A Phonemic graphemic change of english loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas Newspaper

NEWSPAPER

By

NUR IZMA RACHMIATI 107026001265

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

”

JAKARTA

2011

ABSTRACT

Nur Izma Rachmiati, A Phonemic and Graphemic Change of English Loanwords

in Teropong Articles of Kompas’ Newspaper. Thesis: Letters and Humanities

Faculty. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011.

In this research, the writer discussed the change process of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

Teropong articles contains of science and technology development.

Due to some reasons, the first is that most of the Indonesian words used are loanwords, second is that Kompas’ is a great leading newspaper in Indonesia, and third that science and technology issues has been an interesting issue to discuss.

In this research, the writer uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from the articles of Teropong in Kompas’ on August 16 2011 edition. From the findings, the writer found that there are 50 loanwords in the articles of Teropong in Kompas’ newspaper. The thesis examines the change process of loanwords from the source language into the recipient language at phonemic and graphemic. At phoneme level, the writer discusses the conditioning of the English loans that are subjected to as a result of the phonetic asymmetry between Bahasa Indonesia and English both of consonants, vowels, and diphthongs that made appropriate with recipient language system because the phonemes in English and Bahasa Indonesia basically are different. At grapheme level, the writer discusses that the change of spelling system in Bahasa Indonesia which is adapted from foreign language both grapheme, double consonants, and consonant clusters.

Thus, it can be concluded that borrowing is not coincidental and unstructured process but usually deliberate, purposeful and systematic.

A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH

LOANWORDS IN

TEROPONG

ARTICLES OF

KOMPAS’

NEWSPAPER

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

NUR IZMA RACHMIATI

107026001265

Approved by:

Dr. Frans Sayogie, M. Pd

Advisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

LEGALIZATION

Name : Nur Izma Rachmiati NIM : 107026001265

Title : A Phonemic and Graphemic Change of English Loanwords in Teropong Articles of Kompas’Newspaper

The thesis entitled has been defended before the Letter and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on August 16, 2011. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, August 16, 2011

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chair Person) 19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Dr. Frans Sayogie, M.Pd (Advisor) 19700310 200003 1 002

4. Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed (Examiner I) 150 181 922

5. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Examiner II) 19650919 200003 1 002

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, August , 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Alhamdulillahi robbil alamin, all praise and thanks are given to Allah

SWT, for guiding the writer amazingly and mysteriously during the process of this research. Greeting and invocation are presented to Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has guided humanity to the right path blessed by the Lord.

The writer would like to give her sincerest gratitude to her beloved parents, her brothers and her sisters for their endless, silent prayer and who always accompany her with love and attention. It makes the writer realize that she would have never finished her study without their support.

This work could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Dr. Frans Sayogie, M. Pd, the writer’s thesis advisor on writing this thesis. The deepest gratitude for his guidance, helpful correction, patient, cooperation, time, and kindness until this thesis completed.

The writer also would like to express her deepest gratitude to the individuals for helping her in finishing this thesis and for their contribution in the process of writing until it had become a complete work. They are as follows:

1. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters.

3. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching her many things during study.

5. The writer’s dearest ‘Muhammad Lazuardi Ramadhan’ for giving support, motivation, and accompanies her in bad and good times.

6. The writer’s friends: Dewi Permata Sari, Esa Yolanda Putri, Putri Martanti, Yasir Mubarok, Sangkawentar, Nurul Laily. M., Astriadi, and Cici Puput Lestari for the wonderful friendship and for the help in the process of writing; Egi Imam, Aslam, Piscessius and Darwis for laughing and every funny things they brought.

7. The writer’s friends in English Letters Department, especially in Linguistics class. Thanks for giving her unforgettable friendship.

8. All the people who have helped the writer during the process of conducting this research whose names are not mentioned here.

May Allah SWT, The Almighty and The Merciful, bless them all. The writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and criticisms will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.

Jakarta, August 20, 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVEMENT ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Focus of the Research ... 6

C. Research Questions ... 6

D. Significance of the Research ... 7

E. Research Methodology... 7

1. Objective of the Research ... 7

2. Method of the Research ... 7

3. Unit of Analysis ... 8

4. Instrument of the Research... 8

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 9

A. Loanwords ... 9

1. The Definition of Loanwords ... 9

2. Kinds of Borrowings ... 10

3. The Limits of Loanwords ... 10

2. Phonotactics ... 33

C. Types of Phonological Change ... 34

1. Assimilation ... 34

2. Sound Change ... 36

D. Graphemes... 37

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 39

A. Data Description... 39

B. Data Analysis ... 47

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 62

A. Conclusion ... 62

B. Suggestion ... 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 64

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

Language is a system of communication that plays an important role in all aspects of human life. It is the most effective tool of communication for people. Language makes people understandable of what other people mean. Without language, the world cannot develop normally. People also use language to express their thought, feeling, and everything in their mind. In society, a language that people use in speaking is really affected by the situation around. Wardhaugh has defined language itself as “a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication”.1

Language is also a meaning of communication in our social order. The application of Bahasa Indonesia, whether as a way of communication use in radio, broadcasting, television, or newspaper, may put in the place that is used widely in our country. In addition, Badudu states that language has its own characteristic in the community, so the language of newspaper which is short, simple, understandable, solid, and interesting.2 He proposes that press as a meaning of mass communication has a big responsibility in the establishment of language.

1

Ronald Wardhaugh, Introduction to Linguistics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972), p. 3

2

Rosihan Anwar, Bahasa Jurnalistik Indonesia dan Komposisi (Yogyakarta: Media Abadi, 2004), p. 4

The use of language in magazines, newspaper, and other mass media is called press.3 In an Indonesian newspaper as one of mass media, there are many words either initially from Indonesian language or other language. They often emerge in every issue such as economics, politics, social, science and technology, opinion, and cultural issues. The use of language in mass media such as press, radio,

television, has greater influence toward people’s speaking habit in society. The

newspaper is reader„s digest. The society read newspaper to follow up the issues

that happened surrounding. Newspaper can be found in every type of our society which has different social classes, whether it is upper class, middle class, or lower class.

Marcelino (1993) in his article quotes the statement from Alisjahbana who stated that more than 321.000 of modern terms of foreign language have been drafted into Indonesian terminology and used in the school, parliament, and the mass media.4 Thus the words borrowed from another language are loanwords. A language may borrow some words from other language to fulfill the needs in extending the vocabularies in one field or to enrich the vocabulary to be able to get along with development of technology, information and the rapid communication in the Globalization Era.

Actually, there are lots of other reasons or motivations in borrowing English terms such as needs, prestige and so on. Frans van Coestsem says about motivation in accommodate borrowing terms as follows:

3

Haris Sumadiria, Jurnalistik Indonesia (Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2006), p. 53

4

M. Marcellino, Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Barat di Bahasa Indonesia: Suatu Telaah Antardisiplin in: Harimurti Kridalaksana, (eds.), Penyelidikan Bahasa dan Perkembangan Wawasannya II, (Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia, 1993), p. 205

3

“Meanwhile a speaker’s accommodation in his speech maybe is motivated by either prestige or need, or combination of two. So, prestige is as a motivation and not a result. A speaker using borrowed words maybe is motivated to do so by need, but nonetheless derive prestige from this situation. On the other hand, a speaker using borrowed words maybe motivated to do so by prestige, while such a

usage is rejected as pretentious by another speaker”.5

A strong influence about the introduction of western language, especially English, in modern sectors has caused the uses of vocabulary from foreign language into Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, having these foreign loanwords is a very common thing to do in Indonesian mass media.

Kompas is the most widely read newspaper in Indonesia. Published by

Kompas-Gramedia Group Publishing since June 28, 1965, it has a reputation in Indonesia for high-quality writing and investigative journalism. It is written in Indonesian.6 Kompas newspaper has been the great leading newspaper that published nationally and read nationwide by many people in Indonesia.

In this newspaper, there are a lot of rubrics such as Business, Opinions,

Teropong, and etc. In this research, the writer decided to use the articles in

Teropong of Kompas’ newspaper. Teropong articles contains of science and

technology development.

Science and technology has recently become an interesting issue in the Indonesian society. To add when reading that articles, the writer found out that many of the words that are written are commonly loanwords from English, such

as teknologi, telekomunikasi, internet, etc. To conclude, due to some reasons, first

is that most of Indonesian words used are loanword, second is that Kompas is the

5

Frans van Coetsem, Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact (Netherlands: Foris Publications, 1988), p. 14

6

Eberhard Ojong, Kompas Background, Accessed on August 19, 2011. http://powercx.com/ ojong/?p=53, p.1

great leading newspaper in Indonesia, and third that science and technology has been an interesting issue to discuss.

Transferring some word from English into Bahasa Indonesia needs some process to make it suits with Bahasa Indonesia system. The first thing to do in analyzing is the sound of it. The sound of language expressions consist of phonemic; such as the form of consonant, vowel and diphthong formation, and also grapheme in the spelling of Bahasa Indonesia.

In phonology, there are phonemes, phones, and allophones as a phonological unit. Moreover, the rules of phonology either in English or Bahasa Indonesia are different, so when some language borrows the words from the other, they adapt it in phonological or morphological modification. The loanword will be changed based on the rule and habit in the recipient language, for example: teknologi, it is

derived from English “technology”7_{. The word “technology”}

/tek'nɒləʤi/8 becomes teknologi /téknologi/ in Bahasa Indonesia, there is a replacement of phonemes /ʤ/ to phoneme /g/.

In its development, Bahasa Indonesia has been influenced by some languages. Based on the standard of its integration, the absorption of foreign terms

in Bahasa Indonesia can be categorized into three major categories.9 First, the

element that is absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia is no longer needed to change the spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc.

7

J.S. Badudu, Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Third Edition.(Jakarta: Kompas, 2007), p. 344

8

A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Sixth Edition. Ed. Sally Wehmeir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 1388

9

Frans Sayogie, et al., Kata Serapan Bahasa Inggris dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Laporan Penelitian UIN Jakarta, 2009), p. 61

5

Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into the

Bahasa Indonesia, such as reshuffle, shuttle cock, and long march. These

elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both of the pronunciation and writing rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia, so the form can still be compared with its Indonesian original form.

In addition, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia as the standard in Bahasa

Indonesia organizes spelling rules that occurs to loanwords from foreign language

based on its graphemes. There are differences between phonemes and graphemes. If people talk about phonemes, they were talking about the sound; when they talk about the letter, it was graphemes. Grapheme is the overall of letters or combination of letter that represent phonemes. Basically, Bahasa Indonesia has different spelling system with English language, both phonemically and graphemically. Some of the rules that are grapheme c, before vowels a, u, or o, is changed into grapheme k, grapheme f does not change, ph is changed into grapheme f.10

In Kompas’ Teropong articles, there are many of graphemes from English loanwords is changed into Bahasa Indonesia based on the adjustment of spelling and pronunciation in Bahasa Indonesia system, such as the word kabin from English word cabin. Grapheme c is changed into k in Bahasa Indonesia when it is put before vowel aand it’s pronounced as /k/.

10

Hasan Alwi, et.al, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Second Edition (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Jakarta, 1988), pp. 397-400

Marcellino (1993) mentioned that there are four linguistic factors that influence the use of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia vocabulary.11 First is filling the non-existence lexicons in Bahasa Indonesia. Second is giving the accurate meanings in the semantic field, this means that it replaces the Indonesian word itself. Third is filling the specific needs of a register. The last is having the adaptability with system of Bahasa Indonesia.

The fourth factor, which has been mentioned above, related to the phonological and morphological system of English loanwords in Bahasa

Indonesia. Therefore, the writer as a student of English Letters is interested in

analyzing phonemic and graphemic change from English into Bahasa Indonesia and process of change of those loanwords that are used in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper. In this research the writer uses phonological phonemes and graphemes theory.

B. Focus of the Research

As mentioned above, the writer will focus the research on the change process phonemes and graphemes of the loanwords from English into Bahasa Indonesia. Here the writer tries to analyze it in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

C. Research Question

According to the focus of the study, there is a question will be discussed, how is the change process of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in

Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper?

11

7

D. Significance of the Study

Through the research, the writer hopes that this thesis will be a good reference for other students, especially students of English Letters Department of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, who are interested in doing a further research on the same topic. In addition, from the analysis of phonemic and graphemic change of English loanwords in this research, the writer hopes that it would give Indonesians as the owners of Bahasa Indonesia and the users of English in general, a better understanding about the spelling of loanwords especially that come from English, in Bahasa Indonesia vocabulary. The last but not least, the writer hopes this study will give contribution in the scientific development of the study of borrowing words in Bahasa Indonesia.

E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Research

The objective of the research is to know the change process of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

2. Method of the Research

In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method that explains the change process of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

3. Unit of Analysis

The unit of this research is the word chosen in two articles of Teropong in Kompas’ newspaper, 16 August 2011 edition. They are;

a. Telekomunikasi; Sebuah Dunia yang Bergerak Cepat b. Kornea Mata Pun Perlu Bernapas

4. Instrument of the Research

The writer uses herself as a main instrument by reading and marking the loanwords from English that are changed in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper. The writer also uses some references as a reference for research support.

The books that the writer uses as the references are:

a. Dictionary of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (fourth edition) by

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2008) in order to see the phonetic

transcription of Bahasa Indonesia.

b. Dictionary of Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia (third edition) by J.S. Badudu (2007) to check the loanwords in the source language.

c. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary by A S Hornby (2000) to find out the phonetic transcription in source language.

d. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (second edition) by Hasan Alwi , et

al to find out the rules of Indonesian spelling system.

Then, the writer divided the data into two parts, they are phonemic and graphemic. The data tabulated to make easier to analyze.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Loan words

1. The Definition of Loanwords

Loanwords are words borrowed from one language to another. Words are generally loaned when two different cultures come into contact with each other. This might be because of immigration, trade, fashions or foods, the arts, technologies, or wars. Robins (1980) has pointed out that:

“Wherever there are culture contacts of any sort between the speakers

different languages, this means virtually everywhere, speakers will make use of words from other languages to refer to things, processes, and ways of behavior, organization, or thinking, for which words or phrases were not available or convenient in their own language hitherto. Some of the foreign words so used by individual speakers pass into general currency in the language, being altered in pronunciation in the process in the direction of the sounds and phonological

patterns of the language acquiring them. These are known as loan words.”12

Loan words also called as borrowings. In one of his early works Haugen (1950) defined borrowing as the attempted reproduction in one language of patterns previously found in another language.13 Winfred says, “The study of variations in languages as speakers of one language adopt elements of another or as speakers of one dialect take on forms of another. The process of introducing

such elements is known as borrowing”.14

12

R. H Robins, General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey (New York: Longman Group Ltd, 1980) p. 235

13

Kombe Sure, Grammatical and Phonological Integration of English Loanwords into Dholu, In Journal of Multilinguial and Multicultural Development 1993. Edited by Professor John Edwards (Frankfurt: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1993), p. 330

14

Winfred P. Lehmann, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1962), Second Edition, p. 3

2. Kinds of Borrowings

According to Bloomfield the adoption of the features that differ from those of the main tradition, is linguistic borrowing. Within the sphere of borrowing, he distinguishes into cultural borrowing, and intimate borrowing.15

a. Cultural Borrowing

Cultural borrowing is where the borrowed features come from the different language. Cultural borrowing comes from trade activity, science and technology, and religion. English and Arabic are the languages that have cultural borrowing in

Bahasa Indonesia. Itborrows the English are in terms of science and technology,

and Arabic in terms of religion. The words internet, plaza, and artikel come from English loanwords. The words sholat, saum, wudhu come from Arabic loanwords.

b. Intimate Borrowing

Intimate borrowing occurs when two languages are spoken in what is topographically and politically a single community.16 Conquest and migration are the cause of intimate borrowing. Dutch and Chinese are the example of languages in intimate borrowing. Dutch loanwords are borrowed because of conquest. Much of the words are used in government terms, such as bursa, pensiun, and Parlemen. Chinese loanwords are borrowed because of migration. Much of the words are found in culinary terms, such as capcay, bakso, and somay.

3. The Limits of Loanwords

In language development, Bahasa Indonesia got some influences from other languages such as Dutch, Spain, Arabic, French, and especially English.

15

Leonard Bloomfield, Language. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1933), p. 444

16

11

Jespersen defines that:

“When in two languages we find no trace of exchange of loan-words, one way or another, we are safe to infer that two nations have had nothing to do with each other. But if they have been in contact, the number of loan-words and still more the quality of the loan-words, if rightly interpreted will inform us of their reciprocal relations, they will show us which of them has been the more fertile in ideas and in what domains of human activity each has been superior to the

other.”17

Hence, the borrowing that has occurred between Bahasa Indonesia and English reflects the cultural and social interactions between Bahasa Indonesia and English.

Any prolonged cultural contact, especially with speakers of a language who enjoy political power or prestige in any sphere, leads to a considerable amount of borrowing of vocabulary from that language in spheres concerned.18 Normally, loan words are assimilated to the phonetic sound classes and the phonological patterns of the borrowing language, the original consonants and vowels being replaced by consonants and vowels as close to them as are available. Thereafter, synchronically as opposed to historically, they are no longer recognizable by their form as loans.

However, in certain cases words continue to be recognized and treated as foreign in origin, and attempts are made to pronounce them as such, English

coupon and restaurant, when pronounced with a final nasalized vowel, and rouge

and garage, when pronounced with final /ʒ/, which does not occur finally except

in a few loans. There is a tendency for doublets of such words to appear,

17

Kombe Sure (1993), op.cit. pp. 331-332

18

assimilated and unassimilated, depending on the attitude or background of the speaker.19

Historically, loan words occurred by audio, it means by sense of hearing: a stranger said these loan words and then Indonesian people imitate it, according to what they heard. Because of English phonological system is different with Bahasa

Indonesia system, so the imitations of their speech sounds based on the ability of

tongue to pronounce it. Thus Dutch domme krach when pronounced as dongkrak, Sanskrit utpatti pronounced as upeti, Arabic mudharat pronounced as melarat, Portuguese almari as lemari, and English real estate pronounced as realestat.

The use of real estate is caused by Indonesian people thought that there are no equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia for its word. It is some common case if there are no equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia for some foreign words, so that Indonesian people refer to pronounce real estate into realestat. The word realestat is commonly used by Indonesian people who work on the field of entrepreneurship or industrial sector. Basically, the changing form caused by the lenition of phonemes /e/ in the end of words, such as accurate, chocolate, and

dictates which is pronounced with akurat, coklat and diktat.

In such case, word realestat when it is used in a living environment, Indonesian people must transform it into a word which is fulfilled the rules of Indonesian form. For example:

Realestat Sukamenak not Sukamenak Realestat20

19

Ibid, pp. 236-237

20

13

Based on the restrictions above, it can be seen that the loanwords is the process of borrowing from another language and more less adapted to loan the rules of language.

4. The Form of Loanwords

Based on the level of its integration in the absorption of Bahasa Indonesia, it can be divides into three major categories.21First, the element that is no longer is needed to change the spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc. Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia, as like

shuttle cock, real estate. These elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context,

but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both of the pronunciation and writing rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia, so the form can still be compared with its Indonesian original form. It can be divided into three groups, they are:

a. Adjustment of Spelling

In this case, sought for foreign language spelling is changed as needed, so Indonesian form can be compared to its original form. For example, synonym becomes sinonim, ecology becomes ekologi, and syllabus becomes silabus. The rules of foreign terms absorption in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:22 If ae unvaried with e, does not change

aerobe aerob

aerolit aerolit

aerosol aerosol

21

Ibid, p. 61

22

If ae varies with e, become e

anaemia anemia

haematite hematit

haemoglobin hemoglobin

ai does not change

caisson kaison

tailer trailer

au does not change

autotrophe autotrof

caustic kaustik

hydraulic hidraulik

c before vowels /a/, o, u, or the consonant, is changed into k

calomel kalomel

vocal vokal

construction konstruksi

cubic kubik

classification klasifikasi

c before vowels e,i, oe, and y, is changed into phoneme s

central sentral

circulation sirkulasi

coelom selom

cylinder silinder

cc before vowels o, u or the consonant, is changed into k

accommodation akomodasi

acculturation akulturasi acclimatization aklimatisasi cc before vowels e or i is changed into ks

accent aksen

accessory aksesori

15

ch and cch before vowels a, o, or the consonant, are changed into k

charisma karisma

cholera kolera

chromosome kromosom

technique teknik

saccharin sakarin

ch when its pronunciation is /c/, is changed into c

charter carter

check cek

China Cina

ch when its pronunciation is /s/or /sy/, is changed into s

echelon eselon

chiffon sifon

machine mesin

e does not change when it appears before consonants

atmosphere atmosfer

system sistem

synthesis sintesis

e which is not pronounced is released

phoneme fonem

sulphite sulfit

zygote zigot

ea does not change

idealist idealis

oleander oleander

realist realis

ea when its pronunciation is /i/, is changed into i

team tim

ei does not change

eicosane eikosan

pleistocene pleistosen eo does not change

geometry geometri

stereo stereo

zeolite zeolit

eu does not change

eugenol eugenol

euphony eufoni

neutron neutron

f does not change

factor faktor

fossil fosil

infuse infus

g does not change

energy energi

gene gen

geology geologi

gh is changed into phoneme /g/ when it appears before vowels

sorghum sorgum

i does not change when appears at the beginning of a word before a vowel

iambus iambus

ion ion

iota iota

ie does not change when its pronunciation is /i/

hierarchy hierarki

patient pasien

variety varietas

iu does not change

calsium kalsium

premium premium

17

ng does not change

congress kongres

contingent kontingen

linguistics linguistik

oi does not change

exploitation eksploitasi

oo is changed into u, when its pronunciation is /u/.

cartoon kartun

pool pul

proof pruf

oo (double vowels) does not change coordination koordinasi

oolite oolit

zoology zoologi

uo is changed into u, when its pronunciation is /u/.

contour kontur

coupon kupon

group grup

route rute

ph is changed into f

phase fase

physiology fisiologi

spectograph spektograf

ps does not change

pseudo pseudo

psychiatry psikiatri

psychosomatic psikosomatik pt does not change

pteridology pteridologi

pterosaur pterosaur

q is changed into k

aquarium akuarium

frequency frekuensi

quantity kuantitas

rh is changed into phoneme /r/

rhapsody rapsodi

rhetoric retorik

rhombus rombus

sc before vowels a,o, u, or the consonant, is changed into sk

scandium skandium

scotopia skotopia

sc before vowels e,i, and y, is changed into phoneme s scenography senografi

scintilation sintilasi scyphistome sifistoma sch before vowels, is changed into sk

schema skema

schizophrenia skizofrenia

scholastic skolastik

t is changed into s, when it appears before vowel i, and its pronunciation is /s/

action aksi

ratio rasio

th is changed into t

orthography ortografi

theocracy teokrasi

thiopental tiopental

u does not change

institute institut

structure struktur

19

ua does not change

adequate adekuat

aquarium akuarium

quantum kuantum

ue does not change

consequent konsekuen

duet duet

questionnaire kuesioner ui does not change

conduite konsuite

equinox ekuinoks

uo does not change

fluorescent fluoresen

quorum kuorum

quota kuota

uu is changed into phoneme /u/

continuum kontinum

prematuur prematur

vacuum vakum

v does not change

television televisi

vitamin vitamin

vocal vokal

x does not change when it appearsat the beginning of word

xanthate xantat

xenon xenon

xylophone xilofon

x at the other position, is changed into ks

executive eksekutif

latex lateks

xc before vowels e or i, is changed into ks

exception eksepsi

excision eksisi

excitation eksistasi

xc before vowels a, o, u, and the consonant, is changed into ksk

excavation ekskavasi

excommunication ekskomunikasi

excursive ekskursif

y, when its pronunciation is /y/, does not change

yangonin yangonin

yoga yoga

yuccaganin yukaganin

y is changed into i when its pronunciation is /i/

synonym sinonim

ecology ekologi

syllabus silabus

z does not change

zenith zenit

zirconium zirkonium

zodiac zodiak

Double consonants are changed into single consonant except when there are consonants which can make difference in meaning.

accu aki

effect efek

commission komisi

solfeggio solfegio

b.Adjustment of Consonant Clusters

The adjustment of consonant clusters are not translated and accepted into

21

bl- blastula becomes bl- blastula

cl- clinic kl- klinik

-ck block -k blok

c. Adjustment Affixes

The adjustment of Affixes can be classified in two groups; adjustment of suffix, and adjustment of prefix. The adjustment of suffix is absorbed into

Bahasa Indonesia as a part of full words. The words such as standardisasi,

implementasi and objektif are full absorbed, instead of standar, implemen, and

objek. The adjustment of prefix is derived from Indo-European languages that can

be considered in the terminology if Bahasa Indonesia after adjustment of spelling, as follows: aberration become aberasi, anemia become anemia.

B. Phonological Change

Phonological change is taught in historical linguistics, the histories of specific languages, phonetics and phonology. Phonological change can be called sound change. Sound change is any appearance of a new phenomenon in the phonetics or phonological structure of a language.23 The phonological change of English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia because English and Bahasa Indonesia have the different language system. Before the writer discusses a much deeper about the language system in English and Bahasa Indonesia, here is the definition about phonology broadly and narrowly according to Roger Lass, as follow:

“Phonology, broadly speaking, is that sub-discipline within linguistics concerned with the sounds of language. More narrowly, phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior, and organization of sounds as linguistic

23

Roger lass, Phonology, An Introduction to Basic Concepts (Melbourne: Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, 1984), p. 315

item; as opposed to phonetics which is a rather more „neutral‟ study of the sounds themselves as phenomena in the physical world, and the physiological, anatomical, neurological, and psychological properties of the human beings that

make them”.24

“Phonology … is used in two ways-as the mental representation of linguistic

knowledge and the description of this knowledge… refers either to the representation of the sounds and sound patterns in a speaker‟s grammar or the

study of the sound pattern in a language or in a human language in general”.25 In phonological studies, they are called phone, phoneme and morpheme. The phone is any sound produced by the human vocal apparatus and audible to the ear.26

Sapir says in the physical world the native speaker and hearer actualize and are sensitive to sounds, but what they feel themselves to be pronouncing and

hearing is “phonemes”.27

The phoneme is a class of sounds that are slightly different, yet all of which pass for the same when received by the hearer.28 In other word phoneme is a sound. For example: the word “sing” consist of four units of sound, s-i-n-g. These units of sound called phoneme. If i replaced by o, so the word sing will change to be song. Then people know the sound i and o can differentiate meaning. And then the morpheme is the unit of spoken speech that can convey meaning.29

24

Ibid, p. 1

25

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman, an Introduction to Language. Sixth Edition. (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), p. 253

26

Nelson Brooks, Language and Language Learning Theory and Practice (USA: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1964), p. 26

27

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman (1998), op.cit. p. 254

28

Nelson Brooks (1964), loc.cit.

29

23

1. Phonemic

Phonemic is that part of linguistics analysis which concerns itself with the isolation, description, and analysis of the distribution of these minimum units of sound feature.30

a) Consonant

Consonants are produced by stopping or obstructing this flow of air.31 They are classified according to voicing, aspiration, nasal or oral sounds, places of articulation and manner of articulation. Voicing is whether the vocal cords vibrate or not. It can be classified as either voiceless (vl) or voiced (vd). Voiceless is if the vocal cords are apart when the airstream is pushed from the lungs, the air is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the supra-glottal cavities. If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate, this sounds is called voiced sounds.32

1) Place of Articulation

Place of articulation is the part that touched or approached by articulators.33

Bilabial: articulated by two lips (e.g. /p/, /m/, /b/).

Labio-dental: articulated by the lower lip and upper front teeth (e.g. /f/, /v/).

Dental: articulated by the tip of the tongue on the back of the upper front teeth (e.g. /θ/, /ð/).

Alveolar: articulated by the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge (e.g. /n/, /s/).

30

Ernst Pulgram, Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 1954), p.19

31

Norman C. Stageberg, An Introductory English Grammar. Third Ed (New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1977), p. 23

32

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman (1998), op. cit, p. 225

33

Hasan Alwi, et.al, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Third Edition (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Jakarta, 2003), p. 51

Post-alveolar (or palato-alveolar): the tongue blade articulates with the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate (e.g. /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, and /ʤ/).

Retroflex: the tongue tip articulates with the back of the alveolar ridge (e.g. /ɽ/)

Palatal: articulated by the front of the tongue against the hard palate (e.g. /j/).

Velar: articulated by the back of the tongue against the central and forward part of the soft palate (e.g. /g/, /k/).

Glottal or laryngeal: articulated by the glottis (e.g. /h/).

2) Manner of Articulation

Manner of Articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it travels from the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose.34

Aspirated sounds are produced because of an extra puff of air is produced.

Un-aspirated sounds are produced when the vocal cords vibrating as soon as the lips are opened.

Stops are produced when the sounds are stopped completely in the oral cavity.

Fricative sounds are produced by an obstruction of the air stream causing audible friction.

Affricative sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release of the closure characteristic of fricative.

Oral sounds are produced with the velum up, blocking the air from escaping through the nose.

Nasal sounds are produced with the velum is lowered, air escape through the nose as well as the mouth.

34

25

Liquid sounds are produced with some obstruction of the air stream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction.

Glides / Semi-vowels are produced with little or no obstruction of the airstreams in the mouth.

(a) English Consonant Phonemes

English has twenty four consonant phonemes. There are six stops, nine fricatives, two affricatives, three nasals, one lateral, and three glides. Except for the glottal stop, all of the stops are either voiced or voiceless. The same is true for the fricatives, except /h/. The affricatives also come in voiced-voiceless pairs. All of the nasals are voiced and so are laterals and glides. All of these consonants can be seen in Table 1 below.

Table 1. English Consonant Phonemes35 Bilabial

Labio-dental

Inter-dental

Alveolar Alveo-palatal

Velar Glottal

Stops vl vd p b t d k g Fricatives vl vd f v θ ð s z

š (ʃ)*

ž (ʒ)* h

Affricatives vl vd

č (ʧ)* Ĵ (ʤ)*36

Nasals m n ŋ

Lateral l

Glides r w

35

Norman C. Stageberg, (1977), op.cit. p. 27

36

*Daniel Jones, An Outline of English Phonetic, Revised Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. viii

(b)Bahasa Indonesia Consonant Phonemes

Bahasa Indonesia has twenty two consonant phonemes. There are six stops,

two affricates, six fricatives, four nasals, on e vibrate, one lateral, and two semi-vowels. Same with English consonant, except for the glottal stop, all of the stops are either voiced or voiceless. The same is true for the fricatives, except /h/. The affricatives also come in voiced-voiceless pairs. All of the nasals are voiced and so are vibrate, lateral and semi-vowels. All of these consonants can be seen in Table 2 below.

Table 2. Bahasa Indonesia Consonant Phonemes37

Manner of Articulation

Place of Articulation

Bilabial Labio-dental

Dental /

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops voiceless voiced p b t d k g Affricates voiceless

voiced

c j Fricatives voiceless

voiced

f s

z

š x h

Nasals voiced m n ń N

Vibrate voiced r

Lateral voiced l

Semi-Vowels voiced w y

Those Bahasa Indonesia consonants are similar with English consonants, but there are some English consonants that do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia: /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, /v/, and /ʒ/.

37

27

b) Vowels

Vowels are produced by a continuous air stream and all are voiced.38 Norman C. Stageberg makes four statements about vowel as follow:

1. Vowels are oral sounds. In some dialects and its certain contexts vowels may become partially nasal, but normally they are orals, not nasals.

2. Vowels are voiced.

3. Vowels are characterized by a free flow of air through the oral cavity.

4. The distinguishing features of the different vowels are determined largely by tongue position.39

(a) English Vowel Phonemes

English has twelve vowels. They are four high vowels, five middle vowels and three low vowels. All of these vowels are represented in Chart 1 below.

Front Central Back

r

High o

u

Mid

n d e

Low d

Chart 1. English Vowel Phonemes40

38

Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics. (Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Jakarta, 2006), p. 37

39

Norman. C. Stageberg (1977), op.cit. p.12

40

(b)Bahasa Indonesia Vowel Phonemes

Bahasa Indonesia has six vowel phonemes; they are /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /u/, /o/. It

explained that Bahasa Indonesia has two high vowels, three medium vowels, and one low vowel. Phoneme /i/ and /u/ are high vowels; phoneme /e/, /ə/, and /o/ are medium vowels; and phoneme /a/ is low vowel. All of these vowels are represented in Chart 2 below.

Front Central Back

High

Mid

Low

Chart 2. Bahasa Indonesia Vowel Phonemes

Those Bahasa Indonesia vowels can placed in initial, middle, and final position.

Table. 3

Phoneme Initial Middle Final

/i/ ikan pintu api

/e/ ekor bebek sore

/ə/ emas geger tante

/a/ anak rames kota

/u/ unggas gunting batu

29

Phoneme /ə/ in final word only exist from the loanwords such as in tante,

orde, kode, mode, and brigade, because all vowels can placed in any position of

syllable, such as phoneme /a/, which can placed in initial, middle, or final. 41 Some vowels of Bahasa Indonesia have each allophone or variant, as follows:42

Table 4. Allophone in Bahasa Indonesia

Those Bahasa Indonesia vowels are similar with English vowels but there is any English vowel that does not exist in Bahasa Indonesia: /æ/.

c) Clusters and Diphthongs

A basic understanding of clusters and diphthongs are the same. The difference is that the clusters associated with consonants, whereas the diphthongs with vowel. Consonant cluster is a combination of two or more consonants included in the same of syllable.43 Richard and Schmidt explained that consonant cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants at the beginning of a syllable (e.g. /splæʃ/ in

41

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. pp. 56-58

42

Ibid. p. 62

43

Ibid, p. 27

Phoneme Allophone Example

/i/ [i] [tari], [gigi]

[I] [tarIkh], [gigIh]

/e/ [e] [lele], [sore]

[ɛ] [bɛbɛk], [nɛnɛk]

/u/ [u] [bau], [cucu]

[U] [daUn], [rapUh]

/o/ [o] [toko], [soto]

[ɔ] [tɔkɔh], [pɔhɔn]

/ə/ [ə] [əmas], [kodə]

splash) or the end of a syllable (e.g. /sts/ in tests).44 If the combined consonants were in two syllables, the combined it's not called clusters.

Bahasa Indonesia has no consonants cluster in the end of a word, except in

loaned word form. As many other words, Bahasa Indonesia use the loan-form in daily communication with some vowel addition or delete some consonant, such as

mars and lift in which pronounced with mares and lif.

In the word korps, this word ends with a consonant group: /rps/. This consonant group is called consonant cluster.

Two consonant clusters are common in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:

44

Jack C. Richard, et al, Longman: Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, (London: Pearson Education Limited, 2002), p. 110

/mp/ empat, pimpin, tampuk /rn/ warna, purnama, ternak /mb/ ambil, gambar, ambang /rl/ perlu, kerling, kerlip

/nt/ untuk, ganti, pintu /rt/ arti, serta, harta /nd/ indah, pendek, pandang /rk/ terka, perkara, murka

/ňc/ lancar, kunci, kencang /rs/ bersih, kursi, gersang

/ňj/ janji, banjir, panjang /rc/ percaya, karcis, percik /ŋk/ engkau, mungkin, bungkuk /st/ pasti, kusta, dusta

/ŋg/ angguk, tinggi,tanggung /sl/ asli, tuslah, beslit, beslah /ŋs/ bangsa, angsa, mangsa /kt/ waktu, dokter, bukti /ns/ insan, insang, lensa /ks/ paksa, laksana, saksama /rb/ kerbau, korban, terbang /kb/ akbar, makbul

31

From the pattern of syllables and consonant cluster above, it can be concluded that consonant clusters which is not include of these groups will be strange to our ears. Words such as rafka and atdun, that is strange to hear for us, because the

/ňš/ munsyi /kn/ laknat, makna, yakni

/rg/ harga, pergi, sorga /kl/ takluk, maklum, taklimat /rj/ kerja, terjang, sarjana /kr/ makruf, takrif

/rm/ permata, cermin, derma /ky/ rakyat /kw/ dakwa, dakwah, takwa /mr/ jamrut

/pt/ sapta, optik, baptis /ml/ jumlah, imla /ht/ sejahtera, tahta, bahtera /lm/ ilmu, gulma, palma

/hk/ bahkan /gn/ signal, kognitif

/hš/ dahsyat /np/ tanpa

/hb/ sahbandar, tahbis /rh/ gerhana, durhaka /hl/ ahli, mahligai, tahlil /sb/ asbak, asbes, tasbih

/hy/ sembahyang /sp/ puspa, puspita, aspirasi, aspal /hw/ bahwa, syahwat /sm/ basmi, asmara, resmi

/sh/ mashur /km/ sukma, nikmat

/ls/ palsu, pulsa, filsafat, balsam /bd/ sabda, abdi /lj/ salju, aljabar /gm/ magma, dogma /lt/ sultan, salto, simultan /hd/ syahdan, syahdu

consonant cluster /fk/ and /td/ do not exist in our consonant cluster although the consonant /f/, /k/, /t/, and /d/ are phonemes in Bahasa Indonesia.45

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman define diphthongs are as a sequence of two sounds, vowel, and glides.46 Further, it consists of a vowel plus a glide that occurs in the same syllable, the tongue moving smoothly from one position to the other without hiatus47 as in clown [klaʊn], bear [beər], and toy [tɔɪ]. English has several diphthongs, there are [aɪ],[ɛɪ], [əƱ], [ɔə], [ɪə], [aƱ], [ɔɪ], [ɛə], [Ʊə]. On the other hand, Bahasa Indonesia has several diphthongs, such as /ay/, /aw/, and /oy/.48 Those diphthongs are phonemic and not similar with vowel. Both vowels in

diphthongs symbolized that a vowel cannot separate each other, that‟s different

with two vowels which stand together. For example, /ai/ in /gulai/ “diberi gula” that consist of two vowels, /a/ and /i/, but in diphthong /ay/ in sungai consist of one vowel.

Meanwhile, diphthong /ey/ which written in /ei/ appeared when some foreign come to Bahasa Indonesia. This diphthong often mixed with /ay/ in certain words. For example:

/surfey/ survei - /surfay/ survai

/səprey/ seprei - /səpray/ seprai

Those Bahasa Indonesia diphthongs are similar with English but there are some English diphthongs that do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia: /eɪ/, /ou/, /ɪə/, /uə/, and /ɔə/.

45

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. pp. 77-79

46

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (1998), op.cit. p. 236

47

Norman C. Stageberg (1977), op.cit. p. 21

48

33

2. Phonotactics

In every language there are restrictions on the kinds of sounds and sound sequences possible in different positions in words (particularly at the beginning and end), restrictions on possible combinations of sounds are known as

phonotactics constraints.49 Languages generally prefer Consonant (C) first, Vowel

(V) second type syllable structure, but not all languages allow a syllable more than one consonant. For instance, English allows up to three consonants at the beginning – CCCV(C) and the first consonant is always /s/ as in strike, scream,

spray, split, squadron, and skewer50and has a wide variety of types: 51

1. V „oh‟

2. VC „at‟

3. VCC „ask‟

4. VCCC „asked‟

5. CCV „flew‟

6. CCVC „flute‟ 7. CCVCC „flutes‟

8. CCVCCC „crafts‟

9. CCCV „spree‟

10. CCCVC „spleen‟

11. CCCVCC „strength‟

12. CCCVCCC „strengths‟

A syllable in Bahasa Indonesia, consist of a vowel plus the immediately preceding consonant. There are syllables in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:52

1. V a-mal, su-a-tu, tu-a 2. VC ar-ti, ber-il-mu, ka-il

49

Carol Jean Godby, Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language, (Ohio: Advocate Publishing Group, 1982), p. 107

50

Kushartanti, et al. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 165

51

Carol Jean Godby (1982), loc.cit.

52

3. CV pa-sar, sar-ja-na, war-ga

4. CVC kar-tu, pin-tu, sur-ga

5. CVCC teks-til, kon-teks-tu-al, mo-dern

6. CVCCC korps

7. CCV slo-gan, dra-ma, ko-pra 8. CCVC trak-tor, a-trak-si, kon-trak 9. CCCV stra-tegi, stra-ta

10. CCCVC struk-tur, in-struk-si

11. CCVCC kom-pleks

Indonesian word formed from the combination of various syllable such as listed above. Because of the rather complex syllable as found in the number 5 through to 11 are basically derived from foreign words, many people slipped phoneme /ə/ to separate two consonants that contiguous, such as slogan, strika

and prangko each of them has changed into selogan, setrika, and perangko.

C. Types of Phonological Change 1. Assimilation

Assimilation defined as the phonetic process by one speech sound comes to resemble or become identical with a neighboring sound between words or within a word.53 In assimilation process, there are some consonants assimilates with vowel features, vowel assimilates with consonant features, consonant assimilates with consonant features, and vowel assimilates with vowel features.

a) Consonant assimilates with vowel features

act /æk/ to be action /æk /

consume /kən'sju:m / to be konsumsi

The citation from act is / æk /. Let us take act, with its final /t/, and suffix

–ion is added, the /t/ becomes /s/, thus action.

53

35

b) Vowel assimilates with consonant features

see /si:/ to be seen /si:n/

capacity /kə′pæsəti/ to be kapasitas

Vowel is used to nasalize phonetically when it juxtaposes with nasal consonant, this process as in the form see /si:/, with its final /i:/, and nasal consonant /n/ is added. Then it becomes seen /si:n/.

c) Consonant assimilates with consonant features

news /nuz/ to be newspaper /nuspepər/

chronic /krɑ:nӀ_{k/ to be kronis}

The citation from of news is /nuz/ or /nӀuz/. Let us take news, with its final /z/, and add paper to it. Now the voiced /z/ is juxtaposed to the voiceless /p/ of

paper. So the voiced /z/ changes to a voiceless /s/ in newspaper /nuspepər/.

d) Vowel assimilates with vowel features

foot /fʊt/ to be feet /fi:t/

The vowel of one syllable may become more like the vowel of some other syllable. So, we can distinguish vowel harmony and umlauting. According to Sanford A. Schane, vowel harmony is a case in which vowels agree in certain features. (Harmoni vokal ialah keadaan vokal-vokal yang bersesuaian dalam ciri-ciri tertentu) this process as in the example above and it often occurs in irregular plurals. Besides that, umlaut is back vowels are fronted before certain suffixes containing a high front vowel. (Umlaut ialah vokal belakang didepankan sebelum

sufiks tertentu yang berisi vokal tinggi depan).54

54

Sanford A. Schane, Fonologi Generatif, Penerjemah, Kenjtanawati Gunawan (Jakarta: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1992), p. 53

2. Sound Change

Campbell has defined several types of sound changes of loanwords, among which are following. Deletions that consist of Syncope, and Apocope; Insertions that consist of Prosthesis, Epenthesis, and Paragoge; and Metathesis.55

a) Deletions

Syncope is the loss (deletion) of a vowel from the interior of a word (not

initially or finally). E.g. rocket becomes roket.

Apocope refers to the loss (apocopation, deletion) of a sound, usually a

vowel, at the end of a word. E.g. artist becomes artis. b) Insertions

Prothesis is a kind of epenthesis in which a sound is inserted at the

beginning of a word. E.g. phone becomes telepon.

Epenthesis is the insertion of an extra consonant within a word. E.g.

apartment becomes apartemen.

Paragogue is adds a sound (usually a vowel) to the end of a word. E.g.

fact becomes fakta.

c) Metathesis is the transposition of sounds; it is a change in which sounds exchange positions with one another within a word. E.g. variable becomes

variabel.

D. Graphemes

Grapheme is the overall of letters or combination of letter that represent phonemes. Grapheme f represent fan, ph represent photo, and gh represent cough,

55

Lyle Campbell, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Second Edition, (Edinburgh University Press, 2004). pp. 33-39

37

is a grapheme with three variants or allograph. Soenjono Djarwowidjojo states that an ideal writing system is that the relationship between graphemes and phonemes that one-on-one.56 It means each phoneme is represented by one grapheme with one variant.

There are differences between phonemes and graphemes. If we talk about phonemes, we were talking about the sound; when we talk about the letter, it was graphemes. Grapheme is written between the two brackets <...>.57 It is true that often the written representations of these two concepts together. For example, to represent objects that used to sit, we write kursi and said it was /kursi/ - in the terms of grapheme there are five units, in the terms of phonemes there are also five units. However, in one-on-one like that does not always be found. Grapheme <e>, for example, can represent the phoneme /e/ as in sore and phoneme /ə/ as in

besar. Conversely, the phoneme /f/ can also represent by two different graphemes:

fajar, visa. Phoneme /ŋ/ is expressed by two letters, i.e., n and g, two letters that

form one grapheme <ng>.

Before the enactment of EYD, Bahasa Indonesia has some of each phoneme that represent by more than one grapheme. People used to write the word baca and baju with tj and dj - batja and badju, moreover, t, d and i are three graphemes that stand alone. Now, phoneme /c/ and /j/ respectively have been represented by one grapheme, <c> and <j>. People still have <ng> that represents one phoneme /N/.

56

Soenjono Djarwowidjojo, Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia,(Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005), p. 298

57

This is different with English. It could be argued that English is a language that disorganized in spelling and pronunciation. In this language, a grapheme can be represented by several kinds of allograph or variant. For example, phoneme /k/, can be represented by eleven allograph: c-cash, cc- account, cch- bacchanal, ck- back, ch- character, cq- acquaint, cque- sacque, cu- biscuit, k- keep, q- barbeque, and qu- liquor. Conversely, one grapheme can represent some phonemes. Grapheme <gh> can represent phoneme /f/, as in rough, /p/ as in hiccough, and /g/ as in ghost.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this description of the data, the writer discusses about the change process of phonemes and graphemes of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

From that newspaper, the writer found the English loanwords of Teropong articles up to 50 words. To make easier to analyze, the writer tabulated the data of English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia which is taken from Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper, August 2011 edition.

The tabulated data are described in table. 5 below:

Table. 5 Data of English Loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

No English Bahasa Indonesia

1. application aplikasi

2. bacteria bakteri

3. cabin kabin

4. canal kanal

5. cellular seluler

6. China Cina

7. computer komputer

8. commercial komersial

10. consumer konsumen

11. contact kontak

12. design desain

13. director direktur

14. doctor dokter

15. effect efek

16. evolution evolusi

17. faculty fakultas

18. film film

19. frequency frekuensi

20. general jendral

21. information informasi

22. institute institut

23. interactive interaktif

24. lens lensa

25. local lokal

26. manager manajer

27. maximal maksimal

28. modem modem

29. multimedia multimedia

30. operator operator

31. oxygen oksigen

41

33. potency potensi

34. producer produsen

35. public publik

36. quality kualitas

37. relative relatif

38. reporter reporter

39. satellite satelit

40. senior senior

41. specialist spesialis

42. spectrum spektrum

43. station stasiun

44. strategy strategi

45. team tim

46. technology teknologi

47. telecommunication telekomunikasi

48. telephone telepon

49. television televisi

50. video video

The writer divided her analysis into two parts; they are the changes processes of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper both of phonemically and graphemically.

1. Phonemic

The corpus for phonemic change is derived from Teropong articles in Kompas’ newspaper, 16 August 2011 edition. As comparison, the writer also uses

an Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary by Hornby, to find the phonetic

transcription of English word.

Table 6.Data of Phonemic Change of English Loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.58

No English Sound Change Bahasa Indonesia

Word Sound Word Sound

1. technology /tek’nɒləʤi/

/ʤ/→/g/

teknologi /téknologi/

2. strategy /’strætəʤɪ/ strategi /stratégi/ 3. design /di'zain/

/z/→/s/

desain /désain/

4. lens /lenz/ lensa /lénsa/

5. general /’ʤenrəl/ adding /d/ jenderal /jenderal/ 6. producer /prə'dju:sə(r) /dju/→/du/ produsen /produsén/ 7. computer /kəm’pju:tə(r)/ /pju/→/pu/ komputer /komputer/ 8. telecommunication /͵telɪkə’mju:nɪkeɪʃn/ /mju/→/mu/ telekomunikasi /télékomunikasi/ 9. consumer /kən’sju:mə(r)/ /sju/→/su/ konsumen /konsumén/ 10. institute /ɪnstɪtju:t/ /tju/→/tu/ institut /institut/ 11. bacteria /bæk'tɪ_əriə/

/æ/→/a/

bakteri /baktéri/

12. contact /'kɒntækt/ kontak /kontak/

13. satellite /'sætəlait/ satelit /satelit/ 14. application /æplɪ'keɪʃn/ aplikasi /aplikasi/

15. faculty /'fækltɪ/ fakultas /fakultas/

58

43

16. cabin /'kæbɪn/ kabin /kabin/

17. manager /'mæniʤə(r)/ manajer /manajer/ 18. interactive /ɪntər'æktiv/ interaktif /interaktif/ 19. canal /kə'næl/

/ə/→/a/

kanal /kanal/

20. China /'ʧainə/ Cina /cina/ 21. multimedia /mlti'mi:diə/ multimedia /multimédia/ 22. relative /'relətiv/ relatif /relatif/ 23. station /steɪʃn/

/ei/→/a/

stasiun /stasiun/

24. information /ɪnfə'meɪʃn/ informasi /informasi/ 25. potency /pə'tenʃi/

/ə/→/o/

potensi /potensi/

26. commercial /kə'mɜ:ʃl/ komersial /komersial/ 27 condition /kən'dɪʃn/ kondisi /kondisi/ 28. evolution /i:və'luʃn/ evolusi /évolusi/ 29. operator /͵ɒpə'retə(r)/ operator /operator/ 30. senior /si:niə(r)/ senior /senior/ 31. quality /'kwɒləti/

/ə/→/i/

kualitas /kualitas/

32. specialist /'speʃ_əlɪst/ spesialis /spésialis/ 33. permanent /'pɜ:mənənt/

/ə/→/e/

permanen /permanén/

34. cellular /'seljələ(r)/ seluler /sélulér/ 35. doctor /'dɒktə(r)/ dokter /dokter/ 36. frequency /'fri:kwənsi/ frekuensi /frékuénsi/ 37. spectrum /'spektrəm/

/ə/→/u/

spektrum /spéktrum/

39. modem /'məʊdəm/

/əʊ/→/o/

modem /modem/

40. video /vɪdiəʊ/ video /vidéo/ 42. effect /ɪ'fekt/

/i/→/e/

efek /éfék/

43. television /'telɪvɪӡn/ televisi /televisi/

44. reporter /rɪpɔ:tər/ /ɔ:/→/o/ reporter /réporter/ 45. public /pblɪc/ //→/u/ publik /publik/ 46. telephone /'telɪfoʊn/ /oʊ/→/o/ telepon /télépon/ 47. local /'ləʊkl/

adding /a/

lokal /lokal/

48. maximal /mæksɪml/ maksimal /maksimal/

49. film /fɪlm/

no phonemic change

film /film/

50. team /tɪm/ tim /tim/

2. Graphemic

In analyzing the change process of graphemes in English loanwords into

Bahasa Indonesia, the writer uses Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia by Hasan

Alwi to see the rules of Indonesian spelling systems. The writer divided graphemic analysis into two parts; they are pure phonological adaptation and syllabic adaptation.

a) Pure Phonological Adaptation

Table 7. Data of Graphemic Change of English Loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper No English Graphemic Change Bahasa Indonesia

1. cabin

<c> → <k>

kabin

2. canal kanal

45

4. consumer konsumen

5. contact kontak

6. interactive interaktif

7. local lokal

8. director direktur

9. doctor dokter

10. public publik

11. China <ch> → <c> Cina

12. technology <ch> → <k> teknologi

13. potency

<c> → <s>

potensi

14. producer produsen

15. team <ea> → <i> tim

16. modem

<e> does not change

modem

17. design desain

18. operator operator

19. reporter reporter

20. bacteria bakteri

21. relative relatif

22. senior senior

23. institute

<e> is released

institut

24. satellite satelit

25. telephone telepon

27. film film

28. information informasi

29. general

<g> → <j>

jendral

30. manager manajer

31. frequency

<q> → <k>

frekuensi

32. quality kualitas

33. condition

<t> → <s>

kondisi

34. evolution evolusi

35. station stasiun

36. multimedia

<u> does not change

multimedia

37. spectrum spektrum

38. video

<v> does not change

video

39. television televisi

40. maximal

<x> → <ks>

maksimal

41. oxygen oksigen

42. strategy <y> → <i> strategi

b) Syllabic Adaptation

43. commercial

double consonant become single

consonant

komersial

44. cellular seluler

45. effect efek

46. telecommunication telekomunikasi

47

48. lens a syllabic become

disyllabic lensa

49. permanent consonant inhibitory

at the end of consonant cluster is

disappear

permanen

50. specialist spesialis

B. Data Analysis

1. Phonemic Analysis

Sudarno states that actually there is no phoneme in two languages which is exactly same.59 There must be the differences between the phonemes in both languages. So in this research, the writer writes the same meaning in English and

Bahasa Indonesia has those phonemes.

In this section, the writer uses phonemic analysis that divided it into consonant and vowel analysis.

a) The Process of Phonological Change Phonemically for Consonant 1) Consonant Replacement

English Loanwords Consonant Change

a) /di'zain/ /désain/ /z/ → /s/

b) /lenz/ /lénsa/ /z/ → /s/

In those words above, the voiced alveolar sibilant /z/ changes to the voiceless alveolar /s/ because in Bahasa Indonesia system, the phoneme /z/ has an allophone which is only are in the first syllable.60 In (a) and (b) examples, /di'zain/,

and /lenz/, the phoneme /z/ is in the second syllable so that it must be changed to

59

Sudarno, Kata Serapan dari Bahasa Arab, (Jakarta: Arikha Medika Cipta, 1992), p. 61

60

be /s/. In Bahasa Indonesia system, the phoneme /s/ has an allophone which can be put in the first or the second of syllable.

[z] → [s]

Phoneme /z/ changes to be phoneme /s/ when it is put in the middle and in the last syllable, except in the first syllable.

English Loanwords Consonant Change

a) /tek'nɒləʤi/ /téknologi/ /ʤ/ → /g/

b) /'strætəʤɪ/ /stratégi/ /ʤ/ → /g/

In the data above, voiced affricative consonant /ʤ/ is replaced with voiced stop consonant /g/ and is added by vowel /i/. This matter occurs because in Bahasa

Indonesia system phoneme /g/ only has an allophone which can be put in the first

syllable. At the end of syllable or word, the pronunciation of grapheme <g> is [k>]. However, if that word ends with the grapheme <g> followed by suffix that begin with a vowel, the grapheme <g> will pronounced as [g].61

[ʤ] → [g]

Phoneme /ʤ/ in English or /j/ in Bahasa Indonesia changes to be phoneme /g/ when it is put in the last syllable and followed by suffix that begin with a vowel.

2) Consonant Addition

English Loanwords Consonant Change

/'ʤenrəl/ /jenderal/ adding /d/

61

61

English Bahasa Indonesia

-ns lens -nsa lensa

3) Consonant inhibitory at the end of consonant clusters pasca vocal is disappear.

Most of consonant clusters pasca vocal in English terminated by the inhibition consonant beside of consonant shift and nasal. Otherwise, Bahasa Indonesia has no consonants cluster in the end of a word, except in loaned word form. In Bahasa Indonesia structure system; there are no consonant clusters moreover pasca vocal consonant clusters especially if the end of consonant that consonant clusters is dental inhibition consonant. If the terms that absorbed on this type of cluster usually the inhibition consonant is deleted.

English Bahasa Indonesia

-st specialist -s spelialis

-nt permanent -n permanen

In the words or terms of syllabic, consonant clusters at the end of pasca vocal usually does not change and lost, even sometimes get the addition. Generally, these words are international terms that entered after a lot of Indonesian people get an education. This led to the disyllabic clusters term pasca vocal to maintain its inhibitory consonant.

English Bahasa Indonesia

62 A. Conclusion

From the analysis of the change processes of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in Terpong articles of Kompas’ newspaper, it can be concluded that Bahasa Indonesia or any language will not be able to escape the influence of foreign languages. Even absorption of foreign language into the part that is crucial for the continuity of each language and also Bahasa Indonesia, which took many vocabularies of English as the terminologies.

The term taken from foreign languages can be the basic form or derivative form. In principle, the singular form is selected, except if the context was in the plural form. The selection is made by considering, (1) the context of the situation and the context of its sentence, (2) ease of learning the language, (3) practicality in reciting accordance with the existing sound, both consonants and vowels, in Bahasa Indonesia.

Introduction of foreign terms, which is international, through the process of absorption can considered if one or more of the following conditions are fulfilled, there are (a) the term absorption suitable chosen because its connotation, for example atom fixed atom not zarah or butiran, (b) absorption of the selected term is shorter if compared with its Indonesian translation, for example elusion become elusi not pembilaslesapan, (c) absorption of the shorter selected term can be easier the achievement of an agreement if too many synonyms in Bahasa Indonesia term, for example aromatic become aromatik not harum, sedap, or wangi.

63

Based on the level of its integration into Bahasa Indonesia, absorption can be divided into three major categories. First, the element that has long been absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia is no longer need to be changed spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc. Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia, as like shuttle cock, real estate. These elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements which are pronunciation and writing rules adapted to Bahasa Indonesia. In this case, sought for foreign language spelling is changed as needed, so Indonesian form can be compared to its original form.

B. Suggestion

The writer would like to suggest the users of Bahasa Indonesia to always pay attention about the changes of loanwords, especially of phonological, that must be adjusted with guidelines for the establishment of terms and guidelines spelling in Bahasa Indonesia. This is needed to have uniformity in using Bahasa Indonesia and a foreign language which is loaned, especially English.

In addition, the writer also suggests for students of English Letters who are interested in studying the change process of phonemes and grapheme of English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia, they can study further about the subject by using any kind of references, which support that matter.

Finally, the writer hopes that the study will be useful for the writer herself and other readers for future improvement of studying phonological change of English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia.

64

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Website:

Ojong, Eberhard . Kompas Background, Accessed on August 19, 2011. http://powercx.com/ojong/?p=53