SEMANTIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN INDONESIAN IRRIGATION TEXTS.
ABSTRACT
SIMA'fUPANG, TAGOR MARULAM. Semantic Analysis of
English Loanwords in Indonesian Irrigation Texts. Thesis.
English Applied Linguistics Postgraduate School Program State
University of Medan 2008.
..
This study deals with semantic analysis of English loanwords
in Indonesian irrigation texts. The objective is to describe the
semantic changes of English loanword occur in Indonesian irrigation
texts. The design of the research is descriptive qualitative. The sources
of data were taken from some documents in Irrigation works.
There are three types of semantic change of loanwords namely
broadening meaning, narrowing meaning and meaning shifts. And
after analyzing the data, the findings are from the l 06 loanwords of
data, there are 40 loanwords for narrowing meaning type, 7 loanwords
for broadening meaning, and 59 loanwords for no semantic change. It
means that most of the loanwords which are used in Indonesia
irrigation texts get no semantic change. It proves that the meaning of
the word from original language does not change in the target
language. This meaning of word does not change eventhough it is
loaned from foreign language.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN1'S ........................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... v
LIST OF APPENDICES ...........................................................................................vi
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study..................................................... I
1.2 The Problem of the Study ........................................................ 2
1.3 The Objective of the Study ...................................................... 3
1.4 The Scope of the Study ........................................................... 3
1.5 The Significance of the Study ................................................. 3
II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Loanword ............................................................................... 4
2.2 Process of Loanword ............................................................... 6
2.2.1 Pure Loanword ............................................................ 7
2.2.2 Loanblend ................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Loanshift .................................................................... 11
2.3 Function of Loanword ........................................................... II
2.4 Semantic Changes of Loanword ........................................... l3
2.4.1 Narrowing Meaning .................................................. 13
2.4.2 Broadening Meaning .................................................. 15
2.4.3 Meaning Shift ............................................................ 16
2.4.4 No Semantic Change .................................................. 17
2.5 ESP for Irrigation .................................................................. 18
2.6 Text and Context ................................................................... 19
lll
,..u:, J n.ulJ U}' RESEARCH
3 .I
Research Design...................................................................... 23
3.2 Source of the Data ................................................................... 23
3.3 Technique of Collecting the Data .......................................... 24
3.4 Technique of Analyzing the Data ........................................... 24
...
IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4. 1 Data Analysis ......................................................................... 26
4.2 Finding .................................................................................. I 05
4.3 The Implication for Engl ish .................................................. 106
v
...
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................ I 08
5.2 Suggestions ....................... ................................................... 108
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 110
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... ttl
..
•
IV
LIST OF TABLES
Page
....
..
TABLES
4.1
List of Data Source .... . ... ...... ..... . ... ....... ..... .. .....26
4.2
Loanword ofNarrowing Meaning .. ....... . .. ......... . .. 29
4.3
Loanword of Broadening Meaning . ... .. ... .. .. ... .......60
4.2
Loanword ofNo Semantic Change ... .. ... .. .... .. ....... 66
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
English, which is one of the languages used internationally, plays
...
important roles in all aspects of life. It is the international language of
science and technology, and it is also used in business, diplomacy,
economics, and politics. It has been used universally in daily life because
most countries in the world use English as medium of communication to
make interaction, irrespective of race, religion and residence.
As time passes, and the world is developing, people tend to
communicate with others of different languages and cultural br.ckgrounds
and as the nature of man is inquisitiveness. So, that is why people need to
study other languages other than their mother tongue because they are the
demanded of modern living, coexistence and mutual understanding.
When the hearer understands the speaker's idea, it means that he
grasps the meaning. Meaning has an important relation to various d:sciplines
of linguistics study such as
s~:;mantic.
Lyons ( 1977: 1) states that semantic is
the study of linguistic meaning. In semantics, meaning is the main concern.
Meaning is used to signal a very wide of world. including not on ly
linguistics expressions, such as written or spoken and sentences, but also to
•
mark on a map, road signs, smoke signals, and the sounds of policemen 's
whistle or a ship's siren. Similarity, a sentence written or spoken may impart
different kinds of meaning. If one does not know the meaning of the
sentence, she/he will lose the messages or the information that imply in that
..
sentence. However, meaning can be used to avoid misunderstanding about
the object.
Meaning will enable the readers to understand what the writer wants
to tell so that they find it easy to understand the information conveyed in it.
1
2
In this case, some words in the irrigation text are borrowed from other
languages. This term is called as " loanwords". They are used to enrich
vocabulary and it is relatively more prestigious. Allan ( 1986: 244) states that
the motivation for borrowing is a word was previously unfamiliar to speaker.
Therefore, borrowing or loanwords deal with respect to the area of
-
vocabulary.
Usually loanwords have relation to a conquering of a country. The
language of conquered people often supplies vocabulary for features of
physical environment new to the conquerors. English h.ts conquered many
countries in the world, especially Indonesian. That is why English is very
influence for some languages in the world.
Some loanwords are adapted by the governing administration in the
water resource project which builds some irrigation in many places of this
country. This irrigation project is made through reporting a program which is
written in some texts. These texts contain some loanwords which are adapted
from English. Sometimes, these loanwords make confused the readers
because he/she does not know the meanings of the words exactly. Therefore,
it is very interesting to know 'the meaning of loanwords related to the aim of
the project.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study can be formulated as : "What are the
semantic changes of English loanwords implied in lndoneo;ia irrigation
texts?"
3
1.3 The Objective of the Study
With reference to the problem previously, the objective ofthis study
is: to describe the semantic changes of English loanword implied in
Indonesia irrigation texts.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
In this study, it is discussed about the semantic changes of English
Loanword in Indonesia irrigation texts. In this case, some loanwords are
picked out as the data where their meaning can be explained based on the
Irrigation Dictionary, and Civil Engineering Dictionary.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
A study on loanwords is a very interesting and challenging one to be
conducted because it is one of the many aspects of the language being
studied. In tlais case, the research findings will be useful for:
1). Theoretically: The readers can enlarge their knowledge about the
semantic changes
in loanwords
when they are used in Indonesia
Irrigation texts , especially for student of civil engineering faculty as
well as technical school as a contributions for them on the study of
loanwords in Irrigation fields.
2). Practically: the readers and writers realize that the demand on
understanding meanings of loanwords is not only to know some
information, but also to know the aim of the project exactly.
-
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
..
5.1 Conclusion
After having discussed the results of the study, it can be concluded
that there are three categories of semantic change of English loanwords
occured in Indonesia irrigation text. They are narrowing meaning,
broadening meaning, and no semantic change. It means that most of the
loanwords which are used in Indonesia irrigation text get no semantic
meaning. It proves that the meaning of word from original language does not
change in the target language. This meaning of word does not change
eventhough it is loaned from foreign language. It is caused by there is no
meaning which can be accepted as the original source of word. Or it can be
said that there is no correctly or appropriately word which can produce an
equivalent idea of the loanword in target language.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the results of the study, there are some suggestions
because technical terms are needed to denote new applications of science to
everyday life, so in teaching learning english, especially in Technical
Middle Schools as well as in Engineering Faculties , teachers of English are
suggested to do the following:
1). It is suggested that English teachers of technical school as well as in the
engineering faculties should give special attention to teach Engli sh
loanwords in the early time in order t') make their students easy to
understand the information.
2). Through applying loanwords, in English teaching processes especially in
irrigation texts, the students of engineering faculty can prepare them
108
•
109
self as an orientation to be ready to work in the irrigation field as
soon as they graduated from their faculty.
3).
By paying attention of the English teacher in teaching loanwords in
English especially the technical terms it means students of
engineering faculty may increasing their competitiveness in order to
prepare themselves to be ready to answer the challenges of the coming
of the globalization era which has been declared and therefore like or
unlike this new term has allowed the foreign engineers as well as
contractors from any countries of the world entering the Indonesian
construction industry segment market and vise-versa .
..
•
..
REFERENCES
Anwir,B.S and Dejager W.H.H. Kamus Teknik Empat Bahasa, PT.
Pradnya Paramita Jakarta, 1997.
Ary, D. et.al. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York:
Halt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Bickerton, D. 1981 . Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
Bloomfield, M.W., and Newmark, L. 1985. A Linguistic Introduction
to the History of English. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
Bogdan, R,C. and Biklen, S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research f or
Education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Davidson Thomas, Rev. and Geddie Liddell.J, The Twentieth Century
Dictionarys ofThe English Language, London, 1934.
Dep.PUTL-UGM, lstilah Teknik Sipil Yayasan Badan Penerbit
Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, Jakarta , f0urth Edition, 1993.
Dineen, F.P. 1987. An Introduction to General Linguistic. New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Ellis, M. 1993. An Introduction to General Linguistics. Oxford:
Oxford University.
Fromkin V., and Rodmen R, 1988, An Introduction to Language
Toronto, Holt, Rinehart and Wiston,Inc
Halliday, H.K.K. 1976. System and Function in Language. London:
Oxford University
~.
Haugen, E., 1950b. Problem of Bilinggualism. Stanford, California:
Stanford University Press.
Haugen, E., 1956. Bilinggualism in the Americas: a bibliography and
Research Guide, Alabama University of Alabama Press.
110
111
..
..
Haugen, E., 1972a. The Ecology of Language. In Lingua, vol.2
California: Stanford University Press.
Houghton Miffiin Company, The American Heritage Dictionary of
The English Language, Third Edition, Boston,l996.
Katamba, F, 2005. English Words. New York,Rouledge Taylor &
Francis Group .
Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to CrossLanguage Equivalence. Boston: University Press of America.
Lyons, 1. 1977. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: system and structure. Amsterdam:
John Benjarnins
Richard, J.C., Platt, J., and Platt, H. 1992. Language Teaching and
Applied Linguistics. London: Longman.
S.A. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current
English Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
Tim Penyusun kamus, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa,
Prosedur PembenttJkan Istilah, Ba1ai Pustaka Jakarta, 1995.
Ullman, S. 1987. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of
Meaning. Oxford: Basic Blackwell.
Wardhaugh, R 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Cambridge:
Basil Blackwell
Webster, Merriam, The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Kangaro Book,
New York,l977
SIMA'fUPANG, TAGOR MARULAM. Semantic Analysis of
English Loanwords in Indonesian Irrigation Texts. Thesis.
English Applied Linguistics Postgraduate School Program State
University of Medan 2008.
..
This study deals with semantic analysis of English loanwords
in Indonesian irrigation texts. The objective is to describe the
semantic changes of English loanword occur in Indonesian irrigation
texts. The design of the research is descriptive qualitative. The sources
of data were taken from some documents in Irrigation works.
There are three types of semantic change of loanwords namely
broadening meaning, narrowing meaning and meaning shifts. And
after analyzing the data, the findings are from the l 06 loanwords of
data, there are 40 loanwords for narrowing meaning type, 7 loanwords
for broadening meaning, and 59 loanwords for no semantic change. It
means that most of the loanwords which are used in Indonesia
irrigation texts get no semantic change. It proves that the meaning of
the word from original language does not change in the target
language. This meaning of word does not change eventhough it is
loaned from foreign language.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN1'S ........................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... v
LIST OF APPENDICES ...........................................................................................vi
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study..................................................... I
1.2 The Problem of the Study ........................................................ 2
1.3 The Objective of the Study ...................................................... 3
1.4 The Scope of the Study ........................................................... 3
1.5 The Significance of the Study ................................................. 3
II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Loanword ............................................................................... 4
2.2 Process of Loanword ............................................................... 6
2.2.1 Pure Loanword ............................................................ 7
2.2.2 Loanblend ................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Loanshift .................................................................... 11
2.3 Function of Loanword ........................................................... II
2.4 Semantic Changes of Loanword ........................................... l3
2.4.1 Narrowing Meaning .................................................. 13
2.4.2 Broadening Meaning .................................................. 15
2.4.3 Meaning Shift ............................................................ 16
2.4.4 No Semantic Change .................................................. 17
2.5 ESP for Irrigation .................................................................. 18
2.6 Text and Context ................................................................... 19
lll
,..u:, J n.ulJ U}' RESEARCH
3 .I
Research Design...................................................................... 23
3.2 Source of the Data ................................................................... 23
3.3 Technique of Collecting the Data .......................................... 24
3.4 Technique of Analyzing the Data ........................................... 24
...
IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4. 1 Data Analysis ......................................................................... 26
4.2 Finding .................................................................................. I 05
4.3 The Implication for Engl ish .................................................. 106
v
...
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................ I 08
5.2 Suggestions ....................... ................................................... 108
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 110
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... ttl
..
•
IV
LIST OF TABLES
Page
....
..
TABLES
4.1
List of Data Source .... . ... ...... ..... . ... ....... ..... .. .....26
4.2
Loanword ofNarrowing Meaning .. ....... . .. ......... . .. 29
4.3
Loanword of Broadening Meaning . ... .. ... .. .. ... .......60
4.2
Loanword ofNo Semantic Change ... .. ... .. .... .. ....... 66
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
English, which is one of the languages used internationally, plays
...
important roles in all aspects of life. It is the international language of
science and technology, and it is also used in business, diplomacy,
economics, and politics. It has been used universally in daily life because
most countries in the world use English as medium of communication to
make interaction, irrespective of race, religion and residence.
As time passes, and the world is developing, people tend to
communicate with others of different languages and cultural br.ckgrounds
and as the nature of man is inquisitiveness. So, that is why people need to
study other languages other than their mother tongue because they are the
demanded of modern living, coexistence and mutual understanding.
When the hearer understands the speaker's idea, it means that he
grasps the meaning. Meaning has an important relation to various d:sciplines
of linguistics study such as
s~:;mantic.
Lyons ( 1977: 1) states that semantic is
the study of linguistic meaning. In semantics, meaning is the main concern.
Meaning is used to signal a very wide of world. including not on ly
linguistics expressions, such as written or spoken and sentences, but also to
•
mark on a map, road signs, smoke signals, and the sounds of policemen 's
whistle or a ship's siren. Similarity, a sentence written or spoken may impart
different kinds of meaning. If one does not know the meaning of the
sentence, she/he will lose the messages or the information that imply in that
..
sentence. However, meaning can be used to avoid misunderstanding about
the object.
Meaning will enable the readers to understand what the writer wants
to tell so that they find it easy to understand the information conveyed in it.
1
2
In this case, some words in the irrigation text are borrowed from other
languages. This term is called as " loanwords". They are used to enrich
vocabulary and it is relatively more prestigious. Allan ( 1986: 244) states that
the motivation for borrowing is a word was previously unfamiliar to speaker.
Therefore, borrowing or loanwords deal with respect to the area of
-
vocabulary.
Usually loanwords have relation to a conquering of a country. The
language of conquered people often supplies vocabulary for features of
physical environment new to the conquerors. English h.ts conquered many
countries in the world, especially Indonesian. That is why English is very
influence for some languages in the world.
Some loanwords are adapted by the governing administration in the
water resource project which builds some irrigation in many places of this
country. This irrigation project is made through reporting a program which is
written in some texts. These texts contain some loanwords which are adapted
from English. Sometimes, these loanwords make confused the readers
because he/she does not know the meanings of the words exactly. Therefore,
it is very interesting to know 'the meaning of loanwords related to the aim of
the project.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study can be formulated as : "What are the
semantic changes of English loanwords implied in lndoneo;ia irrigation
texts?"
3
1.3 The Objective of the Study
With reference to the problem previously, the objective ofthis study
is: to describe the semantic changes of English loanword implied in
Indonesia irrigation texts.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
In this study, it is discussed about the semantic changes of English
Loanword in Indonesia irrigation texts. In this case, some loanwords are
picked out as the data where their meaning can be explained based on the
Irrigation Dictionary, and Civil Engineering Dictionary.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
A study on loanwords is a very interesting and challenging one to be
conducted because it is one of the many aspects of the language being
studied. In tlais case, the research findings will be useful for:
1). Theoretically: The readers can enlarge their knowledge about the
semantic changes
in loanwords
when they are used in Indonesia
Irrigation texts , especially for student of civil engineering faculty as
well as technical school as a contributions for them on the study of
loanwords in Irrigation fields.
2). Practically: the readers and writers realize that the demand on
understanding meanings of loanwords is not only to know some
information, but also to know the aim of the project exactly.
-
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
..
5.1 Conclusion
After having discussed the results of the study, it can be concluded
that there are three categories of semantic change of English loanwords
occured in Indonesia irrigation text. They are narrowing meaning,
broadening meaning, and no semantic change. It means that most of the
loanwords which are used in Indonesia irrigation text get no semantic
meaning. It proves that the meaning of word from original language does not
change in the target language. This meaning of word does not change
eventhough it is loaned from foreign language. It is caused by there is no
meaning which can be accepted as the original source of word. Or it can be
said that there is no correctly or appropriately word which can produce an
equivalent idea of the loanword in target language.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the results of the study, there are some suggestions
because technical terms are needed to denote new applications of science to
everyday life, so in teaching learning english, especially in Technical
Middle Schools as well as in Engineering Faculties , teachers of English are
suggested to do the following:
1). It is suggested that English teachers of technical school as well as in the
engineering faculties should give special attention to teach Engli sh
loanwords in the early time in order t') make their students easy to
understand the information.
2). Through applying loanwords, in English teaching processes especially in
irrigation texts, the students of engineering faculty can prepare them
108
•
109
self as an orientation to be ready to work in the irrigation field as
soon as they graduated from their faculty.
3).
By paying attention of the English teacher in teaching loanwords in
English especially the technical terms it means students of
engineering faculty may increasing their competitiveness in order to
prepare themselves to be ready to answer the challenges of the coming
of the globalization era which has been declared and therefore like or
unlike this new term has allowed the foreign engineers as well as
contractors from any countries of the world entering the Indonesian
construction industry segment market and vise-versa .
..
•
..
REFERENCES
Anwir,B.S and Dejager W.H.H. Kamus Teknik Empat Bahasa, PT.
Pradnya Paramita Jakarta, 1997.
Ary, D. et.al. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York:
Halt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Bickerton, D. 1981 . Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
Bloomfield, M.W., and Newmark, L. 1985. A Linguistic Introduction
to the History of English. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
Bogdan, R,C. and Biklen, S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research f or
Education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Davidson Thomas, Rev. and Geddie Liddell.J, The Twentieth Century
Dictionarys ofThe English Language, London, 1934.
Dep.PUTL-UGM, lstilah Teknik Sipil Yayasan Badan Penerbit
Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, Jakarta , f0urth Edition, 1993.
Dineen, F.P. 1987. An Introduction to General Linguistic. New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Ellis, M. 1993. An Introduction to General Linguistics. Oxford:
Oxford University.
Fromkin V., and Rodmen R, 1988, An Introduction to Language
Toronto, Holt, Rinehart and Wiston,Inc
Halliday, H.K.K. 1976. System and Function in Language. London:
Oxford University
~.
Haugen, E., 1950b. Problem of Bilinggualism. Stanford, California:
Stanford University Press.
Haugen, E., 1956. Bilinggualism in the Americas: a bibliography and
Research Guide, Alabama University of Alabama Press.
110
111
..
..
Haugen, E., 1972a. The Ecology of Language. In Lingua, vol.2
California: Stanford University Press.
Houghton Miffiin Company, The American Heritage Dictionary of
The English Language, Third Edition, Boston,l996.
Katamba, F, 2005. English Words. New York,Rouledge Taylor &
Francis Group .
Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to CrossLanguage Equivalence. Boston: University Press of America.
Lyons, 1. 1977. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: system and structure. Amsterdam:
John Benjarnins
Richard, J.C., Platt, J., and Platt, H. 1992. Language Teaching and
Applied Linguistics. London: Longman.
S.A. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current
English Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
Tim Penyusun kamus, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa,
Prosedur PembenttJkan Istilah, Ba1ai Pustaka Jakarta, 1995.
Ullman, S. 1987. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of
Meaning. Oxford: Basic Blackwell.
Wardhaugh, R 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Cambridge:
Basil Blackwell
Webster, Merriam, The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Kangaro Book,
New York,l977