smell from
O Dust from
7. What have ben the biggest obstacles to improve the envioremental performance?
O Technology
O Financial
O Knowlegde
O Other
8. Do you think that The industrial emission/effluent standard are appropriate
O Yes
O No, Reason
Bagian 5. Clean Technology
I. General
1. What is the concept of the world clean technology?
2. Has the company adopted the cleaner production?
O Yes, from when
O No
3. Why does the company apply cleaner production?
O reduce oil loss
O increase production efficienncy
O enchance product quality
O educe cost of production
O increase competitiveness
O comply with the effluent standard
4. What is the incentive for company to apply the clean technologies?
5. What have been the changes adopted in last 10 years?
Universitas Sumatera Utara
O clean technology
O good Housekeeping
O in-plent reuse/recycle
O process modification
O Waste Exchange
O reuse/recycle of wasteroduc
O wastewater water treatment plant
6. Who have introduced clean technology to the factory?
O government agency
O international donor agency
O NGOs
O University
O other mills
O Supplier
7. What are the major barriers of clean technology application within the mill/
O lack of the personal resource O lack of know-how
O lack of information
O lack of incentive from government institute
O lack of competitiveness
O lack of money
O Other
8. What the government agenciesWhat the government agencies should do for better
industrial environmental management?
II. Clean Technology
1. What the kind of improvements has been done/
1.1.
Wastewater
a. Control system of sterilizer
O automatic
O Manual
b. Management of wastewater from sterilization
O go to wastewater treatment plant
O separate and reclycle to
O Other
c. Oil water separation equipment
O separator
O decanter
O decanter & separator
O settling tank
O buffer tank
O Other
d. Management of steam condensate
O drain to sewer
O separate and recycle
e. Oil separation from wastewater before pumped to wastewater treatment
O oil trap tank
O oil skinner
O other
1.2.
Solid waste management
a. EFB disporal
O mushroom
O fertilizer
O landfill
O burning
Universitas Sumatera Utara
b. Fibre disposal
O fuel in factory
O shell to other factories
O other
c. Shell disposal
O fuel in factory
O shell to other factories
O other
d. Floating scum
O soap
O fuel
O other
2. After cleaner production application, any change?
O increase production yield
O enchance product quality
O reduce water comparison
O reduce wastewater flow
O reduce oil loss in wastewater
O reduce energy consumption
O reduce operation cost
3. What is done in oder to introduce continuously improvement and how is this done?
4. What eill be done, in future, related to improving the technology management in the
company?
III. Knowledge
1. What is your source of knowledge in relation to improvement of the environmental
performance?
O consultancy
O supplier
O university/research institute
O Government agency O NGOs
O International donor agency
O Other
2. What kind of knowledge do the company need in oder to improve more?
O technical assistance
O training
O demonstration
O consultancy
O pilot plant
O other
O manual
O financial assistance
O low interest loam
O goam
O other
IV. Regulation
1. Which environmental laws must the company comply with?
2. Who enforces the law and how is this done?
O control of emission
O self-control
O visual inspection
O reaction when problem occur
O other
3. What is the conception of regulation authority?
O enemy
O partner
O co-operation
O control and enforcement
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4. Do the company think that the regulations need to be improved/
O yes
O no
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Market
Who is the competitive of palm oil/
What are the competitive advantages of the company today/in the future?
Does the company see opportunities in the market in the field of green products?
How big is the capacity to investigate the oppurtunities in new markets and create
new market potentials?
5. What need to be done to improve this?
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Questionnaire for 2 selected factories (PTP dan PT LONSUM)
Clean Technology Approach
1. What iss the conception of the world clean technology?
2. What are the environmental problems of factory?
3. Project concrn in environmental improvement to the factory (Actors involving, how,
when and the outcome)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4. What have been done in process to improve environmental performance or reduce
environmental impact in company?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5. Details of clean technology introduction within a mill
Project Motivation
Incentive
Information
From
whom
Barrier
Problem
Universitas Sumatera Utara
6.
What relationship do you have with the following actors?
Actor
Relationship
Contact
frequency
Report
Report
Frecuency
Type of
resources
Type of
Exchange
Policy
Actors
Economic
Actor
Societal
Actor
7. Do you have to deal with any pressure from environmental agencies, the surrounding
community, or others actors on environmental issues?
8. What is the improvement of the business in the future?
a. Hardware
b. Software
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 2 : Data Kehilangan Minyak
Data Kehilangan Minyak Untuk Tiap Stasiun
No
Stasiun Kernel
1
883,58
2
828,73
3
907,46
4
797,30
5
907,71
6
683,41
7
633,88
8
869,43
9
987,63
10
711,96
11
1021,19
12
690,44
13
707,08
14
908,73
15
824,88
16
896,00
17
868,20
18
804,73
19
767,24
20
884,02
21
629,67
22
867,24
23
843,24
24
644,40
25
570,30
26
804,99
27
922,30
28
851,26
29
913,22
30
912,76
Jumlah
24542,98
Stasiun Pemurnian
4754,11
3813,39
4556,01
3565,60
3766,41
3228,97
3407,57
4460,13
5094,82
3969,18
4337,62
3672,79
3413,69
5326,17
4291,48
4672,40
4568,17
4136,46
4504,99
4472,75
3024,61
4873,58
4535,96
3786,88
3137,03
4187,99
5126,40
4949,32
5130,75
5019,03
127784,26
Stasiun Pengempakan
4219,11
4190,60
4459,22
3961,45
4115,10
3082,61
3323,29
4430,20
4540,37
4040,15
4306,90
3481,97
3591,95
4825,75
4031,56
4102,01
4254,96
4167,73
4941,88
4660,19
3049,29
4256,70
4092,04
3257,16
2869,83
3901,87
4550,74
4266,46
4512,34
4479,04
121962,47
Stasiun Perebusan
4834,24
4839,38
5384,93
4712,75
4961,92
3672,31
3916,75
5244,41
5392,87
4724,05
5262,56
4031,88
4221,81
5601,52
4141,76
4903,25
5014,80
4704,39
4628,05
5462,42
3548,00
4502,66
4929,48
3936,00
3241,16
4041,88
5385,56
4831,37
5536,10
5301,04
140909,30
Universitas Sumatera Utara
KEHILANGAN MINYAK SAWIT
Waktu
TBS Air Rebusan Tandan Kosong Buah Minyak dlm Pd.Biji
Kedatangan Masuk (Sample) (Sample) (Nos)
Max 0.8 %
Ikut
Tankos
Minyak Sawit
AMPAS
Slug Akhir
Total
Efisiensi
ALB
Air
kot
buah ikut (Sample) (Sample) (Nos) (Sample) (Nos) Kehilangan Pengutipan
Tankos Max 0.8%
Max 2.5 % Max 12 %
Myk/TBS myk sawit
Max 1.65% Min 93%
1
1020
2000
1890 5300 2760
.50
.840
4.800 8860 .780 28.900 1530
93450
3570 .140 .017.000
2
980
2080
1930 5133 2870
.40
.830
4.880 8700 .900 27060 1540
93560
3680 .130 .017.000
3
1002
1999
1930 6540 2930
.520
.850
4.850 7990 .800 30000 1450
93650
3780 .140 .017.000
4
990
1998
1930 6987 2920
.550
.780
4.640 6900 .810 25700 1500
93600
4670 .130 .017.000
5
987
2050
2000 6800 2950
.530
.900
4.560 7500 .900 28900 1560
93700
4570 .150 .017.000
6
993
1890
1890 6320 2860
.40
.800
4.500 7560 .800 23900 1650
92900
4350 .140 .017.000
7
1020
1930
1930 5430 2940
.40
.810
4.600 7890 .810 29000 1550
93560
3200 .140 .017.000
8
980
1930
1930 5550 2800
.490
.900
4.750 6780 .850 30900 1450
93520
5670 .130 .017.000
9
1002
1930
1930 6820 2900
.480
.800
4.560 7890 .780 27060 1650
93600
4560 .150 .017.000
10
990
2000
2000 5740 2700
.490
.810
4.500 7690 .900 30000 1350
93700
5660 .140 .017.000
11
987
2000
1930 6850 2800
.510
.850
4.600 6780 .800 25700 1550
92900
4670 .140 .017.000
12
993
1890
1890 5740 2900
.520
.780
4.750 7890 .810 30900 1450
93560
4570 .140 .017.000
13
967
2040
1930 6320 2700
.550
.900
4.750 7690 .900 27060 1650
93520
4350 .130 .017.000
14
987
1930
1930 5430 2920
.530
.800
4.800 8860 .840 30000 1350
93700
3200 .140 .017.000
15
990
2120
1930 5550 2950
.480
.810
4.880 8700 .830 25700 1450
92900
5670 .130 .017.000
16
987
2130
2000 6820 2860
.490
.900
4.850 7990 .850 30900 1500
93560
4560 .150 .017.000
17
993
2143
2000 5740 2940
.510
.840
4.640 6900 .780 27060 1560
93520
5660 .140 .017.000
18
967
1879
1890 6850 2940
.40
.830
4.560 7990 .900 30000 1650
93450
4670 .150 .017.000
19
999
1768
2040 6850 2920
.40
.850
4.500 6900 .800 25700 1550
93560
4570 .140 .017.000
20
976
1790
2120 6320 2950
.490
.780
4.600 8860 .810 28900 1450
93650
4350 .140 .017.000
21
1020
1990
2130 5430 2860
.480
.900
4.750 8700 .850 23900 1500
93600
3680 .130 .017.000
22
970
1930
2143 5550 2940
.490
.800
4.850 7990 .780 29000 1560
93700
3780 .150 .017.000
23
1001
1930
1930 6320 2700
.480
.810
4.640 6900 .900 30900 1650
92900
4670 .140 .017.000
24
1009
1930
1930 5430 2800
.490
.800
4.560 7500 .800 27060 1550
93560
4570 .140 .017.000
25
1000
2000
1930 5430 2900
.510
.810
4.500 7560 .810 30000 1450
93520
4350 .140 .017.000
26
990
2000
2000 6850 2700
.40
.900
4.600 7890 .900 25700 1650
93600
3200 .130 .017.000
27
987
1890
2000 5740 2920
.40
.800
4.750 6780 .800 28900 1560
93700
5670 .140 .017.000
28
993
2040
2000 6320 2900
.50
.810
4.600 7890 .810 23900 1650
92900
4560 .140 .017.000
29
950
2120
1890 5430 2700
.40
.850
4.750 7690 .800 29000 1550
93560
5660 .130 .017.000
30
1009
2130
2040 5430 2920
.520
.850
4.850 6780 .810 30900 1450
93520
3570 .140 .017.000
31
1000
2143
2100 5430 2920
.550
.850
4.640 7890 .900 27060 1500
93560
3680 .140 .017.000
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 3 : Metodologi Perhitungan Dasar Emisi dari Lagoons
Emisi metana fugitatif dari Lagoons (kolam penampung limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit).
Eproject = EF CH4_lagoons + E CH4_NTWF + E CH4_IC+Leaks
= 5875 + 0 + 1747
= 7622 tCO2
ECH4 lagoons = Mlaggoon – anaerobic*EF CH4 *GW CH4/1000
= 1332269 * 0.21* 21/1000
= 5875 tCO2
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan dengan proses anorganik pada pada sistem
lagoons (penampung limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit)
Mlaggoon _ anaerobic =Mlaggoon _ total - Mlaggoon _ anaerobic - Mlaggoon _Chemical_ox Mlaggoon _deposition.
= 1631177 – 214828 – 0 – 84081
= 1332269 kgCOD
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan dalam sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ input =Minput_ total * ( 1- RNAWTF)
= 8408131*(1-0.80)
= 1681626 kgCOD
Jumlah material organic yang terdegradasi (dihilangkan) secara anaerob pada sistem
lagoon
Mlaggoon _ aerobic =254* 2.32*365
= 214828 kgCOD
Jumlah material organic yang hilang selama proses oksidasi kimia pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ chemical_ox = 0 KgCOD
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jumlah total material yang dipindahkan pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ total = Mlaggoon _ input * Rlaggoon
= 1627648*0.97
= 1578819 kgCOD
Material deposisi pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ deposisi = Mlaggoon _ input * Rdeposisi
= 1681626*0.05
= 84081 kgCOD
Emisi Metana dari dari limbah cair anaerob
ECH4_ NTWF = ECH4_lagoon BL - E CH4_lagoons
= (32650-5875)*0
= 0 tCO2
Emisi Metana dari Emisi Combusi yang Tidak Efesien
ECH4_ IC + Leaks = ( ∑ Vr*CH4_r – (1-fr)*GWP CH4) + PEflare
= 2181434 * 0.00072 *(1-0.98)*21 + 1090
= 1747 tCO2
Emisi Baseline
EBl = ECH4_lagoon BL - E CO2_heat_BL + ECO2_Power_BL
= 32650 + 0 + 3360
= 36010 tCO2
Emisi Metana Fugitatif Dari Lagoons
ECH4 lagoons = Mlaggoon – anaerobic*EF CH4 *GWP CH4/1000
= 7403688 * 0.21* 21/1000
= 32650 tCO2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan dengan proses anaerobik pada sistem
lagoon
Mlaggoon _ anaerobic _BL =Mlaggoon _ total_BL - Mlaggoon _ aerobic_BL Mlaggoon _Chemical_ox_BL - Mlaggoon _deposition_BL
= 8032565 – 21482 – 0 – 414050
= 7403688 tCO2
Jumlah material organik yang dipindahkan pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ tota_BLl = Mlaggoon _ input_BL * Rlaggoon
= 8280995*0.97
= 8032565 kgCOD
Jumlah material organik yang hilang selama proses oksidasi kimia pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ chemical_ox = 0 KgCOD
Material deposisi pada sistem lagoon
Mlaggoon _ deposisi_BL = Mlaggoon _ input_BL * Rdeposisi
= 8280995*0.05
= 414050 kgCOD
Jumlah material organic yang terdegradasi (dihilangkan) secara anaerob pada sistem
lagoon
Mlaggoon _ aerobic =254* 2.32*365
= 214828 kgCOD
Pada dan/atau emisi grid power yang digantikan berdasarkan kelompok biogas yang
dikumpulkan di dalam perlakuan secara anaerob
ECO2_power = EL*CEF
= 6601 * 0.509
= 3360 tCO2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Leakage (Kebocoran)
Berdasarkan metodologi yang digunakan, kebocoran ini diharapkan untuk
dihindari/diabaikan.
Reduksi Emisi
ER = EBL - Eproject
ER = 36010 – 7622
ER = 28388 tCO2
Summary of the ex-ante estimation of emission reductions :
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total Estimated
Reduction
(tCO2)
Total number of
crediting years
Annual average
over the
crediting period
of estimated
reduction (tCO2)
Basseline
emissions
36010
36832
36863
46027
62627
75772
75772
75772
75772
75772
Project
emissions
7622
8072
8089
13103
11815
14357
14357
14357
14357
14357
Annual estimation of
emission reduction
28388
28760
28774
32924
50812
61415
61415
61415
61415
61415
476730
10
47673
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1. Validasi Model : Jumlah Produksi CPO
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Jumlah Produksi CPO (data
aktual) Zij
3.584.352,777
1419241,965
623850,002
331648,717
224303,097
184868,552
170381,068
165059,202
163102,970
162384,700
162121,063
162024,310
161987,872
161975,653
161970,310
161968,631
161968,396
161968,147
161968,471
161968,370
Jumlah Produksi CPO
(data aktual) Wij
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
2166433,132
898343,252
432488,726
261348,191
198477,169
175380,362
166894,859
163778,127
162633,352
162212,003
162057,530
162001,243
161980,500
161972,492
161970,140
161969,036
161968,473
161967,698
161967,874
161967,989
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d
rata-rata)
1417919,645
520898,713
191361,276
70300,526
25825,928
9488,189
3486,209
1281,075
469,618
172,697
63,533
23,067
7,373
3,161
0,170
-0,405
-0,077
0,448
0,597
0,381
112065,106
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
1705256076166,290
167144917821,851
6287882584,595
1744280158,123
7437195796,748
10522023884,427
11789376981,495
12273101588,846
12453552979,169
12519911223,314
12544352404,588
12553418604,501
12556935594,781
12557879538,591
12558549874,054
12558678818,251
12558605239,707
12558487584,742
12558454185,327
12558502763,277
2072992183792,680
t0,025;19 > t0 =
Model Valid
1036496091896,340
0,00000216
2,093
Ho diterima
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2. Validasi Model : Biogas Yang Dihasilkan
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Biogas yang dihasilkan (data
aktual) Zij
4052,645
8665,701
14843,015
20539,889
24937,259
27998,786
29992,519
31231,954
31976,762
32412,970
32663,369
32804,825
32883,704
32927,218
32951,008
32963,916
32970,874
32974,604
32976,594
32977,650
Biogas yang dihasilkan (hasil
simulasi model) Wij
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
4009,085
8530,736
14632,586
20305,289
24719,997
27819,153
29854,308
31130,162
31903,346
32360,019
32624,394
32775,017
32859,723
32906,848
32932,832
32947,049
32954,778
32958,955
32961,202
32962,405
43,559
134,966
210,429
234,600
217,262
179,633
138,211
101,792
73,415
52,951
38,974
29,807
23,981
20,370
18,177
16,867
16,097
15,649
15,392
15,245
79,869
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d
rata-rata)
1318,390596
3035,654465
17045,99265
23941,76142
18876,8315
9952,927633
3403,781593
480,6275995
41,64709698
724,5653288
1672,369114
2506,158473
3123,453873
3540,157099
3805,933871
3969,186877
4066,857541
4124,175465
4157,321238
4176,266839
113964,0603
56982,03014
0,028033005
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 = Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Validasi Model : Bahan Baku TBS
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Bahan Baku TBS (data aktual) Zij
7.213.412,610
7.213.612,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.012,610
7.213.320,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.012,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.302,610
7.203.412,610
7.213.002,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.489,610
7.213.400,610
7.213.412,610
7.213.012,610
7.212.412,610
7.213.052,610
7.212.412,610
Bahan Baku TBS (data aktual)
Wij
6.491.502,920
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
6.491.368,420
Selisih (dj = Zij Wij)
721909,690
722244,190
722044,190
721644,190
721952,190
722044,190
722044,190
721644,190
722044,190
721934,190
712044,190
721634,190
722044,190
722121,190
722032,190
722044,190
721644,190
721044,190
721684,190
721044,190
721342,115
Sd
T0
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d ratarata)
322141,381
813739,306
492909,306
91249,306
372191,506
492909,306
492909,306
91249,306
492909,306
350552,806
86451409,306
85307,806
492909,306
606957,856
476203,506
492909,306
91249,306
88759,306
117015,306
88759,306
93004241,138
46502120,569
0,31024053
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 : Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4. Validasi Model : Jumlah Produksi Inti
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Jumlah Produksi
Inti (data aktual) Zij
1.728.037,59
1.728.000,00
1.729.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.808.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
1.728.000,00
Jumlah Produksi Inti (hasil
simulasi model) Wij
1.662.223,66
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
1.662.187,50
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
65813,930
65812,500
66812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
145812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
65812,500
69862,572
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata (dj - d
rata-rata)
16391498
16403079,16
9302936,155
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
5768391639
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
16403079,16
6072938419
3036469209
0,000460157
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 : Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5. Validasi Model : Biaya Kedatangan TBS
Tahun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Biaya Kedatangan Buah
(data aktual) Zij
1.076.922.394,93
1.045.170.316,56
1.074.593.731,88
1.029.699.662,95
1.059.061.048,07
1.078.289.034,32
1.090.223.380,20
1.059.144.004,01
1.050.844.759,52
1.058.040.321,18
1.069.786.088,97
1.048.867.928,32
1.041.736.990,41
1.061.896.139,37
1.044.482.720,70
1.046.983.295,06
1.042.489.336,27
1.054.692.832,86
1.077.219.987,71
1.135.355.995,38
Biaya Kedatangan Buah
(hasil simulasi model) Wij
1.051.899.017,10
1.056.352.825,62
1.085.254.440,46
1.053.079.804,47
1.074.639.016,25
985.979.430,85
1.020.827.868,35
1.078.308.883,77
1.069.877.995,96
1.091.419.532,10
1.038.710.395,49
1.055.148.708,80
1.070.572.935,96
1.052.679.770,47
1.078.027.828,92
1.151.088.363,35
1.033.100.529,17
1.080.745.171,62
1.030.517.865,41
1.083.615.478,94
Selisih (dj = Zij - Wij)
25023377,830
-11182509,060
-10660708,580
-23380141,520
-15577968,180
92309603,470
69395511,850
-19164879,760
-19033236,440
-33379210,920
31075693,480
-6280780,480
-28835945,550
9216368,900
-33545108,220
-104105068,290
9388807,100
-26052338,760
46702122,300
51740516,440
182705,281
Sd
to
t0,025;19
Kesimpulan
Deviasi Kuadrat dari Rata-rata
(dj - d rata-rata)
617059012711484,000
129168097005509,000
117579624150082,000
555207749343833,000
248398827928508,000
8487365370018480,000
4790412593227020,000
374329046899380,000
369252416205655,000
1126402219049380,000
954376719894446,000
41776648176185,200
842082096022483,000
81607078390277,100
1137565403524510,000
10875939716291900,000
84752310711001,300
688277535806969,000
2164056159834150,000
2658207891558670,000
36343816516749900,000
18171908258374900,000
0,0000000002011
2,093
t0,025;19 > t0 : Ho diterima
Model Valid
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 4 : Data Volume Biogas Secara untuk diuji ANOVA
Perlakuan
CI
C2
C3
A1
B1
15
18
20
25
17
18,5
16,3
19,8
16,5
20,2
19,2
17,3
A2
B2
16,5
17,8
15,7
20
19,5
18
20,1
18,8
17,3
18,1
19,2
19,9
B1
12,3
17,5
18,4
19,2
17,4
18
19,5
19,9
18,7
20,1
15,5
16,7
A3
B2
18
15,3
14,7
18
15,7
16,2
17,1
18,2
19,2
20
17,7
15,9
B1
19,2
19,7
20
19,3
18,3
17,9
19,1
19,5
17,8
17,5
18,7
19,5
B2
17,3
18,1
18,5
19
17,4
18,1
18,5
19
16,5
19
19,9
20
Dengan ketentuan :
Temperature (T) A
Pressure (P) B
Retention Time (Rt) C
A1 = 65-75
B1 = 1-1,5
C1 = 15-25
A2 = 75-85
B2 = 1,5-2
C2 = 25-35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
A3 = 85-90
C3 = 35-45
Langkah-langkah pengujian korelasi :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Perhitungan Persamaan Regresi
Cara I : Mengganti definisi variabel
Model Pengolahan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (Lanjutan)
y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6x6 + bx7 + cx8 + dx9 + k
Dimana :
y = Bahan baku TBS
a1 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap tandan kosong
a2 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap serabut
a3 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap cangkang
a4 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap sluge
a5 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap gas
a6 = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap air
b = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap jumlah produksi CPO
c = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap jumlah produksi inti
d = Persentase penggunaan bahan baku terhadap jumlah biogas yang dihasilkan
x1 = Tandan Kosong
x2 = Serabut
x3 = Cangkang
x4 = Sluge
x5 = gas
x6 = Air
x7 = Jumlah produksi CPO
x8 = Jumlah produksi inti
x9 = Jumlah Biogas yang Dihasilkan
k = Penduga bagi intersep
Dari formulasi diatas, maka dapat ditentukan ramalan pengelolaan pabrik kelapa
sawit. Adapun contoh perhitungan ramalan pengelolaan pabrik kelapa sawit dengan
menggunakan formulasi diatas adalah :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
a1 = 27 % - 30 %
a2 = 13 % - 15 %
a3 = 7 % - 8 %
a4 = 6 % - 7 %
a5 = 3 % - 5 %
a6 = 7 % - 8 %
b = 17% - 18%
c = 3% - 4%
d= 16% - 19 %
Untuk mencari nilai k menggunakan rumus :
k=
∑Y − x ∑ a
1
1
− x 2 ∑ a 2 − x 3 ∑ a 3 − x 4 ∑ a 4 − x 5 ∑ a 5 − x 6 ∑ a 6 − x 7 ∑ b − x8 ∑ c − x 9 ∑ d
n
Dari data yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa :
Dari data diatas maka formulasinya:
y = 27% a1 + 13% a2 + 7% a3 + 6% a4 + 3% a5 + 7% a6 + 17% b + 3% c + 16% d + 9.92
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 6 : Diagram Fishbone
Volume Limbah
Proses Produksi
Tenaga kerja
Pengendalian
Bahan
Keahlian
Mutu/Kualitas
Kapasitas
Zero
Waste
Biotik
Limbah
Cair
Antibiotik
Limbah
Padat
Kebersihan
Air
Buangan
pabrik
Keasaman
limbah
Ukuran
- Jumlah
- sistem
Pengolahan
Lingkungan
-
Ph
Suhu
Nutrisi
Kehadiran Udara
Serat
Tandan
Kosong
Polusi
Udara
Tempat Peralatan
Hasil Pengolahan
s
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 7 : Quality Funtion Deployment
E
E
a
E
a
A
A
e
+twmpwratur
Kualitas
TBS
peleburan
Ampas sedikit
5
e
a
A
A
a
A
BC
A
S
Jumlah minyak
4
e
e
a
a
e
a
A
BC
S
Kualitas minyak baik
4
A
a
A
a
a
A
BC
A
S
Tahan lama
5
a
a
a
a
a
A
B
S
AC
Tidak berbau tengik
4
E
e
e
e
e
a
C
S
Harga murah
4
E
a
a
a
a
E
A
SB
C
Satuan
-
Hr
-
%
-
kg
Tingkat kesulitan
4
3
4
2
3
4
Derajat kepentingan(%)
11
24
20
13
20
13
B PTP 3
Perkiraan biaya (%)
20
15
20
10
15
20
C PTP 4
MODUS
-kepadatan
cetakan
Tingkat
penyaringan
Derajat Hubungan
A = Tingkat hubungan kuat=9
a = Tingkat hubungan sedang=6
e = Tingkat hubungan lemah=3
E = Tidak ada hubungan=0
-komposisi bahan
Tingkat
pemurnian
cetakan
e
-kecepatan
mesin
Kadar air
e
+kecepatan
Kekuatan
pelepasan
cetakan
pengepresan
KARAKTERISTIK
TEKNIK
+kecepatan
Lama
perebusan
penuangan
Derajat Kepentingan
1-5 = kurang penting
6-10 = cukup penting
11-15 = penting
16-24 = sangat penting
E
e
A
A
a
KEINGINAN
KONSUMEN
Persepsi konsumen
1
2
AB
3
4
5
S LONSUM
Tingkat Kesulitan
1 =Tidak Sulit
2 =Sedang
3 =Sulit
4 =Sangat Sulit
5 =Sangat Sulit Sekali
Biaya
0 – 10 = murah
11 – 20 = sedang
21 – 30 = mahal
A PTP 2
Persepsi Konsumen
5 = Sangat baik
4 = Baik
3 = Cukup
2 = Tidak baik
1 = Sangat tidak baik
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Air
Rebusan
Kedatangan
Masuk
(Sample)
Tandan Kosong
(Sample)
(Nos)
Max 0.8 %
KEHILANGAN MINYAK SAWIT
Minyak
dlm
Buah
Pd.Biji
Ikut
buah ikut
Tankos
Max 2.5
%
Tankos
Max 12 %
(Sample)
Max
0.8%
Minyak Sawit
AMPAS
(Sample)
(Nos)
Slug Akhir
(Sample)
(Nos)
Total
Efisiensi
Kehilangan
Pengutipan
Myk/TBS
myk sawit
Max 1.65%
Min 93%
ALB
Air
Kot
1
1020
2000
1890
5300
2760
.50
.840
4,800
8860
.780
28,900
1530
93450
3570
.140
0.017
2
980
2080
1930
5133
2870
.40
.830
4,880
8700
.900
27060
1540
93560
3680
.130
0.017
3
1002
1999
1930
6540
2930
.520
.850
4,850
7990
.800
30000
1450
93650
3780
.140
0.017
4
990
1998
1930
6987
2920
.550
.780
4,640
6900
.810
25700
1500
93600
4670
.130
0.017
5
987
2050
2000
6800
2950
.530
.900
4,560
7500
.900
28900
1560
93700
4570
.150
0.017
6
993
1890
1890
6320
2860
.40
.800
4,500
7560
.800
23900
1650
92900
4350
.140
0.017
7
1020
1930
1930
5430
2940
.40
.810
4,600
7890
.810
29000
1550
93560
3200
.140
0.017
8
980
1930
1930
5550
2800
.490
.900
4,750
6780
.850
30900
1450
93520
5670
.130
0.017
9
1002
1930
1930
6820
2900
.480
.800
4,560
7890
.780
27060
1650
93600
4560
.150
0.017
10
990
2000
2000
5740
2700
.490
.810
4,500
7690
.900
30000
1350
93700
5660
.140
0.017
11
987
2000
1930
6850
2800
.510
.850
4,600
6780
.800
25700
1550
92900
4670
.140
0.017
12
993
1890
1890
5740
2900
.520
.780
4,750
7890
.810
30900
1450
93560
4570
.140
0.017
13
967
2040
1930
6320
2700
.550
.900
4,750
7690
.900
27060
1650
93520
4350
.130
0.017
14
987
1930
1930
5430
2920
.530
.800
4,800
8860
.840
30000
1350
93700
3200
.140
0.017
15
990
2120
1930
5550
2950
.480
.810
4,880
8700
.830
25700
1450
92900
5670
.130
0.017
16
987
2130
2000
6820
2860
.490
.900
4,850
7990
.850
30900
1500
93560
4560
.150
0.017
17
993
2143
2000
5740
2940
.510
.840
4,640
6900
.780
27060
1560
93520
5660
.140
0.017
18
967
1879
1890
6850
2940
.40
.830
4,560
7990
.900
30000
1650
93450
4670
.150
0.017
19
999
1768
2040
6850
2920
.40
.850
4,500
6900
.800
25700
1550
93560
4570
.140
0.017
20
976
1790
2120
6320
2950
.490
.780
4,600
8860
.810
28900
1450
93650
4350
.140
0.017
21
1020
1990
2130
5430
2860
.480
.900
4,750
8700
.850
23900
1500
93600
3680
.130
0.017
22
970
1930
2143
5550
2940
.490
.800
4,850
7990
.780
29000
1560
93700
3780
.150
0.017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Air
Rebusan
Kedatangan
Masuk
(Sample)
Buah
Minyak
dlm
(Nos)
Ikut
buah ikut
Tandan Kosong
(Sample)
Max 0.8 %
Pd.Biji
AMPAS
(Nos)
Slug Akhir
(Sample)
(Nos)
Total
Efisiensi
Kehilangan
Pengutipan
Myk/TBS
myk sawit
(Sample)
Tankos
(Sample)
Max
0.8%
Max 12 %
0.81
4,640
0.9
1650
92900
4670
Max 1.65%
0.14
ALB
Air
Kot
Min 93%
0.017
23
1001
1930
23
1001
1930
1930
2700
Tankos
Max 2.5
%
0.48
24
1009
1930
1930
2800
0.49
0.8
4,560
0.8
1550
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
24
1009
1930
25
1000
2000
1930
2900
0.51
0.81
4,500
0.81
1450
93520
4350
0.14
0.017
25
1000
2000
26
990
2000
2000
2700
0.4
0.9
4,600
0.9
1650
93600
3200
0.13
0.017
26
990
2000
27
987
1890
2000
2920
0.4
0.8
4,750
0.8
1560
93700
5670
0.14
0.017
27
987
1890
28
993
2040
2000
2900
0.5
0.81
4,600
0.81
1650
92900
4560
0.14
0.017
28
993
2040
29
950
2120
1890
2700
0.4
0.85
4,750
0.8
1550
93560
5660
0.13
0.017
29
950
2120
30
1009
2130
2040
2920
0.52
0.85
4,850
0.81
1450
93520
3570
0.14
0.017
30
1009
2130
31
1000
2143
2100
2920
0.55
0.85
4,640
0.9
1500
93560
3680
0.14
0.017
31
1000
2143
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Masuk
Kedatangan
Ampas
KEHILANGAN INTI SAWIT
LTDS- LTDSI
II
H.Cyclone ClayBath
(Sample)
Max
2.00%
INTI SAWIT
Inti dlm
Total
Efisiensi
buah ikut
Kehilangan
pengutipan
tankos
Max
0.20%
Inti/TBS
Min.60%
Intisawit
Min
92.00%
ALB
Air
Kdr.Kot
Inti
MAX
Pecah
Kdr.MYK
Dalam
Inti
1
1020
1530
4,560
4,750
.490
.480
93520
987
7500
5300
29000
45340
2
980
1540
4,500
4,750
.480
.490
93600
993
7560
5133
30900
45450
3
1002
1450
4,600
4,800
.490
.510
93700
967
7890
6540
27060
45650
4
990
1500
4,750
4,880
.510
.520
92900
999
6780
6987
30000
45760
5
987
1560
4,750
4,850
.520
.550
93560
976
7890
6800
25700
45760
6
993
1650
4,800
4,500
.550
.530
93520
1020
7690
6320
30900
45430
7
1020
1550
4,880
4,600
.530
.480
93700
970
8860
5430
27060
45870
8
980
1450
4,850
4,750
.480
.510
92900
1001
8700
5550
30000
45790
9
1002
1650
4,640
4,750
.490
.520
93560
1009
7990
6820
30000
45760
10
990
1350
4,560
4,800
.510
.550
93560
1000
6900
5740
28,900
45430
11
987
1450
4,500
4,880
.490
.530
93650
990
7500
6850
27060
45870
12
993
1500
4,500
4,850
.480
.480
93600
1020
7500
5740
30000
45870
13
967
1560
4,800
4,640
.490
.490
93700
980
7560
6320
25700
45340
14
987
1650
4,880
4,560
.510
.510
92900
1002
7890
5430
28900
45450
15
990
1550
4,850
4,500
.520
.490
93560
990
6780
5550
23900
45650
16
987
1450
4,640
4,500
.480
.490
93520
987
7890
5550
29000
45760
17
993
1650
4,560
4,750
.490
.510
93600
987
7690
6820
30900
45760
18
967
1350
4,500
4,750
.510
.490
93560
993
8860
5740
27060
45430
19
999
1550
4,600
4,800
.490
.490
93520
967
8700
6850
30000
45870
20
976
1450
4,750
4,880
.480
.480
93700
999
7990
5740
25700
45790
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Masuk
Kedatangan
Ampas
KEHILANGAN INTI SAWIT
LTDS- LTDSI
II
H.Cyclone ClayBath
(Sample)
Max
2.00%
INTI SAWIT
Inti dlm
Total
Efisiensi
buah ikut
Kehilangan
pengutipan
tankos
Max
0.20%
Inti/TBS
Min.60%
Intisawit
Min
92.00%
ALB
Air
Kdr.Kot
Inti
MAX
Pecah
Kdr.MYK
Dalam
Inti
23
1001
1450
4,600
4,800
.520
.520
93520
970
7560
5550
30000
45430
24
1009
1500
4,750
4,880
.490
.510
93450
1001
8860
6820
25700
45870
25
1000
1560
4,750
4,850
.480
.520
93560
1009
8700
5740
28900
45790
26
990
1650
4,800
4,640
.490
.490
93650
1000
7990
6850
23900
45760
27
987
1550
4,880
4,750
.510
.490
93600
990
6900
6850
29000
45760
28
993
1450
4,500
4,800
.520
.510
93700
987
7500
6320
30900
45430
29
950
1500
4,600
4,880
.510
.490
92900
1001
7990
5740
27060
45870
30
1009
1560
4,750
4,850
.520
.490
93560
1009
6900
6320
30000
45790
31
1000
1650
4,600
4,640
.490
.490
93520
1000
7500
5430
25700
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
TBS
Kedatangan
Masuk
Air
Rebusan
(Sample)
Max 0,8
%
Tandan
Kosong
(Sample)
Buah
Minyak
dlm
Ikut
buah ikut
Tankos
Max 2,5
%
Tankos
Max 12
%
Pd,Biji
AMPAS
Slug
Akhir
Total
(Sample)
Max
0,8%
(Sample)
(Sample)
Kehilangan
Minyak Sawit
Efisiensi
Myk/TBS
Pengutipan
Max 1,65%
myk sawit
ALB
Air
kot
1
1020
2000
1890
2760
0.5
0.84
4,800
0.78
1530
93450
3570
0.14
0.017
2
980
2080
1930
2870
0.4
0.83
4,880
0.9
1540
93560
3680
0.13
0.017
3
1002
1999
1930
2930
0.52
0.85
4,850
0.8
1450
93650
3780
0.14
0.017
4
990
1998
1930
2920
0.55
0.78
4,640
0.81
1500
93600
4670
0.13
0.017
5
987
2050
2000
2950
0.53
0.9
4,560
0.9
1560
93700
4570
0.15
0.017
6
993
1890
1890
2860
0.4
0.8
4,500
0.8
1650
92900
4350
0.14
0.017
7
1020
1930
1930
2940
0.4
0.81
4,600
0.81
1550
93560
3200
0.14
0.017
8
980
1930
1930
2800
0.49
0.9
4,750
0.85
1450
93520
5670
0.13
0.017
9
1002
1930
1930
2900
0.48
0.8
4,560
0.78
1650
93600
4560
0.15
0.017
10
990
2000
2000
2700
0.49
0.81
4,500
0.9
1350
93700
5660
0.14
0.017
11
987
2000
1930
2800
0.51
0.85
4,600
0.8
1550
92900
4670
0.14
0.017
12
993
1890
1890
2900
0.52
0.78
4,750
0.81
1450
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
13
967
2040
1930
2700
0.55
0.9
4,750
0.9
1650
93520
4350
0.13
0.017
14
987
1930
1930
2920
0.53
0.8
4,800
0.84
1350
93700
3200
0.14
0.017
15
990
2120
1930
2950
0.48
0.81
4,880
0.83
1450
92900
5670
0.13
0.017
16
987
2130
2000
2860
0.49
0.9
4,850
0.85
1500
93560
4560
0.15
0.017
17
993
2143
2000
2940
0.51
0.84
4,640
0.78
1560
93520
5660
0.14
0.017
18
967
1879
1890
2940
0.4
0.83
4,560
0.9
1650
93450
4670
0.15
0.017
19
999
1768
2040
2920
0.4
0.85
4,500
0.8
1550
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
20
976
1790
2120
2950
0.49
0.78
4,600
0.81
1450
93650
4350
0.14
0.017
21
1020
1990
2130
2860
0.48
0.9
4,750
0.85
1500
93600
3680
0.13
0.017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Waktu
Ke
datangan
TBS
Masuk
Air
Rebusan
(Sample)
Max 0,8
%
Tandan
Kosong
(Sample)
Buah
Minyak
dlm
Ikut
buah ikut
Tankos
Max 2,5
%
Tankos
Max 12
%
Pd,Biji
AMPAS
Slug
Akhir
Total
(Sample)
Max
0,8%
(Sample)
(Sample)
Kehilangan
Minyak Sawit
Efisiensi
ALB
Air
kot
Myk/TBS
Pengutipan
myk sawit
93700
3780
0.15
0.017
22
970
1930
2143
2940
0.49
0.8
4,850
0.78
Max 1,65%
1560
23
1001
1930
1930
2700
0.48
0.81
4,640
0.9
1650
92900
4670
0.14
0.017
24
1009
1930
1930
2800
0.49
0.8
4,560
0.8
1550
93560
4570
0.14
0.017
25
1000
2000
1930
2900
0.51
0.81
4,500
0.81
1450
93520
4350
0.14
0.017
26
990
2000
2000
2700
0.4
0.9
4,600
0.9
1650
93600
3200
0.13
0.017
27
987
1890
2000
2920
0.4
0.8
4,750
0.8
1560
93700
5670
0.14
0.017
28
993
2040
2000
2900
0.5
0.81
4,600
0.81
1650
92900
4560
0.14
0.017
29
950
2120
1890
2700
0.4
0.85
4,750
0.8
1550
93560
5660
0.13
0.017
30
1009
2130
2040
2920
0.52
0.85
4,850
0.81
1450
93520
3570
0.14
0.017
31
1000
2143
2100
2920
0.55
0.85
4,640
0.9
1500
93560
3680
0.14
0.017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pengujian Distribusi
1. Data TBS Masuk
2. Data Air Rebusan
60
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Data Tandan Kosong
4. Data Buah Ikut Tankos
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5. Data Minyak dalam Buah Ikut Tankos
6. Data Pd Biji
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7. Data Ampas
8. Data Slug Akhir
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9. Data Total Kehilangan
10. Data Efisiensi Pengutipan
Universitas Sumatera Utara
11. Data ALB
12. Data Air
Untuk melihat hasil perhitungan parameter dan pengujian dengan kolmogorovsmirnov, Anderson-darling dan chi-square, dapat dilihat pada File dengan nama Uji
Distribusi dengan terlebih dahulu menginstall software easyfit 5.40.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
60
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara