An Analysis of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speeches

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AN ANALYSIS OF MAXIMS IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

A THESIS BY

MESTIKA PASARIBU REG. NO. 100705071

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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AN ANALYSIS OF MAXIMS IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

A THESIS BY

MESTIKA PASARIBU REG. NO. 100705071

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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AN ANALYSIS OF MAXIMS IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

A THESIS BY

MESTIKA PASARIBU REG. NO. 100705071

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

(Dr. Syahron Lubis,MA) (Dr. Deliana,M.Hum)

NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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Approved by Department of English, Faculty of Cultural studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 17 April 2014

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr.H. Syahron Lubis,MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar,MS ... Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,MA.Ph.D ...

Dr.H. Syahron Lubis,MA ……….

Prof. Dra. Tengku Silvana Sinar,M.A.,Ph.D ……….

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MESTIKA PASARIBU DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : MESTIKA PASARIBU

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF MAXIMS IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to praise and give the greatest honor to the Heavenly Father the Almighty God in the name of Jesus Christ who has always been giving His blessing to finish her study especially in completing this thesis.

In this opportunity, the writer would like to express her high appreciation to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies and as her Supervisor, and the writers deeply grateful to her co-supervisor, Dr.Deliana,M.Hum for her help, advise, for her detailed comments. The writer also thank to the Head of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS and Rahmadsyah Rangkut i, MA. Ph.D as the Secretary of English Department who has given the writer facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis.

The writer also said thank to her parents that always support her to finished her study. The writer also said thank to her brothers ; Zumal Pasaribu, Jonggara Pasaribu,Ap.Kom, Amsar Pasaribu and Azis Pasaribu and her sisters: Tiara Pasaribu and Irma Dewi Pasaribu that always pray for the writer and giving support to the writer.

The writer never forget said her thank to her dear Roy Elvis Sinurat, S.Kom that always support her to do her thesis and giving advice to study hard to get the best value.

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Thanks also to her friends: Sarah Israilia Bangun, Selvie Agustina and Margaretha Situmorang that always give the writer support to never give up to doing this thesis. Last but not least, many thanks for my dear loving friends of batch 2010 in English Department who had been being with me in four years my life in campus.

Thank you so much may God bless you all.

Medan, 17 April 2014

The writer

(Mestika Pasaribu)

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ABSTRACT

Thesis entitled " An Analysis of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 's Political

Speeches " is an analysis of the application of the maxim in his speech

Yudhoyono . Theoretical basis used is the theory Geoffrey Leech (1983 ) which describes the level of politeness with the use of the maxim . This research uses descriptive qualitative method . This study aims to determine the types of maxims used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and the most dominant maxim used Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches . The object of the study in the discussion of this thesis is taken from two speeches Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , the campaign speeches and political speeches about the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia . After analyzing the data , the findings of this analysis states that there are six maxim contained in a political speech Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. They are tact maxim is 24.35 % , generosity maxim is 12.82 % ,approbation maxim is 2.56 % , modesty maxim is 11.58 % , agreement maxim is 37.17 % and sympathy maxim is 11.58 %. While the most dominant maxim is agreement maxim applied . Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono may be a politician or a leader by example in modesty language is .

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi berjudul “ An Analysis of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s

Political Speeches” merupakan suatu analisis tentang penerapan maxim dalam

pidato Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah teori Geoffrey Leech(1983) yang menjelaskan tentang tingkat kesopanan dengan penggunaan maxim tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis maksim yang digunakan oleh Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan maksim yang paling dominan yang digunakan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dalam pidato politiknya. Adapun objek kajian dalam pembahasan skripsi ini diambil dari dua pidato Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, yaitu pidato kampanye dan pidato politik tentang hubungan Indonesia dan Malaysia. Setelah menganalisis data, hasil penemuan dari analisis ini menyatakan bahwa ada enam maxim yang terdapat dalam pidato politik Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono yaitu 24,35% maxim kebijaksanaan, 12,82% maxim keramahan, 2,56% maxim pujian, 11,58% maxim kerendah-hatian, 37,17% maxim kemufakatan dan 11,58% maxim simpati. Sedangkan maxim yang paling dominan diterapkan adalah maxim kemufakatan. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dapat dijadikan politisi atau pemimpin teladan dalam kesopanan berbahasanya.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT AUTHOR DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background Of the Study………..1

1.2. Identification Of Problem ………...……….5

1.3. Formulation of the Problem………..………5

1.4. Objectives Of the Study………6

1.5. Scope Of the Study………6

1.6. Significance Of the Study……….………6

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1.6.2. Practical………6

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Pragmatics……….9

2.2. Speech Act………...………...10

2.2.1. Declarations………..10

2.2.2. Representatives………11

2.2.3. Expressives………...………11

2.2.4. Directives……….………11

2.2.5. Commissives………11

2.3. Politeness Theories………..………12

2.3.1. Brown and Levinson Theory………12

2.3.2. Grice’s Theory……….………14

2.3.3. Robin Lakoff’s Theory…….………15

2.4. Maxims………16

2.4.1. Tact Maxim………..………17

2.4.2. Generosity Maxim………18

2.4.3. Approbation Maxim…….………19

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2.4.5. Agreement Maxim………...20

2.4.6. Symphaty Maxim……….………21

2.5. Speech……….………22

2.6. Political Speech………...………23

2.7. Biography of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono………24

CAHPTER III : METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Design..………27

3.2. Data and Data Source..………27

3.3. Data Collecting Method…..………27

3.4. Data Analysis………..………28

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1. Data Analysis………..………30

4.1.1. The Occurrence Of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudoyono Campaign Speech (Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat)………....31

4.1.2. The Occurrence Of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Political Speech speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia………..………..38

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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion………...50

5.2. Suggestion………...………51

REFERENCES APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES

1. Table 4.1.1.1 The Occurrence of Maxim in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Campaign speech………...……41 2. Table 4.1.2.1 The Occurrence of Maxim in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s

Political Speech about relation between Indonesia and Malaysia……….………...………50 3. Table 4.2.1 The Two Text’s of Susilo Bambang Speech Before and

Political Speech about relation between Indonesia and Malaysia ………51 4. 4.2.2 The Occurrence of Maxims in Two Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s

Political Speeches Before and Political Speech about relation between Indonesia and Malaysia ……….……54

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ABSTRACT

Thesis entitled " An Analysis of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 's Political

Speeches " is an analysis of the application of the maxim in his speech

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi berjudul “ An Analysis of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s

Political Speeches” merupakan suatu analisis tentang penerapan maxim dalam

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Speech is an activity in speaking to tell or describe something. It is one way of communication which describe about thought, feeling and perceptions of somebody. Thought, feeling and perceptions are shown by politeness and communicative language. That politeness and communicative language used to show about the information to the hearer because in speaking there is a relation between the speaker and the hearer. So, the politeness language that used in speech would give good impression to the hearer.

Good communication can make use easier in communicating with others especially in speech. It can be reflected from the face, gestures, intonation, and the word choosing in speech. A good communication gives a beneficial impact in interacting with others. When people being polite to others, it can make them be popular and more loveable. It also can avoid the frictions with other people while communicating and interacting.

On the other hand, people sometimes neglect the politeness in speech. The language that they used inclined to mock another people and didn’t respect and built the optimism of the hearer. They didn’t consider about their feeling, whether they are comfort or not with their language. It’s makes

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bad impression for the hearer so there is nothing a good communication between speaker and the hearer.

Luckily, people tend to behave in fairly regular ways when it comes to using language. Some of that regularity derives from the facts that are members of social groups and follow general patterns of behavior expected within the group. Within a familiar social group, we normally find it easy to be polite and say appropriate things. In a new, unfamiliar social setting, we are often unsure about what to say and worry that we might say the wrong thing. And in another source of regularity in language use derives from the fact that most people within a linguistic community have similar basic experiences of the world and share a lot of non-linguistic knowledge.

To solve that problem,a study is needed about the use of language in communication especially in speech like pragmatics. According to Leech (1983:8), pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammatical zed, or encoded in the structure of a language.

One of discussions in pragmatics is politeness principle. Politeness principle is forms of behavior which are aimed at the establishment and maintenance of comity (Leech, 1983:175). It is the series of maxims, namely: tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim (Leech 1983: 206). All of the maxims analyzed in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speeches when he was in campaign at 4 June 2009 in PRJ,Kemayoran Jakarta and after elected to be a president at 20 October 2009 in Senayan , Jakarta.

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Maxims has relation with speech act. Speech act is one of essences in pragmatic. To analyze the speech act, we should know the important of the context in utterance. In speech act there is a speaker and hearer, context of speech act, the purposes of speech act, and illocution. There are five illocution namely assertive, directives, commisives, expressive, and declaration.

The relation between maxims and speech act is found in six maxims. Tact maxim and generosity maxim which applies to Searle’s impositive illocution about ordering, requesting, commanding, advising, recommending and commissives illocution about promoting, vowing, offering. Approbation maxim and modesty maxim applies to Searle’s expressive illocution about thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling and assertives illocution about opinion, report. And agreement maxim and sympathy maxim applies to Searle’s assertives illocution.

Maxims are always found in conversation or in speech. In conversation there is interaction between the speaker and hearer as directly and in speech actually the communication is happen indirectly. In speech always used politeness and communicative language. For example, in political speech.

In this thesis, the writer analyzed the political speech which uses the formal language and polite language. Political speech is one of speeches which is very formal and it tells about politics that not everybody understands about it which include about something that the speaker has done and some promises as the purpose in the future. In political speech sometimes found the special utterance depend of the speakers and the speakers always showing the

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difficult word or an utterance to show the quality of their language or their education.

In his political speech, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono always applied politeness and being careful on word choice. It can be seen from his statement when he won the general election in 2009.

For example : Pada kesempatan yang bersejarah dan Insya Allah penuh berkah ini, saya ingin menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada Pimpinan dan anggota MPR RI, Pimpinan dan anggota DPR RI, Pimpinan dan anggota DPD RI, beserta pimpinan dan anggota lembaga-lembaga negara lainnya masa bakti 2004-2009 yang telah bersama-sama bekerja keras membangun bangsa dan negara kita menuju masa depan yang lebih baik.

It is approbation maxim which minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to hearer. It is illustrated the illocutionary functions of thanking. The speaker maximize praise of the addressee : saya ingin menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada Pimpinan dan anggota MPR RI, Pimpinan dan anggota DPR RI, Pimpinan dan anggota DPD RI, beserta pimpinan dan anggota

lembaga-lembaga negara lainnya. In that statement can be seen how Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono showed his politeness, even he had won the general election, he is still polite. Beside that ,he did not forget all people who have supported him.

In this thesis, the writer focuses on Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech. The writer took two speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to be analyzed, one speech is about his campaign to be a president

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in a second period and another one is speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia. The speech would be analyzed to find the dominant maxims used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches.

Finally, the writer choose this topic “An Analysis of Maxims in

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speeches” to help the readers aware

that politeness in speech is very important in our life.

1.2. Identification of Problem

In relation to the background, the problems identified as the following 1. The types of maxims used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political

speeches

2. The types of maxims which is dominantly used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches

1.3. Formulation of the Problem

In relation to the background, the problems of the study are formulated as the following

1. What types of maxims are used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches?

2. Which types of maxims is dominantly used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches?

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1.4. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are described as the following

1. To describe the types of maxims used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches.

2. To show the dominant maxim used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his political speeches.

1.5. Scope of the Study

This study analyzed about maxims in political speech of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, a president of Indonesia. Two speeches will be taken randomly. This study was focused on Leech’s theory (1983 :206) which introduces six maxims. They are tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim.

1.6. Significance of the Study

The significance of the study can divided into two as the following 1. Theoretical

This study is useful for the study pragmatics. Pracmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate especially about maxims in political speech

2. Practical

This study is expected to provide some information about maxims that is useful for English Department students as a contribution to their

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understanding of maxims in social reality and its connection to language and interaction. By knowing the maxims, it will be useful for people who want to realize and pay their attention to apply maxim in their communication such as being more careful in determining the choice of words, phrase, clause and sentence in expression of ideas or meaning in a given context because being polite is an important thing in our life to interact to others.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Speech as a way of communication focus on the speaker and it learn in pragmatics. Pragmatics (Yule 1996:3) is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader. The advantage of studying language via pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meaning, their assumptions, their purposes or goals and the kinds of the action (for example, request) that they are performing when they speak. The big disadvantage is that all these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.

Maxims always found in conversation or in speech. In conversation there is interaction between the speaker and hearer as directly and in speech actually the communication is happen indirectly. In speech always used politeness and communicative language. For example , in political speech. In this thesis, the writer analyzed the political speech which use maxims. In political speech sometimes found the special utterance depend of the speakers. And the speakers are always showing the difficult word or a utterance to show the quality of their language or their education. That’s why it is interesting to analyze the maxims of speech of someone. In analyzing it, the writer needs some theories to support and to make easy to analyze it. Here are some theories that needed :

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2.1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of language use which offers a complementary perspective on language, providing an insight into the linguistics choices that users make in social situations. It is not too important whether they observe a particular syntactic rule or not.

There are some defenitions of pragmatics as quoted by Rahardi (1996 :48):

Pragmatics is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal structure of language. Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate. (parker, 1986: 11)

Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. (Levinson, 1983 :9)

Pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. (Mey, 1993 :42)

According to Yule (1996 :3), “pragmatics is a concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener”. He gave four definitions about pragmatics, they are as follown

a) Pragmatics is the study of the speaker meaning. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communication by a speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener ( reader). It has, consequently , more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.

b) Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they’re talking to, where ,when, and under what circumstances.

c) Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. We might say that it is the investigation of invisible meaning.

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d) Pragmatics is the study of the expression of telative distance.it is about the closeness or distance between the speaker and the listener,whether it is physical, social, or conceptual,implies shared experience.

2.2. Speech Act

In attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform action via those utterance. Actions performed via utterences are generally called speech act. On any occasion, the action performed by producing an utterance consist of three related acts namely:

a. Locutionary Act, which is the basic of utterance, or producing a meaningful

linguistic expression.

b. Illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance. c. Perlucionary act is doing an act by saying something.

Searle (in Leech 1983:164) classifies speech act into five types, there are declarations, representatives,expressives,directives and commissives.

2.2.1.Declarations

Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance.

For example , Priest : I now pronounce you husband and wife

It is illustrated the speaker has to have a special institutional role in a specific context in order to perform a declaration appropriately.

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2.2.2.Representatives

Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not.

For example , The earth is flat

It is illustrated the speaker representing the world as he or she believes it is.

2.2.3.Expressives

Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. They are expressed psychological states and can be statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy , or sorrow.

For example , I’m really sorry!

2.2.4.Directives

Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something. They expressed what the speaker wants like commands, order, request and suggestions.

For example , Could you lend me a pen, please?

2.2.5. Commissives

Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. They expressed what the speaker intends like promises,threats,refusals and pledges.

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2.3. Politeness Theories

Politeness theory is the theory that accounts for the redressing of the affronts to face posed by face-threatening acts to addressees. First formulated in 1978 by expanded academia’s perception of politeness. speakers’ intention to mitigat toward another . Being polite therefore consists of attempting to another.

According to Yule (1996:60), politeness, in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. There are some linguist interpret politeness in different ways as different definition of politeness. There are some theories about politeness principle will be shown as follow :

2.3.1.Brown and Levinson Theory

Brown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in three namely positive politeness ,negative politeness and off-record politeness

a. Positive politeness

Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer’s positive face (Yule, 1996 : 64). They are used to make the hearer feel good about himself, his interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. In addition to hedging and attempts to

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avoid conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship, solidarity, compliments.

b. Negative politeness

Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer’s negative face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer (Yule. 1996 : 64). These strategies presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener and there is a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous so the speaker is more apt to include an out for the listener, through distancing styles like apologies.

c. Off-record Politeness (Indirect)

The indirect way of stating our idea, but the other can act as if the statements have not been ever heard said off-record politeness (Yule, 1996 : 63). For example,

Oh, I forgot to bring my pen

Actually the speaker wanted to borrow the listener’s pen and it would be nice if the listener would lend his or her pen without directly asking from the speaker to the listener to do so.

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There is an example of using positive and negative politeness and also off-record politeness by Brown and Levinson 1987 as quoted by George Yule ( 1996 :

66) How to get a pen from someone else

Say something say nothing (but search in bag)

On record off record

(“I forgot my pen”) Face saving act bald on record

(“Give me a pen”)

Positive politeness negative politeness

(“How about letting me use your pen?”) (“Could you lend me a pen?”)

Figure 2.3.1.c How to get a pen from someone else (following Brown and Levinson 1987)

2.3.2. Grice's Theory

Grice said that politeness can be realized if there is cooperation between the speaker and the addresses. According to Grice as quoted by Rahardi (2008,52) said that politeness can be applied in cooperative principle that is divided into four maxims, they are:

1. The maxim of quantity, where one tries to be as informative as one possibly can, and gives as much information as is needed, and no more. For example, The car is blue.

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2. The maxim of quality, where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence.

Example : A : Who are the victims of the accident?

B : One of them is my brother, I saw it last week by my own self.

3. The maxim of relation, where one tries to be relevant, and says things that are pertinent to the discussion.

Example : She is on meeting now, it is better to call her later.

4. The maxim of manner, when one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity

Example : A : What do you now about our country now?

B : Oh,come on,our state is in unstable now.

2.3.3. Robin Lakoff’s Theory

Lakoff (1973) as quoted by Rahardi (2008:70), states that there are three determinations to be considered polite in communicating, they are formality scale, hesitancy scale, and equality scale.

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a. Formality Scale

It stated that the utterance of the language users should not have any sense of forcing and arrogance in order to make all of the language users feel comfort in communicating activity.

Example : “Excuse me, could you open the door, please?”

b. Hesitancy Scale

This scale shows that in order the speaker and the listener feel comfort during communicating both of sides, speaker and listener have to give some options of speaking.

Example : “If you don’t mind, please bring this suitcase into my room!”

c. Equality Scale

It stated that to be able polite, one should be generous and be intimate with others which means that one should consider that others are his or her friend, so between the speaker and the listener are equal or make the listener feel well.

Example : “Just feel at home, buddy”.

2.4. Maxims

Maxims is included in one of the study of pragmatic. The politeness principle is a series of maxims, which Geoffrey Leech has proposed as a way of explaining how politeness operates in conversational exchanges. Leech defines

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politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity(1983:175). That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.

Not all of the maxims are equally important. For instance, tact influences what we say more powerfully than does generosity, while approbation is more important than modesty. And also that speakers may adhere to more than one maxim of politeness at the same time. Often one maxim is on the forefront of the utterance, with a second maxim being invoked by implication. If politeness is not communicated, we can assume that the politeness attitude is absent.

Leech states that maxims devided into six like tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim.

2.4.1. Tact Maxim

Leech (1983:206) says tact maxim means minimize cost to other and maximize benefit to other in communicating. And according to Searle’s directive and commisive which is only applicable in illocutinary functions classified as ‘impositive’, examples : ordering, requesting, commanding, advising, recommending, and ‘commisive’,examples: promoting, vowing, offering are applied in tact maxim, for example:

You know, I really do think you ought to sell that car. Its costing more and more money in repairs and it uses up far too much fuel

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Tact maxim is adhered to by the speaker minimizing the cost to addresse by using two discourse markers, one to appeal to solidarity, you know, and the other as a modifying hedge, really, one attitudinal predicate, i do think, and one modal verb, ought. On the other hand, the speaker maximizes the benefit to the addresses in the second part of the turn by indicating that she/he saves a lot of time and money by selling the car.

2.4.2.The Generosity Maxim

According to Searle (in Leech 1983:164), the classification of politeness in illocutionary function are impositives and commissives. Impositives like ordering, requesting, commanding, advising, recommending and commissives like promoting, vowing and offering. But the two of politeness are referred to generosity maxim by Leech. Leech (1983:209) said generosity maxim means minimizing the benefit and maximizing the cost to self, for example :

(1) You can land me your car (impolite)

(2) I can lend you my car

The offer (2) is presumed to be polite for two reasons: firstly, beacuase it imply benefit to other, and secondly less crucially, because it imply cost to self. And in 1 the relation between self and other on both scales is reversed. Benefit to other but does not imply any cost to self apart from the verbal effort to giving the advice itself.

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2.4.3. Approbation Maxim

Leech (1983:206) says that approbation maxim involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to hearer. Approbation maxim is only applicable in Searle’s illocutionary functions classified as ‘expreesive’ ,examples : thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blamming, praising, condoling. And ‘assertives’, example : stating, boasting, complaining, reproting. Approbation maxim is closed to politeness strategy of avoiding disagreement.

The example (1) and (2) will serve to illustrate the illocutionary functions of thanking and complaining, in which the speaker maximize praise of the addressee in (1) and minimize dispraise in (2):

Examples : (1) Dear aunt Mabel, I want to thank you so much for the Christmas present this year. It was so very thoughtfull of you

(2) I wonder if you could keep the noise from your Saturday parties down a bit. Im finding it very hard to get enough sleep over the weekends

2.4.4. Modesty Maxim

According to Leech (1983:207), modesty maxim means minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. Modesty maxim is only applicable in Searle’s expressive and assertives illocution . Modesty maxim is found in self deprecting expression.

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B: yes, they were, weren’t they?

(2) A: you were so kind to us ( impolite)

B: yes, I was, wasn’t I?

As (1) shows, it is felicitous to agree with another’s commendation except when it is a commendation of on self. But (2) fault maxim of modesty, it is to commit the social transgression of boasting.

2.4.5. Agreement Maxim

Leech (1983 :207) states agremeent maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. Agreement maxim is only applicable in Searle’s assertives illocution . Agreement maxim seeks agreement and avoids disagreement.

Examples: (1) A: a referendum will satisfy everybody

B: yes, definitely

(2) A: it was an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it?

B: No, it was very uninteresting

As 1 shows, it is agreement maxim because agreement was happened between self and other, in 2 partial disagreement happened so agreement maxim was fault it is often preferable to complete disagreement.

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2.4.6. Sympathy Maxim

According to Leech (1983 : 207) sympahty maxim involves minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other. Sympathy maxim is only applicable in Searle’s assertives illocution.

Examples: (1) I’m was sorry to hear about your father

(2) I’m was sorry to hear your father’s death (impolite)

Can be intrepreted that (1) as a condolence, an expression of sympathy for misfortune, and it might be preferable to say, intead of (2)

Leech interpreted some points in politeness principle which are called as politeness scale. There are five politeness scales like:

1. Cost- benefit scale => representing the cost or benefit of an act to speaker and listener, refers to how big the benefit and the cost that have been caused by speech act in speaking.

2. Optionality scale => indicating the degree of choice permitted to speaker and listener by a specific linguistic act. The more option given by speaker in speaking ,the more polite the speech is.

3. Indirectness scale => indicating the amount of inference required of the listener in order to establish the intended speaker meaning. The more indirect the speech, the more polite the speech is.

4. Authority scale => representing the status relationship between speaker and the listener.

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5. Social distance scale => indicating the degree of familiarity between speaker and the listener.

2.5. Speech

Speech is the act of speaking, expression or communication of thoughts and feelings by spoken words, the study of theory and practice of oral expression and communication (Cangara,2005 : 27). Speech is consisting of four parts according to theory of horse:

1. Exordium or introduction of speech has function to deliver the main idea of the problem that will be discussed. It should be to the point, interesting and not too long. The goal of exordium part is to arise the audience’s attention and interest in listening the speech.

2. Protesis , including main topic which is displayed first by explaining the background of the problem.

3. Argument is the reasons that support all things that have been stated in protesis part.

4. Conclusion is the end part of a speech, as the conclusion of all preceding explanations. In concluding the speech, there will be stressing point such as an important or key point from the whole content of the speech.

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According to Mark Roelofs ( Nimmo , 2005:8 ) , political is a conversation. He stressed that politics is not just talk , also not all the talk is political . The talks were described in a communication called political communication . Political communication is communication activities deemed political communication based regulating consequences of human actions in the conflict conditions . Political communication is visible in the speech , as well as through mass media campaigns .

Political speech is speech which contains some political elements which are the hallmark of politics that is the self-defense against what has been done by a politician and giving promises to the audience for the future . In terms pragmatics ( Nimmo , 2005:100 ) , political speech is used by politicians to convince and awaken the masses or support , for improving the status , for personal gain and to provide information to the public .

To convince and arouse the masses , the politicians give assurance to the public by using symbols to communicate . As the word " detained " , in Indonesia the word is changed by politicians to be " secured " . And also drives the politicians in addressing a problem is to convince people that they really care about the surrounding circumstances .

To improve the status of the politicians in trying to give a political speech or make a policy on an issue that will be done if people want to give credence to it in carrying out its duties and the community also provide full support to it .

Political speeches were made also to give yourself the advantage . The advantages gained due to the appreciation of the public that politicians are able to

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provide a change in their lives . In this, happens advantage for politicians because they will not fully perform the promises they say .

To provide information is also part of a political speech . Here will be seen if there are deviations that occur are made by politicians in addressing whether the pledge is used for the benefit of the group or to the public interest .

Thus , political speech is very important for leaders or politicians to improve their status in the eyes of the community or its members and help convince them that they choose a leader who is a great leader and able to provide their welfare .

2.7.Biography of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

General TNI (Ret) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, popularly known as SBY, was born in Pacitan, East Java, on 9 September 1949. He graduated from the Military Academy in 1973-top in his class. He received his fourth star in 2000. In the first-ever direct presidential election in Indonesia in 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, running on a platform for "more just, more peaceful, more prosperous, and more democratic Indonesia", was elected as the 6th President of the Republic of Indonesia, gaining a landslide 60% of the popular vote over the incumbent President Megawati Soekarnoputri.

President Yudhoyono is also an accomplished scholar. He was educated in the United States, where he received his Masters degree in Management from Webster University in 1991. He continued his study and earned a Doctorate Degree in Agricultural Economics from Bogor Institute of Agriculture, West Java,

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Indonesia, in 2004. President Yudhoyono was awarded with two honorary doctorates in 2005, respectively in the field of law from his alma mater, Webster University, and in political science from Thammasat University in Thailand.

During his 27-year distinguished military service, President Yudhoyono took an extensive range of training, education and courses, both in Indonesia and overseas. President Yudhoyono also held numerous important posts and positions as troop and territorial commander, staff officer, trainer and lecturer. He served both in the field and at headquarters, as well as missions overseas. He was the Commander of the United Nations Military Observers and Commander of the Indonesian Military Contingent in Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1995-1996.

For his outstanding service, President Yudhoyono was decorated with 24 medals and awards, including the UNPKF Medal, the Bintang Dharma, the

Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna and the Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna, the

highest national medal for excellent service beyond the calls of duty.

Prior to being elected, President Yudhoyono held various important government positions, including Minister of Mining and Energy and Co-ordinating Minister for Political, Social, and Security Affairs in the National Unity Cabinet under President Abdurrahman Wahid. He again served as Co-ordinating Minister for Political, Social, and Security Affairs in the Gotong

Royong Cabinet under President Megawati Soekarnoputri. It was in his capacity

as Coordinating Minister that he became internationally recognized for leading Indonesia's counter-terrorism efforts.

President Yudhoyono is also known for his activities in various civil society organizations. He served as Co-Chairman of the Governing Board of the

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Partnership for the Governance Reform, a joint Indonesian-international organization focused on the improvement of governance in Indonesia. He also served as Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Brighten Institute, an institution devoted to studying the theory and practice of national development policy.

President Yudhoyono is a keen reader and has authored a number of books and articles including: Transforming Indonesia: Selected International Speeches (2005), Peace deal with Aceh is just a beginning (2005), The Making of a Hero (2005), Revitalization of the Indonesian Economy: Business, Politics and Good Governance (2002), and Coping with the Crisis - Securing the Reform (1999).

Taman Kehidupan (Garden of Life) is his anthology published in 2004. President

Yudhoyono speaks English fluently.

President Yudhoyono is a devoted Moslem. He is married to Madam Ani Herrawati. The first couple is blessed with two sons. The oldest is First Lieutenant Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono, who graduated top in his class from the Military Academy in 2000 and is now serving at the elite 305th Airborne Battalion of the Army Strategic Reserves Command (KOSTRAD). The youngest, Edhie Baskoro Yudhoyono, earned his degree in Economics from Curtin University, Australia.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design

This study use descriptive qualitative method which is applied by giving a description of the maxims from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches. The qualitative research tend to the understanding of the problems in social life based on the real condition , complex and arranged. This research also namely constructivist, naturalistic or interpretative approach ( Erlina, 2011 : 14).

3.2. Data and Data Source

The data are collected from internet about Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches. In reference to the data, the data is focused on the sentences that have maxims. Two speeches are taken. One speech is about Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech about he’s campaign before he was elected to be a president as a second period and another one is speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

In collecting data the writer use documentary technique which means finding, reading, studying, and analyzing all the data. It took from two speeches which were taken randomly from newspaper, internet or book. The speech is taken and then read and determined the maxims in the political speech.

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Data collecting stages

3.4. Data Analysis

The writer analyzed the data or speech in three steps. Firstly, the data identified. Second, the data interpreted according to the aplication of maxims on the data, and the thirt, the data categorized and classified the kinds of maxims that found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech.

Search for the speeches from internet

Print the text

Determine the maxim

Tact maxim Generosity maxim Approbation maxim Modesty maxim Agreement maxim Sympathy maxim.

Conclusion Analyze the maxim

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The procedures of analyzing the data is based on the following steps :

1. Identifying the types of maxims which are used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his speech.

2. Classifying the types of maxims taht used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono inhis speech.

3. Finding out the type of maxims which is dominantly used in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches by using formula:

Χ= x 100 %

In which

X= the percentage of the items F= Frequency

N= the total number of the items

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1.Data Analysis

As stated in the previous chapters, the data was collected from two political speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The two speeches are:

1. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech before he was elected to be a president as a second time : Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat

2. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia

The two political speeches were analyzed by using Leech’s theory about maxim: they are tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim.

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4.1.1. The Occurrence of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Campaign Speech (Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat)

1. Tact Maxim

Tact maxim means minimize cost to other and maximize benefit to other in communicating. One who holds this maxim is called a polite man. If someone clings to this maxim, he will be able to avoid an impression of obstinacy, envy and other impolite attitudes to the listener or the addresses in speaking and also avoiding the probability of hurt to addresses. Here is tact maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech:

“Yang mesti kita pilih Saudara-saudara, adalah ekonomi jalan tengah. Dimana prinsip-prinsip ekonomi pasar yang membawa efisiensi dan pertumbuhan yang berkualitas kita wadahi dan peran pemerintah, guna memastikan pemerataan ekonomi bagi seluruh rakyat juga kita jalankan dengan tepat. Kebijakan ekonomi

seperti inilah yang sungguh membawa manfaat bagi rakyat Indonesia.”.

(statement 25)

Interpretation : Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave an economic policy that middle ground in the political speech excerpts . He gave an assurance to the public by the policy , that the problem is being addressed though is actually relatively small for its achievement . In his claim, there is a message to the public in order to choose the middle path of economic benefit to the people of Indonesia, which is a

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category of Searle is impositive that aims to produce an effect in the form of the action taken by the addressees. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono using a maxim of wisdom which is a picture of Searle impositive categories included in the principle of modesty. He made the slightest loss to the community by providing a middle ground of economic policies (by saying “Yang mesti kita pilih Saudara-saudara, adalah ekonomi jalan tengah. Dimana prinsip-prinsip ekonomi pasar yang membawa efisiensi dan pertumbuhan yang berkualitas kita wadahi dan peran pemerintah, guna memastikan pemerataan ekonomi bagi seluruh rakyat

juga kita jalankan dengan tepa”). He also gives the advantage to the community

is through the middle of the street economy will bring benefits to the people of Indonesia (by saying “Kebijakan ekonomi seperti inilah yang sungguh membawa

manfaat bagi rakyat Indonesia.”).In that statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

using a tact maxim shown to reduce the loss of others and increase the benefit of another.

2. Generosity Maxim

Generosity maxim means minimizing the benefit and maximizing the cost to self. It means that a speaker tries to be generous in communicating, so the other or the addressee should be put first instead of self. With this generosity maxim, language users are expected to respect others. Here is generosity maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech:

“Pejabat negara dan pejabat pemerintah apa pun tingkatannya tidak boleh memiliki konflik kepentingan, tidak boleh melakukan kegiatan bisnis, termasuk

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keluarganya yang melakukan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kalau pun melakukan bisnis haruslah transparan dan tidak melanggar aturan dan juga tidak boleh melebihi kepatutannya. Ingat, kerajaan dan gurita bisnis pejabat dan keluarga pejabat di masa lampaulah yang turut memperdalam kejatuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Saya akan dengan gigih terus berupaya, agar sistem kita makin bersih,

KKN dapat dicegah dan reformasi birokrasi terus dijalankan dengan baik”.

(statement 35)

Interpretation: The assertion, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave a message to the community at the same promise. Such messages may reduce profits for himself because in the statement said that “Pejabat negara dan pejabat pemerintah apa pun tingkatannya tidak boleh memiliki konflik kepentingan, tidak boleh melakukan kegiatan bisnis, termasuk keluarganya yang melakukan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kalau pun melakukan bisnis haruslah transparan dan tidak

melanggar aturan dan juga tidak boleh melebihi kepatutannya”. He is a state

official that he should not be doing the abuse of authority for personal gain and he also stated that if there is a business must be transparent so that there is not an imbalance, especially in the economic field in Indonesia. The message is a picture of polite category impositive Searle is depicted through the generosity maxim. Besides that, he also gave an overview of the promise manners Searle categories namely commissive which called the generosity maxim. He gave a promise that will be done in the future that gives losses dating for himself. He stated that he would seek to eradicate corruption and make a clean government of corruption (by saying” Saya akan dengan gigih terus berupaya, agar sistem kita makin

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bersih, KKN dapat dicegah dan reformasi birokrasi terus dijalankan dengan baik). In this statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono using a generosity maxim because it reduces the benefit to himself and give himself a loss .

3. Approbation Maxim

Approbation maxim involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to hearer. It is expected to all of the language users not to mock one each other in communicating. The speaker who often mocks others in speaking is called impolite people because mocking is a less appropriate attitude and impressed that the speaker does not appreciate others. Here is approbation maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech:

“Alhamdulillah, sejarah mencatat, meskipun masih banyak pekerjaan rumah yang harus kita lanjutkan ke depan, banyak pula prestasi dan hasil yang telah kita capai. Kalau semuanya jujur, kita mesti sungguh bersyukur terhadap segala capaian yang kita raih selama 5 tahun terakhir ini, baik di bidang politik, hukum dan keamanan, di bidang perekonomian, di bidang kesejahteraan, dan di bidang kerjasama internasional. Untuk itu semua, dalam kapasitas saya sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada seluruh rakyat Indonesia atas dukungan dan

kerjasamanya”. (statement 11)

Interpretation: when viewed from the principle or maxim of politeness, the statement clearly show the approbation maxim depicted by Searle through the

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expressive categories which has function to reveal or express the psychological attitude of speakers towards a state that is implicit in illocutionary like thank you. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , merge or member combination of praise and appreciation to the community for what they have achieved over the last 5 years . Although there are still many things to be done next, but has gained a lot of good results and achievements in the field of politics, law and security, the economy, welfare and international cooperation. He gave his thanks by saying “Alhamdulillah, sejarah mencatat, meskipun masih banyak pekerjaan rumah yang harus kita lanjutkan ke depan, banyak pula prestasi dan hasil yang telah kita capai. Kalau semuanya jujur, kita mesti sungguh bersyukur terhadap segala capaian yang kita raih selama 5 tahun terakhir ini, baik di bidang politik, hukum dan keamanan, di bidang perekonomian, di bidang kesejahteraan, dan di bidang kerjasama internasional. Untuk itu semua, dalam kapasitas saya sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada seluruh rakyat Indonesia atas dukungan dan

kerjasamanya”. He never give dispraise of all the statements in the speech.

4. Modesty Maxim

Modesty maxim means minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. Here is modesty maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech:

“Saya tidak ingin banyak membuat janji yang sulit saya penuhi. Memberikan angin surga kepada rakyat, juga bukan jalan yang saya pilih. Terlebih ketika

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situasi dunia sedang dilanda krisis besar di bidang perekonomian dewasa ini. Ke depan, saudara-saudara, 5 tahun mendatang, saya memilih untuk tidak dipuji karena kurang menjanjikan sasaran-sasaran yang spektakuler, langkah-langkah

yang amat agresif, serta perubahan-perubahan yang amat dramatis”.

(statement 18)

Interpretation

5. Agreement Maxim

: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono condemned the expression itself. He stated that it will not give you a hard promise he fulfilled. The sentence shown that in fact he is less able to meet all its promises because the condition or world situation that was hit by a major crisis in the field of economy. That increase criticism of himself (by saying “Saya tidak ingin banyak membuat janji yang sulit saya penuhi. Memberikan angin surga kepada rakyat, juga bukan jalan yang saya pilih. Terlebih ketika situasi dunia sedang dilanda krisis besar di bidang perekonomian dewasa ini”). Because it is less able to make a very drastic change , he chose not to be praised (by saying “Ke depan, saudara-saudara, 5 tahun mendatang, saya memilih untuk tidak dipuji karena kurang menjanjikan sasaran-sasaran yang spektakuler, langkah-langkah yang amat agresif, serta

perubahan-perubahan yang amat dramatis”). It will reduce the compliment to him. So, he

uses the modesty maxim that reduces praise and magnify self-criticism.

Agreement maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. Here is agreement maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech:

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“Menyangkut hubungan antarlembaga negara, kita rasakan sekarang ini, check and balances makin terwujud dengan baik. Tugas kita ke depan adalah menjamin konsistensi sistem pemerintahan kabinet presidensial yang mesti dapat menjalankan tugasnya secara efektif. Kita tentu harus mencegah dan tidak ingin kembali kepada sistem pemerintahan yang otoritarian. Namun yang harus kita lakukan sebagai bagian dari konsolidasi demokrasi sekali lagi adalah pelaksanaan sistem presidensial sesuai dengan ketatanegaraan yang kita anut. Ke arah inilah kehidupan demokrasi mesti kita bangun, sebuah demokrasi yang substantif dan bukan hanya bersifat prosedural semata”.(statement 38)

Interpretation : In the statement , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave a report on the check and balances embodied well . He wants a collaboration between himself and the public to remain in the presidential cabinet system of government according to the constitution is adopted. He improves collaboration by inviting all the people to run the country or administration tasks together (by saying “Menyangkut hubungan antarlembaga negara, kita rasakan sekarang ini, check and balances makin terwujud dengan baik. Tugas kita ke depan adalah menjamin konsistensi sistem pemerintahan kabinet presidensial yang mesti dapat menjalankan tugasnya secara efektif. Kita tentu harus mencegah dan tidak ingin kembali kepada sistem pemerintahan yang otoritarian. Namun yang harus kita lakukan sebagai bagian dari konsolidasi demokrasi sekali lagi adalah pelaksanaan sistem presidensial sesuai dengan ketatanegaraan yang kita anut. Ke arah inilah kehidupan demokrasi mesti kita bangun, sebuah demokrasi yang

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maxim which increases agreement between self and others and do not reduce agreement themselves with others and reduce disagreement between himself and others.

6. Sympathy Maxim

Sympathy maxim involves minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other. The sympathy to others is often shown by smiling, head-nodding and knowing the man’s feeling about something. Here is sympathy maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech:

“Mengapa saya mengatakan seperti itu? Ya, karena memang kenyataannya, negara kita 5 tahun yang lalu belum aman benar. Politik belum stabil benar, ekonomi masih lemah, kesejahteraan rakyat terpukul akibat krisis, kemiskinan, pengangguran, dan beban hutang masih tinggi, termasuk utang IMF,yang membebani kita. Citra kita di mata dunia buruk, Indonesia masih mendapatkan sanksi dan embargo dari masyarakat internasional. Dan jangan lupa korupsi,

kolusi, dan nepotisme masih relatif merajalela, sementara pemerintahan yang bersih masih jauh dari harapan”.(statement 8)

Interpretation: In a statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia to report on the actual condition. He stated about the unstable political conditions, the economy is still weak, poverty, unemployment, and debt burdens remain high. He expressed great sympathy (by saying Ya, karena memang kenyataannya, negara

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kita 5 tahun yang lalu belum aman benar. Politik belum stabil benar, ekonomi masih lemah, kesejahteraan rakyat terpukul akibat krisis, kemiskinan, pengangguran, dan beban hutang masih tinggi, termasuk utang IMF, yang membebani kita. Citra kita di mata dunia buruk, Indonesia masih mendapatkan sanksi dan embargo dari masyarakat internasional. Dan jangan lupa korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme masih relatif merajalela, sementara pemerintahan yang

bersih masih jauh dari harapan”). The statement gives the sense that Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono can understand about a very chaotic situation in Indonesia five years ago. He also stated that corruption, collusion and nepotism are rampant and relatively clean government is still far from expectations. He puts himself in these conditions and feel the burden so heavy that experienced by Indonesia.

Table 4.1.1.1

The Occurrence of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Campaign Speech (Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan

Kesejahteraan Rakyat)

No Maxims Frequency Percentage

1 Tact Maxim 13 27,08 %

2 Generosity Maxim 8 16,66 %

3 Approbation Maxim 1 2,08 %

4 Modesty Maxim 6 12,5 %

5 Agreement Maxim 14 29,16 %

6 Sympathy Maxim 6 12,6 %

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4.2.2. The Occurrence of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech about The Relation between Indonesia - Malaysia

1. Tact Maxim

“Saya juga menekankan bahwa masalah seperti ini harus diselesaikan secara cepat, tegas dan tepat, karena berkaitan dengan kepentingan nasional kita. Memelihara hubungan baik dengan negara sahabat, apalagi dengan Malaysia, sangat penting. Tetapi, tentu kita tidak bisa mengabaikan kepentingan nasional,

apalagi jika menyangkut kedaulatan dan keutuhan NKRI”. (statement 18)

Interpretation : In this statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gives a message to Indonesian people to solve the problem as soon as possible because it has relation to needs of nation (by saying “Saya juga menekankan bahwa masalah seperti ini harus diselesaikan secara cepat, tegas dan tepat, karena berkaitan dengan

kepentingan nasional kita”). He gives the advantage to Indonesian people that

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hubungan baik dengan negara sahabat, apalagi dengan Malaysia, sangat penting. Tetapi, tentu kita tidak bisa mengabaikan kepentingan nasional, apalagi jika

menyangkut kedaulatan dan keutuhan NKRI”). He use tact maxim to shown to

reduce loss of others and increase the benefit of others.

2. Generosity Maxim

“Sejak saya menerima laporan mengenai insiden ini tanggal 14 Agustus 2010 pagi, saya langsung memberikan berbagai instruksi. Pertama, saya minta agar ketiga petugas Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan segera dikembalikan dalam keadaan selamat. Kedua, saya juga memerintahkan untuk mengusut tuntas apa yang sebenarnya terjadi dalam insiden tersebut.”. (statement 15)

Interpretation: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tells about his act to solve the problem in 14 august 2010 morning that reduce the benefit to himself (by saying “Sejak saya menerima laporan mengenai insiden ini tanggal 14 Agustus 2010 pagi, saya langsung memberikan berbagai instruksi. Pertama, saya minta agar ketiga petugas Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan segera dikembalikan dalam keadaan selamat. Kedua, saya juga memerintahkan untuk mengusut tuntas apa

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yang sebenarnya terjadi dalam insiden tersebut.”). in that statement, he didn’t get the benefit for himself so that’s why it is include to generosity maxim.

3. Approbation Maxim

“Terhadap insiden ini, kita semua sangat prihatin, dan saya ingin agar masalah ini segera di selesaikan secara tuntas, dengan mengutamakan langkah-langkah diplomasi. Saya ingin mengatakan bahwa sejak terjadinya kasus ini pemerintah telah bertindak. Sistempun telah bekerja”. (statement 17)

Interpretation: There is a statement that include to Searle expressive category which has function to reveal or express the psychological attitude of speakers towards a state that is implicit in illocutionary like thank you. In this statemen, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expressed about the value of the system that he was made (by saying “Saya ingin mengatakan bahwa sejak terjadinya kasus ini

pemerintah telah bertindak. Sistempun telah bekerja”). He never gives dispraise

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4. Modesty Maxim

Modesty maxim means minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. Here is modesty maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech:

“Dalam kaitan ini, saya telah mengirim surat kepada Perdana Menteri Malaysia, yang intinya menyampaikan keprihatinan yang mendalam atas terjadinya insiden tersebut. Saya juga mendorong agar proses perundingan batas maritim dapat dipercepat dan dituntaskan. Sementara itu, Kementerian Luar Negeri telah memanggil Duta Besar Malaysia di Jakarta untuk menyampaikan nota protes. Menteri Luar Negeri juga telah melakukan komunikasi intensif dengan Menteri Luar Negeri Malaysia. Dalam perkembangannya, alhamdulillah, ke-3 petugas

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan itu kini telah kembali ke tanah air”.

(statement 19)

Interpretation: In this statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tells about his ability to solve that problem (by saying “Dalam kaitan ini, saya telah mengirim surat kepada Perdana Menteri Malaysia, yang intinya menyampaikan keprihatinan yang mendalam atas terjadinya insiden tersebut. Saya juga mendorong agar proses perundingan batas maritim dapat dipercepat dan dituntaskan. Sementara itu, Kementerian Luar Negeri telah memanggil Duta Besar Malaysia di Jakarta untuk menyampaikan nota protes. Menteri Luar Negeri

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juga telah melakukan komunikasi intensif dengan Menteri Luar Negeri

Malaysia”) he uses the modesty maxim to reduce praise and magnify

self-criticsm.

5. Agreement Maxim

Agreement maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. Here is agreement maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech:

“Sementara itu, sekitar 13,000 pelajar dan mahasiswa Indonesia belajar di Malaysia, dan 6,000 mahasiswa Malaysia belajar di Indonesia. Ini merupakan asset bangsa yang harus terus kita bina bersama, dan juga modal kemitraan di masa depan”.(statement 5)

Interpretation

6. Sympathy Maxim

: In the statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tells about the relation between Indonesia and Malay. He told that Indonesia and Malay has relation in student exchange (by saying “Sementara itu, sekitar 13,000 pelajar dan mahasiswa Indonesia belajar di Malaysia, dan 6,000 mahasiswa Malaysia belajar di Indonesia. Ini merupakan asset bangsa yang harus terus kita bina

bersama, dan juga modal kemitraan di masa depan”). He want agreement

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“Sebagai Kepala Negara dan Kepala Pemerintahan, saya juga merasakan apa yang dirasakan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Saya sungguh mengerti keprihatinan, kepedulian, bahkan emosi yang saudara-saudara rasakan. Dan apa yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sekarang dan ke depan ini, sesungguhnya juga

cerminan dari keprihatinan kita semua”. (statement 26)

Interpretation: in that statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono report the situation in Indonesia and state himself in that situation (by saying “Sebagai Kepala Negara dan Kepala Pemerintahan, saya juga merasakan apa yang dirasakan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Saya sungguh mengerti keprihatinan, kepedulian, bahkan emosi yang saudara-saudara rasakan. Dan apa yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sekarang dan ke depan ini, sesungguhnya juga cerminan dari keprihatinan kita semua”).

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Table 4.1.2.1

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech about The Relation between Indonesia –Malaysia

No Maxims Frequency Percentage

1 Tact Maxim 6 20%

2 Generosity Maxim 2 6,66%

3 Approbation Maxim 1 3,33%

4 Modesty Maxim 3 10%

5 Agreement Maxim 15 50%

6 Sympathy Maxim 3 10%

Total Number 30 100%

4.2. Finding

From the analysis above, it can be seen that there is a comparison and difference maxims that used in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speeches before he was chosen to be a president and speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia. In his campaign, namely Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dominantly uses agreement maxim. While in his speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malay uses agreement maxim.

In campaign speech, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono uses dominantly agreement maxim which is minimize disagreement with others and maximize agreement with others because he wants to do the changing in Indonesia and

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invite all people to do the best thing for Indonesia in the future. In speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono uses dominantly agreement maxim which is minimize disagreement with others and maximize agreement with others because he wants to do the changing in Indonesia and invite all people to keep the relation between Indonesia and Malay.

Table 4.2.1

The Two Text’s of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Speech Before He has been Chosen To Be A President in 2009 and Political Speech about The Relation

between Indonesia -Malaysia

No Maxim Text I Text II

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Tact Maxim 13 27,08 % 6 20%

2 Generosity Maxim 8 16,66 % 2 6,66%

3 Approbation maxim 1 2,08 % 1 3,33%

4 Modesty Maxim 6 12,5 % 3 10%

5 Agreement maxim 14 29,16 % 15 50%

6 Sympathy maxim 5 12,6 % 3 10%

Total Number 48 100 % 30% 100%

From the table above, it can be seen that there is a comparison and difference between Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speeches before he was chosen to be a president as a second time and in speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia. In text I which refers to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign speech dominantly uses agreement maxim. And in text II

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which refers to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malay, he dominantly use agreement maxim. And the table below shows that the dominant maxim that is applied by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono after the two speeches are combined in a table are agreement maxim and sympathy maxim.

Table 4.2.2

The Occurrence of Maxims in two Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speeches Before and Political Speech about relation between Indonesia and

Malaysia

No Maxims Frequency Percentage

1 Tact Maxim 19 24,35%

2 Generosity Maxim 10 12,82%

3 Approbation maxim 2 2,56%

4 Modesty Maxim 9 11,58%

5 Agreement maxim 29 37,17%

6 Sympathy maxim 9 11,58%

Total Number 78 100 %

The result of the analysis shows that there are 78 expressions of maxims are found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speeches, which are collected from two political speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, namely Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign speech and Susilo Bamabang Yudhoyono;s political speech speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia. There are 19(24,35 %) expressions of tact maxim, 10 (12,82 %)

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expressions of generosity maxim, 2 (2,56 %) expressions of approbation maxim, 9(11,58 %) expressions of modesty maxim, 29 (37,17 %) expressions of agreement maxim, and 9 (11,58 %) expressions of sympathy maxim.

From the table above, it can be seen the most dominant maxim that used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. It’s calculate from two political speeches which has 78 statement and different maxims. The most dominant maxims that used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is agreement maxim. He uses agreement maxim to invite all of Indonesian people to improve the welfare in Indonesia. He wants the a change in Indonesia and it can be if there is agreement between him and Indonesian people.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

Based on the previous chapter, the conclusion can be formulated as the follows:

1. There are 78 expressions of maxims that found in two speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , before he was elected to be a president as a second time and speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia. There are 19(24,35 %) expressions of tact maxim, 10 (12,82 %) expressions of generosity maxim, 2 (2,56 %) expressions of approbation maxim, 9(11,58 %) expressions of modesty maxim, 29 (37,17 %) expressions of agreement maxim, and 9 (11,58 %) expressions of sympathy maxim. The most dominant maxim that is used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is agreement maxim.

2. In political speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, it was found all types of maxim although there are some maxims which are seldom used by him because of the different case or topic in speech. From the analysis it can be concluded that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono applies maxims in his political speeches, so Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono can be a good model for polite future leader or politician and public speaker.

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5.2. Suggestion

The research gives contribution to readers in comprehending the maxims of politeness principle. It also gives input for both of the teachers and the learners who use maxims in their conversation or speech in order to make a good impression in communication.

Hopefully, this research gives inspiration and guidance for everyone who want to create a political speech. Understanding maxims can reflect a good sincere manner of politicians in communication, respect others, understanding the impacts of what they speak and understand the context of communicating.

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REFERENCES

Cangara,Hafied. 2005. Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi. Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo Persada.

Erlina. 2011. Metodologi Penelitian. Medan : USU Press.

Leech,Geoffrey. 1983. The Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman Group Ltd. Diterjemahkan oleh Dr.M.D.D.Oka,M.A.

Nimmo,Dan. 2005.Komunikasi Politik. Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Peccei,J.S. 1999. Pragmatics. China : Taylor & Francis Limited.

Purbo,B.S. 1990. Pragmatik dan Pengajaran Bahasa. Yogyakarta : Kanisius.

Rahardi,Kunjana . 2005. Pragmatik : Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta : Erlangga.

Sabarguna,B.S. 2008. Analisis Data pada Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia

Tarigan,H.G. 1990.Pengajaran Pragmatik. Bandung: Angkasa.

Yule,George. 1985. The Study of Language : An Introduction..Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Yule,George. 1996. Pragmatics. New York : Oxford University Press.

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APPENDICES

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech before he was elected to be a president as a second time : Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat

There are six maxims based on Geoffrey Leech theory

1. Tact Maxim ( TM) : Minimize cost to other. Maximize benefit to other.

2. Generosity Maxim (GM) : Minimize benefit to self. Maximize cost to self.

3. Approbation Maxim (ApM) : Minimize dispraise. Maximize praise of other.

4. Modesty Maxim (MM) : Minimize praise of self. Maximize dispraise of self.

5. Agrreement Maxim (AgM) : Minimize disagreement between self and other. Maximize agreement between self and other.

6. Symphaty Maxim (SM) : Minimize antiphaty between self and other. Maximize symphaty between self and other (Leech,1983 : 119)

No Speech TM GM ApM MM AgM SM

1. Hadirin yang saya muliakan, Saudara-saudara bangsa dan se-tanah air yang saya cintai dan saya

(1)

Kementerian Luar Negeri telah memanggil Duta Besar Malaysia di Jakarta untuk menyampaikan nota protes. Menteri Luar Negeri juga telah melakukan komunikasi intensif dengan Menteri Luar Negeri Malaysia. Dalam perkembangannya, alhamdulillah, ke-3 petugas Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan itu kini telah kembali ke tanah air

20 Berkaitan dengan ketiga petugas KKP tersebut, Pemerintah Indonesia menerima informasi tentang perlakuan yang tidak patut yang dialami oleh mereka. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Indonesia meminta penjelasan atas kebenaran informasi itu. Melalui jalur diplomasi, diperoleh informasi bahwa Pemerintah Malaysia saat ini sedang melakukan investigasi atas masalah perlakukan terhadap tiga petugas KKP tersebut

- - - - √ -

21 Saudara-saudara,

Yang jelas, di masa depan, insiden seperti ini harus kita cegah, agar tidak terus menimbulkan permasalahan di antara kedua negara. Upaya ini bisa kita lakukan dengan cara segera menuntaskan perundingan batas wilayah di

(2)

antara Malaysia dan Indonesia, serta bentuk-bentuk koordinasi dan kerjasama di antara kedua belah pihak, dengan semangat untuk tetap memelihara hubungan baik kedua bangsa

22 Perihal penanganan terhadap 7 nelayan Malaysia yang memasuki wilayah perairan Indonesia, kepada mereka telah diambil tindakan-tindakan sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Setelah prosesnya selesai mereka kita kembalikan ke Malaysia, sebagaimana kelaziman yang berlaku di lingkungan ASEAN selama ini. Perlu diketahui, dalam kasus yang sama, banyak nelayan Indonesia yang diduga memasuki wilayah perairan negara sahabat, juga dikembalikan ke negeri kita

- - - - √ -

23 Saudara-saudara bangsa dan se-tanah air, Belajar dari pengalaman ini, pemerintah Indonesia berpendapat bahwa solusi yang paling tepat untuk mencegah dan mengatasi insiden-insiden serupa adalah, dengan cara segera menuntaskan perundingan batas wilayah antara Indonesia dan Malaysia. Perundingan ini menyangkut batas

(3)

wilayah darat dan batas wilayah maritim, termasuk di wilayah selat Singapura, dan perairan Sulawesi, atau perairan Ambalat

24 Indonesia berpendapat bahwa perundingan menyangkut batas wilayah ini dapat kita percepat dan kita efektifkan pelaksanaannya. Semuanya ini berangkat dari niat dan tujuan yang baik, agar insiden-insiden serupa yang akan mengganggu hubungan baik kedua bangsa dapat kita cegah dan tiadakan. Saya sungguh menggaris-bawahi, sekali lagi, agar proses perundingan yang akan segera diteruskan oleh kedua pemerintah benar-benar menghasilkan capaian yang nyata

- - - - √ -

25 Saudara-saudara,

Kedaulatan Negara dan keutuhan wilayah adalah kepentingan nasional yang sangat vital. Pemerintah juga sangat memahami kepentingan itu, dan terus bekerja secara sungguh-sungguh untuk menjaga dan menegakkannya. Namun demikian, tidak semua permasalahan yang muncul dalam hubungan dengan negara sahabat selalu terkait dengan kedaulatan dan keutuhan wilayah. Oleh karena

(4)

itu, kita harus bisa menilai dengan tepat setiap masalah yang muncul, agar penyelesaiannyapun menjadi tepat pula. Meskipun demikian, sekecil apapun permasalahan yang muncul dalam hubungan bilateral, akan tetap kita selesaikan demi menunjang kepentingan nasional kita. Kita harus senantiasa menjaga citra dan jatidiri kita sebagai bangsa yang bermartabat dalam menjalin hubungan internasional, tanpa kehilangan prinsip dasar politik luar negeri yang bebas dan aktif, dan yang diabdikan untuk kepentingan bangsa kita

26 Sebagai Kepala Negara dan Kepala Pemerintahan, saya juga merasakan apa yang dirasakan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Saya sungguh mengerti keprihatinan, kepedulian, bahkan emosi yang saudara-saudara rasakan. Dan apa yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sekarang dan ke depan ini, sesungguhnya juga cerminan dari keprihatinan kita semua

- - - √

27 Saya juga mengajak untuk menjauhi tindakan-tindakan yang berlebihan, seperti aksi-aksi kekerasan, karena hanya akan menambah masalah yang ada.

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Kekerasan sering memicu terjadinya kekerasan yang lain. Harapan untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan serius dan tepat, tanpa disertai aksi-aksi yang destruktif, juga saya terima dari saudara-saudara kita rakyat Indonesia yang saat ini berada di Malaysia

28 Saudara-saudara sekalian, Cara kita menangani hubungan Indonesia – Malaysia akan disimak dan diikuti oleh negara-negara sahabat di kawasan Asia, bahkan oleh dunia internasional. Selama ini sebagai Pendiri ASEAN, Indonesia sering dijadikan panutan di dalam menyelesaikan berbagai konflik yang terjadi di kawasan, maupun di belahan bumi yang lain. Oleh karena itu, marilah seraya kita tetap memperjuang-kan kepentingan nasional kita, karakter dan peran internasional Indonesia yang konstruktif, dan dengan semangat untuk memelihara perdamaian, terus dapat kita jaga

- - - - √ -

29 Terakhir, insiden yang terjadi antara Indonesia dan Malaysia baru-baru ini akan kita tuntaskan penyelesaiannya. Indonesia akan terus mendorong Malaysia untuk

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benar-benar menyelesaikan perundingan batas wilayah yang sering memicu terjadinya insiden dan ketegangan. Dengan demikian, dengan dapat dicegahnya ketegangan dan benturan-benturan yang tidak perlu, saya yakin permasalahan, hubungan baik dan kerjasama bilateral antara Indonesia –Malaysia akan berkembang lebih besar lagi

30 Ke depan dalam hubungan antar bangsa yang lebih luas, kita harus terus menjaga kedaulatan dan keutuhan wilayah kita, dan terus membangun diri menjadi negara yang maju, sejahtera, dan bermartabat, dengan tetap menjaga hubungan baik dan kerjasama dengan negara-negara sahabat

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