HEDGES USED IN BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY SECTIONS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT THESES: A CASE STUDY AT DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY - UDiNus Repository
HEDGES USED IN BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
SECTIONS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT THESES: A CASE
STUDY AT DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY
THESIS
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the completion of Strata 1 Program
of the English Language Department
specialized in Linguistics
By:
Sampurno
C11.2008.00922
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
2012
i
PAGE OF APPROVAL
This thesis has been approved by Board of Examiners, Strata 1 Study
Program of English Language, Faculty of Humanities Dian Nuswantoro
University on September 13, 2012.
Board of Examiners
Chairperson
First Examiner
Dra. Sri Mulatsih, M.Pd.
Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd.
Second Examiner
First Advisor as Third Examiner
Setyo Prasiyanto C., S.S., M.Pd.
Sunardi, S.S., M.Pd.
Approved by:
Dean of
Faculty of Humanities
Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd.
ii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby certify that this thesis is definitely my own work. I am
completely responsible for the content of this thesis. Opinion or findings of other
included in this theses is quoted or cited to ethical standard.
Semarang, 13 September 2012
Sampurno
iii
MOTTO
One is never too old to learn
You never know till you have tried
Honesty is the best policy
It is better to do well than to say well
Positive thinking is the source of power and freedom
(Ibrahim Elfilky)
iv
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
God
My beloved parents
My lovely big family
My friends
All people who always support me to finish my thesis
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Allhamdulillahi robbil’alamin, at the happiest moment, I wish a prayer to
Allah SWT the Almighty who has blessed me during the writing of the thesis.
I would like, furthermore, to express my sincere thanks to :
1. Mr. Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd., Dean of Faculty of Humanities of Dian
Nuswantoro University, for their permission to me to conduct this study;
2. Mr. Sunardi, S.S., M.Pd., Head of English Departement of Strata 1 Program.
Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University, and my first advisor, for
his permission and guidance to me to conduct this thesis;
3. Ms. Nina Setyaningsih, S.S., M.Hum., my second advisor, for her continuous
and valuable guidance, advice, and encouragement in completing this thesis;
4. Mrs. R.Asmarani, S.S., M.Hum., thesis coordinator of Strata 1 Program,
Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University, who encouraged me with
valuable guidance and advice in completing this thesis.
5. All Lecturers at English Department of Faculty of Humanities of Dian
Nuswantoro University, who have taught, motivated, and given guidance
during the writing of the thesis;
6. Librarians of Central Library of Dian Nuswantoro University for their
permission for me to use some valuable references in writing this thesis;
7. Librarians of Self Access Center of Faculty of Humanities of Dian
Nuswantoro University, for their permission for me to use some valuable
references in writing this thesis;
vi
8. Special thanks to my beloved mother, my older brothers, my younger brother,
and my best friends, thanks for always supporting and taking best care with
your unlimited love, blessing and prayer;
9. Everybody who has supported me for my research.
Finally I do realize that due to my limited ability this thesis must have
shortcomings. For this I welcome any suggestions and criticism.
Semarang, 13 September 2012
Sampurno
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE................................................................................................... i
PAGE OF APPROVAL ......................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY........................................................................ iii
MOTTO................................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATION....................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................ xii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem........................................................... 4
1.3 Scope of the Study..................................................................... 4
1.4 Objective of the Study ............................................................... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................... 5
1.6 Thesis Organization ................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................... 7
2.1 Definition of Hedges ............................................................... 7
2.2 Hedging and the Contraction of Knowledge ............................ 8
2.3 Four Reasons for Hedging ....................................................... 9
viii
2.4 Hedges and Their Characteristics in English............................ 12
2.5 The Types of Hedges .............................................................. 18
2.6 The Function of Hedges .......................................................... 22
2.7 Hedges in Academic Writing................................................... 25
2.8 Hedges in Introduction Section of Scientific Writing ............... 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................ 28
3.1 Research Design...................................................................... 28
3.2 Unit of Analysis ...................................................................... 30
3.3 Source of Data ........................................................................ 30
3.4 Technique of Data Collection .................................................. 30
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis .................................................... 31
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
4.1Findings ................................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Hedges Used in Background of the Study sections of
English Department
Thesis of Dian Nuswantoro
University ....................................................................... 33
4.2 Discussion............................................................................... 35
4.2.1 Modal Auxiliary Verbs .................................................... 35
4.2.1.1 Low Level .................................................... 36
4.2.1.2 Medium Level .............................................. 39
4.2.2 Modal Lexical Verbs ....................................................... 42
4.2.3 Adjectival, Adverbial, and Nominal Modal Phrases ......... 46
4.2.3.1 Adjectival ..................................................... 47
ix
4.2.3.2 Adverbial ...................................................... 48
4.2.4 Approximators of Degree,Quantity, Frequency, and Time 49
4.2.4.1 Degree .......................................................... 50
4.2.4.2 Frequency ..................................................... 51
4.2.6 If Clause .......................................................................... 53
4.2.7 Compound Hedges .......................................................... 55
CHAPTER
V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................ 60
5.1.1 The Types of Hedges ................................................ 60
5.1.2 The Functions of Hedges........................................... 60
5.2 Suggestions........................................................................... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 62
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 64
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Hedges Used in Background of the Study of English Department Thesis
of Dian NuswantoroUniversity ............................................................ 34
Table 4.2 Types of Modal Auxiliary Verbs ........................................................... 35
Table 4.3 Types of Lexical Verbs........................................................................... 42
Table 4.4 Types of Adjectival, Adverbial, and Nominal Modal Phrases ................. 46
Table 4.5 Types of Aprroximators of Degree, Quantity, Frequency and Time ........ 49
Table 4.7 If clause .................................................................................................. 54
Table 4.8 Types of Compound Hedges................................................................... 56
xi
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Background of the Study of English Department theses of Dian
Nuswantoro University in the years of 2010-2012 ........................... 64
xii
ABSTRACT
The thesis is entitled Hedges Used in Background of the Study sections of
English Department Theses: a case study at Dian Nuswantoro University. It has
two objectives. First, it aims at classifying the types of hedges used in
Background of the Study sections of English Department theses of Dian
Nuswantoro University. Second, it aims at describing the functions of hedges used
in Background of the Study sections of English Department theses of Dian
Nuswantoro University.
The method used in collecting the data was the documentation one. The
data were taken from the Background of the Study part of English student theses
in Dian Nuswantoro University in academic years of 2010 to 2012. The steps to
analyze the data are reading the data, identifying the types of hedges, classifying
the types of hedges, and describing the functions of hedges.
The results of this study show that the types of hedges mostly used in
those theses especially in background of the study part are modal auxiliary verbs
that consist of modalities may, might, could, will, would, and should. The other
types of hedges belong to modal lexical verbs; adjectival, adverbial, and nominal
modal phrases; aproximators of degree, quantity, frequency, and time; if clause;
and compound hedges. The thesis’ writers may use those types in their
background of study to show that they are still doubt with the truth of their
statement and they may also avoid personal responsibility from the statement
made. The functions of hedges found in background of the study part of student
theses are function towards proposition and function towards the writer. Those
functions mean that hedges are used to state uncertain scientific claims with
appropriate caution and to protect the writer’s reputation.
Key words: Background of the study, functions of hedges, hedges, types of hedges
xiii
SECTIONS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT THESES: A CASE
STUDY AT DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY
THESIS
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the completion of Strata 1 Program
of the English Language Department
specialized in Linguistics
By:
Sampurno
C11.2008.00922
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
2012
i
PAGE OF APPROVAL
This thesis has been approved by Board of Examiners, Strata 1 Study
Program of English Language, Faculty of Humanities Dian Nuswantoro
University on September 13, 2012.
Board of Examiners
Chairperson
First Examiner
Dra. Sri Mulatsih, M.Pd.
Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd.
Second Examiner
First Advisor as Third Examiner
Setyo Prasiyanto C., S.S., M.Pd.
Sunardi, S.S., M.Pd.
Approved by:
Dean of
Faculty of Humanities
Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd.
ii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby certify that this thesis is definitely my own work. I am
completely responsible for the content of this thesis. Opinion or findings of other
included in this theses is quoted or cited to ethical standard.
Semarang, 13 September 2012
Sampurno
iii
MOTTO
One is never too old to learn
You never know till you have tried
Honesty is the best policy
It is better to do well than to say well
Positive thinking is the source of power and freedom
(Ibrahim Elfilky)
iv
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
God
My beloved parents
My lovely big family
My friends
All people who always support me to finish my thesis
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Allhamdulillahi robbil’alamin, at the happiest moment, I wish a prayer to
Allah SWT the Almighty who has blessed me during the writing of the thesis.
I would like, furthermore, to express my sincere thanks to :
1. Mr. Achmad Basari, S.S., M.Pd., Dean of Faculty of Humanities of Dian
Nuswantoro University, for their permission to me to conduct this study;
2. Mr. Sunardi, S.S., M.Pd., Head of English Departement of Strata 1 Program.
Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University, and my first advisor, for
his permission and guidance to me to conduct this thesis;
3. Ms. Nina Setyaningsih, S.S., M.Hum., my second advisor, for her continuous
and valuable guidance, advice, and encouragement in completing this thesis;
4. Mrs. R.Asmarani, S.S., M.Hum., thesis coordinator of Strata 1 Program,
Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University, who encouraged me with
valuable guidance and advice in completing this thesis.
5. All Lecturers at English Department of Faculty of Humanities of Dian
Nuswantoro University, who have taught, motivated, and given guidance
during the writing of the thesis;
6. Librarians of Central Library of Dian Nuswantoro University for their
permission for me to use some valuable references in writing this thesis;
7. Librarians of Self Access Center of Faculty of Humanities of Dian
Nuswantoro University, for their permission for me to use some valuable
references in writing this thesis;
vi
8. Special thanks to my beloved mother, my older brothers, my younger brother,
and my best friends, thanks for always supporting and taking best care with
your unlimited love, blessing and prayer;
9. Everybody who has supported me for my research.
Finally I do realize that due to my limited ability this thesis must have
shortcomings. For this I welcome any suggestions and criticism.
Semarang, 13 September 2012
Sampurno
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE................................................................................................... i
PAGE OF APPROVAL ......................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY........................................................................ iii
MOTTO................................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATION....................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................ xii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem........................................................... 4
1.3 Scope of the Study..................................................................... 4
1.4 Objective of the Study ............................................................... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................... 5
1.6 Thesis Organization ................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................... 7
2.1 Definition of Hedges ............................................................... 7
2.2 Hedging and the Contraction of Knowledge ............................ 8
2.3 Four Reasons for Hedging ....................................................... 9
viii
2.4 Hedges and Their Characteristics in English............................ 12
2.5 The Types of Hedges .............................................................. 18
2.6 The Function of Hedges .......................................................... 22
2.7 Hedges in Academic Writing................................................... 25
2.8 Hedges in Introduction Section of Scientific Writing ............... 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................ 28
3.1 Research Design...................................................................... 28
3.2 Unit of Analysis ...................................................................... 30
3.3 Source of Data ........................................................................ 30
3.4 Technique of Data Collection .................................................. 30
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis .................................................... 31
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
4.1Findings ................................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Hedges Used in Background of the Study sections of
English Department
Thesis of Dian Nuswantoro
University ....................................................................... 33
4.2 Discussion............................................................................... 35
4.2.1 Modal Auxiliary Verbs .................................................... 35
4.2.1.1 Low Level .................................................... 36
4.2.1.2 Medium Level .............................................. 39
4.2.2 Modal Lexical Verbs ....................................................... 42
4.2.3 Adjectival, Adverbial, and Nominal Modal Phrases ......... 46
4.2.3.1 Adjectival ..................................................... 47
ix
4.2.3.2 Adverbial ...................................................... 48
4.2.4 Approximators of Degree,Quantity, Frequency, and Time 49
4.2.4.1 Degree .......................................................... 50
4.2.4.2 Frequency ..................................................... 51
4.2.6 If Clause .......................................................................... 53
4.2.7 Compound Hedges .......................................................... 55
CHAPTER
V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................ 60
5.1.1 The Types of Hedges ................................................ 60
5.1.2 The Functions of Hedges........................................... 60
5.2 Suggestions........................................................................... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 62
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 64
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Hedges Used in Background of the Study of English Department Thesis
of Dian NuswantoroUniversity ............................................................ 34
Table 4.2 Types of Modal Auxiliary Verbs ........................................................... 35
Table 4.3 Types of Lexical Verbs........................................................................... 42
Table 4.4 Types of Adjectival, Adverbial, and Nominal Modal Phrases ................. 46
Table 4.5 Types of Aprroximators of Degree, Quantity, Frequency and Time ........ 49
Table 4.7 If clause .................................................................................................. 54
Table 4.8 Types of Compound Hedges................................................................... 56
xi
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Background of the Study of English Department theses of Dian
Nuswantoro University in the years of 2010-2012 ........................... 64
xii
ABSTRACT
The thesis is entitled Hedges Used in Background of the Study sections of
English Department Theses: a case study at Dian Nuswantoro University. It has
two objectives. First, it aims at classifying the types of hedges used in
Background of the Study sections of English Department theses of Dian
Nuswantoro University. Second, it aims at describing the functions of hedges used
in Background of the Study sections of English Department theses of Dian
Nuswantoro University.
The method used in collecting the data was the documentation one. The
data were taken from the Background of the Study part of English student theses
in Dian Nuswantoro University in academic years of 2010 to 2012. The steps to
analyze the data are reading the data, identifying the types of hedges, classifying
the types of hedges, and describing the functions of hedges.
The results of this study show that the types of hedges mostly used in
those theses especially in background of the study part are modal auxiliary verbs
that consist of modalities may, might, could, will, would, and should. The other
types of hedges belong to modal lexical verbs; adjectival, adverbial, and nominal
modal phrases; aproximators of degree, quantity, frequency, and time; if clause;
and compound hedges. The thesis’ writers may use those types in their
background of study to show that they are still doubt with the truth of their
statement and they may also avoid personal responsibility from the statement
made. The functions of hedges found in background of the study part of student
theses are function towards proposition and function towards the writer. Those
functions mean that hedges are used to state uncertain scientific claims with
appropriate caution and to protect the writer’s reputation.
Key words: Background of the study, functions of hedges, hedges, types of hedges
xiii