THE ANALYSIS OF POWER RELATION BETWEEN THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE DISASTER NEWS INTERVIEWS.
THE ANALYSIS OF POWER RELATION BETWEEN THE PARTICIPANTS IN
THE DISASTER NEWS INTERVIEWS
(Critical Discourse Analysis Approach)
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for Requirements
For The Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
By:
Reni Puji Astuti
C0311036
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2015
i
ii
iii
iv
PRONOUCEMENT
The researcher honestly states that the thesis entitled The Analysis of Power Relation
between the Participants in the Disaster News Interviews (Critical Discourse
Analysis Approach) is not a plagiarism. The thesis is truly written and analyzed by
the researcher. All of the information that relates to other people’s work and theory
are written in quotation and in the bibliography.
If the pronouncement is proven to be incorrect, the researcher will accept any
academic consequence and penalty, including the cancellation of the thesis and
academic degree obtained from completing the thesis and study.
Surakarta, June 2015
Reni Puji Astuti
v
MOTTOS
“You are never too old to set another goal
or to dream a new dream”
-
C. S. Lewis
“Always do your best.
What you plant now, you will harvest later.”
-
Og Mandino
“Things do not happen.
Things are made to happen.”
-
John F. Kenedy
“Keep your eyes on the stars, and your feet on the ground.”
-
vi
Theodore Roosevelt
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to. . .
My beloved Mom and Dad for always loving and giving the best for me
My family for always supporting me
My lovely partner and friends especially ED’11
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This thesis will never be finished without the contribution and help from many
people. Therefore in this occasion, I would like to utter my sincere gratitude to:
1. Allah SWT, who always helps and gives me the ability and power to finish this
thesis.
2. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural
Sciences for giving the approval of the thesis.
3. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D as the Head of English Department for
supporting the finishing of the thesis.
4. Dr. Tri Wiratno, M.A as my thesis consultant for the guidance, suggestion, and
support in finishing this thesis
5. Miss Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S., M.Hum as my academic supervisor for the
assistance during my study.
6. All of the lecturers in English Department who had taught and motivated me.
7. My parents, my lovely partner, my family, and my friends for always supporting
and helping me.
I hope this research would be useful for all readers.
Surakarta, June 2015
Reni Puji Astuti
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE …………………………………………………………………………...
i
APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT ………………………………………..
ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS …………………………....
iii
PRONOUNCEMENT …………………………………………………………..
iv
MOTTO …………………………………………………………………………
v
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………….
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………. viii
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………..
xi
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………...
xii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………. xiii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background …………………………………………………...
1
B. Problem Statement ………………………………………………………
4
C. Research Objectives …………………………………………………......
4
D. Research Significance ……………………………………………...…....
5
E. Research Limitation ……………………………………………………..
5
ix
F. Thesis Organization ……………………………………………………...
5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Critical Discourse Analysis ……………………………………………...
7
1. Power Relation …………………………………………………….... 11
2. Power in Discourse ………………………………………………….. 11
3. Power behind Discourse …………………………………………….. 12
4. Three Stages of Critical Discourse Analysis ………………………... 14
5. Linguistic Evidences ………………………………………………… 22
B. News Interview .…………………………………………………………. 25
C. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………………. 30
III. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design …………………………………………………………. 33
B. Research Location ……………………………………………………….. 35
C. Data and Source of Data …………………………………………………. 35
D. Sampling …………………………………………………………………. 36
E. Technique of Collecting Data ……………………………………………. 37
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ……………………………………………. 37
IV. CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. Findings ………………………………………………………………….
39
B. Discussion ……………………………………………………………….. 118
V. CVAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 126
B. Recommendation ………………………………………………………... 130
x
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. The Description Framework…………………………………………... 15
Figure 2.2. Interpretation………………………………………………....……….. 18
Figure 2.3. Situational context and discourse type…………………………....…... 20
Figure 2.4. Explanation………………………………………………………....…. 21
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Social orders and orders of discourse…………………………………. 10
Table 2.2. Constraints on discourse and structural effects……………………….. 12
Table 2.3. Formal features: experiential, relational, and expressive values...……. 17
xiii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
1. CS
: Charlie Stayt
2. SN
: Sally Nugent
3. TS
: Tony Smith
4. DE
: David Eades
5. RG
: Richard Gordon
6. SS
: Stephen Sackur
7. MW
: Margareta Wahlstrom
8. AB
: Alice Baxter
9. TM
: Tom Mitchel
xiv
ABSTRACT
Reni Puji Astuti. 2015. The Analysis of Power Relation between the Participants in
the Disaster News Interviews. (Critical Discourse Analysis Approach). Thesis:
English Department of Faculty of Cultural Sciences. Sebelas Maret University.
This research was conducted to analyze the power relation between the
participants in the four disaster news interviews. The aims of this research are: (1) to
find out the indicators of power that can be found in the four disaster news
interviews, (2) to describe the relation between the participants related to institutional
and societal aspects, and (3) to show the participant who has more power in each
interaction.
This research is descriptive qualitative research. This method was conducted
by observing, classifying, and interpreting the data. The data were collected by using
criterion-based sampling. The source of data are four news interviews about disaster
entitled “BBC News Interview Malaysian Airways flight 370, Richard Gordon BBC
World News Interview on Typhoon Bopha - Dec. 6, 2012, BBC interviews Margareta
Wahlstrom on Disaster Reduction, and BBC World News - Typhoon Haiyan
preparedness” taken from BBC news interviews. The data are in the form of
transcript dialogues between the interviewers and interviewees. The data were
analyzed one by one to reveal the power relation between the participants.
Some results were found after conducting the research. First, the relation
between the interviewers and interviewees in those news interviews are unequal as
the usual news interviews. The power of the interviewees is restricted by broadcasting
convention of the news interview and the sovereignty of a country (can be seen from
the use of modality). Second, there are two kinds of indicators of power. They are
some indicators of power that show the interviewers’ authority in the news interviews
interactions (formal expression, interruption, and appearance), and some indicators of
power that show the way of the interviewers in controlling the interviewees’
contribution in the news interviews interactions (turn-taking, formulation, and
allusion). While, the interviewees show their power as experts by commanding and
evaluating. Third, the participant who has more power in each interaction is/are the
interviewer(s). The interviewers maintain their position to make the news interviews
interactions under their control.
This research is expected to give benefit for the students who are interested in
analyzing the power relation in the news interview discourse by using Critical
Discourse Analysis approach and give an inspiration for the new comer interviewers
in conducting and controlling the news interview interaction by considering the
convention and politeness aspects.
Keywords: critical discourse analysis, news interview, power relation
xv
THE DISASTER NEWS INTERVIEWS
(Critical Discourse Analysis Approach)
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for Requirements
For The Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
By:
Reni Puji Astuti
C0311036
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2015
i
ii
iii
iv
PRONOUCEMENT
The researcher honestly states that the thesis entitled The Analysis of Power Relation
between the Participants in the Disaster News Interviews (Critical Discourse
Analysis Approach) is not a plagiarism. The thesis is truly written and analyzed by
the researcher. All of the information that relates to other people’s work and theory
are written in quotation and in the bibliography.
If the pronouncement is proven to be incorrect, the researcher will accept any
academic consequence and penalty, including the cancellation of the thesis and
academic degree obtained from completing the thesis and study.
Surakarta, June 2015
Reni Puji Astuti
v
MOTTOS
“You are never too old to set another goal
or to dream a new dream”
-
C. S. Lewis
“Always do your best.
What you plant now, you will harvest later.”
-
Og Mandino
“Things do not happen.
Things are made to happen.”
-
John F. Kenedy
“Keep your eyes on the stars, and your feet on the ground.”
-
vi
Theodore Roosevelt
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to. . .
My beloved Mom and Dad for always loving and giving the best for me
My family for always supporting me
My lovely partner and friends especially ED’11
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This thesis will never be finished without the contribution and help from many
people. Therefore in this occasion, I would like to utter my sincere gratitude to:
1. Allah SWT, who always helps and gives me the ability and power to finish this
thesis.
2. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural
Sciences for giving the approval of the thesis.
3. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D as the Head of English Department for
supporting the finishing of the thesis.
4. Dr. Tri Wiratno, M.A as my thesis consultant for the guidance, suggestion, and
support in finishing this thesis
5. Miss Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S., M.Hum as my academic supervisor for the
assistance during my study.
6. All of the lecturers in English Department who had taught and motivated me.
7. My parents, my lovely partner, my family, and my friends for always supporting
and helping me.
I hope this research would be useful for all readers.
Surakarta, June 2015
Reni Puji Astuti
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE …………………………………………………………………………...
i
APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT ………………………………………..
ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS …………………………....
iii
PRONOUNCEMENT …………………………………………………………..
iv
MOTTO …………………………………………………………………………
v
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………….
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………. viii
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………..
xi
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………...
xii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………. xiii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background …………………………………………………...
1
B. Problem Statement ………………………………………………………
4
C. Research Objectives …………………………………………………......
4
D. Research Significance ……………………………………………...…....
5
E. Research Limitation ……………………………………………………..
5
ix
F. Thesis Organization ……………………………………………………...
5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Critical Discourse Analysis ……………………………………………...
7
1. Power Relation …………………………………………………….... 11
2. Power in Discourse ………………………………………………….. 11
3. Power behind Discourse …………………………………………….. 12
4. Three Stages of Critical Discourse Analysis ………………………... 14
5. Linguistic Evidences ………………………………………………… 22
B. News Interview .…………………………………………………………. 25
C. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………………. 30
III. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design …………………………………………………………. 33
B. Research Location ……………………………………………………….. 35
C. Data and Source of Data …………………………………………………. 35
D. Sampling …………………………………………………………………. 36
E. Technique of Collecting Data ……………………………………………. 37
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ……………………………………………. 37
IV. CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. Findings ………………………………………………………………….
39
B. Discussion ……………………………………………………………….. 118
V. CVAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 126
B. Recommendation ………………………………………………………... 130
x
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. The Description Framework…………………………………………... 15
Figure 2.2. Interpretation………………………………………………....……….. 18
Figure 2.3. Situational context and discourse type…………………………....…... 20
Figure 2.4. Explanation………………………………………………………....…. 21
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Social orders and orders of discourse…………………………………. 10
Table 2.2. Constraints on discourse and structural effects……………………….. 12
Table 2.3. Formal features: experiential, relational, and expressive values...……. 17
xiii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
1. CS
: Charlie Stayt
2. SN
: Sally Nugent
3. TS
: Tony Smith
4. DE
: David Eades
5. RG
: Richard Gordon
6. SS
: Stephen Sackur
7. MW
: Margareta Wahlstrom
8. AB
: Alice Baxter
9. TM
: Tom Mitchel
xiv
ABSTRACT
Reni Puji Astuti. 2015. The Analysis of Power Relation between the Participants in
the Disaster News Interviews. (Critical Discourse Analysis Approach). Thesis:
English Department of Faculty of Cultural Sciences. Sebelas Maret University.
This research was conducted to analyze the power relation between the
participants in the four disaster news interviews. The aims of this research are: (1) to
find out the indicators of power that can be found in the four disaster news
interviews, (2) to describe the relation between the participants related to institutional
and societal aspects, and (3) to show the participant who has more power in each
interaction.
This research is descriptive qualitative research. This method was conducted
by observing, classifying, and interpreting the data. The data were collected by using
criterion-based sampling. The source of data are four news interviews about disaster
entitled “BBC News Interview Malaysian Airways flight 370, Richard Gordon BBC
World News Interview on Typhoon Bopha - Dec. 6, 2012, BBC interviews Margareta
Wahlstrom on Disaster Reduction, and BBC World News - Typhoon Haiyan
preparedness” taken from BBC news interviews. The data are in the form of
transcript dialogues between the interviewers and interviewees. The data were
analyzed one by one to reveal the power relation between the participants.
Some results were found after conducting the research. First, the relation
between the interviewers and interviewees in those news interviews are unequal as
the usual news interviews. The power of the interviewees is restricted by broadcasting
convention of the news interview and the sovereignty of a country (can be seen from
the use of modality). Second, there are two kinds of indicators of power. They are
some indicators of power that show the interviewers’ authority in the news interviews
interactions (formal expression, interruption, and appearance), and some indicators of
power that show the way of the interviewers in controlling the interviewees’
contribution in the news interviews interactions (turn-taking, formulation, and
allusion). While, the interviewees show their power as experts by commanding and
evaluating. Third, the participant who has more power in each interaction is/are the
interviewer(s). The interviewers maintain their position to make the news interviews
interactions under their control.
This research is expected to give benefit for the students who are interested in
analyzing the power relation in the news interview discourse by using Critical
Discourse Analysis approach and give an inspiration for the new comer interviewers
in conducting and controlling the news interview interaction by considering the
convention and politeness aspects.
Keywords: critical discourse analysis, news interview, power relation
xv