A STUDY ON LENA HALOWAY'S CONFLICTS IN LAUREN OLIVER'S PANDEMONIUM.

A STUDY ON

LENA HALOWAY’S CONFLICTS IN

LAUREN OLIVER’S

PANDEMONIUM

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Humanity UIN

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By :

Evi Novitasari

Reg. Number : A03212004

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside cover page ... . i

Declaration page ... . ii

Dedication ... . iii

Motto ... . iv

Approval sheet ... . v

Examiner sheet ... . vi

Acknowledgements ... . vii

Table of Contents ... . ix

Abstract ... . xii

Intisari ... . xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 6

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 6

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study ... 6

1.5 Significance of the study ... 7

1.6 Method of the Study ... 7

1.7 Organizing of the Study ... 8

1.8 Definition of the Key Terms ... 9

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... .... 10

x

2.1.1. Character ... .... 12

2.1.2 Characteization ... .... 14

2.1.3 Plot ... 17

2.1.3.1 Conflict ... 18

2.2 Review of Related Study ... 21

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS 3.1 Lena Haloway’s Characterization...23

3.1.1 Lena as Protagonist Character…………...25

3.1.2 Lena as Dynamic Character ……….………26 3.2 Lena Haloway’s Conflicts ………....….. 38

3.2.1 Lena Haloway’s conflict with Scavengers………...…...38

3.2.2 Lena Haloway’s conflict with Regulators ………..…..44

3.2.3 Lena Haloway’s conflict with Raven ………..…….47

3.2.4 Lena Haloway’s conflict with Nature ... ...51

3.2.5 Lena Haloway’s internal conflict ...…………..….. 53

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION 4.1 Conclusion... 56

WORKS CITED... 59

APPENDICES Appendix 1.... 61

ABSTRACT

Novitasari, Evi. A Study on Lena Haloway’s conflicts in Lauren Oliver’s Pandemonium. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag

This thesis focuses on the conflicts faced by Lena Haloway in Lauren

Oliver’s novel: Pandemonium. This thesis uses new criticism theory to analyze the characterization and the conflicts. The purposes of this thesis are to describe

Lena Haloway’s characterization and to find out the external and internal conflicts

faced by Lena Haloway. This thesis uses descriptive qualitative research method and library based-on because the data collected are organized depend on the researcher and how the data were rendered through the source of library. As the result of this research, the writer depicts Lena Haloway’s character in novel

Pandemonium, a Christian woman, kind, brave, optimist person which also hated rat. Then, the writer finds out the conflicts faced by Lena. Lena faced four external conflicts: first, Lena against the Scavengers, they are kidnap Lena in the underground tunnel. The second is Lena against the Regulator, they raided Lena’s homestead. The third is Lena against Raven, Raven recognition that the uprising during the DFA campaign was planned. The fourth is Lena faced the natural horor. The internal conflict faced Lena Haloway, Lena felt regret has left the

Portland and Lena worried for Julian’s punishment and felt guilty.

xii ABSTRAK

Novitasari, Evi. A Study on Lena Haloway’s conflicts in Lauren Oliver;s

Pandemonium. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Dosen Pembimbing : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag

Skripsi ini fokus kepada konflik-konflik yang dihadapi oleh Lena Haloway di Lauren Oliver: Pandemonium. Skripsi ini menggunakan teori new criticism yang digunakan untuk menganalisa karakter dan konflik. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan karakter dari Lena Haloway dan menemukan konflik luar dan konflik dalam yang dihadapi oleh Lena Haloway. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode deskripsi qualitatif dan penelitian perpustakaan karena data dikumpulkan dan diolah serta disajikan berdasarkan pemikiran penulis juga menurut sumber dari perpustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini, peneliti menggambarkan tentang karakter Lena Haloway di novel Pandemonium, yaitu, seorang penganut kristen, baik, berani dan optimis tetapi takut dengan tikus. Kemudian peneliti menemukan konflik yang dihadapi oleh Lena. Lena menghadapi empat konflik dari luar: pertama, Lena melawan the Scavenger, mereka menculik Lena di terowongan bawah tanah. Yang kedua Lena melawan Regulator, mereka melakukan pemberontakan dirumah Lena. Yang ketiga Lena melawan Raven, pengakuan Raven bahwa pemberontakan yang terjadi pada saat kampanye DFA telah direncanakan. Yang keempat Lena menghadapi kengerian alam. Konflik dari dalam yang dialami Lena: dia merasa menyesal telah meninggalkan Portland dan kecemasan Lena mengenai hukuman mati untuk Julian dan dia merasa bersalah untuk itu.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is as the expression of beautiful thoughts, feeling, and human experience in beautiful language. Literature is an art activity that related to imaginative or creative writing. Every person has imaginative thought in their minds. They think about something unreal or even real things in this world. Moreover, they can share their imaginative thinking by expressing into a form of inspiration. It can give the depth inspiration about what we have known in this world (Borges 18). Thus, literature can make human's life more living and meaningful. It also can give gladness and spiritual satisfaction.

The literary work is an author's creative writing. The author wrote the literary work based on what he feels, sees, and experiences in real life. Literature represented life and life is in large meaning, social reality, even though the natural world and subjective world of the individual have also been the object of the

literary ‘imitation' (Wellek and Waren 94). In appropriate, literary works consist of nonfiction and fiction works. Nonfiction works are written forms that relate to data and fact. It does not relate to the imagination of the author. It consists of announcement, speech text, reports, journals, biography, scientific articles, etc. (Gutkind 8). Fiction works relate to imagination, invention, something unreal, and it does not happen because of real condition and unnecessary for searching the

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truth. All of the events, settings, and characters are imaginative (3). Fiction works consist of poetry, short story, drama, fairy tale, novel, etc. (Nurgiyantoro 9).

According to Suprapto in Fathul Muhib's thesis (2014:3), he argues that novel or fiction is prose length work that contains combination of life story's people with other in around with present life character the characteristic of character. In the novel, there are external and internal elements. According to Ainna in her journal (2014), she argues that extrinsic elements are the elements that are beyond of the works, but indirectly affect the building and system of a novel. While intrinsic elements of novel are the elements that build up in the literary works of literature itself. It means, the purpose of the entry of such elements or parts of the literary work as a builder of stories in literary work itself. In general, the intrinsic elements of literary works include the theme, character, setting, point of view, style and plot (https://id.scribd.com/doc/212850505/the-intrinsic-elements-of-literature).

Plot is the chain of causes and circumstances which connect the various events and place them into some sort of relation with each other (Beard 33). Plot is basic framework of story. Plot organizes the actions in order to link an event and how an incident related to another and also how the character described in that event. Plot divided into five; exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.

Inside the plot there is a conflict. A conflict happened by the motivation and the measure of cause and effect of substance. Conflict, which is actually quite

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important events, is an essential element in the development of the plot. Conflict is something that dramatic, referring to the struggle between two forces are balanced and imply action and retaliation (Wellek & Warren 285).

Potter ( 25) also said that conflict is the result of the opposition between at least two sides. The conflict may be overt, and violent, or implicit and subdued; it may be visible in action, or it may take place entirely in a character's mind.

By presenting conflict in the novel will make the reader be anxious to read and look for the cause and effect until the end of it. For that, the conflict is necessary element of fictional literature. Basically, a conflict is centred on a character or characters.

Characters are the life of literature: they are the objects of our curiosity and fascination, affection and dislike, admiration and condemnation (Bennet 73). It means, characters have an important role in a story, besides as a pawn that makes the story alive, character also viewed as a strategic position to carry a message or something that the author wants to convey in the story. So, character which represents a person becomes something interested in the story. It can be said that the single most important aspect of a good literary work is character.

There are two kinds of character; a main character and a supporting

character. A main character is the player through whom the audience experiences the story first hand while supporting character is character stand in the way of the main character in the subjective story (Phillip Chris 26). Here, the writer will analyze the main character's conflict in novel Pandemonium that written by Lauren Oliver. Lauren Oliver was born in America in 1982, she was graduated

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from the University of Chicago. Lauren Oliver also has a degree from New York University's MFA program. Lauren is American author of New York Times bestselling novels: Before I fall, Panic, Delirium, Pandemonium and Requiem. (http://www.laurenoliverbooks.com/biography.php/25/3/16,15:05pm)

Pandemonium tells about the resistance of Invalid to disorder the DFA (Deliria Free America) organization, the calls for the government to enforce the cure and eradicate the delirium. They are compulsory the society over eighteen years old to cure the delirium. They believe that delirium or love is a dangerous disease and it can kill them. The story starts with the new life of Lena Haloway in the Wilds. Lena Haloway as the main character here, she was escaped from the border fence, left Alex behind, and is running for her life through the Wilds. Some time later Lena woke up and found herself in the Wilds, sick, more dead than not. She is being taken care of by a group of uncured, or Invalid, including their leader Raven. Lena slowly regains her strength as she works hard to heal herself

emotionally and physically.

This novel recount the conflicts Lena Haloway after she left her old life and join a group Invalid in the Wild. Raven initiates Lena into the Resistance, a group of fighters dedicated to resisting a governmental control. They give her a special mission, to observe Julian Fineman, the son of the head of the DFA (Deliria Free America) and spy on and also mixed with DFA. Lena Haloway follows great campaign of DFA in Times Square of New York. A conflict occur when a group of violent and militant uncured known as Scavengers disorder tha campaign. The Scavenger coughts and kidnapped Lena and Julian and imprison them in an

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underground room. Julian and Lena work together to escape, and make their way out of the city and back into the Wilds, re-uniting with the Invalid.

Related to this research, the writer makes analysis of Lena Haloway’s conflicts in her new life. The conflicts here is Lena Haloway dealing with scavenger and tried to escape but she was caught by the regulator. Lena reunited Raven and she knows a secret that made her angry at the Raven. All the events that occurred during the campaign, when Lena kidnapped and captured by the regulator, it has been planned without her to know. Lena Haloway also faced conflict with the horor nature. The novel was chosen because there are few number of theses which analyze this novel. So, the writer decides to analyze

Pandemonium novel. Beside that the writer interested with Lena Haloway’s integrity and brave in faced her conflicts. It motivates the writer becomes brave female figure. Then, the writer wants to know how the author describe the

characterization of the character. So in this case the writer interested in analyzing the main character of Pandemonium novel, with the title“A Study on Lena

Haloway’s Conflicts in Lauren Oliver’s Pandemonium”. 1.2 Statement of the Problems

1. How is the characterization of Lena Haloway described in the novel? 2. What are the external and internal conflicts faced by Lena Haloway?

1.3 Objective of the Study

1. To describe the characterization of Lena Haloway.

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1.4 Scope and Limitation

The writer would like to restrict this study to focus on one character, namely Lena Haloway as an infliltrate into DFA organization part of Invalid. Further, the writer wants to analyzing Lena Haloway's internal and external conflicts. An internal conflict suggests that the main character is in conflict with himself/herself; while, external conflict means the main characters in the conflict with things out of him such as another individual and society.

1.5 Significant of the Study

After conducting this study, it is purposed for giving both theoretical and practical contribution. Theoretically, the significant of this analysis is to increase the literary understanding in terms of literary works and character through novel and to describe of conflict in Pandemonium novel. The writer expects this study can give knowledge for the readers to understand what conflict is.

Practically, the writer also expects this study will give an inspiration for other studies especially in English Letters Department of State Islamic University (UIN) Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Thus, this study will help the readers to study more about this novel and analyzing another aspect of Pandemonium in different area. The writer do hope that it can be an additional literature contribution for the library of State Islamic University (UIN) Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

1.6 Method of the Study

This research is library based. The writer applied library research and descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method has the meaning

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that the writer will explain the result of the analysis in the form of words and sentence since the result is not numeral data.

Therefore, the writer makes good use some books. The primary data source is Pandemonium novel that is written by Lauren Oliver and the secondary source taken from books, articles, journals and online resource which relevant and supporting the data of research. The research follows the following step:

1. Reading the novel to get the complete and well understanding on the whole story.

2. Find the data in the novel to find the word that is related to problem of the study.

3. Selecting and collecting the data in the form of narration and conversation from the novel related to the problem.

4. Analyzing the data collected dealing with statement of problems and selected theory.

5. Making conclusion based on the result of data analysis.

1.7 Organization of the Study

The presentation of the study will be divided into four. The first chapter is introduction. Introduction is divided to five parts, they are; background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significant of the study, scope and limitation of the study and method of study.

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In the second chapter is theoretical framework discussion theory that is used in this research. This chapter also discusses the previous research from thesis, journal or book review.

The third chapter is analysis from the writer. The study explains, what problem that is wanted to research from the writer. It must show what part can answer research problem and conclude the result of this research.

The last chapter is conclusion from the research. The result of this study is, the writer finding the characterization of main characters and the writer finds the internal and external conflict faced by main characters.

1.8 Definition of Key Term

To avoid any different perception between the writer and the reader in understanding the study, it is essential to give some definition of key terms use in this study. Here are the key terms explained :

Character : Character is a doer in the literary work (novel, story, novelette, and also drama). Character in fiction is created by the creator, although could be descibed as human being in the real world (Sayuti 68). Conflict : The opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and an

antagonist), between two large groups of people, or between the protagonist and a larger problem such as forces of nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies ((Literary Term and Definition Dictionary)

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Invalids : People who live in the Wilds, are not Cured and make up the resistance.

Cured : People who had recovered from delirium (love).

DFA : (Deliria-Free America)– group Lena joins, led by Thomas Fineman, that calls for the government to enforce the cure and eradicate the delirium.

Regulator : Cured people who stand for safety city, part of DFA.

Scavengers : Invalids who don’t stand for anything (like being a part of the resistance).

10 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In order to analyze the statements of the problem in this thesis, the writer uses new criticism theory.

2.1 New Criticism

Formalism, sometimes called New Criticism (even though it has been around a long time) involves a careful analysis of a literary text's craft. It is how to paraphrase the text and based on the text. Ignoring any historical context, any biographical information about an author, any philosophical or psychological issues, or even any of a text's political or moral message, the formalist is simply interested in taking the text apart to see how it works as apiece of art. It does not think about the background of literary work making (Gillepsie 172).

Some of it most important concepts concerning the nature and importance of textual evidence (the use of concrete, specific example from the text itself to validate the interpretation) have been incorporated into the way most literary critics today, regardless of the theoretical persuasion, support the reading of literature. It supports for literary interpretations because the new critic introduced to America and called “close reading,” has been a standard method of high school and college instruction in literary studies for the past several decades (Tyson 135). All the evidence provided by the language of the text itself: its images, symbol, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, plot and so forth, which, because they form, or shape, the literary work are called

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it is formal elements. It needs to understand the meaning of text itself first. It related to the beliefs concerning the proper way to interpret it (Tyson 137).

New Critics believe that a single best, or most accurate, interpretation of each text could be discovered that best represents the text itself: that best explains what the text means and how the text produces that meaning, in other words, that best explains its organic unity (Tyson 148).

Nevertheless, New Criticism's success in focusing our attention on the formal elements of the text and on their relationship to the meaning of the text is evident in the way we study literature today, regardless of our theoretical

perspective. For whatever theoretical framework we use to interpret a text, we always support our interpretation with concrete evidence from the text that usually includes attention to formal elements, and, with the notable exception of some deconstructive and reader-response interpretations, we usually try to produce an interpretation that conveys some sense of the text as a unified whole (Tyson 149). It is understandable that their method worked best on short poems and stories because the shorter the text, the more of its elements could be analyzed. When longer works were examined, such as long poems, novel, and plays, New Critical reading usually confined themselves to the analysis of some aspect (or aspects) of the work, for example, its imagery (or perhaps just one kind of imagery, such as nature imagery), the role of narrator or of the minor characters, the function of time in the work, the pattern of light and dark created by setting, or some other formal element. In analyzing the novel chosen analyzes some aspect of literary work. They are characters and characterization (Tyson 149).

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2.1.1 Character

Character is one of intrinsic elements in fiction or narrative work. It is an important element in narrative work or in a story that can be a study. Character often becomes the most important discuss than other elements (Nurgiyantoro 164). From A Glossary of Literary Term, characters are the people represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the people say and their distinctive ways of saying it or the dialogue and from what they do or the action. The grounds in the character’s temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation.

According to Abrams (20), character is a person in a dramatic or narrative work which naturally processes moral dispositional qualities that are expressed in what he rays through the dialogue and what he does through his/her actions. It means that character is in the story has relevancy with reader response. Actually the reader will give interpretation about the character in the story by themselves.

For addition, Nurgiyantoro (167) said, character takes place in strategic position to give massage, value, moral and all things that the author wants to give to the readers. Character is just creation from thought, attitude and pretension of the author in the fiction work. So it has to life naturally like in real world.

Characters in fiction are divided in some types, the first, in significance role in developing story there are main character and additional character. A main character is a main person that appears in almost all scenes in the whole story, he or she always be told sides of her or his life. While Additional character is

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supporting character for main character who assist/accompany the main character in the story (Nurgiyantoro 177). In the certain novels, the main character always occurs in any event and can be found on each page of the story book and an additional character usually is not the focus of reader's attention.

The second types, in appearance function character, there are protagonist and antagonist characters. Altenbernd and Lewis (in Nurgiyantoro 2007)

protagonist character is a character who admired by the readers, such as hero, who have norms, values, which ideal for us. Protagonist characters show the things appropriate to the readers view, and hopes. The readers often feel the similarities between themselves with the problem that the character faced as well as their way of react (178). So it can be said that what the characters felt, thought, and did as well as representing the readers.

While, an antagonist character might be called in opposition of the

protagonist, direct or indirectly, physically or mentally. The antagonist also called a character which into the caused the conflict. Conflicts that experienced by the protagonist not only caused by an antagonist (178). It means, it can be caused by other things that are out of one's individuality, such as natural disasters, accidents, social environment, social rules, moral values, power, and so on.

The third is about static and dynamic character. A static character is

someone who does not change over time; his or her personality does not transform or evolve. Altenbernd and Lewis (in Nurgiyantoro 189) said, static character is a character who essentially no change as a result of the accidents that occurred. This kind of character looks like less involved and they are not affected by the human

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relationships. Static character has behavior and disposition that is relatively fixed, not evolved, from the beginning until the end of the story. While, dynamic

character is a character who changes and develops in line with the development of disposition and plot narrated. He/she is actively interacting with the environment, in social environment, nature, and others, and will affect the attitude, character, and behavior of the character. The attitude and character of this type will have developments or changes from the beginning, middle, and end of the story, appropriate to the coherence demands of the story overall.

By knowing about character widely, it helps to make easy to analyze Lena Haloway. This study focuses on woman character named Lena Haloway. It will help to get more knowledge about Lena Haloway, so we can know about her character in this story.

2.1.2 Characterization

We knew about the meaning of character from some opinion and all types of characters, so after that we should know more exactly about characterization as one of elements in fiction.

Characterization means that writers present and reveal character, by direct description, by showing the character in action or by the presentation of the other characters that help to define each other (Element of Fiction). From Literary Devices, characterization is the act of creating and describing characters in literature. Characterization includes both descriptions of a character's physical attributes as well as the character's personality. It can be said that the way that

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characters act, think, and speak also adds to their characterization. Character and characterization can not be separated, but it is different from one another.

In other definition, characterization is the creation of these imaginary person, so that they exist for the reader as real within the limits of the fiction and have ability to characterize the people of one’s imagination successfully is a primary attribute of a good novelist, dramatist, or short story writer (Holman 75).

There are two types of characterization, direct characterization and indirect characterization. According to Bernardo (2001) direct characterization refers to what speaker or narrator directly says or thinks about character, the reader is told what the character is like. It means, the author telling the audience what a

character is like. A narrator may give this information, or a character in the story may do it. Meanwhile, indirect characterization refers to what the character says or does. The reader then infers what the character is all about, the reader who is obligated to figure out what the character is like. It can be said that indirect

characterization consists of the author showing the audience what kind of person a character is through the character's thoughts, words, and deeds. This requires the reader to make inferences about why a character would say or do those things.

Holman (1986), also states that there are three fundamental methods of characterization in fiction: (1) the explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by action; (2) the presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from

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the actions; and (3) the representation from within a character, without comment on the character by the author, of the impact of actions and emotions upon the character's inner self, with the expectation that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character (76).

On the other hand, according to Pooley (538), he said that the authors may use any or all of four different methods in characterizing their characters. Those methods are:

1. He may describe the character's physical traits and personality, in terms of physical traits, the author may use the adjective such as beautiful, short, blond hair, etc. to desribe her character.

2. He may show the character's speech and behavior, in this point, the

characterization is shown by the behavior and speech of the character such as when the character speaks in a loud tone, the author maybe wants to show the reader that his character is bad-tempered.

3. He may give the opinions and reaction of other character toward and behavior, in this point the characterization of character is show through other's character opinion toward the certain character.

4. He may show the character's thought and feelings, in this point the characterization of certain character is show a certain character always think that no one in the world is smart than him, by this thought, the reader can determine that his character is arrogant.

In this study, the writer prefers to description the characterization of the character based on Pooley’s methods. In description Lena Haloway's

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characterization, the writer will asses her physical traits and personality, her speech and behavior, her thought and feeling, and what other characters opinion toward her.

2.1.3 Plot

According to Cambridge Advance Learner’s Dictionary, a plot means “ the story of a film, book, play, etc”. Plot has been defined as the sequence of

incidents or events of which a story is composed. It has also been defined as an array of events, some of which can be described as being key moments in the narrative (Chatman 1978). Plot is the order in which things move and happen in a story. The plot is the arrangement of ideas and or incidents that make up a story (Chatman 1978). We can say that, the story have good chronological order only if the story relates events in the order in which they happened. Meanwhile, if the story moves back in time, it was called as Flashback. The conflict has important role in a literary work, whether it is short story, novel, or drama conflict occur when the protagonist was starting to have a problem or struggling against an antagonist. The pattern of action are:

a. Foreshadowing is when the writer clues the reader into something that wil eventually occur in the story; it may be explicit or implied.

b. Suspense is the tension that the author uses to create a feeling of discomfort about the unknown

c. Conflict is struggle between opposing forces.

d. Exposition is background information regarding the setting, characters, plot. e. Rising Action is the process the story follows as it builds to its main conflict.

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f. Crisis is a significant turning point in the story that determines how it must end.

g. Resolution is the way the story turns out.

2.1.3.1 Conflict

Conflict is important to literary work because it provides the basic materials for the construction of the plot. Without conflict nothing would happen. In a novel, a novelist arranges a story about human life where is in the story we can find some events that correlate each other, and that is conflict. Where conflict is something that to assess the somebody behavior or a group of people in each every their life. In the appeared as the result something

unpleased of in our interaction with another people. Therefore, we can see that conflict as one important element that determines a story in the novel is

interesting for the reader.

According to Adrian H. Jaffe and Virgil Scott, conflict is a backbone of the story. It is provides us with pattern and direction and gives us the sense of a story going somewhere (Jaffe&Scott 3). For the writer, the existence of conflict is the important part for the reader of the story to understand the whole story better.

Conflict must exist if we want to analyze the character, and it usually involves studying conflict as well. If someone talks about conflicts, it means

“the struggle” or the problem that is usually brought about, because of

something the character face in the story (Christensen, 152). However, conflict itself is not only implying the existence of some motivations for the conflict or

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the goal to be achieved (Holman 108). Moreover, Holman states that conflicts provide interest, suspense, and tensions, which keep the story becomes

interesting to be read.

Based on Literary Glossary, conflict (conflict in a work of fiction) is the issue to be resolved in the story. It usually occurs between two characters, the protagonist and antagonist, or between the protagonist and society or the protagonist and himself or herself. Nurgiyantoro (123) said, “conflict is the

accident that is important, the essential element in plot development”. Based on

these statements, it can be said that conflict can be main part of a novel in order to make the plot of the story more interested. It means that, plot is necessary to use and develop in order to make the story become interested.

Perrine (1993), classifies conflict into three types. That are: mental, physical, and moral. Mental conflict emerges when the main character pitted against some other person or group of person or in other words, it is man against man. Physical conflict emerges when the character is in conflict with some external forces, such as physical nature, society and fate. Moral conflict emerges when the character is in conflict with some elements in his own nature or in short, it is a conflict against himself.

In A Handbook to Literature, Holman (1986) divides conflict into four different kinds of conflicts. The first is conflict of struggle of a man against nature. The second is the struggle of a man against man. The third is the struggle of a man against society. These three kinds of conflicts are called “ external conflict.” The other kind of conflict is called “internal conflict,” that is

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the conflict of two elements within a man who is in struggle for mastery (Holman, 118). On the other hand, in a short sentence according to Holman (118) conflict can be divided into two main conflicts that are internal conflict and external conflict. In internal conflict, it involves an opposition between a person against himself. Then, in external conflict, it can be an opposition between a character and an outside force; man against man, man against society or man against nature. Hurtik and Yarber support Holman’s thought of conflict, they said that a conflict the result of a need for both excitement and meaning, it may be internal or psychological, within the main character

himself, or between the character and outside force, including other individual, nature, society, fate, or any combination of these (7).

Another statement, Muller and John A William (44) divides conflict into two kinds. The conflicts are external and internal conflicts. External conflict deals with struggles against other characters, nature, and society. Whereas an internal conflict deal with struggle between desires within a person. Thus, it happens in the mind of character.

From the explanation above the writer can conclude that the point of the idea in classifying the conflicts are the same actually. In other words, that classify of conflict into two kinds, internal and external conflicts. Internal conflict is conflict between man against himself, where the main character conflict with himself. The character conflict with himself caused by character usually has something to do with a choice (choosing between right and wrong) or it may have to do with overcoming emotions or mixed feelings. .

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Meanwhile, external conflict is conflicts between man against man, man against society and man against nature. A conflict that occurs between the character and character here is where a character against his opponent, usually the conflict that took place between character with character here between the protagonist and antagonist. The conflict between characters with social, in this conflict occurs between the character with those who are around them, either friends or even his family. And the last follows character with nature, in this conflict occurs between human against nature, such as floods and so forth.

In this study, the writer focuses in the four of external conflicts and some of internal conflicts that faced by Lena Haloway in the Pandemonium novel. The external conflicts of Lena Haloway: The first, Lena Haloway conflict with Scavengers, in the Pandemonium novel itself explained that the Scavengers is a group of uncured (Invalid) people who do not stand for anything ( like being a part of the resistance). The Scavengers will do anything to get what they want. The Scavenger does not takes side for cured and uncured (Invalid) people.

The second is conflict with the Regulator. Regulator is cured people who stand for safety city, they are part of DFA organization. The third is conflict with Raven and the fourth is conflict with nature. Most of the external conflicts that faced by Lena Haloway is physical conflict.

2.3. Review of Related Studies

Even though there is no thesis analyzing Pandemonium novel, but there are some criticism and writings have been made concerning the similar theme. Here, there are some studies which have similarities that analyze about conflict.

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First, the thesis belong to Abdul Aziz, a student of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya entitled Robert Langdon's Conflicts to Retain His Good image in The Da Vinci Code Novel. The researcher focused his research on the conflict faced Robert Langdon who is the main character in the novel of The Da Vinci Code. The conflict focused in the three external conflicts and one of internal conflict. Robert Langdon was forced to deal with the conflicts to retain his good image to prove that he is not a murderer. In his thesis the researcher use formalism theory, sociological theory and theory of conflict.

Second, the thesis belong to Muhamad Khafid Rifa’i, a student of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya entitled The Cultural Conflict of the Indian

American People: As Seen in Abel in Momaday’s House Made of Down. The researcher focused his research on the cultural conflict between Indian and the White people by conducting a research using N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Down. The conflict focused in the factor and the effect of cultural conflict that faced by Abel, young generation characters as the result of the changing from traditional to modern life. In his thesis the researcher use theory of social change, conflict and cultural conflict.

Based on the previous studies above, the writer wants to analyze about the conflicts faced by main character but in case of different object. The writer chooses Pandemonium novel as the object of the research entitled A Study on Lena Haloway's conflicts in Lauren Oliver's Pandemonium. To analyze the research the writer uses new criticism theory include the theory of character and characterization and theory of conflict.

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS

This chapter explains about the analysis on Lena Haloway in

Pandemonium novel. This chapter explains the relevant data which refer to the problem statement in chapter 1. The data are in the form of paragraph, direct or indirect quotation from the utterances of narrator, or from the conversation among the characters. The first, the writer explains about the characterization of Lena Haloway, how the characteristic of Lena in this story is explained. The second the writer explains about the internal and external conflicts that are faced by Lena Haloway.

Pandemonium is second book from the Delirium trilogy. Before make an analisys in Pandemonium the writer wants to give a summary of Delirium novel in order to make it easier in understand the storyline.

In the Delirium the story takes place in Portland, Maine in an alternate present. The main character is an 17 year old girl named Lena. The story is in the future, and the government in this time period thinks that love is a disease, and so do the citizens of the USA. So, at age 18, everyone has to have a procedure to rid them of the disease. Lena's whole life she has looked forward to her procedure, where she no longer has to worry about love. Until she meets Alex. Alex is an invalid, which means he is from the Wilds and he pretends to have been cured to live in Portland. Lena and Alex fall in love, but are forced to keep it a secret from everyone else, or else they would be thrown in jail forever or killed. Until

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her and they attempt to escape the city, but Alex allows himself to be captured and shot on the spot to save Lena. She runs off into the Wilds, not wanting Alex's sacrifice to be in vain.

3.1 Lena Haloway's Characterization in Lauren Oliver's Pandemonium_.

The novel Pandemonium is written by Lauren Oliver has several characters which have their own positions and roles in the story. Based on the degree of involvement of the characters in various events in the story, it could be

determined that Lena Haloway and Julian Fineman are the main characters in this story. Harvey Chapmans state that novels can have two or more main character, though it is generally better to stick to one. Even if a novel has several leading characters, all of them of seemingly equal importance, it is usually possible to single out one of them as laying at the novel's core. Nurgiyantoro also added that the main character in a novel usually more than one, although similarity degree is not always the same that is decided from how the influence of the character establish the story. Lena Haloway is considered the major character because she functions to determine where the story goes. From the beginning until the end, Lena Haloway dominantly plays an important role and determines the flow and progress of the story. Although there are two main characters, this story is delivered using first person point of view and that is Lena Haloway. So, Lena itself is the narrator of this story. This story tells about the disorder, the

relationship between love and pain, and the struggle of some characters for their life. This research talks about the female character, Lena Haloway, because she gives big influence in this story until the end of the story

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3.1.1 Lena as Protagonist Character

Altenbernd and Lewis state that protagonist character has similarity with human living; with the problems that are faced is like the problems that human face generally. It makes readers to feel really involved in and readers give empathy totally to that character (Nurgiysntoro, 179). So, Lena Haloway is the protagonist character because the problem and struggle of Lena Haloway can influence too much about reader response.

“I work,” I say.

“You clean,” she counters. “You boil the water. The rest of us haul

water, look for food, scout for messages. Even Grandma hauls water—a mile and a half, with heavy buckets. And she’s sixty

years old.”

“I—” Of course she’s right, and I know it. The guilt has been with

me every day, as heavy as the thickness of the air. I heard Tack say

to Raven that I’m a waste of a good bed. I had to squat in the storeroom for almost half an hour afterward with my arms wrapped around my knees until I stopped shaking.

“I’m not ready. I’m not strong enough.” She watches me for a

second, and lets the silence stretch uncomfortably between us so I can feel the absurdity of the words. If I’m not strong by now, that’s

my fault too. “We’re moving soon. Relocation starts in a few weeks. We’ll need all the help we can get. (37)

The quotation above is a conversation between Raven and Lena. The quotation explains that Raven asks Lena to work, because Lena has lived in neighborhood for a long time. Raven assume that Lena’s duty is a very easy job that is just to boil water, while other residents should draw water and look for food. Lena is ashamed and feels guilty, Lena also heard someone say that she was useless dwellers, she just stays and sleeps in a nice mattress. Fistly, Lena rejected to help Raven to work because she feels not strong enough to work and Raven is

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only silence to hear it. Then Raven explained that the residents of the settlement would be moving and need all the energy and the available help. Raven gave her time untill tomorrow to decide. The next morning Lena decided to work.

From the above explanation the problems that is faced by Lena Haloway is a common problem that occurs in the life of readers and the community. If we were ever helped by someone we should also have to give good returns, an example helped that person's work, especially if we live in their environment we must put aside our interests and give priority to their interests. Because, basically, humans are always coexist and need each other, to the problems experienced by Lena gives example to us to not be selfish person however our circumstances.

3.1.2 Lena as Dynamic Character

Lena Haloway is also a dynamic character. Lena has some expressions of her life. A dynamic character changes in the course of the work and gives

expression of any personality, living and identity. Dynamic character exhibits the full range of human emotions and reactions to people and events. They have histories and more than one possible future. They have hopes and fears (Altenbernd Lewis 183).

a. Beginning of the Story

At the beginning of the story Lena Haloway is described as a weak girl who can not forget her old life, she is still lingers on her memory about Alex. Alex someone she loved, she promised not to betray her love for Alex. Lena also feels odd with her new life being the Invalid.

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b. Middle of the Story

Lena turns into a powerful figure after her long stay in the Wild along the Invalid and learn their way of life. She used to think that the Invalid is barbaric human but now she knows the fact that the Invalid is a good human being. Lena hopes she can help the Invalid being pionir and go first in their way to the South, but their Leader did not allow her, because they think that Lena not brave enough.

c. End of the story

Lena also became brave and never gave up girl. She fought for her life and against the death. She dared to carry out the risky mission given by Raven to her, which is to infiltrate and spy on the organization DFA. In carrying out its mission Lena Haloway met Julian Fineman the son of the chairman of the organization DFA. They were arrested and held in the underground and they fought together against the Scavengers. Their

togetherness creates a sense of love in Lena’s heart. She was falling in

love with Julian and she betrayed her promise to Alex and promised always to be with Julian.

Lena joined the group of Invalid. Raven is the leader and she has a mission for Lena. She asked Lena to spy, observe and blend with the DFA (Deliria Free America) organization.

This is my mission, the job that I have been given by Raven: Watch the DFA. Observe. Blend (31)

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Lena Haloway lives in New York. That is explained in the story she is a student. The narrator also tells that Lena is a student in Quincy Edwars High School in many statements:

Mrs. Fierstein, the twelfth-grade science teacher at Quincy

Edwards High School for Girls in Brooklyn, Section 5, District 17, is glaring at me. This is the third time I've fall en asleep in her class this week. (4)

Other statement :

This is the girl I am right now: knees pressed together, hands on my thighs. Silk blouse pulling tight against my neck, skirt with a woolen waistband, standard issue, bearing the Quincy Edwards High School crest. (28)

From the statement above that is true that Lena Haloway lives in New York. The first statement (p 4), it is explained that Quincy Edwards High School is located in Brooklyn. As we know Brooklyn is one of cities in New York. Those statements also explain that Lena Haloway is a student. The narrator tells that she was twelfth-grade in Quincy Edwards High School, the school for girls. She is a neat student, sits quietly and wears nice and tidy uniform.

Lena Haloway was eighteen years old. It is explained by Mrs. Tulle to Lena when they are talking about Lena's bad habit in class. Mrs. Tulle is the headmaster of Quincy Edwards High School.

Instantly, her expression softens. “Well, yes, of course. Many of

them are younger than you, after all.

Not yet eighteen, uncured” (29)

In this statement Mrs. Tulle said that most of Lena's classmates are younger than her, they are under eighteen and also uncured. So, they cannot fully

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over the age of eighteen. While Lena is already cured. So, she was eighteen years old.

In this story Lena Haloway is also described as a woman who is not too high. The narrator describes Lena's height as follow :

I start to push my way slowly, painstakingly, through the crowd. I

have to fight and elbow and say “Excuse me” every time I try to squeeze by someone. Even being five foot two isn't helping. There simply isn't enough space between bodies—there are no cracks to slip through. (60)

From the statement above that is true that Lena Haloway is not quite tall enough. Her height is five feet two or about 158. Another physical appearance of Lena is also explained as follow:

Finally I wade back to the platform. It takes me two tries to heave myself up off the tracks—that's how weak I am—and I'm dripping water everywhere, leaving a person-sized splatter pattern on the dark concrete. I wrap the long coil of my hair around one hand and squeeze, and even this brings me joy; the normalcy of the action, routine and familiar. (128)

The narrator explains about Lena's hair and she has long hair. Lena feels as if reluctant to move away from stream water. She feels happy because she can squeeze and wrap long coil of her hair, it is prove that she has long hair. Julian Fineman also explains the physical appearance of Lena Haloway.

“I’m sorry,” he whispers, but doesn’t move his hand. “I …” I can’t see his face. He is a long, curved shadow, frozen, like

something made of polished wood. “You have nice hair,” he says finally. (94)

In this statement Julian tells that Lena has beautiful hair. This statement happens when Julian wants to touch and rub her hair that is makes her a little flax

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shocked. Julian started touching her hair and said that Lena has nice hair. Otherstatement:

“Your waist is so small.” That's all Julian says: in a voice so quiet I

barely hear him. (129)

From the statement above, Julian tells that Lena not only has beautiful hair but also has small waist. This statement happen when Julian suddenly approached Lena, while she has not yet tidying her shirts. It is conclude that Julian Fineman starts to pay attention and admire Lena.

Lena Haloway is Christian and believes on one books, she called it The Book of Shhh. It is showed when Lena talks to Sarah,

Sarah grins. “That’s what we call the cureds, after they’ve had the procedure. Raven says they might as well be zombies. She says the

cure turns people stupid.”

“That’s not true,” I say instinctively, and nearly correct her: It’s the

passions that turn us stupid, animal-like. Free from love is close to

God. That’s an old adage from The Book of Shhh. The cure was

supposed to free us from extreme emotions, bring us clarity of thought and feeling. (23)

In the conversation above, Lena blames what Sarah said about people who have been healed from the deliria just like a zombies. Lena tells that in The Book of Shhh was explained that passion makes us stupid like animals and healing will bring us closer to God and purify our thoughts and feelings. Other statement which explained that Lena is a Christian:

At the top of the gate, someone has tacked a small metal plate engraved with a quotation from The Book of Shhh: HAPPY ARE THEY WHO HAVE A PLACE; WISE ARE THEY WHO FOLLOW THE PATH; BLESSED ARE THEY WHO OBEY THE WORD.

It’s a famous proverb—one that comes, incidentally, from the Book of Magdalena, a passage of the Book I know well.

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Magdalena is my namesake. I used to scour those pages, looking for traces of my mother, for her reasons and her message to me. Book 9, Proverb 17. (176-177)

In the quotation above the narrator tells that Lena founds the sculpture quotation from The Book of Shhh written on a metal plate which is located at the upper end of the gate. Lena knows very well about the quotation. It is a very famous proverb snippets from the Book of Magdalena. Book 9, proverbs 17, Mary Magdalene is the name of a follower of Jesus Christ, which is recorded in the New Testament of the Christian Bible passage. Meanwhile, Proverbs 17 is part of the Book of Proverbs in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament in the Christian Bible (Wikipedia).

As an ordinary woman she has other side in her life. The other side from Lena is she has frightened to something. In this story is told that Lena is afraid with rats.

A giant rat scurries in front of me, a bare inch from my sneaker. I exhale, watching the rat darting off down another tunnel, its long tail dragging in the filth. I've always hated rats. (65)

Other statement :

This is a new kind of terror. I'm frozen on my knees as the rats rush around me, drumming me with their bodies, squeaking and

slithering and whipping my skin with their tails. I'm sickened and paralyzed with fear. (133)

From those statements, it is proved that Lena is afraid and hated rats. The narrator tells that Lena hated rats. Rats is a kind of terror for her. She will be frozen when the rats rush around her, crash and strike her with their body and

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whipping her skin with their tails. Lena feels likes paralyzed because she can not move her body and she felt very afraid.

In description Lena Haloway’s characterization the writer uses Pooley’s

methods that is assess by her physical, her speech, her behavior and her thought. Lena Haloway is also kind. The kindness of Lena Haloway can be seen from her physical, her speech, her behavior and her thought. The physical kindness of Lena is as follow:

“Have my bread,” I say. I’m not sure why I offer it to him. It isn’t smart. I’ll need my strength to break out of here.

He stares at me. Strangely, despite the rest of his coloring— caramel-and-wheat-blond hair, blue eyes — his lashes are thick

and black. “Are you sure?”

“Take it,” I say, and almost add, Before I change my mind. (76) The quotation above is the conversation between Lena and Julian in the lock room. Lena is kind and she likes to share with others. When she was held captive with Julian Fineman by the Scavenger in the same room, the Scavengers give them some foods and drink. However, Lena gives her bread's portion for Julian because she thinks that Julian is starving. Julian is a little surprised and looked Lena. He makes convincing Lena's statement, “take it” this sentence reassured him to eat her bread.

“Stick with me,” I say, trying to keep my voice low and calm, just

in case he's conscious and listening. “I need to get you out of your

shirt, okay? Stay as still as you can. I'm going to make you a

compress. It will help with the bleeding.”(100)

Although Lena has not been long known Julian, but she showed plenty of cares to Julian when he was injured after being interrogated by a group of

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Scavengers. In the quotation above Lena tried to calm and treat Julian. She asked Julian to stay with her. Lena starts to treat Julian, she lose his shirt and dampen that shirt to make a compress for his injured.

The kindness of her speech can be seen when Lena treats Julian Fineman. Julian moans in painful, with the beat heart Lena speaks slowly convinced him that he will be okay. The word “shhh” means give calm feeling. Lena tried to calm Julian.

“Shhh,” I say. My heart is pounding. Waves of heat are radiating from his skin. “You’re okay. Justbreathe, all right? Everything’s going to be fine.”(100)

The kindness of her behavior can be seen from Julian thanked to Lena for her help.

“Hey,” he says. “I never got to thank you.” He coughs. “You saved

my life down there—in the tunnels. (155)

In the quotation above, Julian thanked to Lena because she helped Julian when they are in the underground place. Lena treats Julian when the Scavengers torture him. Another statement from Julian is as follow:

“You saved me,” he whispers. I can feel his mouth moving against

my forehead. The touch of his lips makes heat dance through me.

“I couldn’t believe—I never thought you would come.”(195)

The statement above proves the kindness of Lena Haloway. Julian did not think if Lena would come to save himself. Lena saved Julian from dead

punishment because Julian was infected deliria.

The kindness of her thought can be seen from her introspection after heard the woman's answer for Julian question.

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He turns to the woman. “We’ll rest for a bit. Then will someone show us the way to the surface?” The woman once again looks from Julian to me and back again. Then she nods. “You don’t belong down here,” she says. She climbs to her feet.

I feel suddenly humbled. All these people make a life from trash and broken things, living in darkness, breathing in smoke. And yet, they helped us. They helped us without knowing us, and for no reason at all other than the fact that they knew how. I wonder whether I would do the same, if I were in theirposition.(141) The quotation above is the conversation between Julian and the woman who was helped them. Julian asked the woman about someone who will show them the way to the surface because at the time they are in underground tunnels. The woman answers that we are not supposed to be here. That answer is surprising Lena. She is being humble, and imagine will she be able to live like them. Live in the darkness, make a life from trash and broken things. And they are still willing to help others. “I wonder whether I would do the same, if I were in their position” this statement prove that Lena starts to make an introspection for her life, helped others without knowing them and for no reason.

Lena Haloway is not only a kind woman but also an optimist person. Her optimist can be seen from her physical, her speech, her behavior and her thought. The physical optimist of Lena Haloway as follow:

I wrestle the umbrel a apart, pulling the nylon shell away from its hinged metal arms. Then I lay the nylon flat and cut it into four long strips. I tie the strips together into a makeshift cord and test its strength. Decent. It won’t hold forever, but I don’t need longer than a few minutes.

It doesn’t take me long to remove the hinges from the flap door,

just some wiggling and working with the point of the knife: the hinges are rusted and loose anyway.(107)

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The quotation above show the optmist of Lena that she can get out of the room. Lena tries to make a rope from the umbrella’s nylon. She ties the nylon together into a makeshift cord. Then, Lena able to open the small door and push the door outward. Appropriate with her plan the sound of twang door will bring someone soon so she can do her next plan.

The optimist of speech can be seen when she convinced Julian that they will be free. She believes that there is a way for her and Julian to go out from that lock room.

“All right, listen.” I try to keep my voice low, hoping he won’t read the urgency there. “We’re getting out of here, okay?”

He shakes his head, a tiny gesture of disbelief. “How?” he croaks

out.

“I’ve got a plan,” I say. This isn’t true, but I figure I will have a plan. I’ve got to. Raven and Tack are counting on me. Thinking of the messages they left me, and the knife, fills me once again with warmth.

I am not alone.(102)

The quotation above is the conversation between Lena and Julian in the lock room. Lena is convincing Julian that they can go out of the room. Julian has little doubt her but she convincing him again and said that she has a plan. She will has a plan, Raven and Tack trust her. She is thinking of messages and also the knife that Raven and Tack left for her and it gives her hope.

The optimist of her behavior can be seen from the quotation below:

Raven stays with me, although she never offers to help and I don’t ask her to. She watches impassively, arms crossed, as I make my slow, agonizing way through the forest.(41)

From the quotation above the optimist of Lena’s behavior showed when

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job until finish so Raven did not offer her help. Lena did not asked for Raven help although she is doing her job leisurely and little bit tortured, so it proves that Lena is optimist that she can do her job without any help from other.

The optimist of her thought can be seen when Lena convinced herself that Alex would come someday.

And maybe someday I will see him again. Maybe there really is a

heaven after death. And maybe it’s open to everyone, not just the cured.(151)

In the qoutation above, Lena Haloway convinced herself that she would see Alex again someday. Lena also believes that the happiness after the sadness is really happen. Lena believes that the happiness is for everyone. In the end of the story Lena sees Alex.

Lena Haloway is also told as brave woman, her brave can be seen from her physical, her speech, her behavior and her thought. The physical brave of Lena Haloway is as follow:

My hatred and fear is flowing hard and electric and hot, and

without thinking about it I lift the blade and drive it hard down into her chest.(116)

The quotation above proves that Lena Haloway is brave. In this quotation explain that the Scavenger died. Lena can beat the Scavenger, she killed him used a knife that she snatch away from him. Another quotation which proves that Lena is brave:

I will have to go in blind, and pray that there are no guards at this entrance.(177)

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Just to know about where is Julian, Lena infatuate to look for Julian at his home. Lena sneaked into Thomas Fineman's home who has a lot of guards, but with caution Lena managed to get into. It is proved that Lena brave.

The brave of Lena Haloway's speech can be seen from her convincing to Julian as follow:

“We have to risk it,” I say. “It's the only way out of here”. (114)

The quotation above Lena dare to take risks to get out of her hiding place because the tunnel that they through it in one direction with the scavengers track in pursue them. If they are caught, then there is no hope of getting out. However, Lena convinced Julian to take the risk because it is the one and only way.

While the brave of her behavior can be seen from Raven's statement:

“ you are brave,” she says. I'm not really sure what “brave” means,

but I can guess. (10)

The statement above Raven praised the courage of Lena in crossing the border because the border fence in Portland were always guarded by the

Regulator. Every person who wants to run away from Portland may not succeed because they have to deal with the regulator to pass through the border fence. It is proved that Lena is brave woman because she can through the border fence.

After analyzing Lena's characterization through the methods stated by Pooley (1967), the writer determines that Lena's characterization in the novel

Pandemonium by Lauren Oliver is an attractive: Lena describes as a student in Quincy Edwards High School and she was eighteen years old. In term physical appearance looking face, long and beautiful hair, small waist with height 158 cm. In terms of personality, Lena is described as a Christian, kind, brave, and optimist

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person but also hated rat. The brave and optimist of her characterization help her to faced her conflicts. Therefore, the writer concludes that Lena is characterized as an attractive in Pandemonium novel by Lauren Oliver.

3.2 Lena Haloway's Conflicts

As the researcher explains in chapter two, the conflict in general is devided into two that are external and internal conflicts. In Pandemonium novel, Lena Haloway faced internal conflict with herself. Lena Haloway faces four of external conflicts. The first Lena Haloway's conflict is with the Scavengers. The second is

Lena Haloway’s conflict with the Regulator. The third is Lena Haloway’s conflict

with nature and the last is Lena Haloway’s conflict with Raven. Most of the external conflict faced by Lena is physical conflict.

3.2.1 Lena Haloway's conflict with the Scavengers.

After escape from Portland, Lena Haloway joined the group of Invalids. She gets mission from Raven to spy the DFA. This organization considers that

“love” is deathly disease and must be cured. In doing her mission she sees,

observes and blends with the DFA organization, so she is being a member of DFA and debases her identity.

The cause of the conflict between Lena Haloway and Scavengers is an insurgency by Scavengers at the time of the grand campaign DFA organization. Lena Haloway follows the campaign because she was given the job from Raven to spy on the organization and following Julian Fineman, the son of the chairman of DFA organization.

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There are explosions after Thomas Fineman, the leader of DFA finished delivering his speech.

Pop. Pop. Pop.

Three miniature explosions, like the firecrackers we used to set off at Eastern Prom on the Fourth of July. One scream, high and desperate. And then: Everything is noise.(61)

The quotation above explains about the explosion which uproar the whole of Times Square. Figures in black appear from everywhere. They are surrounding all the building. Lena did not suspect that the Scavengers will able to sabotage the campaign because there are a lot of Regulators, police officer with guns. The Scavengers cut down the crowd with glittering, sharp blades, grabbing purses and ripping necklaces from around people's necks, slicing rings from their fingers. Lena was able fight against the Scavengers used her bag.

“Give me the bag,” the Scavenger growls. But the voice doesn’t fool me. It’s a girl.

“I said move.”

The Scavenger, impatient, bends down to grab the bag, and as she does, I swing upward with all my strength, moving through the pain. The bag catches her in the side of the head with enough momentum to knock her off balance—she tumbles to one side, landing hard on the ground. I launch to my feet. She grabs for my ankles, and I kick her hard, twice, in the ribs.(63)

The quotation above is the first Lena Haloway’s conflict with Scavengers.

The Scavengers forced Lena to give her bag, but she refused. Lena fight against the Scavengers, remembering what was on her bag. It is the Book of Shhh hardcover edition that is quite heavy. Suddenly, the Scavenger bends down to grab her bag while Lena swing upward with all her strength and the bag slapping

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the side of her head. The Scavengers falls down and landing hard on the ground and she kicks hard. Lena successfully fight against the scavenger and goes away from that place. Lena reach out the subway of old underground station.

In the underground station Lena did not meet anyone. She did not know what she should do, she thought she failed in her mission. Raven asked Lena to following Julian Fineman, but she lost him when the Scavengers sabotage the campaign. The tunnel was very dark, Lena can not see anything. The Scavengers managed to find Lena and she tries to escape.

Please. Please get me out of here. My heart will explode; I can’t

take a breath. Two black shapes unfold all at once from either side of me, and in my terror they look like enormous dark birds,

reaching out their wings to enfold me.

“Not so fast,” one of them says. He grabs my wrist. The keys are

knocked from my hand. Then searing pain, a flash of white. I sink into the dark.(66)

In this statement Lena tries to run away, she wishes she can get out of there. Lena frightened, the Scavengers are able to catch and grabs her wrist. Lena felt severe pain and she fainted and was unconscious. The Scavengers bring Lena Haloway into a room in the underground station and lock in there.

Julian Fineman was also kidnapped with her in the same place. As a optimist person, Lena believes that she can finds a way to get out. When Julian brought out of the room by the scavengers, Lena finds a knife inside an umbrella and a message that Tack paste in the Book of shhh in her bag and use it as tools to execute the plan.

Julian watches me, wide-eyed, silent. The Scavenger is good. He stays still. I keep my knee in his back and the tip of my knife at his

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throat, take one end of the nylon rope in my teeth, and twist his left hand behind his back, and then his right, keeping them both

stabilized with my knee. (108)

The plan goes well, Lena is able to defeat one of Scavengers. Lena tries to bind the Scavenge, she pushes the Scavenger's back with her knee and puts the tip of her knife in Scavenger's throat. Lena twists the Scavenger's hands behind his back. Julian Fineman also helps her to binding the Scavenger and they are get out there.

Lena Haloway is not really free from the Scavengers. Lena gets physical conflict with them again. When Lena and Julian hide in a room shortly after that the Scavengers also enter into the room and attack them. Lena and Julian fight against the Scavengers and they are managed to beat them.

I lunge at her, knocking the gun from her hand before she has the chance to level it at me. Behind me, Julian shouts something.

There’s a gunshot. I can’t look to see who fired. The girl swings at me, clipping me on the jaw with her fist. I’ve never been punched before, and it’s the shock of it, more than the pain, that stuns me. In that split second she manages to get her knife out, and the next thing I see is the blade whistling toward me. I duck, drive hard into her stomach with my shoulders. (116)

As a brave woman it is prove that Lena was able fight against the Scavengers. Lena hit back the Scavenger, she is crashing and dropped the Scavenger's gun. The Scavenger punching Lena's jaw which make her pain. The Scavenger attacks Lena again, she tries to pin the knife toward Lena's body, but Lena is able to dodge and drive hard her shoulders into the Scavenger's stomach. Another quotation as bellow:

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She grunts. The momentum carries us both off our feet, and we tumble backward into a box of old shoes. The cardboard collapses under our weight. We’re grappling so close I can taste her hair, her

skin in my mouth. First I’m on top, straining, then she is, flipping

me down onto my back so my head slams against the concrete, her knees hard in my ribs, thighs gripping me so tight the air is getting squeezed from my lungs. She’s wrestling another knife free of her

belt. I’m scrabbling on the floor for a weapon—(116).

… I rocket my fist up, connecting with the side of her face. It can’t

hurt too badly, but it sends her sideways and off me, and I’m up

and rolling on top of her, ripping the knife out of her grip. My hatred and fear is flowing hard and electric and hot, and without thinking about it I lift the blade and drive it hard down into her chest. She jerks once, lets out a cry, and then goes still (116). The quotation above prove an effort of Lena Haloway to fight against the Scavengers. Lena is almost killed by the Scavengers. Lena and the Scavenger make hot wrestle. They attack and squash each other. Lena gets hard pain, the Scavenger squash Lena's back so her head slams against the concrete. The

Scavenger's knee crushed Lena's ribs and pinned so tightly that makes her hard to breathe and then the Scavenger tries to pull the knife in her belt. Lena is

scrabbling on the floor for the weapon, but she can not do anything, she was shocked and stunned on the concrete. There was an occasion when the Scavengers was careless. Lena hits the Scavenger's face and reversed the situation. Lena rolling on top of Scavenger and snatches the knife then thrusts into the

Scavenger's chest. The Scavenger gasped once, squealed softly then motionless. Lena and Julian managed to beat the Scavengers and they went to another hall to find a way out.

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Lena and Julian did not find a door to out of the tunnel. They go to hiding in another place, but a few hours later the Scavengers find Lena and Julian and beat them. A few moments later someone came to save Lena and Julian.

Everything is chaos: hot bodies and panting. There’s an elbow in

my chest and thick arms encircling me, choking out my breath. I get a mouthful of greasy hair, a blade of pain in my side; foul

breath in my face, and guttural shouts. I can’t tell how many

Scavengers there are—three? four?—and don’t know where Julian is. I am striking without looking, struggling to breathe, and

everything is bodies—hardness and enclosure, no way to run, no way to break free—and the slashing of my knife. I hit flesh, and flesh, and then the knife gets wrenched from my hand, wrist twisted until I cry out.(133)

The quotation above the narrator describe about Lena’s pain in fight against the Scavengers. The Scavengers makes cruel torture to Lena. They choke out her neck, she get a mouthful of greasy hair, a blade of pain in her side. She did not know how many Scavengers are there. Lena tries to attack, she hit flesh and than the knife gets wrenched from her hand. Somebody twisted her wrist until she is crying in pain. Lena was desperate, she can not fight them. Lena was choked again by the Scavenger, she tries to take a breath, but she can not open her mouth. She feels drowning and dying.

Then two strange people come: “two monsters stand above me, holding torches,” (134). They save Lena and Julian from the Scavengers and they brought Julian and Lena somewhere.

“Walk,” the rat-man repeats, and this time jabs so close to me with his torch I can feel the heat from the flames.(134)

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3.2.2 Lena Haloway's conflict with Regulator

Lena and Julian are saved from the Scavengers after being rescued by underground man. Lena called them the Rat-Man because there are many rats following them when they come to help Lena : “Rat-man is the one who comes

for us,” (142). The Rat-Man brought Lena and Julian to their location,

underground tunnel. All the inhabitants of tunnels are the people with physical disabilities: “All these people, born crippled or bent or misshapen have been

driven underground,” (140). They are exiled and ostracized to underground place by people who have been cured. The government considers that there is no place for disabled people on the surface. They confirmed that it is a form of deliria which manifest themselves in a person's body. Despite that the disabled man also kind, they help and treat Lena. The-Rat man drops Lena and Julian outside the tunnel.

Lena and Julian are on the surface. Lena founds a Salvage, the Invalid’s group called it homestead. Lena decide to stay and occupy in that house and Julian also agree with her. They are getting closer together. The cause of the conflicts between Lena and the Regulators is a raid that conducted by the police

and the Regulators in Lena’s homestead. Lena felt it was a trap made by the DFA,

Lena got stuck and could not find a way to escape. During that time she also lost Julian.

And then everything explodes: They are streaming through the door, bursting through the walls, yelling, screaming—police and regulators in gas masks and matching gray uniforms. One of them grabs me and another one pulls Julian off the bed—he is awake

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the screaming that must be coming from me. I grab the backpack, still balled at the foot of my bed, and swing at the regulator but there are three more, flanking me in the narrow space between

beds, and it’s hopeless. I remember the gun: still in the bathing

room, and useless to me now. Someone pulls me by the collar and I choke. Another regulator wrenches my arms behind my back and cuffs me, then pushes me forward, so I am half dragged, half marched through Salvage and out into the bright, streaming sunshine, where more police are gathered, more members of the SWAT team carrying guns and gas masks—frozen, silent, waiting.(158)

It is the situation in Lena’s homestead. The conflict happened in the

morning after Lena woke up from her sleeps, and she screams called Julian. Lena has no idea if there will be a raid. Everything has exploded, police and Regulators scrambled through the door and breakthrough the walls. She can not move

slightly, she tries to fight back but useless because they are too many. There is no hope for her to escape. A Regulator handcuffed Lena and forced her out of the shelters.

Out of the shelters Lena faced the Regulator again. She tries to fight against them but the Regulator pushed violently and forced her to keep going.

“Ten-four, ten-four. We got ’em.”

“Twenty miles outside of regulated land … looked like some kind of hideout.”

“Unit 508 to HQ…”

“Lena! Lena!” I hear him calling my name. I try to turn around and

am shoved forward by the regulator behind me.(158)

The quotation explains about the situation out of shelters that extremely chaotic. The walkie-talkie police voice make the situation more noise. Lena panicked and she heard Julian called her name. She tries to turn around looking

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Lena managed to find a hospital where Julian will undergo lethal injection executions. She founds Julian in the observation room with Dr. Hillebrand, he is the primary physician of Julian. Dr. Hillebrand said that the time to execute Julian arrived.

I don’t know what to do next. Panic is building in my chest. Julian is here, so close, and totally unreachable. There were at least three bodyguards with Thomas Fineman, and I have no doubt there are more inside. I’ll never make it past them.(186)

In the quotation above Lena feels panic after heard that statement. Lena wants to approach and saves Julian, but she could do not anything because there are too many bodyguards in the room and she confused.

56

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

This chapter will draw a conclusion based on the discussion in the previous chapters. Based on the analysis done by the writer, the first it concludes that Lena Haloway’s characterization is represented as a student in Quincy Edwards High School and she was eighteen years old. In term physical appearance looking face, long and beautiful hair, small waist with height 158 cm. In terms personality, Lena is described as Christian, kind, and optimist person but also hated rat. Therefore, the writer concludes that Lena is characterized as an attractive in

Pandemonium novel by Lauren Oliver.

The second is finding about the external and internal conflicts that faced by Lena Haloway. Lena Haloway faced four of external conflict. The first is Lena’s conflicts with Scavengers. The second is Lena’s conflicts with Regulator. The third is Lena’s conflict with Raven and the last Lena Haloway against nature. Most of the external conflicts faced by Lena Haloway is physical conflict.

Lena Haloway’s conflict with Scavenger begin when she follows the great campaign of DFA organization. The explosions happened after Thomas Fineman, finished delivering his speech. Lena gets attack by the Scavengers and she fights against them. Lena runs away into underground tunnel but the Scavengers found her and bring her into the room in underground tunnel. Lena was kidnapped in lock room with Julian Fineman. Lena and Julian were able get out of the room use a knife and Tack’s direction from the Book of Shhh which he gives before the campaign begin in her bag. Lena uses it to open the door and get out the room.

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Lena and Julian run away from the lock room but the Scavengers was able pursued them. The fight against happened between them and the Rat-Man saved Lena and Julian.

The conflict with the Regulator happened after Lena and Julian saved by the Rat-Man and find the salvage on the surface and decides to stay there. The

conflict happened in the morning. Everything has exploded, the regulator

scrambled through the door and breakthrough the walls and she lost Julian. Lena tries to fight against but useless because they are too many. A Regulator

handcuffed her and forced her out of the shelters. Out of the shelters Lena faced another Regulator she was panicked and hopeless. Then, a Regulator bring her away from the police and another Regulators. The Regulators bring her into some place meet up with Raven and Tack.

Lena was saved from the Regulators but she lost Julian Fineman. The conflict between Lena and Raven is more likely verbal conflict. Lena very angry with Raven, she shocked after hearing the explanation that the uprising which occurs during the great campaign of DFA had been planned, she did not expect if Raven and Tack know that scenario. Lena is burning with anger, emotion, after knowing all the truth of what happened on her. Lena lost Julian and feels sad, their togetherness when they were kidnapped bring love for Lena. Julian gets lethal injection punishment because he was infected delirium. Lena more angry with Raven after heard that news. Lena refused to follow Raven move to North, she wants to save Julian from the punishment she went to the hospital the place for Julian’s execution. Lena thinks she can save Julian without any help from

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distance. Suddenly, Raven comes to saved Julian, Lena was happy knowing that and their relationship being good again.

L ena Haloway also faced conflict with nature when she fled from Portland in the wild away into the forest. Beside that the live of the Invalid is very different with Portland and it makes she feels tortured. The hurricane also attack the

settlement.

Lena faced internal conflict in her new life. Lena feels odd with her new world in the Wilds. Lena feels regret having crossed the border fence with Alex. She does not have anything, no family, home or destination, the Wilds was not her world. Lena always remembered her life in Portland and all the beauty. On the other hand she tried to push the memories of her past with Alex and her best friend Hana. Lena tried to chase away her old life and buried deep. Try to not regret the past anymore.

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