Ideologies reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono`S political interviews.
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ABSTRACT
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
The study of language is important that using language is the most
common form of social behaviour and we depend on language in our public
and private interactions, determining our relationships with other individuals
and the social institutions we inhabit. Discourse is a way to try to change or
influence someone and marked ideologies, where ideology can be defined as
the everyday taken for granted collective set of assumptions and value systems
that social groups share. This thesis focuses on President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono (well known as SBY) as the object of this research. Two research
questions will be addressed in this study: first, the ideologies are reflected in
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews and second, the linguistic
features support ideologies in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interview. This study examines Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interviews text throughout his presidential term from the year 2004 to the year
2014 his presidency. Critical Discourse Analysis that considers the
context of the situation (meta-function) reveals that the language user
has the options for conveying meanings to the addressee(s). CDA helps
people understand and interpret the text better because it provides the
critical anal ysis of a text. By conducting CDA, people will not be easily
deceived by what the text looks.
The clauses were analyzed with Systemic functional grammar. SFG
gives grammar as properties to convey meanings realized in the
metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. In the metafunction
anal ysis, transitivity is employed in the ideational function, modality and
tense in the interpersonal function and topic analysis in the textual function.
The results of the metafunction analysis are the means to figure out the
ideologies. In the linguistic features analysis in the ideational function employ
the material process most with Actor-Goal participants with SBY as the Actor
that dominates the interviews. In the interpersonal function, modality
dominates in his lexical choice interviews. The results of the different
findings in the metafunction analysis in SBY p ro v e d that there is a
connection between properties of texts and social processes. This
study also reveals that language is used to exercise power. Language has
the power to influence and control people‘s minds. The linguistic features in
the text lead to the ideologies in the speakers. It shows that language
reproduces its ideology.
The finding of ideology in the text will contribute and support the
theoretical of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the results of the ideologies
in his political interview will fruitfully bring of ideologies of how the political
interview texts will give a contribution to CDA, the political interview theory
x iv
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and communication theory, and political discourse. This finding will enrich the
dataset of critical discourse analysis theoretical framework. Moreover, the
results of the meta-function analysis in his political interview show how
language pattern and lexical choice of words works in the texts. This research
also gives the contribution to support Halliday‘s systemic functional grammar.
As a primary tool to analyze the texts in this study is the meta-function analysis
proposed by Halliday, this research shows that critical discourse analysis that
relies on systemic functional grammar is applicable in the textual analysis.
xv
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ABSTRAK
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian mengenai bahasa itu penting sebagaimana penggunaan
bahasa merupakan bentuk tindakan sosial dan manusia berkomunikasi dengan
bahasa baik dalam berinteraksi sosial maupun personal dan hubungan dengan
satu sama lain dimana kita berada. Wacana merupakan salah satu cara untuk
mengubah dan mempengaruhi sesorang yang ditandai dengan ideologi dimana
ideologi dapata diasumsikan sebagai sistem value yang ada di kelompok
masyarakat. Peneliti tertarik meneliti Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
(dikenal sebagai SBY) sebagai objek penelitian. Dua pertanyaan penelitian
akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini: pertama, ideologi tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan kedua, fitur linguistik
mendukung ideologi dalam wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Dalam penelitian ini, untuk pengetahuan peneliti, tidak ada penelitian telah
dilakukan namun pada analisis wacana kritis ideologi yang tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Isu yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara politik dari
SBY selama menjadi presiden dua periode 2004-2014. Analisis Wacana Kritis
yang mempertimbangkan konteks situasi (metafunctions) mengungkapkan
bahwa pengguna bahasa memiliki pilihan untuk menyampaikan makna ke
penerima. CDA membantu orang memahami dan menafsirkan teks yang lebih
baik karena memberikan analisis kritis teks. Dengan melakukan CDA, orang
tidak akan mudah tertipu oleh apa yang tampak di teks.
Dengan demikian, klausa dianalisis dengan tata bahasa fungsional
sistemik. SFG memberikan tata bahasa sebagai properti untuk menyampaikan
makna diwujudkan dalam metafunctions: ideasional, interpersonal, dan
tekstual. Dalam analisis metafunction, transitivitas digunakan dalam fungsi
ideasional, modalitas dan tata bahasa tenses dalam fungsi dan topik analisis
interpersonal dalam fungsi tekstual. Hasil analisis metafunction adalah sarana
untuk mengetahui ideologi. Dalam fitur linguistik analisis fungsi ideasional
mempekerjakan proses material yang paling dominan Aktor-Goal dengan SBY
sebagai Aktor yang mendominasi wawancara. Dalam fungsi interpersonal,
modalitas mendominasi dalam wawancara pilihan leksikalnya. Hasil temuan
yang berbeda dalam analisis metafunction di SBY membuktikan bahwa ada
hubungan antara sifat-sifat teks dan proses sosial. Penelitian ini juga
mengungkapkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan untuk menjalankan kekuasaan.
Bahasa memiliki kekuatan untuk mempengaruhi dan mengendalikan pikiran
orang. Fitur bahasa dalam teks mengarah pada ideologi yang disampaikan oleh
pengguna bahasa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mereproduksi ideologi.
Temuan ideology dalam teks akan mendukung teori analisis wacana.
x vi
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Disamping itu hasil temuan ideology dalam teks wawancara politik ini juga
akan memberi manfaat bagaimana ideology yang ada di wawancara politik
memberikan kontribusi terhadap analisis wacana, teori wawancara politik dan
teori komunikasi dan wacana politik. Temuan ini akan memperkaya rangkaian
data dari kerangka teori analisis wacana. Terlebih lagi hasil analysis dari
metafungsi yang menunjukkan bagaimana pola bahasa dan pemilihan kata
yang ada di dalam teks. Penelitian ini juga memberikan kontribusi terhadap
systemic grammar dari Halliday sebagaiman instrument yang tepat untuk
digunakan sebagai metodologi
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IDEOLOGIES REFLECTED IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S
POLITICAL INTERVIEWS
A T H E S IS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Ruth Hastutiningsih
Student Number: 126332016
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata
Dharma:
Demi
Nama
: Ruth Hastutiningsih
NIM
: 12 6332 016
pengembangan
ilmu
pengetahuan,
saya
memberikan
kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
IDEOLOGIES REFLECTED IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S
POLITICAL INTERVIEWS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya
memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk
menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam
bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk
kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalty
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 12th August 2015
Yang menyatakan
Ruth Hastutiningsih
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It will be a wonderful opportunity for me to express my deepest
gratitude to all of those who have supported and facilitated me in
accomplishing this thesis. First and foremost, my greatest gratitude is
addressed to GOD the Almighty, who has given me His blessing so that I can
finish my thesis and study.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr.
B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., who in his very limited time and energy was willing
to read my thesis carefully and gave critically constructive feedback for the
improvement and for being a source of guidance, insight throughout all the
various stages of this research. I am deeply grateful to all the lecturers in
English Language Studies: Drs. F.X. Mukarto, M.S., Ph.D. for his guidance
and knowledge and Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for his critical feedbacks. Drs.
Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. for his critical feedback and evaluation, Dr. J.
Bismoko for Education philosophy he has taught me how to see the world
philosophically. He taught me to think globally, rather than locally, and
encouraged me to always seek knowledge beyond my own boundaries.
My appreciation is also addressed to other lecturers in the Graduate
program in English Language Studies of Sanata Dharma University, especially
Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M. A. (Hons), Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo and
Dr. Albertus Budi Susanto, S.J. for sharing their critical perspectives and
inspirational knowledge. Deep appreciation is delivered to the secretariat team
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for helping me in administration matters, Pak Mul for his genuine warmth. I
would like also to express my deep gratitude to my beloved parents and
brothers for their endless love, support and prayers.
Yogyakarta, 12th August 2015
Ruth Hastutiningsih
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………….……..….
i
APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………...……...
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…………….…….…....
ix
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …..……….
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………..……………..…….
vi
TABLE CONTENTS…………………………………….….……….….
vi i i
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………….…….…….
xii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………….……….……
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………..
xiii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………..
xiv
Abstrak….……………………………………………………………….
xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………...……..
1
A. Research Background…………………………………………….
1
B. Research Questions……………………………………………….
10
C. Research Objectives………………………………………………
10
D. Research Benefits………………………………………………...
12
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………
15
A. Review Related Studies…………………………………………..
15
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1. Studies on Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono……………………..
16
2. Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis……………………….
20
3. Studies on Systemic Functional Linguistics………………….
26
B. Review on Related Theory……………………………………….
30
1. Approach on Critical Discourse Analysis …...……………….
31
a. Van Dijk’s Approach……………………………………..
31
b. Fairclough’s Approach…………………………………...
33
c. Ruth Wodak’s Approach…………………………………
35
2. Concept of Ideology……………………….………………….
37
3. Concept of Power………………………….………………….
38
4. Approach Systemic Functional Linguistics…………...……...
39
a. Ideational Metafunction…………………………………..
41
b. Interpersonal Metafunction……………………………….
44
c. Textual Metafunction……………………………………..
45
5. Political Interview…………………………………………….
48
C. Review on Indonesia Political Background………………………
51
1. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono…………………………………
51
2. SBYnomics…………………………………………………...
55
3. Democratic Islam in Indonesia……………………………….
62
4. ASEAN…………………………………………………….…
72
5. Self Image………………………………………………….…
75
D. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………...
81
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY……………………………………
82
A. Types of Research………………………………………………...
82
B. Objects of Research………………………………………………
84
C. Research Data Selection and Analysis……………………………
88
1. CDA……………………………..……………………………
89
2. Systemic Functional Linguistics……………………………...
91
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…..…..
94
A. Ideology Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono…………………………...
94
1. SBYnomics Ideology………………………………………...
97
a. Triple and Four Track Strategy………………….………...
98
b. PPP and MPE3I………………………………….………..
113
2. Democratic Islam Ideology……………………...…………...
120
3. ASEAN Ideology…………………………………………….
145
4. Self-Image Ideology…………………………………………
153
B. Power Reflected in SBY’s Political Interviews Language
Features…………………………………………………………...
166
C. Systemic Functional Linguistics………………………………….
171
1. Ideational Function…………………………………………...
172
a. Material processes………………………………………...
174
b. Mental processes…………………………………………
179
c. Relational processes………………………………………
184
d. Verbal processes……………………………………….…
187
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e. Existential processes………………………………….…..
190
2. Interpersonal Function………………………………………..
191
a. Mood………………………………………………...……
192
b. Modality………………………………………………..…
196
c. Personal Pronoun…………………………………………
197
3. Textual Function…………………………………………..….
202
a. Interpersonal category……………………………………
203
b. Referential category………………………………………
205
c. Structural category……………………………………..…
206
d. Cognitive category……………………………………..…
207
CHAPTER V CONCUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………..
210
A. Conclusions……………………………………………………….
210
B. Suggestions………………………………………………………
214
BIBLIOGRAPHY...…………………………………………………….
215
APPENDICES..…………………………………………………………
226
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. Summary distribution of discourse topic ideologies…………
95
Table 4.2. Summary distribution of SBYnomics topic ideologies………
97
Table 4.3. Summary distribution of Democracy topic ideologies……….
120
Table 4.4. Fairclough Model of Discourse Analysis…………………….
167
Table 4.5. Summary Transitivity…………………………………………
173
Table 4.6. Summary Distribution Material Processes in Discourse Topic.
174
Table 4.7. Summary Distribution of Material Processes…………………
175
Table 4.8. Summary Distribution Mental Processes in Discourse Topic...
179
Table 4.9. Summary Distribution of Mental Processes…………………
180
Table 4.10. Mental Processes Category…………………………………
180
Table 4.11. Summary Distribution Relational Processes in Discourse…..
185
Table 4.12. Summary Distribution of Relational Processes……………..
185
Table 4.13. Summary Distribution Verbal Processes in Discourse …….
188
Table 4.14. Summary Distribution of Verbal Processes…………………
188
Table 4.15. Summary Distribution of Mood…………………………….
193
Table 4.16. Summary Distribution of Modality…………………….……
196
Table 4.17. Summary Modality Degree Level………………………...…
196
Table 4.18. Summary Distribution of Personal Pronoun…………………
200
Table 4.19. Summary Interpersonal Category……………………………
204
Table 4.20. Summary Referential Category……………………...………
205
Table 4.21. Summary Structural Category………………………………
206
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Table 4.22. Summary Cognitive Category………………………………
208
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Research Procedure .......................................................................9..5.......
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices 1 Table 3.1Interviewer…………………………………………..…
224
Appendices 2 Table 3.2 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview Texts..
224
Appendices 3 Table 3.3 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview word...
225
Appendices 4 Table 3.4 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview code...
225
Appendices 5. Table 3.5 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview Texts
Sample……………………………………………………………
227
Appendices 6 Table 3.6 Discourse as Social Practice Distribution Sample……..
229
Appendices 7. Table 3.7 Summary of Macro Structures and Micro Structures
Sample……………………………………………………………
230
Appendices 7. Table 3.7 Summary of Macro Structures and Micro Structures
Sample……………………………………………………………
xiii
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ABSTRACT
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
The study of language is important that using language is the most
common form of social behaviour and we depend on language in our public
and private interactions, determining our relationships with other individuals
and the social institutions we inhabit. Discourse is a way to try to change or
influence someone and marked ideologies, where ideology can be defined as
the everyday taken for granted collective set of assumptions and value systems
that social groups share. This thesis focuses on President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono (well known as SBY) as the object of this research. Two research
questions will be addressed in this study: first, the ideologies are reflected in
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews and second, the linguistic
features support ideologies in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interview. This study examines Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interviews text throughout his presidential term from the year 2004 to the year
2014 his presidency. Critical Discourse Analysis that considers the
context of the situation (meta-function) reveals that the language user
has the options for conveying meanings to the addressee(s). CDA helps
people understand and interpret the text better because it provides the
critical anal ysis of a text. By conducting CDA, people will not be easily
deceived by what the text looks.
The clauses were analyzed with Systemic functional grammar. SFG
gives grammar as properties to convey meanings realized in the
metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. In the metafunction
anal ysis, transitivity is employed in the ideational function, modality and
tense in the interpersonal function and topic analysis in the textual function.
The results of the metafunction analysis are the means to figure out the
ideologies. In the linguistic features analysis in the ideational function employ
the material process most with Actor-Goal participants with SBY as the Actor
that dominates the interviews. In the interpersonal function, modality
dominates in his lexical choice interviews. The results of the different
findings in the metafunction analysis in SBY p ro v e d that there is a
connection between properties of texts and social processes. This
study also reveals that language is used to exercise power. Language has
the power to influence and control people‘s minds. The linguistic features in
the text lead to the ideologies in the speakers. It shows that language
reproduces its ideology.
The finding of ideology in the text will contribute and support the
theoretical of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the results of the ideologies
in his political interview will fruitfully bring of ideologies of how the political
interview texts will give a contribution to CDA, the political interview theory
x iv
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PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
and communication theory, and political discourse. This finding will enrich the
dataset of critical discourse analysis theoretical framework. Moreover, the
results of the meta-function analysis in his political interview show how
language pattern and lexical choice of words works in the texts. This research
also gives the contribution to support Halliday‘s systemic functional grammar.
As a primary tool to analyze the texts in this study is the meta-function analysis
proposed by Halliday, this research shows that critical discourse analysis that
relies on systemic functional grammar is applicable in the textual analysis.
xv
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian mengenai bahasa itu penting sebagaimana penggunaan
bahasa merupakan bentuk tindakan sosial dan manusia berkomunikasi dengan
bahasa baik dalam berinteraksi sosial maupun personal dan hubungan dengan
satu sama lain dimana kita berada. Wacana merupakan salah satu cara untuk
mengubah dan mempengaruhi sesorang yang ditandai dengan ideologi dimana
ideologi dapata diasumsikan sebagai sistem value yang ada di kelompok
masyarakat. Peneliti tertarik meneliti Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
(dikenal sebagai SBY) sebagai objek penelitian. Dua pertanyaan penelitian
akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini: pertama, ideologi tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan kedua, fitur linguistik
mendukung ideologi dalam wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Dalam penelitian ini, untuk pengetahuan peneliti, tidak ada penelitian telah
dilakukan namun pada analisis wacana kritis ideologi yang tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Isu yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara politik dari
SBY selama menjadi presiden dua periode 2004-2014. Analisis Wacana Kritis
yang mempertimbangkan konteks situasi (metafunctions) mengungkapkan
bahwa pengguna bahasa memiliki pilihan untuk menyampaikan makna ke
penerima. CDA membantu orang memahami dan menafsirkan teks yang lebih
baik karena memberikan analisis kritis teks. Dengan melakukan CDA, orang
tidak akan mudah tertipu oleh apa yang tampak di teks.
Dengan demikian, klausa dianalisis dengan tata bahasa fungsional
sistemik. SFG memberikan tata bahasa sebagai properti untuk menyampaikan
makna diwujudkan dalam metafunctions: ideasional, interpersonal, dan
tekstual. Dalam analisis metafunction, transitivitas digunakan dalam fungsi
ideasional, modalitas dan tata bahasa tenses dalam fungsi dan topik analisis
interpersonal dalam fungsi tekstual. Hasil analisis metafunction adalah sarana
untuk mengetahui ideologi. Dalam fitur linguistik analisis fungsi ideasional
mempekerjakan proses material yang paling dominan Aktor-Goal dengan SBY
sebagai Aktor yang mendominasi wawancara. Dalam fungsi interpersonal,
modalitas mendominasi dalam wawancara pilihan leksikalnya. Hasil temuan
yang berbeda dalam analisis metafunction di SBY membuktikan bahwa ada
hubungan antara sifat-sifat teks dan proses sosial. Penelitian ini juga
mengungkapkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan untuk menjalankan kekuasaan.
Bahasa memiliki kekuatan untuk mempengaruhi dan mengendalikan pikiran
orang. Fitur bahasa dalam teks mengarah pada ideologi yang disampaikan oleh
pengguna bahasa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mereproduksi ideologi.
Temuan ideology dalam teks akan mendukung teori analisis wacana.
x vi
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Disamping itu hasil temuan ideology dalam teks wawancara politik ini juga
akan memberi manfaat bagaimana ideology yang ada di wawancara politik
memberikan kontribusi terhadap analisis wacana, teori wawancara politik dan
teori komunikasi dan wacana politik. Temuan ini akan memperkaya rangkaian
data dari kerangka teori analisis wacana. Terlebih lagi hasil analysis dari
metafungsi yang menunjukkan bagaimana pola bahasa dan pemilihan kata
yang ada di dalam teks. Penelitian ini juga memberikan kontribusi terhadap
systemic grammar dari Halliday sebagaiman instrument yang tepat untuk
digunakan sebagai metodologi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into four main sections. The first section discusses
the background study in conducting the research. This section shows the
importance of and reasons for doing research on this topic as well as the urgency
of the current issue. The second section formulates the research questions.
Research questions display the reader the crucial and urgency of the research
matter that has to be answered. The third part explains the aim of the research
questions. The fourth section promotes the research benefits. This section deals
with the advantages of conducting this research as both scientific research for
improving the theory and as practical research for leading to a higher explanation.
A.
Research Background
The study of language is important because as Fairclough states using
language is the most common form of social behaviour and we depend on
language in our public and private interactions, determining our relationships with
other individuals and the social institutions we inhabit (Fairclough 2003, p.2).
Fairclough claims that the language is a material form of ideology, and ideology
invests language (Fairclough 2003, p.73). Similarly, Fowler makes the link
between discourse and ideology even clearer when he defines discourse as
socially and institutionally originating ideology, encoded in language (Fowler
1991, p.42). In the words of Fowler, language provides names of categories, and
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so it helps to set boundaries and relationships and discourse allows these names to
be spoken and written forms frequently, so contributing to the apparent reality and
currency of categories (Fowler 1991, p. 94).
Moreover, Wodak (2013) states ideologies are essential and necessary social
concepts that reflect the goals, implications and values of the social group.
Discourses are material effects of ideology that also have a central effect on
shaping our sense of reality. Fairclough (2003) also stresses that discourse is a
powerful vehicle for the construction of social reality that shapes points of views
through dominant ideologies and builds being and living reality. In this sense,
discourse is dialectically related to the socio-cultural and institutional contexts.
Discourse is a way to try to change or influence someone and marked ideologies,
where ideology can be defined as the everyday taken for granted collective set of
assumptions and value systems that social groups share (Simpson, 1993).
Therefore, language and language studies attract a lot of academic
researchers from different disciplines to better understand contemporary society.
With this idea in mind, this thesis research examines the ideologies reflected in
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono political interview through a critical discourse
analysis study in light of Halliday’s theoretical framework for transitivity and
critical discourse analysis study. This study will be focused on two things: first,
the ideologies reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews and
second, the linguistic features represent the ideologies in the Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s political interviews during his two terms in office. In the present
study, to the knowledge of the researcher, no studies have been conducted yet on
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the critical discourse analysis of ideologies are reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s political interview.
Hence, the relation of CDA and SFL is apparent. Wodak and Meyer (2007)
add that Systemic Functional Linguistics proves to be necessary for the text
analysis undertaken by CDA. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interview
texts are rich of ideologies. Van Dijk (2008) says that ideologies are the basic
frameworks for shaping the social cognitions shared by members of social groups,
organizations or institutions. In this study, ideologies are the precise meanings or
messages in political interviews. Fairclough (2003) points out that a range of
properties of text is regarded as potentially ideological are features of vocabulary,
grammar, and implicature. Therefore, this research thesis presents a critical
discourse analysis that offers fruitful analysis.
This thesis intends to observe the ideologies language features in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews with systematic functional linguistics.
That theory is chosen because it is in line with the goal of critical discourse
analysis namely the finding out the ideology of a discourse that comes from the
power, dominance and social inequality conditions by considering the context
behind it. The context meant here is the context of the situation that is derived
from Halliday’s SFL. Since this thesis is a linguistics study, the analysis does not
focus on the political perspective but it focuses on the language use of the political
interviews by considering the situational context of them critically.
This study limits to the finding of the ideologies based on the analysis of the
text and clause representing the ideologies of the text, to the transitivity and
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modality analysis of the clauses, which support the ideologies. Once the
ideologies are identified, the analyzed for the linguistics features is limited to the
study of Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. It analyzes the clauses based on
their ideational function using the transitivity analysis and interpersonal functions
using the modality analysis. The ideology reflected becomes stronger by having
scientific proofs provided by the analysis of the linguistic features.
SBY’s political interview data were taken from the Bureau for Press and
Media Affairs Presidential Household Secretariat Ministry Department official
presidential website http://presidenri.go.id search for the collections of the
Indonesian President SBY was political interview. SBY launched the official
presidential website in 2005. It aimed to publish and promote SBY’s speeches,
interviews, columns, and both international and domestic activities. By publishing
his presidential activities, it meant that SBY revealed his ideology to his people.
This research thesis focused on President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (well
known as SBY). Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was the first directly elected
President of the Republic of Indonesia, serving for two terms presidential from
October 2004 through October 2014. Commonly known by his initials, SBY was
born on 9 September 1949 in Pacitan, East Java (Yudhoyono 2006, 2009). There
were eleven (11) political interviews during his presidency found on the official
websites of President SBY. The researcher did not study seven (7) political
interviews of them because they were not available in complete text; Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono used a translator in one of them meaning that the answer do
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not directly come from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono but that in the process of
translating, there would be information missed, cut and revised by the translator.
Thus, the researcher had chosen four (4) political interviews as her research
data. From the list of interviews above, the researcher selected interviews
conducted by Ms. Park Soo-Jin, Arirang TV (Seoul, South Korea) in 2007,
Charlie Rose from CBS (US), Li Xueying from Strait Times in 2011 and Greg
Sheridan from Australia in 2012. There were some reasons why these four
political interviews were chosen. First, the text fulfills the requirements of the
complete text form and a methodological dataset. Second, the each interviewer
was a professional journalist from foreign press media and television and the
interviewee was Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the president of Indonesia. It meant
that SBY was powerful person and had a significant influence on international
public. Both participants were assumed to have a high level of competence in the
English language and had had some experience in interview interaction.
Those texts were chosen based on consideration that as a president of
Republic Indonesia SBY should make some apperances before the international
public in order to set right image and to be recognized and well known. In fact his
strategies had been very successful. SBY was a very popular president of
Republic Indonesia toward the international public (Yudhoyono, 2005). The
political interview text data taken from the official website was reliable dataset
methodology from the website was official which meant that to publish it, the text
had passed validation and screen given to be worthy to be published and read and
accessed by public.
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Second, since beginning his presidency, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono made
some international political interviews in English. These political interviews were
an important part of the international discussion on areas like Indonesia’s role in
the region and relations between neighboring and other country’s situations,
institution, and social structures. These statements suggested that critical
discourse analysis shares its exposure to the social and cultural matters of society.
It did not only talk about the linguistic forms, but it tried to connect them with the
community. Extracts from print interview were used to show how ideologies and
power were reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews, and
how the linguistic features supported ideologies.
Third, a political interview conducted by foreign journalist media was a
good way to introduce a president to the international community. He held the
power to persuade for bringing Indonesia toward significant countries in
Southeast Asia and to the world. Fourth, political interviews took place in official
and institutional settings. It meant that the foreign journalist was a specially
chosen as professional journalist from international press media and television
with prestigious qualifications. Regarding these political interviews were official
it meant that the questions and answers had been set previously and had passed
clearance and protocol.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews are an important part of
the international discussion on areas like Indonesia’s role in regional and relations
with neighboring and other countries in the world, and they are worth examining
how the President shapes his key messages. They are also a useful snapshot of
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current thinking at the highest level of Indonesia’s leadership. This political
interview are done by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono himself and they set
and project Indonesia’s image abroad. This study may increase students’
awareness of being critical in responding to a political interview field. The
research result is expected to be guidance for researchers and students especially
those who are interested in critical discourse analysis is in its relation to political
discourse and media discourse.
From 2004 to 2014, President Yudhoyono led Indonesia through a time of
significant challenge and crisis: tsunami, natural disasters, terrorism, the financial
crisis, the rise of oil price and separatist conflict. At the topmost of the global
financial crisis in late 2008, President Yudhoyono continually implemented
economic policies, including new monetary measures, which allowed Indonesia’s
Yudhoyono’s economic policies had also led to increases in and balance among
domestic consumption, government spending, exports, and investments.
Indonesia has attained sustainable and inclusive growth that centers upon
strategies that are pro-growth, pro-poor, pro-job and pro-environment. An
example can be seen in except as follows;
“…We have adopted the so-called four-track strategy (2SAL1(2)). Our
economic development must be pro-growth, pro-job, pro-poverty reduction
and also pro-environment (2SAL1(3)). …. we launch what so-called a triple
track strategy, a stimulating growth through export and investment,
generating real sector, to create more employment and to revitalize our
agricultural and rural development to reduce poverty (1SAP3(8)). So I
should say that strategy is pro- growth, pro-job and pro-poor
(1SAP3(15))”…
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The
four-track
p h i l o s o ph y
has
uniquely
characterized
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President
Yudhoyono’s economic construct. Indonesia’s economy had maintained an
average 6.5% growth and remains the largest economy in South East Asia and the
world’s 17th largest economy (Yudhoyono, 2005).
President Yudhoyono is a visionary architect of the Indonesian democracy
(Djalal, 2010). To continue the transformation and democratization process, he
has also launched the most progressive anticorruption campaign in Indonesian
history. It is apparently seen that President Yudhoyono has strong commitment to
peace and stability both in Indonesia and abroad. He pursued a peaceful road to
resolving the thirty year conflict in Aceh, and brought in new strength into
political reforms and a prosperity approach to bring about solid progress in Papua.
President Yudhoyono has further promoted Indonesia’s active role in
regional and international affairs. Regionally, he chaired ASEAN in 2011, hosting
ASEAN 18th and 19th Summits, ASEAN related Summits and also the East Asia
Summit in Bali. An example can be seen in excerpt as follows;
Remember, East Asia Summit is now welcoming the participation of Russia
and the U.S.; here in Bali next November, we will host the first East Asia
Summit that both President Medvedev and President Obama insya Allah
will come (2SAL15(131).
Globally, he has participated actively in meetings of the United Nations
General Assembly and Security Council meetings. Continuing the active role of
Indonesia in UN peacekeeping missions, he set up Indonesian contingents to the
Congo (DRC) and Lebanon. The UN also named him as speaker and expert in the
Global Champion for Disaster Risk Reduction for making disaster risk reduction
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an integral part of Indonesia’s development process. An example can be seen in
excerpt as follows;
Definitely, I would like to tell you, Charlie, that when the war in Lebanon
took place couple years ago, I’ve written my letter to Secretary-General of
the United Nations to also do something, to have a cease-fire, and Indonesia
offered to be part of the peacekeeping mission when cease-fire takes place,
and I’m glad because I could send my troops to be part of the UN
peacekeeping mission that are now deployed along the Israel-Lebanese
border (2SAC4(26)).
President Yudhoyono committed to bridging the West and the Islamic world
and has played a critical role in the creation of global inter-media dialogue and in
drafting charter on the promotion of human rights and democracy in the
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) (Djalal, 2011). Through the G20,
President Yudhoyono had been active in all its summits and shared insights to
create a stable, balanced, sustainable and inclusive global economy. An example
can be seen in excerpt as follows;
So, I am pleased because, by continuing, stimulating our growth, our
domestic market, I could contribute to the aim of the G20 that the world
must have balanced economy, balanced growth; must have strong,
sustainable, and balanced growth as wel (4SAG27(26)).
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews in the international
interviews throughout his entire presidential term (2004–2014) which will
hopefully shed some light on what has been shaping Indonesia’s national
discourse over the past ten years. Since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is the first
president of Indonesia, to have official websites, to be elected directly by the
people as a reformist and who to actively joins the international community. His
style of leadership will bring new enlightenment for next future generation.
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B.
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Research Questions
This research study specifically seeks to show the ideologies that are
reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews. It proposes a
critical discourse analysis that should be used as an approach and systemic
functional linguistics should be used as the primary foundation to support
ideologies and power reflected in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interview. Based on the background of the study, two research questions are
formulated as the following;
1.
What ideologies do Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews
reflect?
2.
How do linguistic features represent the ideologies?
C.
Research Objectives
The first objective is to find out the ideologies are reflected in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews during his presidency. This first
objective employs critical discourse interpretation analysis due to the fact the
language use is chosen by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the interview conveys a
particular meaning. How Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono constructs and chooses
certain lexical choice reflect his language ideology.
Language can be used not only to turn people’s thoughts, and beliefs but
also to control their thoughts and beliefs. The analysis first establishes the social
practice, that is, how various social, economic, political and other phenomena
manifest themselves in discourse and how some text can influence and even
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trigger some changes in society. The next step is the description of discursive
practice, which includes the production, distribution and consumption of texts.
Finally, the interpretation of discourse occurs at two levels the level of
context and the level of text (Fairclough 2003). At the contextual level we
mention the global and local situational context and on the other hand the
intertextual context. At the textual level the global meaning, for example,
semantic macrostructures or topics are studied and compared in order to establish
whether there is some pattern in the choice and sequence of topics. The most
relevant information about the interview was emphasized and expressed in the
analysis of semantic macrostructures and local semantics.
The semantic macrostructures analysis was done to identify a topic. It is
found there were more than one kind of information were emphasized, thus more
than one topic was identified. The overlapping topics formed the discourse topics.
These discourse topics were used to focus the discussions in order to reveal the
ideology of the text analysis in each discourse topic. The words and phrases in the
clauses portraying ideology and power distribution were elaborated. The choice of
words was highlighted through local semantic analysis. The use of linguistic
devices was taken into account in the process of interpretation of the phrase. Thus,
the language utilization in the clause reflects the language user‘s ideology.
The second objective is to identify the language and linguistic features that
are expressed in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews. Systemic
Functional Linguistics is a suitable tool for conducting research this analysis. The
metafunction proposed by Halliday support in identifying the lexical and
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grammatical features. The metafunction consists of the ideational, interpersonal
and textual functions that are used to show the ideology of the speaker revealed in
the text.
Systemic functional linguistics ideational function aims at analyzing the
processes, participants, and circumstances found in the clause by means of
transitivity. The ideational function refers to the ideation and grammatical
resources for constructing an experience of the world around. In this feature, the
language user has options to put his/her knowledge of the world in the form of
language.
In Interpersonal meta-function analysis in this study a sentence is
considered as a part of communication between the speaker and listener.
Language is considered as a way of reflecting. In interpersonal analysis, meaning
is seen from the point of view of its purpose in the process of social interaction.
Modality denotes to the degree of certainty and truth of statements about the
world. It is a general term for all signs of speakers’ opinion. The interpersonal
meta-function is a resource for performing social roles and relationships between
speaker or writer and listener or reader.
D.
Research Benefits
This research brings benefits both theoretical and practical. Theoretically,
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews are analyzed using critical
discourse analysis to find out ideologies and power are expressed in his political
interview. The finding of ideology in the text will contribute and support the
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theoretical of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the results of the ideologies in
his political interview will fruitfully bring of ideologies of how the political
interview texts will give a contribution to CDA, the political interview theory and
communication theory, and political discourse.
This finding will enrich the dataset of critical discourse analysis theoretical
framework. Moreover, the results of the meta-function analysis in his political
interview show how language pattern and lexical choice of words works in the
texts. This research also gives the contribution to support Halliday‘s systemic
functional linguistics. As a primary tool to analyze the texts in this study is the
meta-
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ABSTRACT
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
The study of language is important that using language is the most
common form of social behaviour and we depend on language in our public
and private interactions, determining our relationships with other individuals
and the social institutions we inhabit. Discourse is a way to try to change or
influence someone and marked ideologies, where ideology can be defined as
the everyday taken for granted collective set of assumptions and value systems
that social groups share. This thesis focuses on President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono (well known as SBY) as the object of this research. Two research
questions will be addressed in this study: first, the ideologies are reflected in
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews and second, the linguistic
features support ideologies in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interview. This study examines Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interviews text throughout his presidential term from the year 2004 to the year
2014 his presidency. Critical Discourse Analysis that considers the
context of the situation (meta-function) reveals that the language user
has the options for conveying meanings to the addressee(s). CDA helps
people understand and interpret the text better because it provides the
critical anal ysis of a text. By conducting CDA, people will not be easily
deceived by what the text looks.
The clauses were analyzed with Systemic functional grammar. SFG
gives grammar as properties to convey meanings realized in the
metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. In the metafunction
anal ysis, transitivity is employed in the ideational function, modality and
tense in the interpersonal function and topic analysis in the textual function.
The results of the metafunction analysis are the means to figure out the
ideologies. In the linguistic features analysis in the ideational function employ
the material process most with Actor-Goal participants with SBY as the Actor
that dominates the interviews. In the interpersonal function, modality
dominates in his lexical choice interviews. The results of the different
findings in the metafunction analysis in SBY p ro v e d that there is a
connection between properties of texts and social processes. This
study also reveals that language is used to exercise power. Language has
the power to influence and control people‘s minds. The linguistic features in
the text lead to the ideologies in the speakers. It shows that language
reproduces its ideology.
The finding of ideology in the text will contribute and support the
theoretical of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the results of the ideologies
in his political interview will fruitfully bring of ideologies of how the political
interview texts will give a contribution to CDA, the political interview theory
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and communication theory, and political discourse. This finding will enrich the
dataset of critical discourse analysis theoretical framework. Moreover, the
results of the meta-function analysis in his political interview show how
language pattern and lexical choice of words works in the texts. This research
also gives the contribution to support Halliday‘s systemic functional grammar.
As a primary tool to analyze the texts in this study is the meta-function analysis
proposed by Halliday, this research shows that critical discourse analysis that
relies on systemic functional grammar is applicable in the textual analysis.
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ABSTRAK
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian mengenai bahasa itu penting sebagaimana penggunaan
bahasa merupakan bentuk tindakan sosial dan manusia berkomunikasi dengan
bahasa baik dalam berinteraksi sosial maupun personal dan hubungan dengan
satu sama lain dimana kita berada. Wacana merupakan salah satu cara untuk
mengubah dan mempengaruhi sesorang yang ditandai dengan ideologi dimana
ideologi dapata diasumsikan sebagai sistem value yang ada di kelompok
masyarakat. Peneliti tertarik meneliti Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
(dikenal sebagai SBY) sebagai objek penelitian. Dua pertanyaan penelitian
akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini: pertama, ideologi tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan kedua, fitur linguistik
mendukung ideologi dalam wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Dalam penelitian ini, untuk pengetahuan peneliti, tidak ada penelitian telah
dilakukan namun pada analisis wacana kritis ideologi yang tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Isu yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara politik dari
SBY selama menjadi presiden dua periode 2004-2014. Analisis Wacana Kritis
yang mempertimbangkan konteks situasi (metafunctions) mengungkapkan
bahwa pengguna bahasa memiliki pilihan untuk menyampaikan makna ke
penerima. CDA membantu orang memahami dan menafsirkan teks yang lebih
baik karena memberikan analisis kritis teks. Dengan melakukan CDA, orang
tidak akan mudah tertipu oleh apa yang tampak di teks.
Dengan demikian, klausa dianalisis dengan tata bahasa fungsional
sistemik. SFG memberikan tata bahasa sebagai properti untuk menyampaikan
makna diwujudkan dalam metafunctions: ideasional, interpersonal, dan
tekstual. Dalam analisis metafunction, transitivitas digunakan dalam fungsi
ideasional, modalitas dan tata bahasa tenses dalam fungsi dan topik analisis
interpersonal dalam fungsi tekstual. Hasil analisis metafunction adalah sarana
untuk mengetahui ideologi. Dalam fitur linguistik analisis fungsi ideasional
mempekerjakan proses material yang paling dominan Aktor-Goal dengan SBY
sebagai Aktor yang mendominasi wawancara. Dalam fungsi interpersonal,
modalitas mendominasi dalam wawancara pilihan leksikalnya. Hasil temuan
yang berbeda dalam analisis metafunction di SBY membuktikan bahwa ada
hubungan antara sifat-sifat teks dan proses sosial. Penelitian ini juga
mengungkapkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan untuk menjalankan kekuasaan.
Bahasa memiliki kekuatan untuk mempengaruhi dan mengendalikan pikiran
orang. Fitur bahasa dalam teks mengarah pada ideologi yang disampaikan oleh
pengguna bahasa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mereproduksi ideologi.
Temuan ideology dalam teks akan mendukung teori analisis wacana.
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Disamping itu hasil temuan ideology dalam teks wawancara politik ini juga
akan memberi manfaat bagaimana ideology yang ada di wawancara politik
memberikan kontribusi terhadap analisis wacana, teori wawancara politik dan
teori komunikasi dan wacana politik. Temuan ini akan memperkaya rangkaian
data dari kerangka teori analisis wacana. Terlebih lagi hasil analysis dari
metafungsi yang menunjukkan bagaimana pola bahasa dan pemilihan kata
yang ada di dalam teks. Penelitian ini juga memberikan kontribusi terhadap
systemic grammar dari Halliday sebagaiman instrument yang tepat untuk
digunakan sebagai metodologi
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IDEOLOGIES REFLECTED IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S
POLITICAL INTERVIEWS
A T H E S IS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Ruth Hastutiningsih
Student Number: 126332016
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata
Dharma:
Demi
Nama
: Ruth Hastutiningsih
NIM
: 12 6332 016
pengembangan
ilmu
pengetahuan,
saya
memberikan
kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
IDEOLOGIES REFLECTED IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S
POLITICAL INTERVIEWS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya
memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk
menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam
bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk
kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalty
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 12th August 2015
Yang menyatakan
Ruth Hastutiningsih
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It will be a wonderful opportunity for me to express my deepest
gratitude to all of those who have supported and facilitated me in
accomplishing this thesis. First and foremost, my greatest gratitude is
addressed to GOD the Almighty, who has given me His blessing so that I can
finish my thesis and study.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr.
B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., who in his very limited time and energy was willing
to read my thesis carefully and gave critically constructive feedback for the
improvement and for being a source of guidance, insight throughout all the
various stages of this research. I am deeply grateful to all the lecturers in
English Language Studies: Drs. F.X. Mukarto, M.S., Ph.D. for his guidance
and knowledge and Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for his critical feedbacks. Drs.
Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. for his critical feedback and evaluation, Dr. J.
Bismoko for Education philosophy he has taught me how to see the world
philosophically. He taught me to think globally, rather than locally, and
encouraged me to always seek knowledge beyond my own boundaries.
My appreciation is also addressed to other lecturers in the Graduate
program in English Language Studies of Sanata Dharma University, especially
Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M. A. (Hons), Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo and
Dr. Albertus Budi Susanto, S.J. for sharing their critical perspectives and
inspirational knowledge. Deep appreciation is delivered to the secretariat team
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for helping me in administration matters, Pak Mul for his genuine warmth. I
would like also to express my deep gratitude to my beloved parents and
brothers for their endless love, support and prayers.
Yogyakarta, 12th August 2015
Ruth Hastutiningsih
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………….……..….
i
APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………...……...
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…………….…….…....
ix
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …..……….
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………..……………..…….
vi
TABLE CONTENTS…………………………………….….……….….
vi i i
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………….…….…….
xii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………….……….……
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………..
xiii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………..
xiv
Abstrak….……………………………………………………………….
xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………...……..
1
A. Research Background…………………………………………….
1
B. Research Questions……………………………………………….
10
C. Research Objectives………………………………………………
10
D. Research Benefits………………………………………………...
12
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………
15
A. Review Related Studies…………………………………………..
15
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1. Studies on Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono……………………..
16
2. Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis……………………….
20
3. Studies on Systemic Functional Linguistics………………….
26
B. Review on Related Theory……………………………………….
30
1. Approach on Critical Discourse Analysis …...……………….
31
a. Van Dijk’s Approach……………………………………..
31
b. Fairclough’s Approach…………………………………...
33
c. Ruth Wodak’s Approach…………………………………
35
2. Concept of Ideology……………………….………………….
37
3. Concept of Power………………………….………………….
38
4. Approach Systemic Functional Linguistics…………...……...
39
a. Ideational Metafunction…………………………………..
41
b. Interpersonal Metafunction……………………………….
44
c. Textual Metafunction……………………………………..
45
5. Political Interview…………………………………………….
48
C. Review on Indonesia Political Background………………………
51
1. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono…………………………………
51
2. SBYnomics…………………………………………………...
55
3. Democratic Islam in Indonesia……………………………….
62
4. ASEAN…………………………………………………….…
72
5. Self Image………………………………………………….…
75
D. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………...
81
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY……………………………………
82
A. Types of Research………………………………………………...
82
B. Objects of Research………………………………………………
84
C. Research Data Selection and Analysis……………………………
88
1. CDA……………………………..……………………………
89
2. Systemic Functional Linguistics……………………………...
91
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…..…..
94
A. Ideology Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono…………………………...
94
1. SBYnomics Ideology………………………………………...
97
a. Triple and Four Track Strategy………………….………...
98
b. PPP and MPE3I………………………………….………..
113
2. Democratic Islam Ideology……………………...…………...
120
3. ASEAN Ideology…………………………………………….
145
4. Self-Image Ideology…………………………………………
153
B. Power Reflected in SBY’s Political Interviews Language
Features…………………………………………………………...
166
C. Systemic Functional Linguistics………………………………….
171
1. Ideational Function…………………………………………...
172
a. Material processes………………………………………...
174
b. Mental processes…………………………………………
179
c. Relational processes………………………………………
184
d. Verbal processes……………………………………….…
187
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e. Existential processes………………………………….…..
190
2. Interpersonal Function………………………………………..
191
a. Mood………………………………………………...……
192
b. Modality………………………………………………..…
196
c. Personal Pronoun…………………………………………
197
3. Textual Function…………………………………………..….
202
a. Interpersonal category……………………………………
203
b. Referential category………………………………………
205
c. Structural category……………………………………..…
206
d. Cognitive category……………………………………..…
207
CHAPTER V CONCUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………..
210
A. Conclusions……………………………………………………….
210
B. Suggestions………………………………………………………
214
BIBLIOGRAPHY...…………………………………………………….
215
APPENDICES..…………………………………………………………
226
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. Summary distribution of discourse topic ideologies…………
95
Table 4.2. Summary distribution of SBYnomics topic ideologies………
97
Table 4.3. Summary distribution of Democracy topic ideologies……….
120
Table 4.4. Fairclough Model of Discourse Analysis…………………….
167
Table 4.5. Summary Transitivity…………………………………………
173
Table 4.6. Summary Distribution Material Processes in Discourse Topic.
174
Table 4.7. Summary Distribution of Material Processes…………………
175
Table 4.8. Summary Distribution Mental Processes in Discourse Topic...
179
Table 4.9. Summary Distribution of Mental Processes…………………
180
Table 4.10. Mental Processes Category…………………………………
180
Table 4.11. Summary Distribution Relational Processes in Discourse…..
185
Table 4.12. Summary Distribution of Relational Processes……………..
185
Table 4.13. Summary Distribution Verbal Processes in Discourse …….
188
Table 4.14. Summary Distribution of Verbal Processes…………………
188
Table 4.15. Summary Distribution of Mood…………………………….
193
Table 4.16. Summary Distribution of Modality…………………….……
196
Table 4.17. Summary Modality Degree Level………………………...…
196
Table 4.18. Summary Distribution of Personal Pronoun…………………
200
Table 4.19. Summary Interpersonal Category……………………………
204
Table 4.20. Summary Referential Category……………………...………
205
Table 4.21. Summary Structural Category………………………………
206
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Table 4.22. Summary Cognitive Category………………………………
208
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Research Procedure .......................................................................9..5.......
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices 1 Table 3.1Interviewer…………………………………………..…
224
Appendices 2 Table 3.2 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview Texts..
224
Appendices 3 Table 3.3 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview word...
225
Appendices 4 Table 3.4 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview code...
225
Appendices 5. Table 3.5 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Interview Texts
Sample……………………………………………………………
227
Appendices 6 Table 3.6 Discourse as Social Practice Distribution Sample……..
229
Appendices 7. Table 3.7 Summary of Macro Structures and Micro Structures
Sample……………………………………………………………
230
Appendices 7. Table 3.7 Summary of Macro Structures and Micro Structures
Sample……………………………………………………………
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ABSTRACT
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
The study of language is important that using language is the most
common form of social behaviour and we depend on language in our public
and private interactions, determining our relationships with other individuals
and the social institutions we inhabit. Discourse is a way to try to change or
influence someone and marked ideologies, where ideology can be defined as
the everyday taken for granted collective set of assumptions and value systems
that social groups share. This thesis focuses on President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono (well known as SBY) as the object of this research. Two research
questions will be addressed in this study: first, the ideologies are reflected in
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews and second, the linguistic
features support ideologies in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interview. This study examines Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interviews text throughout his presidential term from the year 2004 to the year
2014 his presidency. Critical Discourse Analysis that considers the
context of the situation (meta-function) reveals that the language user
has the options for conveying meanings to the addressee(s). CDA helps
people understand and interpret the text better because it provides the
critical anal ysis of a text. By conducting CDA, people will not be easily
deceived by what the text looks.
The clauses were analyzed with Systemic functional grammar. SFG
gives grammar as properties to convey meanings realized in the
metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. In the metafunction
anal ysis, transitivity is employed in the ideational function, modality and
tense in the interpersonal function and topic analysis in the textual function.
The results of the metafunction analysis are the means to figure out the
ideologies. In the linguistic features analysis in the ideational function employ
the material process most with Actor-Goal participants with SBY as the Actor
that dominates the interviews. In the interpersonal function, modality
dominates in his lexical choice interviews. The results of the different
findings in the metafunction analysis in SBY p ro v e d that there is a
connection between properties of texts and social processes. This
study also reveals that language is used to exercise power. Language has
the power to influence and control people‘s minds. The linguistic features in
the text lead to the ideologies in the speakers. It shows that language
reproduces its ideology.
The finding of ideology in the text will contribute and support the
theoretical of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the results of the ideologies
in his political interview will fruitfully bring of ideologies of how the political
interview texts will give a contribution to CDA, the political interview theory
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and communication theory, and political discourse. This finding will enrich the
dataset of critical discourse analysis theoretical framework. Moreover, the
results of the meta-function analysis in his political interview show how
language pattern and lexical choice of words works in the texts. This research
also gives the contribution to support Halliday‘s systemic functional grammar.
As a primary tool to analyze the texts in this study is the meta-function analysis
proposed by Halliday, this research shows that critical discourse analysis that
relies on systemic functional grammar is applicable in the textual analysis.
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ABSTRAK
Hastutiningsih, Ruth. 2015. Ideologies Reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Political Interviews. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program in English
Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian mengenai bahasa itu penting sebagaimana penggunaan
bahasa merupakan bentuk tindakan sosial dan manusia berkomunikasi dengan
bahasa baik dalam berinteraksi sosial maupun personal dan hubungan dengan
satu sama lain dimana kita berada. Wacana merupakan salah satu cara untuk
mengubah dan mempengaruhi sesorang yang ditandai dengan ideologi dimana
ideologi dapata diasumsikan sebagai sistem value yang ada di kelompok
masyarakat. Peneliti tertarik meneliti Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
(dikenal sebagai SBY) sebagai objek penelitian. Dua pertanyaan penelitian
akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini: pertama, ideologi tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan kedua, fitur linguistik
mendukung ideologi dalam wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Dalam penelitian ini, untuk pengetahuan peneliti, tidak ada penelitian telah
dilakukan namun pada analisis wacana kritis ideologi yang tercermin dalam
wawancara politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Isu yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara politik dari
SBY selama menjadi presiden dua periode 2004-2014. Analisis Wacana Kritis
yang mempertimbangkan konteks situasi (metafunctions) mengungkapkan
bahwa pengguna bahasa memiliki pilihan untuk menyampaikan makna ke
penerima. CDA membantu orang memahami dan menafsirkan teks yang lebih
baik karena memberikan analisis kritis teks. Dengan melakukan CDA, orang
tidak akan mudah tertipu oleh apa yang tampak di teks.
Dengan demikian, klausa dianalisis dengan tata bahasa fungsional
sistemik. SFG memberikan tata bahasa sebagai properti untuk menyampaikan
makna diwujudkan dalam metafunctions: ideasional, interpersonal, dan
tekstual. Dalam analisis metafunction, transitivitas digunakan dalam fungsi
ideasional, modalitas dan tata bahasa tenses dalam fungsi dan topik analisis
interpersonal dalam fungsi tekstual. Hasil analisis metafunction adalah sarana
untuk mengetahui ideologi. Dalam fitur linguistik analisis fungsi ideasional
mempekerjakan proses material yang paling dominan Aktor-Goal dengan SBY
sebagai Aktor yang mendominasi wawancara. Dalam fungsi interpersonal,
modalitas mendominasi dalam wawancara pilihan leksikalnya. Hasil temuan
yang berbeda dalam analisis metafunction di SBY membuktikan bahwa ada
hubungan antara sifat-sifat teks dan proses sosial. Penelitian ini juga
mengungkapkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan untuk menjalankan kekuasaan.
Bahasa memiliki kekuatan untuk mempengaruhi dan mengendalikan pikiran
orang. Fitur bahasa dalam teks mengarah pada ideologi yang disampaikan oleh
pengguna bahasa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mereproduksi ideologi.
Temuan ideology dalam teks akan mendukung teori analisis wacana.
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Disamping itu hasil temuan ideology dalam teks wawancara politik ini juga
akan memberi manfaat bagaimana ideology yang ada di wawancara politik
memberikan kontribusi terhadap analisis wacana, teori wawancara politik dan
teori komunikasi dan wacana politik. Temuan ini akan memperkaya rangkaian
data dari kerangka teori analisis wacana. Terlebih lagi hasil analysis dari
metafungsi yang menunjukkan bagaimana pola bahasa dan pemilihan kata
yang ada di dalam teks. Penelitian ini juga memberikan kontribusi terhadap
systemic grammar dari Halliday sebagaiman instrument yang tepat untuk
digunakan sebagai metodologi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into four main sections. The first section discusses
the background study in conducting the research. This section shows the
importance of and reasons for doing research on this topic as well as the urgency
of the current issue. The second section formulates the research questions.
Research questions display the reader the crucial and urgency of the research
matter that has to be answered. The third part explains the aim of the research
questions. The fourth section promotes the research benefits. This section deals
with the advantages of conducting this research as both scientific research for
improving the theory and as practical research for leading to a higher explanation.
A.
Research Background
The study of language is important because as Fairclough states using
language is the most common form of social behaviour and we depend on
language in our public and private interactions, determining our relationships with
other individuals and the social institutions we inhabit (Fairclough 2003, p.2).
Fairclough claims that the language is a material form of ideology, and ideology
invests language (Fairclough 2003, p.73). Similarly, Fowler makes the link
between discourse and ideology even clearer when he defines discourse as
socially and institutionally originating ideology, encoded in language (Fowler
1991, p.42). In the words of Fowler, language provides names of categories, and
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so it helps to set boundaries and relationships and discourse allows these names to
be spoken and written forms frequently, so contributing to the apparent reality and
currency of categories (Fowler 1991, p. 94).
Moreover, Wodak (2013) states ideologies are essential and necessary social
concepts that reflect the goals, implications and values of the social group.
Discourses are material effects of ideology that also have a central effect on
shaping our sense of reality. Fairclough (2003) also stresses that discourse is a
powerful vehicle for the construction of social reality that shapes points of views
through dominant ideologies and builds being and living reality. In this sense,
discourse is dialectically related to the socio-cultural and institutional contexts.
Discourse is a way to try to change or influence someone and marked ideologies,
where ideology can be defined as the everyday taken for granted collective set of
assumptions and value systems that social groups share (Simpson, 1993).
Therefore, language and language studies attract a lot of academic
researchers from different disciplines to better understand contemporary society.
With this idea in mind, this thesis research examines the ideologies reflected in
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono political interview through a critical discourse
analysis study in light of Halliday’s theoretical framework for transitivity and
critical discourse analysis study. This study will be focused on two things: first,
the ideologies reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews and
second, the linguistic features represent the ideologies in the Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s political interviews during his two terms in office. In the present
study, to the knowledge of the researcher, no studies have been conducted yet on
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the critical discourse analysis of ideologies are reflected in Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s political interview.
Hence, the relation of CDA and SFL is apparent. Wodak and Meyer (2007)
add that Systemic Functional Linguistics proves to be necessary for the text
analysis undertaken by CDA. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interview
texts are rich of ideologies. Van Dijk (2008) says that ideologies are the basic
frameworks for shaping the social cognitions shared by members of social groups,
organizations or institutions. In this study, ideologies are the precise meanings or
messages in political interviews. Fairclough (2003) points out that a range of
properties of text is regarded as potentially ideological are features of vocabulary,
grammar, and implicature. Therefore, this research thesis presents a critical
discourse analysis that offers fruitful analysis.
This thesis intends to observe the ideologies language features in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews with systematic functional linguistics.
That theory is chosen because it is in line with the goal of critical discourse
analysis namely the finding out the ideology of a discourse that comes from the
power, dominance and social inequality conditions by considering the context
behind it. The context meant here is the context of the situation that is derived
from Halliday’s SFL. Since this thesis is a linguistics study, the analysis does not
focus on the political perspective but it focuses on the language use of the political
interviews by considering the situational context of them critically.
This study limits to the finding of the ideologies based on the analysis of the
text and clause representing the ideologies of the text, to the transitivity and
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modality analysis of the clauses, which support the ideologies. Once the
ideologies are identified, the analyzed for the linguistics features is limited to the
study of Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. It analyzes the clauses based on
their ideational function using the transitivity analysis and interpersonal functions
using the modality analysis. The ideology reflected becomes stronger by having
scientific proofs provided by the analysis of the linguistic features.
SBY’s political interview data were taken from the Bureau for Press and
Media Affairs Presidential Household Secretariat Ministry Department official
presidential website http://presidenri.go.id search for the collections of the
Indonesian President SBY was political interview. SBY launched the official
presidential website in 2005. It aimed to publish and promote SBY’s speeches,
interviews, columns, and both international and domestic activities. By publishing
his presidential activities, it meant that SBY revealed his ideology to his people.
This research thesis focused on President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (well
known as SBY). Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was the first directly elected
President of the Republic of Indonesia, serving for two terms presidential from
October 2004 through October 2014. Commonly known by his initials, SBY was
born on 9 September 1949 in Pacitan, East Java (Yudhoyono 2006, 2009). There
were eleven (11) political interviews during his presidency found on the official
websites of President SBY. The researcher did not study seven (7) political
interviews of them because they were not available in complete text; Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono used a translator in one of them meaning that the answer do
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not directly come from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono but that in the process of
translating, there would be information missed, cut and revised by the translator.
Thus, the researcher had chosen four (4) political interviews as her research
data. From the list of interviews above, the researcher selected interviews
conducted by Ms. Park Soo-Jin, Arirang TV (Seoul, South Korea) in 2007,
Charlie Rose from CBS (US), Li Xueying from Strait Times in 2011 and Greg
Sheridan from Australia in 2012. There were some reasons why these four
political interviews were chosen. First, the text fulfills the requirements of the
complete text form and a methodological dataset. Second, the each interviewer
was a professional journalist from foreign press media and television and the
interviewee was Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the president of Indonesia. It meant
that SBY was powerful person and had a significant influence on international
public. Both participants were assumed to have a high level of competence in the
English language and had had some experience in interview interaction.
Those texts were chosen based on consideration that as a president of
Republic Indonesia SBY should make some apperances before the international
public in order to set right image and to be recognized and well known. In fact his
strategies had been very successful. SBY was a very popular president of
Republic Indonesia toward the international public (Yudhoyono, 2005). The
political interview text data taken from the official website was reliable dataset
methodology from the website was official which meant that to publish it, the text
had passed validation and screen given to be worthy to be published and read and
accessed by public.
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Second, since beginning his presidency, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono made
some international political interviews in English. These political interviews were
an important part of the international discussion on areas like Indonesia’s role in
the region and relations between neighboring and other country’s situations,
institution, and social structures. These statements suggested that critical
discourse analysis shares its exposure to the social and cultural matters of society.
It did not only talk about the linguistic forms, but it tried to connect them with the
community. Extracts from print interview were used to show how ideologies and
power were reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews, and
how the linguistic features supported ideologies.
Third, a political interview conducted by foreign journalist media was a
good way to introduce a president to the international community. He held the
power to persuade for bringing Indonesia toward significant countries in
Southeast Asia and to the world. Fourth, political interviews took place in official
and institutional settings. It meant that the foreign journalist was a specially
chosen as professional journalist from international press media and television
with prestigious qualifications. Regarding these political interviews were official
it meant that the questions and answers had been set previously and had passed
clearance and protocol.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews are an important part of
the international discussion on areas like Indonesia’s role in regional and relations
with neighboring and other countries in the world, and they are worth examining
how the President shapes his key messages. They are also a useful snapshot of
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current thinking at the highest level of Indonesia’s leadership. This political
interview are done by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono himself and they set
and project Indonesia’s image abroad. This study may increase students’
awareness of being critical in responding to a political interview field. The
research result is expected to be guidance for researchers and students especially
those who are interested in critical discourse analysis is in its relation to political
discourse and media discourse.
From 2004 to 2014, President Yudhoyono led Indonesia through a time of
significant challenge and crisis: tsunami, natural disasters, terrorism, the financial
crisis, the rise of oil price and separatist conflict. At the topmost of the global
financial crisis in late 2008, President Yudhoyono continually implemented
economic policies, including new monetary measures, which allowed Indonesia’s
Yudhoyono’s economic policies had also led to increases in and balance among
domestic consumption, government spending, exports, and investments.
Indonesia has attained sustainable and inclusive growth that centers upon
strategies that are pro-growth, pro-poor, pro-job and pro-environment. An
example can be seen in except as follows;
“…We have adopted the so-called four-track strategy (2SAL1(2)). Our
economic development must be pro-growth, pro-job, pro-poverty reduction
and also pro-environment (2SAL1(3)). …. we launch what so-called a triple
track strategy, a stimulating growth through export and investment,
generating real sector, to create more employment and to revitalize our
agricultural and rural development to reduce poverty (1SAP3(8)). So I
should say that strategy is pro- growth, pro-job and pro-poor
(1SAP3(15))”…
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The
four-track
p h i l o s o ph y
has
uniquely
characterized
8
President
Yudhoyono’s economic construct. Indonesia’s economy had maintained an
average 6.5% growth and remains the largest economy in South East Asia and the
world’s 17th largest economy (Yudhoyono, 2005).
President Yudhoyono is a visionary architect of the Indonesian democracy
(Djalal, 2010). To continue the transformation and democratization process, he
has also launched the most progressive anticorruption campaign in Indonesian
history. It is apparently seen that President Yudhoyono has strong commitment to
peace and stability both in Indonesia and abroad. He pursued a peaceful road to
resolving the thirty year conflict in Aceh, and brought in new strength into
political reforms and a prosperity approach to bring about solid progress in Papua.
President Yudhoyono has further promoted Indonesia’s active role in
regional and international affairs. Regionally, he chaired ASEAN in 2011, hosting
ASEAN 18th and 19th Summits, ASEAN related Summits and also the East Asia
Summit in Bali. An example can be seen in excerpt as follows;
Remember, East Asia Summit is now welcoming the participation of Russia
and the U.S.; here in Bali next November, we will host the first East Asia
Summit that both President Medvedev and President Obama insya Allah
will come (2SAL15(131).
Globally, he has participated actively in meetings of the United Nations
General Assembly and Security Council meetings. Continuing the active role of
Indonesia in UN peacekeeping missions, he set up Indonesian contingents to the
Congo (DRC) and Lebanon. The UN also named him as speaker and expert in the
Global Champion for Disaster Risk Reduction for making disaster risk reduction
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an integral part of Indonesia’s development process. An example can be seen in
excerpt as follows;
Definitely, I would like to tell you, Charlie, that when the war in Lebanon
took place couple years ago, I’ve written my letter to Secretary-General of
the United Nations to also do something, to have a cease-fire, and Indonesia
offered to be part of the peacekeeping mission when cease-fire takes place,
and I’m glad because I could send my troops to be part of the UN
peacekeeping mission that are now deployed along the Israel-Lebanese
border (2SAC4(26)).
President Yudhoyono committed to bridging the West and the Islamic world
and has played a critical role in the creation of global inter-media dialogue and in
drafting charter on the promotion of human rights and democracy in the
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) (Djalal, 2011). Through the G20,
President Yudhoyono had been active in all its summits and shared insights to
create a stable, balanced, sustainable and inclusive global economy. An example
can be seen in excerpt as follows;
So, I am pleased because, by continuing, stimulating our growth, our
domestic market, I could contribute to the aim of the G20 that the world
must have balanced economy, balanced growth; must have strong,
sustainable, and balanced growth as wel (4SAG27(26)).
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews in the international
interviews throughout his entire presidential term (2004–2014) which will
hopefully shed some light on what has been shaping Indonesia’s national
discourse over the past ten years. Since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is the first
president of Indonesia, to have official websites, to be elected directly by the
people as a reformist and who to actively joins the international community. His
style of leadership will bring new enlightenment for next future generation.
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B.
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Research Questions
This research study specifically seeks to show the ideologies that are
reflected in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews. It proposes a
critical discourse analysis that should be used as an approach and systemic
functional linguistics should be used as the primary foundation to support
ideologies and power reflected in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political
interview. Based on the background of the study, two research questions are
formulated as the following;
1.
What ideologies do Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews
reflect?
2.
How do linguistic features represent the ideologies?
C.
Research Objectives
The first objective is to find out the ideologies are reflected in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews during his presidency. This first
objective employs critical discourse interpretation analysis due to the fact the
language use is chosen by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the interview conveys a
particular meaning. How Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono constructs and chooses
certain lexical choice reflect his language ideology.
Language can be used not only to turn people’s thoughts, and beliefs but
also to control their thoughts and beliefs. The analysis first establishes the social
practice, that is, how various social, economic, political and other phenomena
manifest themselves in discourse and how some text can influence and even
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trigger some changes in society. The next step is the description of discursive
practice, which includes the production, distribution and consumption of texts.
Finally, the interpretation of discourse occurs at two levels the level of
context and the level of text (Fairclough 2003). At the contextual level we
mention the global and local situational context and on the other hand the
intertextual context. At the textual level the global meaning, for example,
semantic macrostructures or topics are studied and compared in order to establish
whether there is some pattern in the choice and sequence of topics. The most
relevant information about the interview was emphasized and expressed in the
analysis of semantic macrostructures and local semantics.
The semantic macrostructures analysis was done to identify a topic. It is
found there were more than one kind of information were emphasized, thus more
than one topic was identified. The overlapping topics formed the discourse topics.
These discourse topics were used to focus the discussions in order to reveal the
ideology of the text analysis in each discourse topic. The words and phrases in the
clauses portraying ideology and power distribution were elaborated. The choice of
words was highlighted through local semantic analysis. The use of linguistic
devices was taken into account in the process of interpretation of the phrase. Thus,
the language utilization in the clause reflects the language user‘s ideology.
The second objective is to identify the language and linguistic features that
are expressed in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews. Systemic
Functional Linguistics is a suitable tool for conducting research this analysis. The
metafunction proposed by Halliday support in identifying the lexical and
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grammatical features. The metafunction consists of the ideational, interpersonal
and textual functions that are used to show the ideology of the speaker revealed in
the text.
Systemic functional linguistics ideational function aims at analyzing the
processes, participants, and circumstances found in the clause by means of
transitivity. The ideational function refers to the ideation and grammatical
resources for constructing an experience of the world around. In this feature, the
language user has options to put his/her knowledge of the world in the form of
language.
In Interpersonal meta-function analysis in this study a sentence is
considered as a part of communication between the speaker and listener.
Language is considered as a way of reflecting. In interpersonal analysis, meaning
is seen from the point of view of its purpose in the process of social interaction.
Modality denotes to the degree of certainty and truth of statements about the
world. It is a general term for all signs of speakers’ opinion. The interpersonal
meta-function is a resource for performing social roles and relationships between
speaker or writer and listener or reader.
D.
Research Benefits
This research brings benefits both theoretical and practical. Theoretically,
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political interviews are analyzed using critical
discourse analysis to find out ideologies and power are expressed in his political
interview. The finding of ideology in the text will contribute and support the
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theoretical of critical discourse analysis. Besides, the results of the ideologies in
his political interview will fruitfully bring of ideologies of how the political
interview texts will give a contribution to CDA, the political interview theory and
communication theory, and political discourse.
This finding will enrich the dataset of critical discourse analysis theoretical
framework. Moreover, the results of the meta-function analysis in his political
interview show how language pattern and lexical choice of words works in the
texts. This research also gives the contribution to support Halliday‘s systemic
functional linguistics. As a primary tool to analyze the texts in this study is the
meta-