Characteristics Of Pre-tertiary Melange As Decisive Factor For Geology Nature Conservancy Of Gunung Badak, Sukabumi-west Java.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRE-TERTIARY MELANGE AS DECISIVE
FACTOR FOR GEOLOGY NATURE CONSERVANCY OF GUNUNG BADAK,
SUKABUMI-WEST JAVA*)
Rosana, M. F., Syafri, I.,Mardiana, U., Sulaksana, N.
Department of Geology, Padjadjaran University
Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363
[email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
The complex of Gunung Badak is located in the Ciletuh Bay, Sukabumi, West Java.
This complex is the only pre-Tertiary rock exposed known as melange complex in
West Java. The complex consists of ophiolite (peridotite, gabbro, and pillowed basalt),
metamorphic (serpentinite, quartzite, phyllite, and schist), and sedimentary rocks
(greywacke, nummulite limestone, black shale, red clay and polymic breccias) that
underlined the early Tertiary sediments of Ciletuh Formation. These rocks are
tectonically mixed as a result of subduction between Eurasia and Indo-Australian Plate
in southern Jawa Island. Peridotites are exposed in scattered outcrops in northern and
central part of the Gunung Badak. This rock is characterized by its greenish color,
mainly of olivine, augite, diopside and basic plagioclase. The peridotites in some places
became serpentine. The gabbros are well exposed as dikes in the Aseupan Hill and
southern part of Gunung Badak. Petrographically, Gabbro shows phaneritic~porphyritic
textures, mostly of hyperstein, labradorite and rarely olivine, magnetite and hematite.
The Pillowed basaltic-spilitic lavas are cropped out in the northern part of Gunung
Badak. It characterized by it dark color, pillow structure, porphyritic, and vesicular
textures. These rocks composed mainly of pyroxene, and felsic plagioclase.
Metamorphic rocks that exposed in eastern flank of Gunung Badak, consist of
serpentinite. Phylite, schist and quartzite are occurred as fragment of polymic breccias
that well exposed in the southern flank of Gunung Badak. The sedimentary rocks of the
complex are composed of greywacke in Mandra Island, limestone and polymic breccias
in Manuk, Kunti islands and NS of the area. Geomorphologically, the area shows
amphitheatre structure that open to the Indian Ocean, and Jampang Formation hill at the
back. The area is very important to be preserve as “Geology of nature preserves” due to
its rare and important geology cropped out at the area. The lineation of the nature
preserves boarder is made based on the occurrences of the Pre-Tertiary outcrop.
Furthermore the area can be used as a geology laboratory for whom that interest for
study the evolution of the ophiolite groups in related to the subduction zone in southern
Java and the occurrences of mélange complex in the Gunung Badak. More over in the
development and promote of the area, its can be used as a geotourism object in West
Java, which can increase the local government income, but good management should be
applied to maintained and protect the geology nature preserves from an exploitation of
its rocks.
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
INTRODUCTION
The mélange complex of Gunung Badak is located in the Ciletuh Bay,
southwest of Sukabumi in southwest Java. The Pelabuhanratu is located about 25 km
northeast of the Gunung Badak, and represent the administrative centre of the area. This
area is the only mélange complex of pre-Tertiary age exposed in West Java. Other areas
in Java where the pre-Tertiary rocks crop out are in Lok Ulo and Jiwo Hill in Central
Java. This study is aimed to identify the characteristics and distribution of lithology of
the mélange complex within the Gunung Badak area. Later on this data is used to
delineate the boundary of the mélange complex in Gunung Badak and proposed those
area as “Cagar Alam Geology” ( Geology Nature Preserve”). At present theGunung
Badak complex is known as “Suaka Alam Cibanteng” or “Cibanteng wildlife reserve”.
The area is part of the Ciletuh complex which is located on the south of present
day active volcanic arc. Offshore lies the java trench, a forearc basin and accretionary
prism associated with the northerly subduction of the India Oceanic Plate (Schiller et at,
1991).
METHODS
This study is intended to identify the characteristics and its distributions of the
mélange complex of the Gunung Badak and surrounded area. Detail geological mapping
and sampling of each lithology where done during the fieldwork. The selected samples
were analyses for petrography, chemical compositions and age dating. Some
information’s also are obtained from previous results of other publications. The data
are then used to determine the boundary of proposed conservation area of the “Geology
Nature Preserve” of the Gunung Badak, Ciletuh, West Java.
RESULTS
The Melange of Gunung Badak complex consists of several small islands
included Manuk, Mandra, Kunti and Karang Haji islands, Ciletuh Bay and Gunung
Badak, and Aseupan Hills. The Gunung Badak complex composed of oldest rocks crop
out, Pre-Tertiary age, in West Java. The lithology consists of ophiolite complex of
peridotite, gabro and basaltic pillow lava; metamorphic rocks consist of serpentinite and
phylitic; and sedimentary rocks of greywacke, nummullites limestone, chert, scally
limestone and polymic breccias. The area also contains one of the most extensive and
best preserved Early Tertiary sequences of Ciletuh Formation of quartz sandstone.
Peridotite of gray to greenish color is best exposed in the northern part of
Gunung Badak. It composed of plagioclase, olivine, augite and enstatite, small amount
of magnetite and hematite. This peridotite petrographycally is identified as lherzolite.
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
This rock is already altered to serpentinite with networks texture due to
tectonometamorphosis.
Gabro mostly exist as small dike like or volcanic neck like within the
peridotite-serpetinite Bukit Aseupan is one of the gabro dike exposed. This rock of dark
gray color, phaneritic texture and composed mainly of basic plagioclase which partly
altered to sericite and clay minerals, pyroxene that mostly altered to chlorite.
Basaltic pillow lava is well exposed in the northern part of Gunung badak foot,
near to Kunti Island. A pillowed structure is very clear with its dark color, and consists
of networking vesicular. Petrography analysis indicated that rock is porphyritic in
texture, mostly felsic plagioclase, pyroxene and chlorite.
Polymict breccia well exposed in Kunti Island, varied in composition,
included phyllite nummulite limestone, schist, quartzite, aphibolite, gness, in a sheared
shale matrix. The Manuk island also composed mainly of polymict breccia, but has
different composition with the Kunti island, it consist of andesite, basalt and chert as a
major clast within the coarse tufaceous sandstone matrix.
Graywacke sandstone is well exposed in Mandra Island, it mainly composed of
fine to coarse greywacke sandstone, silt, locally lenses of breccia and volcanic clast,
carbon and quartz sandstone. This rock is fractured and mostly filled by carbonate and
rarely of quartz.
The southern Gunung Badak and Karang Haji, are well exposed for quartz
sandstone to conglomeratic sandstone of Ciletuh Formation, in these area the thick band
of quartz sandtone and uncompleted turbidite sequence are very clearly seen. The
average sandstone is fine to coarse grained, moderate to well sorted, subangular to
subrounded. The conglomeratic sandstone, most of the larger clasts as pebbles and
cobbles are rounded to wellrounded and composed of quartzite, peridotite, chert, schist,
gabbro, serpetinite, andsite and basalt in fine to coarse sandstone matrix.
The age dating done by Schiller et al, 1991 obtain various ages ranging from
134 Ma from graninitc pebble in conglomerate sandstone; 89.6 Ma from basalt pebble
in polymic breccias; and 22.4 Ma from andesite of breccia fragment from the Kunti
island.
DISSCUSSIONS
The lithology of the Gunung badak complex are mixed of ophiolite rocks with
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of different environment this suggest that the area
is a mélange complex. The rock units or block are bounded by fault contacts. The
Pre-Tertiary ophiolite and metamorphic rocks are act as the basement of the basin, and
overlay by Early Tertiary rock of Ciletuh Formations. The youngest formation that
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
covers is Jampang Formation. The oldest rocks in the Gunung Badak, is exposed due to
the “mega slump” occur and make the Jampang Formation emplaced to the offshore and
these caused the basement rocks are exposed. This phenomenon is clearly seen from the
landsat image which shows the amphitheater like structure within the Ciletuh bay and
Jampang high. Previous research by other geologist suggest that the exposed of the
ophiolite and metamorphic complex within the Gunung Badak area as a product of the
Creatceous subduction of Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate.
The boundary of the conservation area is delineated based on the distribution of
the pre-Tertary of Melange complex within the Gunung Badak and its surrounding area
in the Ciletuh Bay of West Java. This boundary is divided into two zone that category as
the “Main Zone or Kawasan Zona Inti” and “Supporting Zone or Kawasan Zona
Penunjang”. The main zone boundary is placed about 500 m distance from the
pre-Tertary mélange cropped out or interesting geology object within the area, where as
the supporting zone is placed about 1000 ~ 2000 m distance from the cropped out
pre-Tertary mélange cropped out or interesting geology object within the area.
CONCLUSIONS
The lithology of Gunung Badak area is very complex. Field data suggest that
the complex is a mélange. This complex is exposed due to the “mega slump” of the
Jampang Formation. Based on the field and laboratory identification, the boundary of
Geology nature preserve is determined based on it’s the occurrences pre-Tertiary
mélange cropped out and other interesting geology object within the area. The boundary
is divided to category that is main zone and supporting zone boundary.
This boundary later can be used as a based to develop of the area as the “geoturism”
object that can promote the area of Ciletuh bay, West Java as one of the one of the
interesting place to visit especially for people who interesting in geology or earth
sciences. This area also can be promote as the “field laboratory” which can be used for
student who wish to study more detail in geology, especially the mélange of West Java.
References
Bemmelen van, 1949. The Geology of Indonesia. Government Printing Office, Den
Haag, Vol I, IA and IB, 732 hal.
Duyfjes, J., 1940, Report of the Geological Survey in the Southern Part of the District
Djampangkoelon during two trips. (sheet
Ciletuh, Oedjoenggenteng,
Djampangkoelon and Djagamoekti). Arsip Direktorat Geologi Bandung
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
Martodjojo, S, 1984, Evolusi Cekungan Bogor, Jawa Barat. Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Disertasi, tidak dipublikasi.
Martodjojo, S., Suparka S., Hadiwisastra, S., 1978, Status Formasi Ciletuh Dalam
Evolusi Jawa Barat. Geologi Indonesia Vol 5. (2)
Satyana, A. H., 1989, Geologi dan Kerabat Ofiolit Gunung Badak. Jurusan Geologi
FMIPA UNPAD. Skripsi, Tidak dipublikasi
Schiller, D.M., Garrard, R.A., Prasetyo Ludi, 1991, Eocene Submarine fan
sedimentation in Southwest Java. Proceedings IPA ke 20, Jakarta.
Suhaeli, E.T., et al., 1977, The status of the melange complex in Ciletuh area, Southwest
Java: Proceeding Indonesia Petroleum Assoc., 6th annual conv., hal 241-253.
Sukamto, Rab, 1975: Geologi Lembar Jampang dan Balekambang, Skala 1:100.000.
Direktorat Geologi Bandung
Thayyib S. Endang, Said S.E., Siswoyo, Prijomarsono S., 1977: The status of the
Melange Complex in Ciletuh area, South – West Java. Proceedings IPA ke 6,
Jakarta.
Rosana, M. F., 2006: Merajut Ciletuh : Geologi eksotik Jawa Barat. Proceding
Workshop ”Integrasi aspek kegeologian dalam pembangunan daerah di Jawa
Barat : Apa dan bagimana?. Distamben, Jawa Barat.
Rosana, M. F., Syafri, I.,Mardiana, U., Sulaksana, N., 2006: Petrology of Pre-Tertiary
Mélange Complex of Gunung Badak, Sukabumi, West Java. Proceeding
Persidangan Bersama Geosains ITB-UKM” Geosains dalam Pembangunan
Ekonomi
&
Kesejahteraan
Serantau,
19~20
December
2006,
Langkawi-Malaysia
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
FACTOR FOR GEOLOGY NATURE CONSERVANCY OF GUNUNG BADAK,
SUKABUMI-WEST JAVA*)
Rosana, M. F., Syafri, I.,Mardiana, U., Sulaksana, N.
Department of Geology, Padjadjaran University
Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363
[email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
The complex of Gunung Badak is located in the Ciletuh Bay, Sukabumi, West Java.
This complex is the only pre-Tertiary rock exposed known as melange complex in
West Java. The complex consists of ophiolite (peridotite, gabbro, and pillowed basalt),
metamorphic (serpentinite, quartzite, phyllite, and schist), and sedimentary rocks
(greywacke, nummulite limestone, black shale, red clay and polymic breccias) that
underlined the early Tertiary sediments of Ciletuh Formation. These rocks are
tectonically mixed as a result of subduction between Eurasia and Indo-Australian Plate
in southern Jawa Island. Peridotites are exposed in scattered outcrops in northern and
central part of the Gunung Badak. This rock is characterized by its greenish color,
mainly of olivine, augite, diopside and basic plagioclase. The peridotites in some places
became serpentine. The gabbros are well exposed as dikes in the Aseupan Hill and
southern part of Gunung Badak. Petrographically, Gabbro shows phaneritic~porphyritic
textures, mostly of hyperstein, labradorite and rarely olivine, magnetite and hematite.
The Pillowed basaltic-spilitic lavas are cropped out in the northern part of Gunung
Badak. It characterized by it dark color, pillow structure, porphyritic, and vesicular
textures. These rocks composed mainly of pyroxene, and felsic plagioclase.
Metamorphic rocks that exposed in eastern flank of Gunung Badak, consist of
serpentinite. Phylite, schist and quartzite are occurred as fragment of polymic breccias
that well exposed in the southern flank of Gunung Badak. The sedimentary rocks of the
complex are composed of greywacke in Mandra Island, limestone and polymic breccias
in Manuk, Kunti islands and NS of the area. Geomorphologically, the area shows
amphitheatre structure that open to the Indian Ocean, and Jampang Formation hill at the
back. The area is very important to be preserve as “Geology of nature preserves” due to
its rare and important geology cropped out at the area. The lineation of the nature
preserves boarder is made based on the occurrences of the Pre-Tertiary outcrop.
Furthermore the area can be used as a geology laboratory for whom that interest for
study the evolution of the ophiolite groups in related to the subduction zone in southern
Java and the occurrences of mélange complex in the Gunung Badak. More over in the
development and promote of the area, its can be used as a geotourism object in West
Java, which can increase the local government income, but good management should be
applied to maintained and protect the geology nature preserves from an exploitation of
its rocks.
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
INTRODUCTION
The mélange complex of Gunung Badak is located in the Ciletuh Bay,
southwest of Sukabumi in southwest Java. The Pelabuhanratu is located about 25 km
northeast of the Gunung Badak, and represent the administrative centre of the area. This
area is the only mélange complex of pre-Tertiary age exposed in West Java. Other areas
in Java where the pre-Tertiary rocks crop out are in Lok Ulo and Jiwo Hill in Central
Java. This study is aimed to identify the characteristics and distribution of lithology of
the mélange complex within the Gunung Badak area. Later on this data is used to
delineate the boundary of the mélange complex in Gunung Badak and proposed those
area as “Cagar Alam Geology” ( Geology Nature Preserve”). At present theGunung
Badak complex is known as “Suaka Alam Cibanteng” or “Cibanteng wildlife reserve”.
The area is part of the Ciletuh complex which is located on the south of present
day active volcanic arc. Offshore lies the java trench, a forearc basin and accretionary
prism associated with the northerly subduction of the India Oceanic Plate (Schiller et at,
1991).
METHODS
This study is intended to identify the characteristics and its distributions of the
mélange complex of the Gunung Badak and surrounded area. Detail geological mapping
and sampling of each lithology where done during the fieldwork. The selected samples
were analyses for petrography, chemical compositions and age dating. Some
information’s also are obtained from previous results of other publications. The data
are then used to determine the boundary of proposed conservation area of the “Geology
Nature Preserve” of the Gunung Badak, Ciletuh, West Java.
RESULTS
The Melange of Gunung Badak complex consists of several small islands
included Manuk, Mandra, Kunti and Karang Haji islands, Ciletuh Bay and Gunung
Badak, and Aseupan Hills. The Gunung Badak complex composed of oldest rocks crop
out, Pre-Tertiary age, in West Java. The lithology consists of ophiolite complex of
peridotite, gabro and basaltic pillow lava; metamorphic rocks consist of serpentinite and
phylitic; and sedimentary rocks of greywacke, nummullites limestone, chert, scally
limestone and polymic breccias. The area also contains one of the most extensive and
best preserved Early Tertiary sequences of Ciletuh Formation of quartz sandstone.
Peridotite of gray to greenish color is best exposed in the northern part of
Gunung Badak. It composed of plagioclase, olivine, augite and enstatite, small amount
of magnetite and hematite. This peridotite petrographycally is identified as lherzolite.
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
This rock is already altered to serpentinite with networks texture due to
tectonometamorphosis.
Gabro mostly exist as small dike like or volcanic neck like within the
peridotite-serpetinite Bukit Aseupan is one of the gabro dike exposed. This rock of dark
gray color, phaneritic texture and composed mainly of basic plagioclase which partly
altered to sericite and clay minerals, pyroxene that mostly altered to chlorite.
Basaltic pillow lava is well exposed in the northern part of Gunung badak foot,
near to Kunti Island. A pillowed structure is very clear with its dark color, and consists
of networking vesicular. Petrography analysis indicated that rock is porphyritic in
texture, mostly felsic plagioclase, pyroxene and chlorite.
Polymict breccia well exposed in Kunti Island, varied in composition,
included phyllite nummulite limestone, schist, quartzite, aphibolite, gness, in a sheared
shale matrix. The Manuk island also composed mainly of polymict breccia, but has
different composition with the Kunti island, it consist of andesite, basalt and chert as a
major clast within the coarse tufaceous sandstone matrix.
Graywacke sandstone is well exposed in Mandra Island, it mainly composed of
fine to coarse greywacke sandstone, silt, locally lenses of breccia and volcanic clast,
carbon and quartz sandstone. This rock is fractured and mostly filled by carbonate and
rarely of quartz.
The southern Gunung Badak and Karang Haji, are well exposed for quartz
sandstone to conglomeratic sandstone of Ciletuh Formation, in these area the thick band
of quartz sandtone and uncompleted turbidite sequence are very clearly seen. The
average sandstone is fine to coarse grained, moderate to well sorted, subangular to
subrounded. The conglomeratic sandstone, most of the larger clasts as pebbles and
cobbles are rounded to wellrounded and composed of quartzite, peridotite, chert, schist,
gabbro, serpetinite, andsite and basalt in fine to coarse sandstone matrix.
The age dating done by Schiller et al, 1991 obtain various ages ranging from
134 Ma from graninitc pebble in conglomerate sandstone; 89.6 Ma from basalt pebble
in polymic breccias; and 22.4 Ma from andesite of breccia fragment from the Kunti
island.
DISSCUSSIONS
The lithology of the Gunung badak complex are mixed of ophiolite rocks with
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of different environment this suggest that the area
is a mélange complex. The rock units or block are bounded by fault contacts. The
Pre-Tertiary ophiolite and metamorphic rocks are act as the basement of the basin, and
overlay by Early Tertiary rock of Ciletuh Formations. The youngest formation that
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
covers is Jampang Formation. The oldest rocks in the Gunung Badak, is exposed due to
the “mega slump” occur and make the Jampang Formation emplaced to the offshore and
these caused the basement rocks are exposed. This phenomenon is clearly seen from the
landsat image which shows the amphitheater like structure within the Ciletuh bay and
Jampang high. Previous research by other geologist suggest that the exposed of the
ophiolite and metamorphic complex within the Gunung Badak area as a product of the
Creatceous subduction of Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate.
The boundary of the conservation area is delineated based on the distribution of
the pre-Tertary of Melange complex within the Gunung Badak and its surrounding area
in the Ciletuh Bay of West Java. This boundary is divided into two zone that category as
the “Main Zone or Kawasan Zona Inti” and “Supporting Zone or Kawasan Zona
Penunjang”. The main zone boundary is placed about 500 m distance from the
pre-Tertary mélange cropped out or interesting geology object within the area, where as
the supporting zone is placed about 1000 ~ 2000 m distance from the cropped out
pre-Tertary mélange cropped out or interesting geology object within the area.
CONCLUSIONS
The lithology of Gunung Badak area is very complex. Field data suggest that
the complex is a mélange. This complex is exposed due to the “mega slump” of the
Jampang Formation. Based on the field and laboratory identification, the boundary of
Geology nature preserve is determined based on it’s the occurrences pre-Tertiary
mélange cropped out and other interesting geology object within the area. The boundary
is divided to category that is main zone and supporting zone boundary.
This boundary later can be used as a based to develop of the area as the “geoturism”
object that can promote the area of Ciletuh bay, West Java as one of the one of the
interesting place to visit especially for people who interesting in geology or earth
sciences. This area also can be promote as the “field laboratory” which can be used for
student who wish to study more detail in geology, especially the mélange of West Java.
References
Bemmelen van, 1949. The Geology of Indonesia. Government Printing Office, Den
Haag, Vol I, IA and IB, 732 hal.
Duyfjes, J., 1940, Report of the Geological Survey in the Southern Part of the District
Djampangkoelon during two trips. (sheet
Ciletuh, Oedjoenggenteng,
Djampangkoelon and Djagamoekti). Arsip Direktorat Geologi Bandung
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007
Martodjojo, S, 1984, Evolusi Cekungan Bogor, Jawa Barat. Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Disertasi, tidak dipublikasi.
Martodjojo, S., Suparka S., Hadiwisastra, S., 1978, Status Formasi Ciletuh Dalam
Evolusi Jawa Barat. Geologi Indonesia Vol 5. (2)
Satyana, A. H., 1989, Geologi dan Kerabat Ofiolit Gunung Badak. Jurusan Geologi
FMIPA UNPAD. Skripsi, Tidak dipublikasi
Schiller, D.M., Garrard, R.A., Prasetyo Ludi, 1991, Eocene Submarine fan
sedimentation in Southwest Java. Proceedings IPA ke 20, Jakarta.
Suhaeli, E.T., et al., 1977, The status of the melange complex in Ciletuh area, Southwest
Java: Proceeding Indonesia Petroleum Assoc., 6th annual conv., hal 241-253.
Sukamto, Rab, 1975: Geologi Lembar Jampang dan Balekambang, Skala 1:100.000.
Direktorat Geologi Bandung
Thayyib S. Endang, Said S.E., Siswoyo, Prijomarsono S., 1977: The status of the
Melange Complex in Ciletuh area, South – West Java. Proceedings IPA ke 6,
Jakarta.
Rosana, M. F., 2006: Merajut Ciletuh : Geologi eksotik Jawa Barat. Proceding
Workshop ”Integrasi aspek kegeologian dalam pembangunan daerah di Jawa
Barat : Apa dan bagimana?. Distamben, Jawa Barat.
Rosana, M. F., Syafri, I.,Mardiana, U., Sulaksana, N., 2006: Petrology of Pre-Tertiary
Mélange Complex of Gunung Badak, Sukabumi, West Java. Proceeding
Persidangan Bersama Geosains ITB-UKM” Geosains dalam Pembangunan
Ekonomi
&
Kesejahteraan
Serantau,
19~20
December
2006,
Langkawi-Malaysia
___________________
*) Presented at the “Simposium Kebudayaan Indonesia Malaysia ke-X (SKIM X)” held in Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, 29-30 May 2007