A CONJUNCTION IN DIANA RIKASARI’S BOOK “#88 LOVE LIFE”.

A CONJUNCTION IN DIANA RIKASARI’S BOOK “#88 LOVE LIFE”

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Art and Humanities State Islamic

University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Zelvia Dina Octavianti NIM. A73212111

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2016

ABSTRACT

Octavianti, Zelvia Dina, 2016. A Conjunction in Diana Rikasari’s Book “#88 Love Life”. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, the State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor: Dr. A. Dzo'ul Milal, M.Pd.

Key words: Conjunction, “#88 LOVE LIFE” book.

The basic purpose of this present study to investigate the type and function of conjunction and describe the frequent of type of conjunction which is

mostly used in Diana Rikasari’s book “#88 LOVE LIFE”. The focus of this

research is grammatical cohesion especially in conjunction. Theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976) is applied on analysis of conjunction in this research.

The methodology of this research uses qualitative approach. This research did not need statistic approach to analyze the data but get systematic description of the fact and characteristic description of the data. The data which are analyzed in this research is part of motivation words in the book. Some steps to answer the question above are identifying, classifying, describing, calculating, explaining, and concluding.

From this research, the result shows that not all of type of conjunction found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. The type of additive conjunction especially in part of simple additive relations conjunction using conjunction and is the most frequently type which appears in the book, followed by adversative conjunction, temporal conjunction, and the last is causal conjunction. The function of conjunction also found based on each type of conjunction. Finally, from those findings, it is expected that this study will be useful for readers and researcher. It is also expected to someone else which doing this similar research especially in simple additive relations conjunction.

INTISARI

Octavianti, Zelvia Dina, 2016. A Conjunction in Diana Rikasari’s Book “#88 Love Life”. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Uniersitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Pembimbing: Dr. A. Dzo'ul Milal, M.Pd.

Kata Kunci: Konjungsi, buku “#88 LOVE LIFE”.

Tujuan dasar dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti jenis serta fungsi dari konjungsi dan mendeskripsikan konjungsi yang paling sering digunakan di buku “#88 LOVE LIFE” karya Diana Rikasari. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah gramatikal kohesi lebih khususnya pada konjungsi. Teori dari Halliday dan Hasan(1976) diterapkan pada analisa konjungsi di penelitian ini.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian ini tidak membutuhkan pendekatan statistic untuk menganalisa data tetapi untuk mendapatkan deskripsi yang sestematis dari sifat dan fakta dari data. Data yang dianalisa pada penelitian ini adalah bagian dari kata-kata motivasi yang di dalam buku. Beberapa langkah untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas adalah mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, mendeskripsikan, menghitung, menjelaskan, dan menyimpulkan hasil penelitian.

Dari hasil penielitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua jenis dari konjungsi ditemukan di buku “#88 LOVE LIFE” karya Diana Rikasari. Jenis konjungsi additive khususnya pada bagian konjungsi simple additive relations dengan konjungsi dan adalah jenis yang paling sering muncul di buku, diikuti oleh kongjungsi adversative, konjungsi temporal, dan terakhir adalah konjungsi causal. Fungsi dari konjungsi juga ditemukan berdasarkan masing-masing jenis konjungsi. Akhirnya, dari penemuan-penemuan tersebut, diharapkan bahwa penelitian ini akan memberikan manfaat untuk pembaca dan peneliti. Demikian juga untuk semua orang yang melakukan penelitian yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini khususnya pada konjungsi simple additive relations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page ……….. i

Inside Title Page ……… ii

Declaration Page ………... iii

Motto ………. iv

Dedication Page ………. v

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ………... vi

Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page ………... vii

Acknowledge ………... viii

Table of Contents ………... x

List of Table ………... xiii List of Figure ………... xiv

Abstract ………... xv

Intisari ………... xvi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ………...1

1.2Problem of the Study ………... 5

1.3Objective of the Study ………... 5

1.4Significance of the Study ………... 6

1.5Scope and Limitation of the Study ………... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Grammatical Cohesion ………... 12

2.1.1 Reference ………... 12

2.1.2 Substitution ………... 13

2.1.3 Ellipsis ………... 13

2.1.4 Conjunction ………... 14

2.1.4.1 Additive Conjunction ……….. 14

2.1.4.2 Adversative Conjunction ………. 17

2.1.4.3 Causal Conjunction ………. 19

2.1.4.4 Temporal Conjunction ……… 22

2.2 The book “#88 LOVE LIFE” ………. 26

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ………... 27

3.2 Instruments ………... 27

3.3 Data and Data Source ………... 28

3.4 Data Collection ………... 28

3.5 Data Analysis ………... 30

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ………... 32

4.1.1 Types and Functions of Conjunction ………... 32

4.1.1.1 Additive Conjunction ………... 35

4.1.1.1.2 Complex Additive Relations (emphatic) ……….. 37

4.1.1.1.3 Comparative Relations ………. 38

4.1.1.1.4 Appositive Relations ……… 39

4.1.1.2 Adversative Conjunction ……….. 40

4.1.1.2.1 Adversative Relations (proper) ……… 41

4.1.1.2.2 Contrastive Relations ………... 42

4.1.1.3 Causal Conjunction ………... 42

4.1.1.3.1 General Causal relations ………….………. 43

4.1.1.3.2 Reversed Causal Relations ………... 43

4.1.1.3.3 Conditional Relations ………... 44

4.1.1.4 Temporal Conjunction ………... 44

4.1.1.4.1 Simple Temporal Relations ………. 45

4.1.1.4.2 Complex Temporal Relations ……….. 46

4.1.1.4.3 Conclusive Relations ……… 46

4.1.2 Frequency of Conjunction ………... 47

4.2 Discussion ………... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONAND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ………... 52

5.2 Suggestion ………... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………... 55

List of Table

List of Figure

Figure 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks of Cohesive Devices

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with introduction that consists of background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and definition of the key terms.

1.1Background of the Study

Language is a tool used by many people to communicate with each other. In order to communicate well we should not only be good in speaking but also in writing. In English, we are easier to speak than to write a sentence. It is because in writing we need to arrange the statement clearly into a good structure to deliver the idea without ambiguous information. To avoid the ambiguous statement we should be good in coherence. Furthermore, to be better in English writing and to make coherent sentence, we should know grammar especially in grammatical cohesion devices. One of them is conjunction.

Conjunction plays an important role in communication. It acts as a connector of the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in order to easy to understand. We can find the using of conjunction in both of them, speaking and writing, but it will be clearer when we find it in the written term. We can find conjunction in all of written forms, such as book, novel, magazine, and newspaper.

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According to Halliday and Hasan, the elements of cohesion in discourse can be differentiated into two types. They are grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Meanwhile, lexical cohesion consists of reiteration and collocation (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 6).

The research of cohesion device has been done by many researchers. Setyowati (2008) entitled “A Study of Cohesive Devices Found In The main Character’s Utterances of Drama MACBETH by William Shakespeare”. The researcher examined kinds of cohesive devices in that movie and got the conclusion that the most widely used is reference. Then, in the second position is followed by conjunction, the kinds of substitution, and the last is ellipsis.

Khoirunnisa (2011) also examined cohesion devices on editor’s note in U.S. news and world report magazine which are taken from three editions. The result of her research showed the differences in using grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices, and degree of cohesiveness in each text. She concluded that text one is fewer cohesive than text three, and text three is fewer cohesive than text two. So, all of the text is the fewest cohesive and text two is the most cohesive all of the text.

While in the journal, Rira (2013) tried to investigate the conjunction which is used in opinion columns of Singgalang newspaper. She found the coordinating conjunction appeared 50,98%, the subordinating conjunction appeared 31,37%, and the correlative conjunction appeared 17,64%. It can be concluded that the

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coordinating conjunction appeared more frequently than coordinating and correlative conjunction.

Sunarto (2014) examined cohesive devices in some articles in Newsweek Magazine. He analyzed the types of cohesive devices and the function used in Newsweek Magazine. The researcher found cohesive devices used are grammatical and lexical cohesion and reference is the type of cohesive devices which is most used in the article.

Sukowati (2015) analyzed cohesion of crime news texts in New York Daily News and The Village Voice. She analyzed kinds of cohesion devices used in two texts and found there are 43 items of grammatical cohesion devices in article from New York Daily News and 78 items in article from The Village Voice. In lexical Cohesion devices, she found there are 20 items in article from New York Daily News and 44 Items in article from The Village Voice the cohesion devices created the cohesive text.

The analysis of grammatical cohesion has been examined by Ardian and Rofi’ah (2015). They have same point in grammatical cohesion but different in subject and the first problem. In the second problem, they analyzed the function of grammatical cohesion in their subject. Moreover, the first problem Ardian analyzed kinds of grammatical cohesion in short story entitled A New England Nun by Marry E. Wilkins Freeman, while Rofi’ah analyzed the frequency of each type of grammatical conjunction in The Miracle Worker movie.

The other research which still analyzes grammatical cohesion was Maulidah (2015) but she focused on the part of reference in grammatical cohesion

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which appropriated with the context. She analyzed the grammatical cohesion of references in J. K. Rowling’s speech and found the personal reference, the demonstrative reference, and the comparative reference in her research.

Based on the studies before, most of researchers have examined cohesion devices in some articles especially in newspaper. While in this research, the researcher conducts to examine the different case from the previous researches. However, the researcher used data which are never used by other researchers before and focused at investigating one type of grammatical cohesion that is conjunction and its types. Moreover, this research focuses at investigating the articles categorized as one of written discourse that is illustration book entitled “#88 LOVE LIFE” is written by Diana Rikasari. The book has simple sentences among the motivation books and it belongs to famous and best seller book. It was indicated by the printing of the second volume entitled “88 LOVE LIFE Vol. 02”. The researcher discovered grammatical cohesion especially conjunctions in that book because the researcher wants to complete the previous studies which have never been discussed by researchers before about conjunction and its types. Furthermore, in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book the author wrote the contents of the book in good diction and it makes the readers easy to understand the author’s

message. In Diana Rikasari’s book, “#88 LOVE LIFE”, many kinds of

conjunction are used by the author and it is interesting to be analyzed.

The researcher examines types of conjunction in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book because the conjunction has an important role in the book and the author almost always used conjunction to connect every sentence in whole of her book. It means

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that conjunction is an important thing which is used to make sentences unified and it helped readers easy to understand every sentence in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book; such as sentences which have contradiction meaning. Moreover, this research aims at investigating functions and the mostly used types of conjunction in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book written by Diana Rikasari in order to know and understand the correlation between the author’s choice of conjunction and its types. From the explanation above we can conclude that the existence of conjunction is absolutely important in every sentence. So, in this research the researcher discusses An Analysis of Conjunction in Diana Rikasari’s Book “#88 LOVE LIFE”.

1.2Problem of the Study

Based on the background study above, the researcher formulates some problems in this research as follows:

1. What are the types of conjunction used in Diana Rikasari’s book “#88 LOVE LIFE”?

2. What are the functions of conjunction used in Diana Rikasari’s book “#88 LOVE LIFE”?

1.3Objective of the Study

Concerning with the problems above, the researcher will formulate the objectives of the research as the follows:

1. To describe the types of conjunction used in Diana Rikasari’s book “#88 LOVE LIFE”.

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2. To describe the functions of conjunction used in Diana Rikasari’s book “#88 LOVE LIFE”.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The researcher expects that this research will achieve some significance for the researcher herself and the readers generally. The significances of the research are:

1. Theoretically

This research develops and adds knowledge about understanding the types of conjunction. Particularly types of conjunction used in “# 88 LOVE LIFE” book written by Diana Rikasari.

2. Practically

a. For academic society, this research gives advantages and usefulness to

know about the language which discusses conjunction in “#88 LOVE

LIFE” book.

b. For the students of English Language and Literature study program, the result of this research gives contribution which is used as reference to improve their understanding in types of conjunction.

c. For other researchers, this research gives information about types of conjunction for those who are interested to continue this research by adding some evidences related with conjunction.

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1.5Scope and Limitation of the Study

Related to background of the study, the researcher focuses on analyzing

the words which are categorized as conjunction used in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book

by Diana Rikasari. The book has 88 pages contains the life experiences of the author, several motivation words, and the illustrations or pictures which are correlated with motivation words. Meanwhile, data which will examine are focused in the part of motivation words. Recently motivation words appear in many mass media and sometimes motivation words can help to solve someone’s problem. When someone feels gloomy and they read or hear motivation words, they will feel better than before. It is because motivation word is a short message which used for give a spirit to everyone in order they are happy in every moment and help everyone to think more wisely of their problem. Almost of motivation words combine two sentences or more, sentences which have negative and positive meaning, and they are combined by conjunction. It means that this research will be focused on the conjunction which used in the motivation word by Diana Rikasari’s book.

In addition, the researcher will focus on analyzing types of conjunction proposed by Halliday and Hasan. The researcher selects it because the theory provides more detail explanation about types of conjunction than other linguist; such as kinds of additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and temporal conjunction.

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1.6Definition of Key Terms

The definition below given to clarify the terms employed within this research. In order to avoid mistake of the title consideration, it is important for the researcher to give the suitable meaning of the key terms. The first word is

conjunction; it is a word that is used to connect other words, phrases, and clauses. Conjunction is used to combine two or more sentences in order to avoid the lavish sentence.

While “#88 LOVE LIFE” is an illustration book which written by Diana Rikasari who is the one of the pioneers of fashion and lifestyle blogging in Indonesia and collaborated with Dinda Puspitasari as an illustrator. It contains the life experiences of the author, several motivation words, and the illustrations or pictures which are correlated with motivation words.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews some theories which are related to the research. They are theoretical framework, grammatical cohesion, and the book “#88 LOVE LIFE”. They are presented in order to avoid some ambiguous explanation in the research afterwards.

This research takes a relation of words and sentence in text of book entitled “#88 LOVE LIFE” by Diana Rikasari. In the book, the author tried to deliver her message by using written text. Text is not only about spoken but also written. In the written text we should connect the coherence and cohesion among the sentences. The cohesion is very important and used to build the understanding of the readers in order they can catch what the author’s mean.

Halliday and Hasan (1976:4) in their book entitled “Cohesion in English” defined that cohesion is as set of linguistic means that we have available for creating texture. The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it is correlated with meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.

In their book, Halliday and Hasan divided cohesive device into two characteristics; they are grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is a cohesive tie which expressed through the grammatical system (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:6). It consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Reference is divided into three kinds; personal, demonstrative, and

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comparative. Substitution is divided into three kinds; nominal, verbal, clausal. Elipsis is divided into two kinds; verbal and clausal. The last is conjunction which is divided into four kinds; additive, adversative, causal, and temporal.

Meanwhile, lexical cohesion is study related with vocabulary of language; how words are formed, how they have developed and used, and how they relate in meaning to each other. Based on Halliday and Hasan, lexical cohesion divides into two kinds; they are reiteration and collocation. Reiteration is divided into four kinds; repetition, synonym, general word, and superordinate.

However, this research focuses in grammatical cohesion especially in part of conjunction. To make easy to understand the statements above the researcher writes them into framework which is an illustration as follows:

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Figure 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks of Cohesive Devices (Halliday and Hasan: 1976). GRAMMATICAL COHESION REFERENCE: 1. Personal 2. Demonstrative 3. Comparative CONJUNCTION: 1. Additive 2. Adversative 3. Causal 4. Temporal ELLIPSIS: 1. Verbal 2. Clausal SUBSTITUTION: 1. Nominal 2. Verbal 3. Clausal COHESIVE DEVICE LEXI_CAL COHESION REITERATION: 1. Repetition 2. Synonym 3. General word 4. Superordinate

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2.1Grammatical Cohesion

Spoken and written discourses display grammatical connection between individual clauses and utterances (Brown and Yule, 1983:192). As explained before grammatical cohesion is classified under four broad types; they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Both of them will be explained bellow.

2.1.1 Reference

Reference occurs when the elements not only need to be interpretation systematically but also give reference to other something to be interpreted. The reference refers to the same thing. Halliday and Hasan state reference is the specific nature of the information that is signaled for retrieval. They divide reference into two characteristics; they are exophoric reference which refers to situational reference and endhoporic which refers to textual reference, if endhoporic they may be anaphoric or cataphoric. Anaphoric refers to introduce the real same entities that turned by antecedent, while cataphoric is the referent which has not introduced before.

According Halliday and Hasan, there are three types of reference; they are personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:37). Personal reference is the reference refers to individual in utterance situation, through the category of person; e.g. I, me, mine, my, you, yours, your, etc. Demonstrative reference is the reference by means of location, on a scale of proximity; e.g. this, these, that, those. Comparative reference used when

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two or more things are compared in a text, this can often contribute to cohesion. We can distinguish two types of comparison; they are general comparison (expresses equal and unequal, similar and different thing) and particular comparison (expresses comparability between things in quantity or quality).

2.1.2 Substitution

Substitution is a linguistic element such as words or phrases is not repeated but replaced by a substitution item. In the term of linguistic system, substitution is a relation on the level of grammar and vocabulary. It means that substitution has a relation in wording rather than in meaning (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:89).

Halliday and Hasan classify substitution into three types; they are nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution. Nominal substitution (one, ones, same) always functions as head of a nominal group. Verbal substitution (do) operates as head of a verbal group. Clausal substitution (so, not) has three environments which has two forms expresses each of them; they are positive which is expressed by so and negative by not.

2.1.3 Ellipsis

Sanders and Pander (2006:591) state that ellipsis is one of the identical linguistic elements is omitted. There is no implication here that what is unsaid is not understood; on the contrary, ‘unsaid’ implies ‘but understood nevertheless’, and another way of referring to ellipsis is in fact as something understood, where

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understood is used in the special sense of ‘going without saying (Halliday and Hasan, 1967:142).

Ellipsis has divided into three types; they are nominal, verbal, and clausal ellipsis. Halliday and Hasan state that nominal ellipsis as the one which operates on the nominal group that consists of a head with optional modifier. Verbal ellipsis means ellipsis within the verbal group. Clausal ellipsis consists of two parts structure; they are modal and propositional.

2.1.4 Conjunction

The researcher uses theory of conjunction by Halliday and Hasan to analyze the data, especially to identify the types of conjunction. Conjunction is words which connects two clauses in the same sentence (Cory, 1996:20). Moreover, Halliday and Hasan (1976:303) define that conjunction is on the borderline of the grammatical and the lexical cohesion. They also divided conjunction into four categories; they are additive, adversative, causal, and temporal conjunction.

2.1.4.1 Additive Conjunction

To add additional sentence in the different sense we usually use word to make the sentence coherent and cohesive. Halliday and Hasan (1976:244) state that the cohesive relation expressed by and at the beginning of a new sentence and it is embodied in the form coordination and apposition. They also classify the words that used cohesively as conjunction which include in additive by several

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types into five types, namely simple additive relations, complex additive relations (emphatic), complex additive relations (de-emphatic), comparative relations, and appositive relations.

2.1.4.1.1 Simple Additive Relations Conjunction

Simple additive relation includes negative and alternative form (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:245). For example: and, and also (additive form); or, or else (alternative form); and nor, neither, not...either (negative form). Some examples of simple additive relation:

a. I was very nearly opening the window, and putting you out into snow. b. I have not sent two messenger either.

The examples above show the simple additive relations form in words and and not … either. The word and used to add more information to be said. Moreover, not … either shows the information in the negative form of simple additive relations.

2.1.4.1.2 Complex Additive Relations (emphatic)

There are large conjunctive expressions which included in this relation such as: further, furthermore, again, also, moreover, what is more, besides, additionally, in addition, in addition to this, not only that but (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 246). The example of additive relation which shows an emphatic:

My client says he does not know this witness. Further, he denies ever having seen her or spoken to her.

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The sentence above shows us the example of complex additive relation using further, which is used to complete the sentence before.

2.1.4.1.3 Complex Additive Relations (de-emphatic)

Halliday and Hasan (1976:249) state the function of de-emphasis is to reduce the weight accorded to the presupposing sentence and to its connection with what went before. The words show a kind of de-emphatic; such as incidentally, by the way. The example which shows of complex additive relation (de-emphasis):

Marry wants to study hard tonight. Incidentally, she feels hungry. Then she goes out to buy snacks in minimarket.

2.1.4.1.4 Comparative Relations

Comparative relations contain of similarity and dissimilarity. The similarity is a related pattern which shows a comparison of what is being said with what has gone before. The expressions include in comparative relations of similarity such as similarly, likewise, in the same way. It is used by the speaker to explain a new one added to the same effect and the relevance of the presupposing sentence is its similarity of import to the presupposed one. Meanwhile dissimilarity relation shows negative comparison where the meaning is in contradistinction. The expressions which following the dissimilarity such as on the other hand, by contrast, as opposed to this, and so on (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:247).

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Below are the examples which express similarity and dissimilarity: a. Treating people as responsible citizens brings out the best in them;

they behave as such. In the same way if you treat them as criminals they will soon begin to act like criminals. (Similarity)

b. Our garden didn’t very well this year. By contrast, the orchard is looking very healthy. (Dissimilarity)

2.1.4.1.5 Appositive Relations

Appositive relation divided into two types; they are exposition and exemplification. Exposition usually expressed by the phrase such as I mean, that, that is, that is to say, in other words, to put it another away. Meanwhile exemplification is expressed by for instance, for example, thus (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:248). The examples of them following as:

a. I wonder whether that statement can be backed up by adequate evidence. In other words, you do not believe me. (Exposition) b. In the index of Railroad Stations the names of many railroads are

followed by small numerals. These are time-table numbers indicating the table in which a given station is shown in the railroad’s representation. For example, under Danbury Ct., is shown “N.Y.New Hav. and H., 12.(Exemplification)

2.1.4.2 Adversative Conjunction

The basic meaning of the adversative relation is ‘contrary to the expectation’. The expectation may be derived from the content of what is being said, or from the communication process, and speaker-hearer situation (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:250). There are four relations under type of adversative conjunction namely adversative relations (proper), contrastive relations, correction relations, and dismissive relations.

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2.1.4.2.1 Adversative Relations (Proper)

This relation expressed by the words yet, though, even though, although, only, but, however, nevertheless, despite this, all the same. The word yet occurs initially in the sentence and usually find in the sentence beginning. It differs with but that contains element ‘and’ as one of its meaning components and it always located within sentence (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:250). Meanwhile, the words however, nevertheless, despite this, and all the same contain the meaning that shows emphatic sense. The examples of adversative relations (proper) as follow:

a. All the figures were correct; they had been checked. Yet the total came out wrong.

b. All this time Tweedledee was trying his best to fold up the umbrella with himself but he could not quite succeed.

c. Jane felt most disheartened. However, she was not going to let herself be beaten.

2.1.4.2.2 Contrastive Relations

At the same time, the words but and however also occur in a contrastive relation. Furthermore, contrastive relation is a relation of adversative conjunction which express of ‘as against’ (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:253). In addition, this relation also expressed by the words on the other hand, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, in the point of fact. Look at the following examples:

a. She failed. However, she is tried her best.

b. He is not exactly good looking but he is got brain.

From the sentences above the meaning of however and but are as against for the sentence before but general meaning is still ‘contrary to expectation’.

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2.1.4.2.3 Corrective Relations

The words that used in the corrective relation are instead, rather, on the contrary, at least. The contrast may be between two alternative phenomena or between two different formulations of the same phenomenon which has been told by us (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 254). Sentence below is the example of corrective relations:

a. He showed no pleasure at hearing the news. Instead he looked even gloomier.

2.1.4.2.4 Dismissive Relations

The words which express the dismissive relation; such as in either case, in any case, in any event, either way, whichever happens, anyhow, at any rate. This presupposes that some circumstances have been referred to which are then dismissed as irrelevant either because it does not matter whether they obtain or not, or because it does not matter which of the given set of circumstances obtains (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 254). The examples of dismissive relation as follow:

a. We may be back tonight; I’m not sure. Either way, just make yourself at home.

b. Your partner may support you or may change to another suit. In either case, you should respond.

2.1.4.3 Causal Conjunction

We usually find a sentence which explains about a reason or purpose and it is happened in causal conjunction. The general meaning of the causal conjunction is because..., so. There are five relations under this type namely

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general causal relations, specific causal relations, reversed causal relations, conditional relations, and respective relations.

2.1.4.3.1 General Causal Relations

General causal relations used to imply reasoning or argument from a premise. This relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, as a result, accordingly (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 256). Below is the example of the relation in this type:

a. She did not like to drink water since in her childhood. Consequently, she got trouble in her kidney.

2.1.4.3.2 Specific Causal Relations

This relation included the specific ones of result, reason, and purposes like a result of this, for this reason, and for this purpose (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 257). In addition, there are also a number of expressions like as in effect, because of. These all used to imply reasoning or argument from a premise. In the same meaning we find expression such as arising out of this and following from this. The example below is the example of this type:

a. We had to cancel the holiday because of bad weather.

2.1.4.3.3 Reversed Causal Relations

The reversed form of causal relation is expressed by because, since, and for (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 258). The expression because is considerably more frequent than for. In addition, the word because means ‘this is why I’m

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asking’. While for means ‘this is the reason for what was just said’. The examples of dismissive relation as follow:

a. The next morning she was glad and proud that she had not yielded to a scare. For he was most strangely and obviously better.

b. I did not join to your party yesterday because I was very busy.

2.1.4.3.4 Conditional Relations

One other type of conjunctive relation will be considered here under the general heading of causal relation in the conditional type, the conditional means ‘possibly a; if so, then b’ (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 258). The items of the conditional relation are the words such as then, in that case, that being the case, in such an event, even if, if, unless, whether...or. The sentence below is the example of this type:

a. The cat is sick and does not eat anything for a week. Then it will die, of course.

Furthermore, the negative form of conditional is expressed cohesively by otherwise. This conjunction switch the polarity, either from positive to negative or from negative to positive. Here the example of it:

a. It is the way I like to go to work. One person and one line of enquiry at a time. Otherwise, there is a muddle.

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2.1.4.3.5 Respective Relations

Respective relation has a meaning ‘we now pass on next point’. The words show this relation; such as in that respect, with regard to this, in this connection, here (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 260). The example of this relation:

a. One factor is the level of taxation of personal incomes. With regard to this question, the impression current among members of the public are often very far removed from the truth.

2.1.4.4 Temporal Conjunction

Temporal conjunction may be simply one of sequence in time: the one is subsequent to the other (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 261). It divided into six relations; they are simple temporal relations, complex temporal relations, conclusive relations, correlative relations, ‘here and now’ relations, and summary relations.

2.1.4.4.1 Simple Temporal Relations

The simplest form of temporal relation is expressed by then. In addition, there are also a number of other expressions in the sequential, simultaneous, and previous sense. First of all, the sequential sense which is expressed by then, and then, next, afterwards, after that, subsequently, and a number of other expression. Second, the conjunctive links which used in the sense of simultaneous. This sense expressed by the words such as just then, at the same time, simultaneously. The last is the expression which used in the sense of previous. This sense expressed by the words such as before, earlier, before that, previously, and so on (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 262). The examples of this type as follow:

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a. Alice began by taking the little golden key and unlocking the door that led into the garden. Then she set to work nibbling at the mushroom.

2.1.4.4.2 Complex Temporal Relations

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:262) complex temporal relation divided into sequential, simultaneous, and previous sense. Temporal relation in the sequential sense may be made more specific by the presence of an additional component in the meaning as well as that of succession in time. So, for example, we may have ‘then + immediately’ (at once, thereupon, on which); ‘then + after an interval’ (soon, presently, later, after a time); ‘then + repetition’ (next time, on another occasion); ‘then + specific time interval’ (next day, five minutes later). Example:

a. ‘Tickets, please!’ said the Guard, putting his head putting in at the window. Soon everybody was holding out a ticket.

In addition, the conjunctive links that used in the sense of simultaneous are also accompanied by other component; such as ‘then + in the interval’ (meanwhile, all this time), ‘then + repetition’ (on this occasion, this time), ‘then + moment of the time’ (at this point, at this moment), ‘then + termination’ (by the time, when, while, at the time). Example:

a. By the time I graduate from the university, I want to speak English well.

Moreover, expressions in the sense of previous also have possibility of combination with other meanings or components; such as ‘before + specific time interval’ (five minutes earlier), ‘before + immediately’ (just before), ‘before +

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termination’ (up till that time, until then), ‘before + repetition’ (on previous occasion). Example:

a. The weather cleared just as the party approached the summit. Until then they had seen nothing of the panorama around them.

2.1.4.4.3 Conclusive Relations

Conclusive relation marks the end of some process or series of processes. This relation expressed by items; such as finally, at last, in conclusion, as a final point, in the end, eventually (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 262). Sentence below is the example of this type:

a. All this time the guard was looking at her, first through a telescope, then through a microscope, and then through an opera glass. At last he knew what she did.

2.1.4.4.4 Correlative Relations

The type of temporal conjunction also occurs in correlative form, with cataphoric time expression in one sentence anticipating the anaphoric one that is to follow. The typical temporal is first, at first, first of all, to begin with, etc. After given anyone of these items, the expectation is that the item; such as then, next, secondly, second, and so on (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 263). The example as follow:

a. Obrecht subjects his cantus firmus to the most abstruse manipulations. First, he extracts all the longs from the tune, and strings them together in succession; then he does the same with the breves, and finally with the semibreves.

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2.1.4.4.5 ‘Here and Now’

One important type of temporal conjunction which is linked to the one just discussed is the relating of what is being said to the particular stage which the communication process has reached is here and now relation (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 264). This may take a past, present, or future form. The items that used in this expression are: up to now, up to this point (past form); at this point, here (present form); from now on, henceforward, and hereunder (future form). Here the example of this type:

a. The middle ages have become the Renaissance, and a new world has come into being our world. In what way is it our world? At this point, we run into some difficulty.

2.1.4.4.6 Summary Relations

This relation expressed by conjunctive links such as to sum up, in short, briefly (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 265). These all items have a culminative sense. Another sense of this relation is resumptive sense. This sense expressed by anyway, to resume, in all, to get back to the point. Here the example of this type:

a. Your nutrition can determine how you look, act and feel; whether you are grouchy or cheerful, homely or beautiful, psychologically and even psychosocially young or old; whether you think clearly or are confused, enjoy your work or make it a drudgery, increase your earning power or stay in an economic rut. The foods you eat can make the difference between your day ending with freshness which lets you enjoy a delightful evening or with exhaustion which forces you to bed with the chickens. To a considerable degree, your nutrition can give you a coddled-egg personality or make you a human dynamo. In short, it can determine your zest for life, the good you put into it, and the fulfillment you get from it.

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2.2 The book “#88 LOVE LIFE”

“#88 LOVE LIFE” book is an illustration book written by Diana Rikasari, a fashion blogger and illustrated by Dinda Puspitasari, an illustrator and lifestyle blogger. It is the best seller book that has been printed six times during October 2014 until March 2015 by Gramedia publisher in Jakarta.

It is very eye-catching book because it has a striking cover. The book has 128 pages of the whole while content of the book only has 88 pages. “#88 LOVE LIFE” book contain of the good energy from the author’s daily thoughts on her love and life experiences which are delivered with uplifting and motivating quote by the author and supported with beautiful illustrations by the illustrator.

The book can easy to understand by the readers and it always gives inspiration and motivation to everyone who reads the book. “#88 LOVE LIFE” book also explains about the author’s expectation that she wants to everyone who read her book always surrounding the kindness and happiness.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter presents the research approach of this research. It consists of research design, instrument, data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The method of this research used qualitative approach; a qualitative approach means the research approach which the researcher often makes knowledge claims based primarily on constructivist perspectives or advocacy/participatory perspectives or both (Creswell, 2003:18). The purpose of this research did not need statistic approach to analyze the data but got systematic description of the facts and characteristic description of the data. The researcher chose this method because it was intended to identify types of conjunction and to describe the functions of conjunction in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari.

3.2 Instruments

Research instrument was used to collect the data. It was very important to get the result of the research. In this research, the researcher was the key and the main instrument. It was because the researcher became the one who led the

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process from the raw data which had been collected and analyzed to make the conclusion of the research.

3.3 Data and Data Source

The data which were analyzed in this research were words, phrases, and clauses in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. Furthermore, the data were taken from the book selected based on the part of motivation words. These motivation words were chosen because the researcher found many conjunctions

used in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book.

The primary source was where the main data were taken from “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari which had been published six times during October 2014 until March 2015. The data source was gotten from the Gramedia bookstore. Meanwhile, the secondary source was the references taken from the data which supported theories to conduct this research. The data were taken from books, dictionary, journals, and websites.

3.4 Data Collection

The processes of data collection of this research followed the steps: 1. Finding Out the Book

In this step, the researcher found the book in the bookstore, recently there were many books appeared in this world especially about motivation word. Nevertheless, the researcher chose the book written by Diana

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Rikasari entitled “#88 LOVE LIFE” because the book was correlated with the theory which was used by the researcher to analyze the data.

2. Reading and Understanding the Book

The next step, the researcher read word by word text in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book. The researcher used close-reading to get understanding the whole of the content in the book.

3. Underlining the Data

After the researcher understood contents of the book, then the researcher underlined the words which were categorized as conjunction in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book. The researcher underlined them in order to easy to differentiate the data which had correlated with the theory which was used by the researcher.

4. Listing the Data

The last step, the researcher re-read and re-checked the data to enactive that the data had been chosen appropriately. Finally, the researcher listed all of the conjunctions which were found in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book and they became the data in this research.

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3.5 Data Analysis

To analyze the data and draw the conclusion in this research, the procedures are as followed:

1. Identifying and Classifying the Data

In this step, the researcher identified the data then classified them based on types of conjunction. The first type was additive conjunction which was divided into simple additive relations, complex additive relations: emphatic, complex additive relations: de-emphatic, comparative relations, and appositive relations. The second type was adversative conjunction which was divided into adversative relations (proper), contrastive relations, corrective relations, and dismissive relations. The third type was causal conjunction which was divided into general causal relations, specific causal relations, reversed causal relations, conditional relations, and respective relations. The last type was temporal conjunction which was divided into simple temporal relations, complex temporal relations, conclusive relations, correlative relations, ‘here and now’ relations, and summary relations. It helped the researcher easy to describe the data in the next step and answered problem of the study in number one.

2. Describing the Data

This step, the researcher described the data which had been classified based on the types of conjunction. The data were described by using functions of conjunctions in order to know the reason of the author why

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she used those words. This step helped to answer problem study in number two.

3. Concluding

The last step, the researcher got the final conclusion by using theory which had been chosen. Finally the researcher could take the result of this research based on the research problems.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents of the research findings of data analysis and the discussion which correlates with the analysis.

4.1 Findings

The findings of this research were taken from data sources. The data were obtained from “#88 LOVE LIFE” book written by Diana Rikasari which has 88 pages. In this research, the researcher analyzed cohesive devices focuses on conjunction used theory which was proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976). The researcher wrote findings of this research based on problems of the study above. The first is types of conjunction which are used in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book. Then, the researcher described the functions of conjunction which are found in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book and the last is the researcher found the type of conjunction which is mostly used in the book.

4.1.1 Types and Functions of Conjunction

To easy understand findings in this research, the researcher writes them systematically. The answer of first problem in this research is written in the first paragraph in every point below. Then the second paragraph in every point below contains descriptions of function conjunction which are found in the book.

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Meanwhile the last problem in this research about type of conjunction which is mostly used in the book explains in different point with the first and second problem.

Based on the theory, Halliday and Hasan (1976) divided types of conjunction into four parts; they are additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and temporal conjunction. The researcher wrote the findings of this research in the table below.

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TYPES OF CONJUNCTION FREQUENCY OF

CONJUNCTION

1. Additive Conjunction

1.1Simple Additive Relations Conjunction

48

82 1.2Complex Additive Relations

(emphatic)

5

1.3Complex Additive Relations (de-emphatic)

-

1.4 Comparative Relations 9

1.5 Appositive Relations 20

2. Adversative Conjunction

2.1Adversative Relations (Proper) 4

17 2.2 Contrastive Relations 13

2.3 Corrective Relations -

2.4 Dismissive Relations -

3. Causal Conjunction

3.1 General causal Relations 3

13 3.2 Specific Causal Relations -

3.3 Reserved Causal Relations 6

3.4 Conditional Relations 4

3.5 Respective Relations -

4 Temporal Conjunction

4.1 Simple Temporal Relations 5

14 4.2 Complex Temporal Relations 7

4.3 Conclusive Relations 2

4.4 Correlative Relations -

4.5 ‘Here and Now’ -

4.6 Summary Relations -

Total 126

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The table above showed that the researcher found 126 conjunctions. They consist of additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and temporal conjunction. The most frequent type of conjunction appears in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari is additive conjunction with 82 times. The next point is adversative conjunction appears 17 times. Then, causal conjunction appears 13 while temporal conjunction appears 14 times. After knew the frequency of types of conjunction in this research, the researcher presented the rank of frequency in each type of conjunction and the function of them. Those will be discussed further below.

4.1.1.1Additive Conjunction

Based on theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976), additive conjunction is divided into five parts; namely simple additive relations, complex additive relations (emphatic), complex additive relations (de-emphatic), comparative relations, and appositive relations. But in this research, the researcher only found four kinds of additive conjunction. They are simple additive relations, complex additive relations (emphatic), comparative relations, and appositive relations. Complex additive relation (de-emphatic) is not found in this research because the function of it is to combine the sense of additive with by afterthought and it rather unsuitable with the data which analyzed in this research, those are motivation words. The finding of this research in the type of additive conjunction will be explained below.

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4.1.1.1.1 Simple Additive Relations Conjunction

The research finding of simple additive relations from the motivation words in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book written by Diana Rikasari are displayed below. As the research finding which is showed in the table 4.1 before, there are 48 simple additive relations conjunction which are found. They are expressed by the words and appears 43 times in data 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, and 41; or appears 2 times in data 1 and 22; and nor appears 3 times in data 2, 27, and 30. In this case, the researcher provides the example of each conjunction below:

a. The key to stay sane, positive and calm, is to set your expectations just right. (Datum 6)

b. Don’t live to prove ormake a point. … (Datum 1)

c. You don’t need to know everything, nor do you need to be everything. Just be the best of yourself, … (Datum 30)

After explained type of conjunction in part of simple additive relations conjunction above, in this case the researcher describes function of conjunctions which had been mentioned. First is the word and. Based on the theory which is proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), the word and used to add more information; such as fact or idea. The example above (part a) is 6th _{datum of the} book. The word and takes an important role in the sentence above to connect and add more information in order to make the sentence above cohesive. So, the sentence above can be taken the conclusion that the sentence inform to readers that set our expectations in the good way is the key to get three things; they are to

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stay sane, positive, and calm. Second, the function of word or, Halliday and Hasan (1976) explain that the word or used to indicate an alternative form. From the sentence above shows that the word or used to connect between two selections, they are between ‘prove’ and ‘make a point’. Then, the last is simple additive relations conjunction expressed by nor. Based on the theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976) this conjunction is used to indicate negative form.

4.1.1.1.2Complex Additive Relations (emphatic)

The data displayed below are complex additive relations (emphatic) found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. In this case, the researcher found five sentences which show type of conjunction in complex additive relations (emphatic); they are again appears 2 times in data 17 and 27; and even appears 3 times in data 16, 27, and 43. The sentence below is the example which is expressed by again and even. It is displayed below:

a. You can hate someone so so bad, you can loathe, you can even swear to never speak again. … (Datum 27)

The sentence above is 27th datum of the “#88 LOVE LFE” which shows an emphatic role. The word again above means to complete the sentence before that almost of the sentences before has the same meaning which is in the negative and in the last sentence the word again used to complete and give the emphatic of the sentences before. And it also has similar function with even which is used to give the emphatic meaning of the sentence before.

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4.1.1.1.3Comparative Relations

All the data below categorized as comparative relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. In this case, the researcher found 9 comparative relations. They are expressed by the words than appears 4 times in data 5, 10, 15, and 34; rather only appears 1 time in datum 36; as smooth as appears also only 1 time in datum 18; and like appears 3 times in 28 and 29. Comparative relations contain of similarity and dissimilarity. The similarity is a related pattern which shows a comparison of what is being said with what has gone before. Meanwhile, dissimilarity relation shows negative comparison where the meaning is in contradiction. Based on the words which are expressed before, the finding of type of conjunction in comparative relations is in the part of similarity. Furthermore, to understand more about using than, rather, as smooth as, and like in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book, the researcher display below:

a. Words can be the sweetest thing to hear, but they can hurt us worse

thana knife. … (Datum 15)

b. ... So rather than having bad assumptions about people and question why they treat you unpleasantly, question yourself first. (Datum 36) c. … humans get tired. We feel upset because things aren’t as smooth as

we’ve expected. (Datum 18)

d. Life is like the art of taking photos. … (Datum 29)

The words which have been mentioned above have same function in comparison especially in the part of similarity. The word than in the example above is used to show the same effect. It has meaning that sometimes words also can hurt our heart more than when our body pained because of knife. Beside than,

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the other word which expresses in the same way as than is rather. The conjunction rather has the same function as than and sometimes they are combined together in one sentence. It has function to indicate the same relevance of the presupposition. Then, comparative relations expressed by as smooth as. It shows that the author of the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book delivers the message about the comparison between the things in our life which are not always same with our expectation by the word as smooth as. The last is expressed by like. There are two sentences which use word like, but in one of them the word like appears two times. From the sentence above (part d) explains that the word like is used to compare between life and the art.

4.1.1.1.4Appositive Relations

According to figure 4.1 before, there are 20 appositive relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. They are expressed by the word that appears 13 times in data 4, 9, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 32, 35, and 40; as appears 2 times in data 10 and 33; what also appears 2 times in data 2; and who appears 3 times in data 2 and 3. Based on theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976), appositive relations divided into two types; they are exposition and exemplification. The examples of appositive relations can be seen as the followings:

a. Learn to compliment others when deserved. Not only, does it make other people happy, it shows that we are happy for other people’s happiness. (Datum 4)

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b. Don’t use passion as an excuse to miss out on other things life has to offer. … (Datum 33)

c. … So be comfortable with our choice of shade, as dark green is not always better than lime green. (Datum 10)

d. Let us be comfortable with who we are, what we have and what we are capable of.

In this case, the researcher described function of conjunctions from conjunctions which have explained above. The first example is one of the data which shows the type of appositive relations using the word that. In this case, the word that used to indicate the exposition. The position of it is used to explain the sentence before and the reason why we should to learn to compliment others. The other word which expresses appositive relations is as. This conjunction is used to indicate a manner. The datum can be seen in the example above (part b). Besides, the researcher also found appositive relation which expressed by as but in the different function. If in the example above (part b) the position of as is used to indicate a manner, while in the example (part c) as has a function to indicate an exemplification. The last sentence (part d) is the example of appositive relation which expressed by who and what. Those conjunctions have same function with that which is used to indicate the exposition the sentence before. Besides that, this conjunction also used to connect main clause and sub clause in sentence.

4.1.1.2 Adversative Conjunction

Adversative conjunction is basically used to express relation that has meaning ‘contrary to the expectation’. There are four relations under this type

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namely adversative relations (proper), contrastive relations, correction relations, and dismissive relations. But in this research, the researcher found only two kinds of adversative conjunction. They are adversative relations (proper) and contrastive relations. Each finding of this research in the type of adversative conjunction will be discussed further below:

4.1.1.2.1 Adversative Relations (Proper)

According to table 4.1 before, there are 4 adversative relations (proper) found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. Adversative relations (proper) which is found in that book is expressed by but appears 2 times in data 24 and 34; yet only appears 1 time in datum 12; and although also appears 1 time in datum 17. The examples of adversative relations (proper) as follow:

a. The world may be moving faster than us, but it doesn’t always mean

you gotta rush to catch up. (Datum 34)

b. Real happiness is when you can accept that life isn’t always that happy and yet you still choose to smile and move on. (Datum 12)

c. Although people might fail you over and over and over again, just make sure that you don’t fail yourself. (Datum 17)

The sentences above are several examples of adversative relations (proper) are expressed by but, yet, although. Based on theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976) the word but in adversative relations (proper) has content element ‘and’ as one of its meaning components and it always located within sentence. Besides, adversative relations (proper) expressed by yet (part b). The word yet occurs initially in the sentence and usually find in the sentence beginning. This

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conjunction is used to indicate opposition. The other type of conjunction in adversative relations (proper) which is also used to indicate opposition expressed by although.

4.1.1.2.2 Contrastive Relations

According to the result of analysis there are 13 data that categorized as contrastive relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. They only expressed by but appear 13 times in data 3, 9, 10, 15, 18, 21, 27, 28, 38, 40, 41 and 43. Contrastive relations is a relation of adversative conjunction which express of ‘as against’ and the word but also occurs in this type. The contrastive relations expressed by but displayed below:

a. …Love understands. It never force, but compromises. (Datum 21)

The datum above is one of the examples of contrastive relations expressed by but which is found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book. The word but above is used to express the contradiction. It is as against for the sentence before.

4.1.1.3 Causal Conjunction

Causal conjunction explains about a reason or purpose. There are five types of causal relations namely general causal relations, specific causal relations, reversed causal relations, conditional relations, and respective relations. But in this research only three kinds of causal conjunction are found; they are general

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causal conjunction, reversed causal relations, and conditional relations. These will be discussed further below:

4.1.1.3.1 General Causal Relations

The data below are categorized as general causal relations. There are 3 data; they are in data 10, 28, and 36, which are found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. They expressed by so. One of them will be displayed bellow:

a. We often hurt the joy of life by saying, “The grass is greener on the on the other side”. But green comes in many shades, to accommodate each of our likings and suitability. So be comfortable with our choice of shade, as dark green is not always better than lime green. (Datum 10)

The sentence above is one of the finding in data which expressed by so. The word so is used to imply reasoning. The example above showed that the author wrote some arguments, then the word so appears to imply reasoning.

4.1.1.3.2 Reversed Causal Relations

The result of analysis showed that there are 6 reversed causal relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. They are expressed by the words because appears 6 times in data 5, 15, 18, 23, 36, and 37. One of reversed causal relation which is expressed by because in the data as the followings:

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a. Doing the right thing is always more difficult than doing the wrong thing. That’s why good people are great, because they overcome that difficulty. (Datum 5)

The function of word because is used to indicate cause and effect relationship. It means that from the example above the word because is used to explain ‘this is why’, the reason of why good people are good.

4.1.1.3.3 Conditional Relations

The data which are displayed below are conditional relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. There are 4 conditional relations that are found in the data and they expressed by if, they are in data 13, 28, and 32. One of them is displayed bellow:

a. If there is a will, there’s a way and ifit’s for the good, the universe is

with us. (Datum 13)

The example above showed the word if appears 2 times and they had same function. Halliday and Hasan (1967) explain that the conditional means ‘possibly a; if so, then b’. Then the function of if above is used to indicate conditional relationship.

4.1.1.4 Temporal Conjunction

The basic function of temporal conjunction is to show time order or sequence in time that one is subsequent to the other. There are six relations under this type namely simple temporal relations, complex temporal relations,

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conclusive relations, correlative relations, ‘here and now’ relations, and summary relations. But in this research only three kinds of temporal conjunction are found; they are simple temporal relations, complex temporal relations, and conclusive relations. Each type of them will be discussed further below:

4.1.1.4.1 Simple Temporal Relations

Simple temporal relations from the motivation words in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari are displayed below. There are 5 simple temporal relations which are found. They expressed by before appears 4 times in data 7 and 15 with each datum appears the word before two times; and as long as only appears 1 time in datum 34. The examples of simple temporal relations as follow:

a. Feel before thinking. Think before speaking. (Datum 7)

b. As long aswe’re rotating in the same direction, enjoy life in our own

speed. (Datum 34)

From the example above shows that the word before appears two times. These conjunctions are used to indicate time order especially in sense of previous. So, the example above (part a) explained that we should feel first than thinking and think first than speaking. The other conjunction which showed type of conjunction in simple temporal relations is as long as. The conjunction has a different function with the word before. It is used to indicate simultaneous. Although it has different function between before, but they still in same scope that is used to indicate time.

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4.1.1.4.2 Complex Temporal Relations

According to the results of analysis, there are 7 complex temporal relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. They are expressed by the words when appears 7 times in data 4, 12, 20, 28, 31, 38, and 43. One of the data can be seen in the followings:

a. … Believe in kindness. Spread kindness. Always remember, when

they hate you, love them back. (Datum 43)

The function of word when above is used to indicate time especially in the sense of simultaneous. But in this case the sense of simultaneous is also accompanied by other component. From the example above explains that simultaneous of someone hate us and we should to love them back.

4.1.1.4.3 Conclusive Relations

The data which are displayed below are conclusive relations found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. There are 2 conclusive relations that are found in the data and they expressed by at the end of the day appears 2 times; they are in data 15 and 27. One of them will be displayed bellow:

a. Words can be the sweetest thing to hear, but they can hurt us worse than a knife. Feel before we think, think before we speak. At the end of the day, no words can actually heal a broken heart. We heal because we’re just supposed to. (Datum 15)

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The function of word at the end of the day is used to indicate conclusion. It marks the end of some process before and from the example above showed the conclusion of some arguments before.

4.1.2 Frequency of Conjunction

After the researcher explained the types and functions of conjunction above, in this case the researcher described the frequency of conjunction which is used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. From the table 4.1 the frequency of conjunction in type of additive conjunction appears 82 times, adversative conjunction appears 17 times, causal conjunction appears 13 times, and the last is temporal conjunction appears 14 times. Then the total frequency of conjunction which is used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari is 126 conjunctions.

The result of the analysis showed that simple additive relations conjunctions is the biggest type of conjunction which is found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book Vol. 1 by Diana Rikasari. It is because in simple additive relations conjunctions indicate negative and alternative form (Halliday and Hasan, 1976). Furthermore the simple additive relations conjunctions are expressed by the words and (43 times), nor (3 times), and or (2 times). The simple additive relations conjunction expressed by and is the mostly used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book. It is because the word and used to add more information; such as fact or idea.

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4.2 Discussion

This discussion is taken from the data analysis that has been explained in the previous section. Based on theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976) explain that cohesive device divided into two types; they are lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. Lexical cohesion divided into two types; they are reiteration and colocation. Meanwhile grammatical cohesion divided into four types; they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. But, in this research only focuses on conjunction in “#88 LOVE LIFE” book Vol. 1 by Diana Rikasari.

This analysis was displayed following the classification proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976). In this research, the researcher analyzed type and function of conjunction in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book, then the mostly used conjunction in that book. Based on the findings, the results of this research showed that there are a lot of conjunctions used in the book.

There are 126 conjunctions used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book are found. They consist of additive conjunction 82 times, adversative conjunction 17 times, causal conjunction 13 times, and temporal conjunction 14 times. In this research only found four parts of additive conjunction; they are simple additive relations conjunction 48 times, complex additive relations (emphatic) 5 times, comparative relations 9 times, and appositive relations 20 times. Two parts of adversative conjunction are found; they are adversative relations (proper) 4 times and contrastive relation 13 times. Then, in causal conjunction found three parts; they are general causal relations 3 times, reversed causal relations 6 times, and conditional relations 4 times. The last is in temporal conjunction found three

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parts; they are simple temporal relations 5 times, complex temporal relations 7 times, and conclusive relations 2 times.

From the whole data (43 pages) of motivation words in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari, additive conjunction (82 times) is the mostly type of conjunction used in that book. Furthermore, the mostly type of simple additive relation is expressed by and (43 times).

The first type of conjunction is additive conjunction which expressed by and used to add more information, or used to indicate an alternative form, nor used to indicate negative form, again and even used to complete and give the emphatic of the sentences before, than used to add the same effect, rather used to indicate the same relevance of the presupposition, as smooth as and like used to indicate the comparison, that used to indicate the exposition, and as used to indicate a manner. The second type is adversative conjunction which expressed by but used to express the contradiction, yet and although used to indicate opposition. The third is causal conjunction which expressed by so used to imply reasoning, because used to indicate cause and effect relationship, and if used to indicate conditional relationship. The last is temporal conjunction which expressed by before used to indicate time order especially in sense of previous, as long as used to indicate simultaneous, when used to indicate time, and at the end of the day used to indicate conclusion.

Finally, it can be concluded that conjunction is an important role means in language to make cohesive relation in each word, phrase, sentence and even paragraph of the motivation words and link them together. It makes the

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motivation words clearly and easy to be understood. It has been proved in this research, because the result showed that there are lot of conjunctions used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari and it results a good cohesion.

This research showed us about the coherence and cohesive of the word, phrase, sentence or paragraph. It also has correlated with other scope which is in the scope of religion. It is called by munasabah. Based on etymology, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) online, munasabah is suitable, match, appropriate, similarity. Meanwhile in his book, Agus Salim, explains that munasabah is the compatibility between characteristic and command or prohibition that bring beneficial or reduce harmful for human. Then, based on etymology in book of Study Al-Quran munasabah is suitable or connection or relevancy, it means that connection/suitable between the first verse/letter and the next. So, this scope has similar discussion with this research that is about cohesive and coherence. To make easy understand, the researcher gives the example below:

“And Allah repelled those who disbelieved in their rage, not having obtained any good. And sufficient was Allah for the believers in battle. And ever is Allah Powerful and Exalted in Might.” (Al-Ahzab: 25)

The verse above is one of the examples of munasabah which is between fasilah (separation) and content of the verse. One of the functions of munasabah is used to reinforce and give the addition. It is shown in the verse above that the

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next sentence is used to add the information and reinforce the content meaning in the verse. One of the function of munasabah which is explained before has similarity with this research which is type of conjunction in additive conjunction especially in the part of simple additive relations conjunction. It means that grammatical cohesion especially in the part of conjunction is important to make the reader understand well the message of the author in order to avoid misunderstanding.

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next sentence is used to add the information and reinforce the content meaning in the verse. One of the function of munasabah which is explained before has similarity with this research which is type of conjunction in additive conjunction especially in the part of simple additive relations conjunction. It means that grammatical cohesion especially in the part of conjunction is important to make the reader understand well the message of the author in order to avoid misunderstanding.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

The research finding and discussion has presented in the previous chapter. Meanwhile, this chapter provides the conclusion and some suggestions to the reader, especially for those who concern to this topic and the next researcher when they are going to conduct study in this field.

5.1 Conclusion

The objective of this research is to explain and identify the type and function of conjunction used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book written by Diana Rikasari and also to explain the type of conjunction which is mostly used in the book.

From the data which were taken from the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Riikasari, this research found a lot of conjunctions including additive conjunction is divided into simple additive relations conjunction, complex additive relations (emphatic), comparative relations, and appositive relations; adversative conjunction is divided into adversative relations (proper) and contrastive relation; causal conjunction is divided into general causal relations, reversed causal relations, and conditional relations; temporal conjunction is divided into simple temporal relations, complex temporal relations, and conclusive relations. Furthermore, the result showed that additive conjunction is

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the most type used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. They mostly expressed by simple additive relation using conjunction and.

Moreover, the functions of conjunction which were found before are as the followings. First, additive conjunction is used to indicate an addition, alternative, negative, emphatic, comparison, and exposition. Second, adversative is used to indicate contradiction and opposition. Third, causal is used to imply reasoning, to indicate cause-effect and conditional relationship. Fourth, temporal is used to indicate time order (previous and simultaneous), and conclusion. In conclusion, the function of conjunctions which are found in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari shows that they have an important role to make words, phrases, sentences, and even paragraphs cohesively related. As a result, they can be clearly interpreted and easy to be understood.

5.2 Suggestion

The present study has focused on conjunction used in the “#88 LOVE LIFE” book by Diana Rikasari. Conjunction is one of the types of cohesive device especially in the part of grammatical cohesion. In the significant and the result of this research, the researcher proposes some suggestions. The researcher expects that this research is useful for the next researchers especially the young researchers of English Letters Department at State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya who have the same interest to analyze conjunction. It is expected that the result of this research is going to help the next researchers who conduct the same field of research as reference or comparison which relevant to their

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research. Besides that, it is expected for them to focus on the simple additive conjunctions because this kind of conjunction is mostly found in this research. Furthermore, they also can use another object in their research in order to present the different result of their research but still in the same field, which is conjunction.

Finally the researcher realizes that this research was still far from being perfect. So, the researcher will accept to all of good criticism and suggestion about this research in order to make it more perfect.

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