Communication Strategies Used By The 2009 1 St Year Students Of English Department At The North Sumatra University: A Case Study

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE 2009 1 st YEAR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AT THE NORTH SUMATRA UNIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY

A THESIS

By:

RIKA ASMAH Reg. No. 060705036

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thanks Allah SWT who has given me all of the blessing, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entailed “Communication Strategies Used By The 2009 1 st Year Students of English Department at The North Sumatra University: A Case Study”

I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin, M. A., Ph.D also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as the Head and secretary of English Departement.

I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Drs. Matius C.A Sembiring and my co-supervisor Dr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A for having shared their ideas, their guidance, support, advice, times, patience and constructive comments during the writing this thesis.

I would like to thank Drs. Yulianus Harefa as my academic advisor. My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lecturers in English Department who thought me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic years.

I would like to thank Bang Syamsul for all opportunities and facilities that given to me for all their attentions in all academic affairs.

My lovely thanks are due to my beloved my parents, Aswar HSB, and Almh, Rahmah, mandeh ku Sampe Hanum, my sisters and my brothers, first of all akak ku Linda, uni ku, ajo ku, cani ku, kuya ku, uda ku, ketek ku, mbak Anik, Bang Wondo, Bang Iwan, Bang Idap, Desi, Zuhdi, Hanni.thanks for your love and kindness.

Special thanks are also addressed to all my friend Dewi, Timeh, Aini, Heni, Disti, Anggi, Wilda, Efa, Rina, Cut, Yosi, Ina, Takim, Fikar, Reza, Fitria, Giat etc, and also My dormitory friends thank you for the great love and pray in my life. I do love you all.

I also thank all students the 2009 years, especially as my sample, I am sorry I can not write your name, without you I never success in this thesis.

May Allah bless us all. Amin.

Medan, March 2010 The Writer

Rika Asmah

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Rika Asmah, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or award another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed:

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Rika Asmah

Title of Thesis : Communication Strategies Used By The 2009 1 st Year Students of English Department at The North Sumatra University: A Case Study

Qualification : S-1 / Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the Librarian of University of Sumatra Utara, Faculty of Letters, English Department on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed:

Abstrak

Skripsi yang berjudul “Communication Strategies Used By The 2009 1st Year Students English Department at The North Sumatra University: A Case Study merupakan suatu kajian tentang Communication Strategies di dalam bahasa lisan. Teori communication strategies dalam skripsi ini adalah di pelopori oleh Tarone. Strategi tersebut diantaranya adalah paraphrase theory, falling back theory, dan Avoidance theory. Paraphrase terdiri atas tiga tipe yakni Approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Falling back terbagi dalam empat tipe, yakni Translation from L1, Language switch, Appeal for instance, dan Mime. Teori tesebut ditemukan dalam percakapan mahasiswa yang di peroleh melalui rekaman dengan menggunakan camera digital, dan di analisis berdasarkan pengelompokan ke dalam teori tersebut dengan menggunakan metode diskriptif kualitatif. Untuk mendapatkan strategi yang dominan digunakan formula oleh Bungin (2005:171-172). Dari analisis data ditemukan bahwa strategi yang paling dominant muncul adalah Approximation (32,77%), diikuti oleh Language switch (22,22%), translation from L1 (20,00%), word coinage (8,33%), circumlocution (6,11%), appeal for instance (5,55%) dan Mime (2,77%), dan teori yang paling sedikit muncul adalah avoidance teori.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………..i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………...iii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………iv

ABSTRACT………v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………vi

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ………1

1.1 Background of the Analysis………1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis………...4

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis……….4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis……….4

1.5 Significance of the Analysis ……….5

CHAPTER II : THEOTRICAL FRAMEWORK ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES 2.1 Definition of Communication Strategies………6

2.2 Kinds of Communication Strategies………11

2.3 Function of Communication Strategies………15

CHAPTER III : RESARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design………...18

3.2 Data Collecting Method………19

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis Based on Paraphrase Theory………22

4.2 Data Analysis Based on Falling Back Theory………….37

4.3 Data Analysis Based on Avoidance Theory………46

4.4 Analysis on the Dominant Theory………50

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion………51

5.2 Suggestion……….52

BIBLIOGRAPHY………..53

Abstrak

Skripsi yang berjudul “Communication Strategies Used By The 2009 1st Year Students English Department at The North Sumatra University: A Case Study merupakan suatu kajian tentang Communication Strategies di dalam bahasa lisan. Teori communication strategies dalam skripsi ini adalah di pelopori oleh Tarone. Strategi tersebut diantaranya adalah paraphrase theory, falling back theory, dan Avoidance theory. Paraphrase terdiri atas tiga tipe yakni Approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Falling back terbagi dalam empat tipe, yakni Translation from L1, Language switch, Appeal for instance, dan Mime. Teori tesebut ditemukan dalam percakapan mahasiswa yang di peroleh melalui rekaman dengan menggunakan camera digital, dan di analisis berdasarkan pengelompokan ke dalam teori tersebut dengan menggunakan metode diskriptif kualitatif. Untuk mendapatkan strategi yang dominan digunakan formula oleh Bungin (2005:171-172). Dari analisis data ditemukan bahwa strategi yang paling dominant muncul adalah Approximation (32,77%), diikuti oleh Language switch (22,22%), translation from L1 (20,00%), word coinage (8,33%), circumlocution (6,11%), appeal for instance (5,55%) dan Mime (2,77%), dan teori yang paling sedikit muncul adalah avoidance teori.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Analysis

Based on Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (1989), language is the system of human communication by means of a structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) to form larger units, example morphemes, words, sentences. In common usage it can also refer to non-human system of communication such as the “language” of bees, the “language” of dolphins. Language can be divided into two, they are written language and spoken language.

Everybody agrees that language form firstly introduced to us is in the spoken form. Most of our activities use spoken forms as the medium of building relationship, interaction to our environment. L. Susan Stebbing (1962:15), explain that, we use language in order to communicate one with another, to express our personal reactions to situation, to stimulate a response in some one else, and for the sake of thinking something out language may be described as a means of conveying something that the user of the language wants to convey

We can see that oral communication is the effective and efficient way in daily activities of human beings. Language plays an important role and the strategic instrument to embody the ambition. What language? Certainly, the languages legitimated as the international languages by the United Nation Organization. One of them is English.

Some experts or writers argue that communication strategies can happen or take places according to the needs of the communication, for example:

As Tarone (in Vivian 1996) says that while the L2 have a problems in communication, so they use the strategies as mutual attempt to solve their problems.

Kasper (in Vivian 1996) agrees that solution to psychological when the speakers have problems in L2 processing.

Kellermen (in Vivian 1996) says that communication strategies can be the strategy in gaps vocabulary is L1 or L2.

Cook (1996:87) L2 learners are attempting to communicate trough a language that is not their own it is different from children learning a first language where mental and social development to go hand in hand with language development. Hence, unlike L1 children, L2 learners always want to express thing for which they do not have the means in the second language. In the 1980s there was considerable debate about the communication strategies of L2 learners employ to cope with this problem. There are two functions of communication strategies; they are communication as social interaction, and communication strategies as psychological problem-solving, for this case, the writer only tries to discuss communication strategies as social interaction.

Tarone (in Vivian 1980), communication strategies can be divided into three, they are: Paraphrase, Falling back, and Avoidance. Each of them can he has some different types. Those types are:

A. Paraphrase

1) Approximation,

→ someone who is grouping for a word falls back on a strategy of using a

word that means approximately the same, say ‘animal’ for ‘horse’, because the listener will be able to deduce from the context what is intended. 2) Word coinage

→ another form of paraphrase is to make up a word to substitute for the

unknown word ‘air ball’ for ‘balloon’. 3) Circumlocution

→ L2 learners talk their way round the word- when you make a container for

‘pottery’.

B. Falling back, known as transfer, example:

1) Translation from the L1, a German-speaking student says ‘make a the door shut ‘rather than ‘shut the door’.

2) Language switch, that’s a nice tirtil (caterpillar) distinct from the code switching discussed above because the listener does know the L1.

3) Appeal for assistance, what is this?

4) Mime what you need. My daughter succeeded in getting some candles in a shop in France by singing ‘happy birthday’ in English and miming blowing out candles.

C. Avoidance,

→ Do not talk about things you know are difficult in L2, whether whole topics or

The writer wants to analyze various communication strategies used by students in English Department Faculty of Letters University of Sumatra Utara.

1.2Problems of the Analysis

In this thesis, there are some problems that appeared and need to be answered, they are:

1. What kinds of communication strategies used by English students?

2. What is the most dominant communication strategies used by the English students?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis

Dealing with the analysis of communication strategies in 2009 batch students of English department university of Sumatra Utara, the objectives of the analysis of this thesis are:

1. To find out kinds of communication strategies Used by English students 2. To find out the most dominant communication strategies used by the

English students.

1.4Scope of the Analysis

The analysis only focuses on kinds of Communication Strategies that found in Batch 2009, the students of English Literature Department of University of North Sumatra. Not all of 2009 students are as informant, but only 10 of them will be recorded and analyzed.

1.5Significances of the Analysis

The writer hopes that, this thesis can give the information for the readers, especially the students of university that in communicating by using English language, there is a strategy than can help them to produce and make their communication be communicative.

CHAPTER II

2.1 Definition of Communication Strategies

There are so many statements are different written by different Linguists of Communication Strategies. For instances, Tarone (1977: 195) says that Communication Strategies is used by an individual to overcome the crisis which occurs when language structures are inadequate to convey the individual’s thought. Faerch &Kasper (1983: 36) says that Communication Strategies is potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communication goal. Poullise (in Kesper: 1983) says that Communication Strategies are Strategies which a language user employs in order to achieve his intended meaning on becoming aware of problems arising during the planning phase of an utterance due to his own linguistic short comings.

These definitions have more in common, however, than their insistence on problematicity as defitional to Communication Strategies . They all conceive of Communication Strategies as mental plans implemented by the second language learner in response to an internal signal of an imminent problem, a form of self-help that did not have to engage the interlocutor’s support for resolution (e.g. Faerch &Kasper (1983: 36). The intraindividual, psycholinguistic view locates Communication Strategies in models of speech production

In contrast, Tarone (1983: 65) saw Communication Strategies as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures do not seem to be share, Communication Strategies is attempts to bridge the gap between the linguistic knowledge of the second-language

learner, and the linguistic knowledge of the target language locator in real communication situations.

Taron (in Vivian 1980) says that Communication Strategies is mutual attempts to solve L2 communication problems by participants.

Faerch and Kasper (in Vivian 1984) say that Communication Strategies can be individual solutions to psychological problems of L2 processing.

Kellermen and Poullisse (in Vivian 1990) say that Communication Strategies can be ways of living vocabulary gaps in L1 or L2.

Ellis (1985:182) says that Communication Strategies are psycholinguistic plans which exist as part of the language user’s communicative competence; communication strategies are seen as part of the planning phase. They are potentially conscious and serve as substitutes for production plan which the learner is unable to implement.

Brown (1980) says that a communication strategy is the conscious employment of verbal or nonverbal mechanism for communicating an idea when precise linguistic forms are for some reasons not readily available to the learner at a point in communication.

Another definition is Communication Strategies are seen as part of the planning phase. They are called upon when learners experience some kind of problem with an initial plan which prevents them from executing it. They can either abandon the initial plan or develop an entirely different one by means of a reduction strategy (such as switching to a different topic) or try to maintain their original communicative goal by adopting some kind of achievement strategy (such as L1 borrowing). As Slinker has point out, communication strategies

constitute one of the processes responsible for learner errors. We might expect, therefore, that the choice of communication strategies will reflect the learners’ stage of development. For example, learners might be expected to switch from L1-based strategies to L2 based strategies as their knowledge of the L2 develops. It would also be interesting to discover whether the use of communication strategies has any effect on L2 acquisition. For example, does learners notice the gap more readily as a result of having to use a communication strategy obviate the need for learners to learn the correct target-language form? However, nothing is yet known about this.

Communication Strategies are strategies that learners employ when their communicative competence in the language being learned (L2) is insufficient. This includes making themselves understood in the L2 and having others help them understand. Learners use communication strategies to offset any inadequacies they may have in grammatical ability and, particularly, vocabulary. Communication strategies aid learners with participating in and maintaining conversations and in improving the quality of communication. This, in turn, enables them to have increased exposure to and opportunities to use the L2, leading to more chances to test their assumptions about the L2 and to receive feedback. Without such strategies, learners are likely to avoid L2 risk-taking as well as specific conversation topics or situations.

Based on Longman dictionary of Applied Linguistics (1985) Communication Strategy is a way used to express a meaning in a second or foreign language, by a learner who has a limited command of the language. In trying to communicate, a learner may have to make up for a lack of knowledge of

grammar or vocabulary. For example the learner may not be able to say it’s against the law to park here and so he/she may say this place, cannot park. For handkerchief a learner could say a cloth for my nose and for apartment complex the learner could say building. The use of PHARAPRASE and other communication strategies (e.g. gesture and mime) characterize the INTERLANGUAGE of some language learners.

Two key concepts figure in most discussion of communication strategies. These are that they are conscious, and that they are problem oriented. In the case of the former, they are the result of production strategies and reflect the transitional state of the learner’s second language knowledge. In the case of the latter, they are the result of communication strategies that are consciously employed by the learner in order to reduce or replace some elements of meaning or form in initial plan. As learners may not always be always being aware of their use of communicative strategies, they suggest that a better definition is to refer to them as “potentially conscious”.

Communication strategies are problem-oriented. That is, they are employed by the learner because he lacks or cannot gain access to the linguistic resources required to express on intended meaning. Communication strategies as part of a particular kind of plan which is activated when the initial plan cannot be carried out.

Mytchel &Myles (1998:37) state that communication Strategies are tactics used by the non-fluent learner during L2 interaction, in order to overcome specific communicative problems. The study of communication strategies (CS) is relative newcomer in the field of SLA research.

Rubin (1981, 1987) defines communication strategies as those strategies used by a learner to promote and continue communication with others rather than abandon it. They are strategies used by speakers when they come across a difficulty in their communication because of lack of adequate knowledge of the language.

Bialystok, (1990: 3) states Communication Strategies is A systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his ideas when faced with some difficulty, A mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared, Potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal, Techniques of coping with difficulties in communicating in an imperfectly known second language.

All the above definitions reveal the same purpose of communication strategies, namely, to solve a communication problem that has emerged by applying some kinds of techniques. Among these, Corder's (in Kasper: 1983) explanation seems to be more visual and pellucid from the viewpoint of a non-native speaker of English. The definitions from Faerch and Kasper (1983: 189) also provide us with specific and precise descriptions of communication strategies, which refer to the employed techniques when speakers have problems in expressing themselves, i.e., a way used to express a meaning in a second or foreign language by a learner who has a limited command of the language

2.2 Kinds of Communication Strategies

There are so many statements are different written by different Linguists of kinds of Communication Strategies. For instances, Bialystok (in Tarone 1983) help to illustrate some of the different types of communication strategies in the taxonomy.

• Message abandonment: ‘garden hose’: Le l’eau vient de ςa. C’est attachė à..(=The water comes out of it. It is attached to…)

• Approximation: ‘palypen’: On peut mettre un bébédedans. Il y a comme un trou. (=You put a baby in it. There is like a hole.)

• Word coinage: ‘wooden spoon’: C’est une cuiller en bois. (=it’s a spoon of wood).

• Circumlocution: ‘can pener’: Quelque chese que tu utilizes dans la cusine quand tu veux ouvrir des bouteilles. (=Something you use in the kitchen when you want to open bottles).

• Literal translation: ‘beater’: c’est pour si on vent’mixer’. (=It’s for if you want to mix).

• Language switch: ‘child’s car seat’: C’est une chaise pour bébé que to mets dans la voiture sois ‘safe’, sauf. (= It’s a chair for a baby that you put in a car to keep you safe).

• Appeal for instance: ‘nail’: Je ne sais pas qu’etst-ce que c’es un clou.(=I don’t know what a nail is.

Brown (2000: 128), makes classification of communication strategies, they are:

Avoidance Strategies

1. Message abandonment: Leaving a message unfinished because of language difficulties.

2. Topic avoidance: Avoiding topic areas or concepts that pose language difficulties.

Compensatory Strategies

1. Circumlocution: Describing or exemplifying the target object of action (e.g. the thing you open bottles with for corkscrew).

2. Approximation: Using an alternative term which expresses the meaning of the target lexical item as closely as possible (e.g. ship for sailboat).

3. Use of all-purpose words: Extending a general, empty lexical item to contexts where specific words are lacking (e.g., the overuse of thing, stuff, what-do-you call-it, thingie).

4. Word coinage: Creating a non-existing L2 word based on a supposed rule (e.g., vegetarianist for vegetarian).

5. Prefabricated patterns: Using memorized stock phrases, usually for "survival" purposes (e.g., Where is the ... or Comment allez-vous?, where the morphological components are not known to the learner).

6. Nonlinguistic signals: Mime, gesture, facial expression, or sound imitation.

7. Literal translation: Translating literally a lexical item, idiom, compound word, or structure from L1 to L2.

8. Foreignizing: Using a L1 word by adjusting it to L2 phonology (i.e., with a L2 pronunciation) and/or morphology (e.g., adding to it a L2 suffix).

9. Code-switching: Using a L1 word with L1 pronunciation or a L3 word with L3 pronunciation while speaking in L2.

10. Appeal for help: Asking for aid from the interlocutor either directly (e.g., what do you call...?) or indirectly (e.g., rising intonation, pause, eye contact, puzzled expression).

11. Stalling or time-gaining strategies: Using fillers or hesitation devices to fill pauses and to gain time to think (e.g., well, now, let's see, uh, as a matter of fact)

Another types of communication strategies is, Tarone (in Vivian 1980), communication strategies divided into three, they are: Paraphrase, Falling back, and Avoidance. Each of them can be divided into some types:

B. Paraphrase

1) Approximation,

→ someone who is grouping for a word falls back on a strategy of using a

word that means approximately the same, say ‘animal’ for ‘horse’, because the listener will be able to deduce from the context what is intended.

2). Word coinage

→ another form of paraphrase is to make up a word to substitute for the

unknown word ‘air ball’ for ‘balloon’. 3). Circumlocution

→ L2 learners talk their way round the word- when you make a container for

‘pottery’.

B. Falling back, known as transfer, example:

1) Translation from the L1, a German-speaking student says ‘make a the door shut ‘rather than ‘shut the door’.

2) Language switch, that’s a nice tirtil (caterpillar) distinct from the code switching discussed above because the listener does know the L1.

3) Appeal for assistance, what is this?

4) Mime what you need. My daughter succeeded in getting some candles in a shop in France by singing ‘happy birthday’ in English and miming blowing out candles.

C Avoidance,

→ Do not talk about things you know are difficult in L2, whether whole topics or individual words.

In this thesis, the writer only wants focused to analyze various communication strategies used by students in English Department Faculty of Letters University of Sumatra Utara based on Tarone theories.

2.3 Function of Communication Strategies

Cook (1996:87) says that the function of communication strategies are two, they are:

1) Communication Strategies as social interaction

2) Communication Strategies as psychological problem-solving

The approach of Faerch and Kasper (1984) concentrates on the psychological dimension of what is going on In the L2 learners want to express something through the second language but encounter a hitch. To get round this psychological difficulty, they resort to communication strategies. Faerch and Kasper divide these into two main groups: achievement (trying to solve the problem) and avoidance (trying to avoid it).

Achievement Strategies

These subdivide into cooperative strategies, such as appealing to the other person for help, which are mostly similar to ‘Tarone’s list and non- cooperative strategies, where the learner tries to solve the problems without resource to others: one form of non- cooperation is to fall back on the first language when in troubly by:

• Code switching. The speaker skips language-‘Do you want to have some

ah Zinsen? (The German word for ‘interest’).

• Foreignerizatin: A Dane literally translating the Danish word for

vegetables into English as ‘green things;’

In the light of the discussion on code switching above these strategies seem likely to occur when the listener knows both languages, as in many research and teaching situations.

Anther overall grouping is interlanguage strategies that are based on the learner’s evolving L2 system rather than n the L1. Among these Faerch and Kasper include:

• Substitution. Speakers’ substitute one word for another, say ‘if’ for

‘weather’ if they can not remember whether ‘whether’ has an ‘h’.

• Generalization. L2 speakers use a more general word rather than a more

particular one, such as ‘animal’ for ‘rabbit’

• Description. Speakers can not remember the word for ‘kettle’ and so

describes it as ‘the thing to cook water in’.

• Exemplification. Speakers give an example rather than the general term, such as ‘cars’ for ‘transport’

• Word coining. That is, making up a word when a speaker does not know it, such as inventing an imaginary French word ‘heurot’ for ‘watch’.

• Restructuring. The speaker has anther attempt at the same sentence, as in a learner struggling to find the rare English word ‘sibling’: I have two-er-one sister and two-er-one brother’.

Avoidance strategies

These Faerch and Kasper divide into:

• Formal avoidance. The speaker avoids a particular linguistic form,

whether in pronunciation, in morphemes, or in syntax.

• Functional avoidance. The speaker avoids different types of function. Again this approach in general reminds the teacher of the processes going on in the student’s minds when they are trying to speak in a new language. Practice with communication techniques such as information gap games is going to force the

students to use these types of communication strategy, whether they want to or not, provided always that they have to say things that are just beyond their current level of functioning in the L2.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

Bungin (2001:32) states “Ada tiga jenis penelitian berdasarkan lokasi, misalnya penelitian kerpustakaan yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan di perpustakaan dan peneliti berhadapan langsung dengan berbagai macam literature sesuai tujuan dan masalah yang sedang dipertanyakan, penelitian laboratoruin yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan di laboratorium, dan penelitian lapangan yaitu penelitian yang langsung dilakukan di lapangan semuanya dilaksanakan di lapangan”. There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research, i.e library research (research that had done in the library, researcher directly face some literature suitable the problem that will be answer, laboratory research (research that had done in the laboratory), and field research (the research directly in the field, all of that done in the library).

Deal with this thesis the writer mainly applies field research followed by library research.

3.1.1 Location

In the field research, the writer chooses location in English Department, faculty of letters, North Sumatra University.

3.1.2 Time

The research is done for three days (28th of Jan 2010until 1st of Feb 2010) at 1.PM until 1:30 PM.

3.2 Data and Data Collecting Method 3.2.1 Data

Bungin (2001: 124-128) states “Data diklasifikasikan menurut kekhususan tertentu, sesuai dengan maksud penelitian ataupun sumber data yang digunakan, diantaranya adalah: 1) data kualitatif, 2) data kasus, 3) data pengalaman individu, 4) data kuantitatif, 5) data nominal, 6) data kontinum, 7)data primer, 8) data sekunder”. Classification of data based on the specially, according to research purpose or based on the source of data that us, they are: 1) qualitative

data, 2) case data, 3)person experience data, 4)Quantitative data, 5) Nominal data, 6) continuum data, 7) primary data,8) secondary data.

Therefore, the writer uses Primary data for the analysis of this thesis. The primary data or Data Primer of this thesis is the 2009 1st year students. The writer collects the recording data of the 2009 1st year students’ conversation.

3.2.2 Data Collecting Method

Faisal (1995: 51) states “Metode pengumpulan data terdiri atas tiga, yaitu: 1) Angket (questionnaire), 2) wawanvcara (interview), 3) observation, 4) documenter (secondary sources), 5) tes (test)”. Data collecting method consists of three, they are: 1) questionnaire, 2) interview, 3) observation,4) documenter (secondary sources), 5) test.

In this thesis the writer uses observation in collecting data.

Bungin (2001: 142) states “Bentuk observasi terbagi atas beberapa macam, yaitu: Observasi Langsung (Observasi Berstruktur dan Observasi tidak

berstruktur), Observasi Experimental, Observasi Partisipsi, Observasi

Kelompok”. Kinds of observation, they are: Direct Observation, Structural Observation, and Non-structural Observation, Experimental Observation, Participant Observation, Group observation.

Based on that theory, the writer chooses the direct observation that uses structural observation.

Bungin (2001: 143) states “Peneliti terlebih dahulu mempersiapkan materi pengamatan dan instrument yang akan digunaka”. At first the researcher prepares observation material and instrument that will be use.

There many ways that writer can do in order to process data to be analyzed. Therefore, in this case the writer collects the data from the students’ utterances by using some instruments. For instance, camera digital as recorder,

and the writer ask the students to make conversation situation by using the topic that has been given by the writer, and then make a transcript of that conversation.

3.2.2.1 Population and sample

In collecting data, the writer as the researcher needs population and sample as object of this research. The writer takes the 1st 2009 years students (60 people) as the population.

Faisal (1995:58) states “Rancangan sample probabilitas disebut juga dengan rancangan sample secara random. Berdasarkan tekhnik sample, random terbagi dalam beberapa jenis yaitu: 1) Tekhnik random sederhana (simple random sampling), 2) Tekhnik random atas dasar strata (stratified random sampling), 3) Tekhnik random bertahap-tahap atas dasar strata (multi stage probability stratified random sampling), 4) dan tehknik random atas dasar himpunan (cluster random sampling”. Probability sample design its also called random sample design. Based on sample technique, random can be divided into some kinds. They are: 1) simple random sampling, 2) stratified random sampling, 3) multi stage probability stratified random sampling, 4) cluster random sampling.

Based on that theory, the writer uses the simple random sampling. The sample are ten people from the 1st 2009 years students, they are based on odd registered number, because the writer takes the sample by using the simple random sampling. They are three men and seven women. The sample is more woman than man. They are 19 years old in rate.

3.3 Data Analyzing Method

Djajasudarma (1993: 2) states Metode deskripsi memberikan penjelasan secara sistematis, factual dan akurat mengenai data, sifat-sifat secara ilmiah. “Descriptive method gives explanation systematically, factual and accurate about the data and its character scientifically”.

In analyzing the data, the writer uses the descriptive Qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method is applied by giving a description of the result of analysis of kinds of theories communication strategies that occur in student’s utterances in conversation or discussion.

Bungin (2001: 187) states analysis deskriptif terdiri atas tiga, yaitu: a) Frekuensi Distribusi, b) Tendensi Sentral, c) Standard Deviasi. “Descriptive analysis is divided into three, they are: a) Frekuensi Distribusi b) Tendensi Sentral Tendensi, c) Deviasi Standar.

For this case, the writer chooses Distribusi Frekuensi in calculating the data.

Bungin (2001: 188) states “Perhitungan data dengan destribusi frekuensi ini dapat dilakukan dengan menghitung frekuensi data tersebut kemudian frekuensi itu dipersentasekan”. Calculating data with distributive frequency that will be done by calculating that frequency and then makes the percentage from that frequency.

Based on the definition above about Distribusi Frekuensi, we can apply the following formula:

% 100 x N

f

N=

Where, f = frequency N= frequency total

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

In the chapter four (in analysis and findings), the writer uses the table that consists of three columns. They are number (No), strategy errors, and reconstruction.

In the first column (number column), No refers to the sequences of number of each topic that is in the appendix. In the second column (strategy error), in this column contains the sentences that are considered by the writer as the strategy errors that is taken from appendix. And the last column is reconstruction, in this column the writer gives the correction of the strategy errors that are made by the students.

4.5Analysis Based on Paraphrase Theory 1) Approximation

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Approximation, such as:

No Strategy errors Reconstruction

4 4

6 16

But I not use Face book enough Indeed we can share our opinion to each other and then for the opinion, and then make spend much money, I think.

Face book is very amused me They put is so long

But I not use Face book fully

Include we can share our opinion to each other and then for the opinion, and then make spend much money, I think.

Face book is very me interest They share is so long

24 24 36 40 40 58 59 60 61 61

He want to say for their self Because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be make some bad effect

Under the age 17, for example 15, 14, 16, is not be able to have an face book

I think that they can get the face book

But you say is don’t

Whether the people. the people, I mean whether a man all they see what in their like

What are you reason to connect down the face book, why?

So, to purpose submit to me connect with.. With my friend, so what ever they are.

They can get information from, from the other or the other organization

I think if we can manage our time, so face book is very

He want to say for himself

Because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be give some bad effect

Under the age 17, for example 15, 14, 16, is not be allow have an face book

I think that they can have the face book

But you say is not

Whether the people. the people, I mean whether people see what in their like

What are you reason to relate the face book, why?

So, to purpose convey to me connect with... with my friend, so what ever they are.

They can get information from, from the other or the other group

I think if we can manage our time, so face book is very useful

84 107 113 120 129 134 137 141 170 171

benefit for us

Yes, I love know new people And I think, I think she have friend is not like, not like.., not like.. apa? ummm, not like her O….you have use it well word and unpolite word and I ever lie it

If photo if impolite, I think I disagree him, o…I keep

I think is very disturb, because e….very many

E…I want to ask in face book there wall to wall, chat and wall post, what do you love

Some I love chatting, sometimes I like wall to wall;

What do you love?

You love.. You have many friends but you don’t know them and or you have a little friend. O.. if us can make conclusion about face book begin you and each of us

Yes, I like know new people

And I think, I think she have friend is hate, not like.., not like.. apa? ummm, not like her

O….you have use it polite sentence and unpolite word and I ever lie it

If photo if impolite, I think I disagree him, o…I delete

I think is very disturb, because e…. so many

E…I want to ask in face book there wall to wall, chat and wall post, what do you like

Some I like chatting, sometimes I like wall to wall;

What do you like?

You like.. You have many friends but you don’t know them and or you have a little friend.

O.. if we can make conclusion about face book begin you and each of us

177

177 181 181

181

Ok, for the conclusion face book is very useful human being and communicate with other.

Face book is very use I can see my special friend E…I love face book, because I can share, share with foreign people

And I love it so much

Ok, for the conclusion face book is very useful people and communicate with other.

Face book is very useful I can find my special friend

E…I like face book, because I can share, share with foreign people

And I like it so much

The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds Approximation, such as:

No Strategy errors Reconstruction 2 2 2 5 15 37

National examination is not must They will not be successful for exam

Because of very varying education

We have school for three years No, I mean not just UN the signature of our school in three years

I can a…the students always

National examination is not important They will not be pass for exam

Because of very different education

We have study for three years

No, I mean not just UN the determine of our school in three years

46

47

cheating in the test

Is need to make every.. Every student e.. will be a leader in the future every part in Indonesia The education Indonesia is very bad and to avoid this situation, I think is better for us to uncreated the national examination

the exam

Is need to produce every.. Every student e.. will be a leader in the future every region in Indonesia

The education Indonesia is very bad and to avoid this condition , I think is better for us to uncreated the national examination

The topic of third data is Indonesian Movie. The writer finds Approximation, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

1

2

2

5 6

is it usually have general, like horror, comedy, and sex a lot after in the morning, after I open up the television around nine o’clock all about the music after in the morning, after I open up the television around nine o’clock all about the music if you usually bring the violent not a lot in Indonesian movies and I my self don’t like watch horror movie

is it usually have kinds, like horror, comedy, and sex a lot

early in the morning, after I open up the television around nine o’clock all about the music

after in the morning, after I open up the television about nine o’clock all about the music

if you usually show the violent

all of in Indonesian movies and I my self don’t like watch horror movie

17

22 27

61

So, there if there make, make the job with we.. with us in Medan you from the other area

with an artist producer to mixed that film in our region so in that feel that I mean our emotion thank you for your watching

So, there if there make, business with we.. with us in Medan

you from the other region

with an artist producer to combine that film in our region so in that feel that I mean our emotion

thank you for your attention

The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds Approximation such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

1

4

11

13

13

So, if you know about Beggar you can present and give your opinion

That they can not doing by their self

May be if he has said he still have family, his family can provide his need

Behind of the government have d su…minimized our beggar, what is that?

It will make building or house for beggar but why beggar don’t

So, if you know about Beggar you can tell and give your opinion.

That they can not doing by themselves

May be if he has said he still have family, his family can finance his need

Beside of the government have d su…minimized our beggar, what is that?

It will make place or house for beggar but why beggar don’t want to stay that,

18

24

26

want to stay that, stay it, stay in the house

Especially to fact beggar, we said the beggar is it negative Don’t be beggar, don’t be hopeless, we have power

The children from the other country and then cheat him or cheat her

stay it, stay in the house

Especially to true beggar we said the beggar is it negative

Don’t be beggar, don’t be hopeless, we have skill

The children from the other city and then cheat him or cheat her

The topic of fifth data is Horror Film. The writer finds approximation such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

51

82 83

107

112

He….I went there, went there at the midnight

Nation?

No, I think they have a different concept of ghost with Indonesian people

in Japanese or in chine’s like vampire, some one that coming from the grave

Chinese have a same concept with Indonesian horror film, because it

He….I arrived there, went there at the midnight

People?

No, I think they have a different think of ghost with Indonesian people

in Japanese or in chine’s like vampire, some one that appear from the grave

Chinese have a same concept with Indonesian horror film because it

include the culture, the..apa namanya

depends on’, the..apa namanya?

1) Word Coinage

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds word coinage such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

3 10 39 45 137 157 164

I spend my time to long So low man,

So, what do think about old people has face book too, like my father

Ok there are so many people indeed need on face book, what you think about that, are you… If I want communicate with my friend with my college friend like you, I usually use

I don’t know, because I can make new related with them, with..with new friend.

Aaa…I mean should face book is get pretend

I waste time. So mad man

So, what do think about old person has face book too, like my father

Ok there are so many people addicted on face book, what do you think about that, are you…

If I want communicate with my friend with my class mate like you, I usually use

I don’t know, because I can make relationship with them, with..with new friend

Aaa…I mean should face book is get protect

The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds word coinage, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

20

23

23

44 47

you mean that National examination not the one all

if they don’t pass in their exam they will be angry

education standard in Indonesia is not so good

We must..we have develop area So, it means that every part also the teacher is not the same level in the teach

you mean that National examination not the everything

if they don’t pass in their exam they will disappointed

education standard in Indonesia is not qualified

We must..we have forward country So, it means that every region also the teacher is not the same level in the teach

The topic of third data is Indonesian movie. The writer finds word coinage, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

47 50

The visual effect is a from the, So,I think is very cool movie and is look like Hollywood movie

The influence is a from the, ..

So, I think is very strain and is look like Hollywood movie

There is no word coinage in the fourth data.

The topic of fifth data is Horror Film. The writer finds word coinage, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction 114 Like a..mal praktek to the

sample that can make monster like a zombie

Like a..mal practice to the sample that can make monster like a zombie

2) Circumlocution

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Circumlocution, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

16

24

And, and about their status, I think that all of my friend to be with, with like, they share in one hour, one status. How that they see, they feel like.. my get, to boring and type the new sweet of with something or something like that and how to bad they put it, and I think is not to.. They put is so long

I think they are..he want to say for their self, if he say can not go up in that to face book is show up himself.. Other self. So, now is is therefore Indonesian especially that face book is forbidden in Indonesia, because aa…if I am not say of not false I am say I am not wrong, because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be make

Just tells about update status

just want tells about bad effect of face book

61

103

119

123

142

some bad effect. So, what do you think about.. thinking about that?

O... you know face book is very useful and they can get information from the other or face book become their hobby and they can get information from from the other or the other organization. So, I think if we can get information from the other or the other..so, I think if we can manage our time so, face book is very benefit for us

Ya..who is girl a..she has face book and e..her face book, what? E..apa namanya?

E…tag other people have as you use photo and you like( make her hand) and for example you have those photo and some one use it and who don’t know who is she or he, and take your photo to give you or her, what do you think about that?

What do you think about that?, What? About the polite or impolite photo, I think.. I think impolite photo.., Polite or impolite?, Impolite, And I when I open my face book and I see so many people joint with me, and then I see my best friend I will use chose chat, why?

just want tell about face book is useful

just want to say status

tells about tag photo

just want to argue about photo

Because sometimes where I still never meet some body with o..I met some body, I will write in her wall, e…may be I also sent message to him or to her for e.. chat with me, e.. joint face book also and like that e…only that and you..?

The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds Circumlocution, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

29 Aa….I comment see that government do not pay attention to aaa..to manage national examination, but we still had the minister education that had responsible to manage, special for education in Indonesia, care, focus and responsible, so the education is up in Indonesia and aa…however, when we are arguing something we learn aa….in process of learning, in the end a process learning we need an examination to be aa.. as

Just want tells about national examination

49

our assessment, so what we got whether we failed or not it depends on the students. If they got it, means that, if they will pass means that they, aa…they got what they learn, but if they failed, they have to redo, redo again, restudy again about what they should be do, and there is a aaa….standardization like what Mr. RB told us that we need to know it, whether to grid our ability about standardization. So, later the standardization a.. The ability, later the standardization will be use to fix our education A..a..I think, akkkk its not fair, a…national examination because I believe it for glo a.. bak…our students, but a..may be some body of students who failed in their national examination is stupid. A..they are some student which get a..something bad.

tells about national examination is not fair

When she or he a..will go to her school to…to do examination e…like…e…a..He He or She when some come late, because some reason e…they get before go to their school. She, she just have half of her time to..to..do their examination, and..and…I think is not fair for him who get something bad, a…and you?

The topic of first data is Indonesian movie. The writer finds Circumlocution, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

17 Local channel,, local channel they we.. must like artist and actor from Medan too, like make some film, so there if, there make ..make the job with we, with us in Medan, not just Jakarta. As we know e.. artist in Indonesia just say Jakarta, Jakarta, Jakarta, but if we the best, the get local channel we

can be like artist, not just like.. if you want to be artist go to Jakarta is like casting

The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds Circumlocution, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

24 Um…to be the beggar they doesn’t get a.. Vacancy is unreasonable, because of what e.. we can produce, produce our vacancy but ourselves. So, we didn’t to get work from, work from other people. We didn’t do it. E….what other person we have skill, we have knowledge, we have to teach, we must think, we have brain get a. get, a…make our brain to think and that why don’t be a beggar as if we are, we are hopeless. We need people’s help. We are not like that, we are human, we are human is the perfect creatures, tat God create, create in the world, and that why we have to a..be awar, be aware that we are human that we have brain and we must do, what we should be do. Don’t be beggar, don’t be hopeless, we have power

tells about don’t be beggar

There is no circumlocution in fifth data.

4.6Analysis Based on Falling Back Theory 1) Translation from the L1

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds translation from the L1, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

10 19 29 30 32 32 36 37 43 13 48

Ha…so low man, he spends to long and you know,

Why people last to say hai guys..please like this, my status or comment

if I am not say of not false I am say I am not wrong,

her age under 17 who as the under 17

Under the 17 and he or she has the face book before

Under the age 17 Five primary Because can I see

They tag photo..o…content the virus

Three day for one

Ha…so low man, he waste time and you know,

Why people last to say hai guys.. say good, my status or comment

if I am not mistaken

she was under seventeen years old who as the under seventeen years old she has face book before seventeen years old

under seventeen years old fifth grade of primary school Because I see

They tag photo..o…danger

55 55 65 68 82 84 85 110 114 147 158 175 179

One week twice One hours three time

I can get my friend as long not meet

I really not

I think if I ignore I feel is not polite

I love know new people ,

If some one add you and wait confirm you

She make the other, the other new Is not confirm

I think some of them just e…want to have, want to have many friend I don’t know rather than to choose little friend,. I don’t know their first

But, I think is not too use I give it two thumbs up

two time a week every three hour

I can get my friend long time no see

I am not sure impolite

I love know new comer

If some one add you and waiting your confirms

She make the other, the new one ignore

I think some of them just e…want to have, looking for many friend

I don’t know rather than to choose little friend, I didn’t know them before

But, I think is not useful I give it excellent

The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds Translation from L1, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

29 29

47

51

even they got no education

if they will pass means that, they aa.. they got what they learn

But, according to me national examination is also using much money

I mean the school have cheat or give a kind of the answer to the students to finish

even they got no no study

if they will pass means that, they aa.. they got what they ability

But, according to me national examination is also waste money

I mean the school have cheat or help

The topic of third data is Indonesian Movie. The writer finds Translation from L1, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

2

5

6

35

so, how come for Indonesian effect for the new teenager of Indonesian to be violent

Some one who kill some body, like what do you think about that opinion?

Why we should pay much money to go the theatre to go to watch a movie that scare.

We know that western people is

so, how come for Indonesian effect for the Youth of Indonesian to be violent

Violent, like what do you think about that opinion?

Why we should waste money to go the theatre to go to watch a movie that scare.

38

41

57

very interest, interest with our culture

Find new idea from it provinces in Indonesia and find effort fight film and pro.. local people in Indonesia Our own film, Indonesian movies to the other like Hollywood, Bollywood may be

The producer usually want looking for money

interest with our culture

Find new idea from it provinces in Indonesia and find competition and pro.. local people in Indonesia

Our film, Indonesian movies to the other like Hollywood, Bollywood may be

The producer usually want earn money

The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds translation from L1, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

19 Take her job to be a beggar may be, not all of the beggar is health but some of them is sick in physic

Take her job to be a beggar may be, not all of the beggar is health but some of them is physical defect

2) Language Switch

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Language switch, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

103 113 113 113 22 77

79 137

What? Apa namanya?

You have use it in weel word Unpolite word

It is conditional, yak an?

Because all of the people very lebai Sibling is hubungan kekeluargaan gitu

In Indonesia kakak adik I get reunian

What? What is the name You have use it in polite word Impolite

It is conditional, right

Because all of the people very extra Sibling is brotherhood

In Indonesia brothers I get have meet

The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds Language switch, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

11 But, what must I say, like we menganjurkan apa?

But, what must I say, like we suggest

There is no language switch in the third data.

The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds Language switch, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

20

20

21

with, kasihan apa?

to get a job vacancy and I think it’s the, it’s the in Indonesian e.. seleksi alam

to get a job vacancy and I think it’s the, it’s the in Indonesian e.. seleksi alam

So, a…according to me a…is the seleksi alam

to get a job vacancy and I think it’s the, it’s the in Indonesian e.. nature selection

to get a job vacancy and I think it’s the, it’s the in Indonesian e..nature selection

So, a…according to me a…is the nature selection

The topic of fifth data is Horror Film. The writer finds Language switch, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

15 16 22 31 42 43 17 53 53 55 65 Paku kuntilanak Pocong Dangduters Ulangi

Kau kenapa sembunyi

Gak tau aku, malu aku, gak pende aku bahasa inggris Jadi curhat

Dukun, orang pintar Gondoruwo Menempel ghost ghost dangdut once more why you hidden

I don’t know, I can not speak English

share shaman ghost followed

72 85 93 103 104 105 112 115 119 129 139 143 149 159 165

Kuntilanak kayak gitu Sadis

Memasukkan Penyihir

Aku ngak tau bahasa inggrisnya menjawabnya Bilang aja

Apa tadi? Apa namanya Roh gentayangan

Balas dendam, apa judulnya Kalau gak salah

Kuntilanak Misalnya

Bilang Kenapa Okelah kalau begitu

like ghost cruel include witch

I cant speak English

say what what is the ghost what is the title if I am not mistaken ghost

example say why, ok.

3) Appeal for Instance

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Appeal for instance, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

19

38

Please like this, my status or comment, what is that?

Umm.. if her age under 17 in

What is that?

what we call that?

There is appeal for instance in the second data.

The topic of third data is Indonesian Movie. The writer finds Appeal for instance, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

50

57

So, I think is very cool movie and is look like Hollywood movie, have you ever, ever what is that? Merah putih, is very cool

Ok, according to my opinion some people the, the producer or the…Yaa.., the producer is not, is not, is not want to teach, want to teach, the, the.. What we call? E…the audience and viewer, ee…the producer usually want looking for money, looking for money.

What is that?

What we call?

There is no appeal for instance in the fourth data.

The topic of fifth data is Beggar. The writer finds Appeal for instance, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

53 I felt something wrong with me, some people ask me to go to. What we call it?

53

53

77

105

107

What we say? Dukun, , orang pintar like that.

They said, they said to me that something like gondoruwo is..what is it?

Because sometimes when we watch horror film from the western we can see..what is it?

Do you like to watch? What is it? Apa tadi? Chinese horror film, do you like it more than Indonesian film umm..?

May be the western horror film is like this While Indonesian is more aa.. What is it?

What we say?

What is it?

What is it?

What is it?

What is it?

4) Mime

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Mime, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

119 E..tag other people have as you use photo and you like

make her hand to describe the photo

There is no mime in the second and third data.

The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds mime, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

4 So, they didn’t, just e… take the money, from some one but how can with their

10

e…people who have the former, they, they can do anything.

Beggar is like some one to like like this Make her hand

The topic of fifth data is Horror film. The writer finds mime, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

109 115

May be just like this gentayangan

make her hand in her forehead make her hand be fly

4.7Analysis Based on Avoidance Theory

The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Avoidance, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

5

160

With face book we can share with the other, other our friend to.. to… to other face book another I mean

I think they should have face and make face book and know about computer

she want tells about other people but she avoid the word other, and say another face book

she want tells about know about must can, but she avoid word should and use the other word, that is make

The topic of third data is Indonesian Movie. The writer finds Avoidance, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

60 And then, I am not judging, I am not judging that Indonesian movie. All, all of Indonesian movie is very harmful and very bad. But, kejar tayang movie, Indonesian movie is very created and as I say Indonesian movie is very creative, but the producer is very, very, I don’t know what is producer is creative or talking abut business. So, the as, as Indonesian people we not to, to show about created. I think that’s all

he avoid the topic before’

The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds Avoidance, such as:

No Strategy error Reconstruction

24 Um…to be the beggar they doesn’t get a.. Vacancy is unreasonable, because of what e.. we can produce, produce our vacancy but ourselves. So, we didn’t to get work from, work from other people. We didn’t do it. E….what other person we have

he jus want tells about don’t be beggar’

skill, we have knowledge, we have to teach, we must think, we have brain get a. get, a…make our brain to think and that why don’t be a beggar as if we are, we are hopeless. We need people’s help. We are not like that, we are human, we are human is the perfect creatures, tat God create, create in the world, and that why we have to a..be aware, be aware that we are human that we have brain and we must do, what we should be do. Don’t be beggar, don’t be hopeless, we have power

There is no avoidance in the fifth data.

After classifying the kinds of communication strategy, the writer calculates how many times each communication strategy that occurs in the conversation or in the student’s utterances. It is showed by the following table:

Types of Communication Strategies Frequency A. Paraphrase

1. Approximation 2. word Coinage 3. Circumlocution B. Falling Back

1. Translation from L1

59 15 11 36 40

2. Language Switch 3. Appeal for Instance 4. mime

C. Avoidance

10 5 4

Total 180

Based on the problem of this thesis that the writer wants to find out the dominant communication Strategy, so the writer applies the following formula:

% 100 x N f N=

So, here is the percentage of each strategy: Types of communication

strategies f f/N x 100% N (%)

Paraphrase:

1. Approximation 2. word Coinage 3. circumlocution

59 15 11

59/180 x 100% 15/180 x 100%

11/180 x 100%

32, 77 8, 33 6, 11 Falling Back:

1 Translation from L1 2. Language Switch 3. Appeal for instance 4. Mime

36 40 10 5

36/180 x 100% 40/180 x 100% 10/180 x 100% 5/180 x 100%

20, 00 22, 22 5, 55 2, 77

Avoidance 4 4/180 x 100% 2, 22

4.8Analysis on the Dominant Theory

From table above, it can be seen that the dominant theory used by the 2009 1st year students of English Department, North Sumatra University in their utterances is Paraphrase (Approximation) by 32, 77%.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Communication Strategies are used by the students when they have problems in the communication. From five topics that are in appendix, not all the strategies occur, but only some of them. By using Communication Strategy, the students adjust their communication and make their conversation communicative.

There are types of Communication Strategies that are stated by Tarone. Namely: Paraphrase, Falling Back, and Avoidance. Paraphrase consist of three classes, they are: approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Falling back consist of four classes, translation from L1, Language switch, Appeal for instance, and mime. for instance, Mime.

So, from the analysis in chapter IV, the most dominant strategy that is used is paraphrase, by Approximation 32, 77%, because when the students speak, they try to use the words that are approximately similar with what they will say.

5.2 Suggestion

After discussing the Communication Strategies, the writer hopes that this thesis can give useful contributions to the readers. So, in the conversation, the speakers and the listener won’t ever have the problems to express what they want to convey and to avoid the misunderstanding of the utterances. By this thesis, the readers can be guarded to make their conversations be communicative.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bungin, Burhan. 2001. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial:Format-Format Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Surabaya: Airlangga Press.

Clare, Painter. 1999. Learning through Language in Early Childhood. New York: University of Wales London

Cook, Vivian. 1996. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Arnold Press.

Elis, Oskaar. 1983. Language Acquisition in the Early Years: an Introduction to Paedolinguistics. Great Britan

Ellis, Rod. 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Evelyn, Marchussen Hatch. 1983. Psycholinguistics a Second Language Perspective. Newburg: University of California

Faisal, Sarpiah. 1995. Format-Format Penelitian Sosial “Dasar-Dasar dan Aplikasi”. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.

Fodor, J.A, et al 1974. The Psychology of Language: an Introduction to Psycholinguistics and Generative Grammar. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company

H.G, Widdowson. 1996. Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Jhon, C.Wright. 1971. The Acquisition and Development of Language. America: United State of America

Kasper, et al. 1997. Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. London: Longman.

Montgomery, et al. 1962. Language and Ideas. Boston: University of Texas Press .

Tarone, E. 1983. Some thoughts on The Notion of Communication Strategy. London: Longman.

APPENDIX

First observation

Days : Thursday Date : 28 January 2010 Time : 13.00 P.M

Place : F104 (Sastra inggris) Topic : Face Book

The member : RB, FR, DW, FT, VK, ST, LT, ET, ND, ER.

RB : Hi guys, any way ever you hear about face book? Ha?

ER : Of course, I use it every day, you?

RB : Yes, any gone face book, and do you know, I spend… I spend oo... My time to long about in face book, to play face book. How about you FR?

FR : I have knew about face book, but I not use face book enough, may be it just to make us happy, for example we have benefit about face book, indeed we can share our opinion to each other and then for the opinion, and then make spend much money, I think.

RB : But, I think face book so have many benefit for us, with face book we can share with each other, other our friend to.. to.. to the other, face book another I mean.

ND : I think…a…I think, I agree with you, because face book is very amused me, when I am alone in home.

RB : Any other?

VK : Aa…I think a.. I agree with you, because I think communicate with a.. my friend in Lampung and the other from Java, and the other. So, I think it is useful for me.

RB : And my friend, you know e ..MR?

ER : Ha…so low man, he spends to long and you know I think in that context, Face book that context face book is not use for us. It get so

waste our time, very so much Yes I know.

DW : I.. but don’t agree with some body with a…fight via face book. I ever know that, aa.. my friend, oo.. have a.. poblem with a other, other friend and they fight via face book, and I think is very, very bad

ER : In their status?

DW : Yes.. and..

ER : O..

RB : Ok, any other opinion?

FT : And, and about their status, I think that all of my friend to be with, with like, they share in one hour, one status. How that they see, they feel like.. my get, to boring and type the new sweet of with something or something like that and how to bad they put it, and I think is not to.. they put is so long.

RB : Is not very important?

FT : And how to get boring, may be.. thats all

ER : Do you know, why people last to say hai guys..please like this, my status or comment. What is that?

RB : What that’s sample?

RB : What that’s sample?

FR : Because all of the people very Lebai

RB : How can you say very Lebai? What is in English? Can you tell in this lebai meaning

FR : I think they are..he want to say for their self, if he say can not go up in that to face book is show up himself.. Other self. So, now is is therefore Indonesian especially that face book is forbidden in Indonesia, because aa…if I am not say of not false I am say I am not wrong, because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be make some bad effect. So, what do you think about.. thinking about that?

ER : I don’t agree

RN : I like..

AI : What is the effect of the horror film to yourself?

HN : The effect horror film in my life, may be I was..When..Ow…at the beginning of the year I went to Simbahe, and..

TM : Jadi curhat.. HN : And… you know.. RN : Cut..cut…cut…

TM : So…

HN : He….I went there, went there at the midnight. RN : we talk about horror film not Simbahe

HN : Two days later, I felt something wrong with me, some people ask me to go to. What we call it? What we say? Dukun, , orang pintar like that. Ee…they said, they said to me that something like gondoruwo is..what is it?

TM : Haunting you? HN : Aa…Menempel… TG : Follow you?

HN : Ya…. Follow me, right? Follow me and because of that, may be because I don’t know its because I always watch horror film or may be that’s true that from Simbahe. The Ghost following me, I don’t know

TM : Which do you prefer? Indonesian horror film or western horror film? Or may be…From Korean, Japanese, or..

RD : Oh..Japaness, ha…From Japaness TM : Why?

RD : Do you know …e…the Ghost name Sadako All : Yes…

RD : Aa…

HN : He…Miska, Cinta Fitri

RD : I think its like Kuntilanak, kayak gitu..

TM : So, they are more scare, scaring you? Than western horror films?

RD : Bak…aku

RN : Thailand horror film is better than Japan RD : I think no…

HN : I think Thailands horror film is more….e.. Sadis RD : Sadis?

RN : Sadis..sadis… HN : Sadism? HN : Ya..

RN : Wi…ngeri, ngeri..

HN : Ya…sadism, include in Thailand film while in Japanese they are more ee.. Traditional while in the western they, they, they are, they are, sorry..they are to modern, because sometimes when we watch horror film from the western we can see..what is it?

AI : The monsters?

HN : Ya…

TM : Like resident evil?

HN : And as far as we know the monster it is not rasional, so they, they think about they…

RD : Nation?

TM : No, I think they have a different concept of ghost with Indonesian people.

HN : That’s too modern

TM : they..they …and then what do you think a..if Indonesian horror film a…what, what I say to make indeed, memasukkan

TM : The sexy actress RN : Sexuality TG : Sexual action TM : Porn action TG : Vulgar action

TM : Don’t it make you more interesting to it

HN : Actually, when you want to watch horror film, I prefer to watch western because they are scientific moral lesson

TM : No, I think western horror film is not horrifying, because as I said before a…different concept of course, in our mind so, they are may be more two the magic and witch, and witch, penyihir…or something like that

RN : Imagination

TM : What do you think RD? RD : RN first..

RN : I don’t have idea TG : Si…hehehe AI : You may speak? TR : No,. hehe.., I think..

HN : I think, I think she can tells us about horror film from china..

TM : Yes..what do you think about china horror film? Like Vampire? Do you ever watch it?

TR : Aku gak tau bahsa inggris nya menhjawabnya AI : Bilang aja

TM : and do you like it? Do you like to watch? What is it? Apa tadi? Chinese horror film, do you like it more than Indonesian film umm..?

TR : Yes, I lie it..

HN : May be we can compare it with china, Indonesian, Thailand Japanese, or western horror film, may be the western horror film is like this While Indonesian is more aa.. what is it? The more, the more they talk about the sexuality but while in the western in film in the horror film sometimes the may be the producer or the writer a…put it in the scientific. I mean here for example that is scientist and he is chemist may be he kill some one, and then, and then some one that he kill become a ghost or in Japanese or in chine’s like vampire, some one that coming from the grave

TM : Like a zombie? Some one who can not be killed

HN : May be just like this…(make her hand in her forehead). TM : No, I think Thailand, chines or Japanese and what?

RN : Chinese.

TM : Chinese have a same concept with Indonesian horror film, m.. because it include the culture, the..apa namanya?

HN : Country..

TM : Ya…the country, yes..because Indonesia people believe that some one who has die can become a ghost, but in the western, they talk more about monsters, like a…mal praktek to the sample that can make monster like a zombie

TR : Roh gentayangan..(make her hand be fly)

TM : No..they don’t believe at roh gentayangan or spirit RN : Ya..avatar itu ngak..?

TM : They talk more about monster, I think..

HN : I think in Indonesian, Thailand the people more like to.., like to what is it? Balas dendam

TM : To revenge..

HN : Yes.., revenge, some one is use..a..Ya..

TM : And for addition in the western film, if we see the horror film it is about the, the..what I said like ee..the detective story. So, it called, it is also called the horror films and..RD what is the last film you ever watch?

RD : Japan

TM : Japans horror film? RD : Yes. Japanese horror film TM : What is tells about? RD : The title is..apa Judulnya? TM : The truth?

RD : The title is reincarnation, reincarnation, kalau ngak salah…. TM : What is it tell about, what, what is about?

RD : It is about .ummm..

TM : The ghost or the spirit may be.. RD : Ghost.

RD : Ghost.., ghost

RN : What is the ghost, like? RD : Sadako, you know?

TM : What is sadako, I don’t know

RD : In Indonesia like call hehe..kuntilanak.

TM : Kuntilanak, o…do you mean woman spirit? That is have a…Jahat apa?

RD : Hum..evil, TM : Evil.., ya evil? RD : Ya misalnya..

TM : So, FT, what is the last film that’s ever you just watch? The horror film?

FT : I don’t like horror film. So, I will not watching TM : Are you sure?

FT : Yes. I am sure

TM : But you look like the Ghost.. LI : thank you, bilang FT.

TM : why don’t, why do you becomes scare about that HN : Just..just..the emotion imagination

TM : So, what is just you like film? FT : Fantasy film,

TM : Fantasy film like what? FT : Like Harry potter RN : Twilight?

FT : Umm. RN : So do I..

TM : Why? Kenapa? RN : Avatar, haa…avatar HN : Cartoon.

RN : 2012

TM : And then what else? RN : That’s all..

TM : Ok lah kalau begitu..thats all, thanks you..

ST : -