THE USE OF MODALITIES IN BUSINESS COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST.
ABSTRACf
KIWRIL, Registration Number: OSS010185. The Use of Modalities in Business
Column of the Jaluuttl Post. A Thesis English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
POST 6RADUATE School. State University of Medan. 2010
This study used the modalities which were applied in the Business Column of
the Jakarta Post focused on types of modalities and the value of modalities. The study
has answered four problems namely; the types of modality are used in the Jakarta
post. The dominant types of modality, the dominant categories of value of modality,
the pattern of the use of modality and value are used in business column and the last
the contexts of the modality used. The sources of data are modalities and values of
modalities used in business column. It started at April up May 2008. ]'be data were
analyzed by kinds of methods, namely; descriptive quantitative and descriptive
quantitative. This study shown that: (i) there are two types of modality namely;
modalisation and modulation. The modalisation was 64 (30. 76%) and modulation was
144 (69.23%). The dominant types of modality are modulation. (ii) There are three
points of the scale of modalisation and modulation, namely; high. median and low.
Modalisation has been divided two sub-categories, namely; probability and usuality.
Modulation has been divided two ~gories
too; namely; obligation and
inciiruuion. This study found 23 (11.05%) sentences use low probability, medium
probability was 39 (18.75%) and high probability was 2 (0.96%). It was not found that
low, medium and high usuality. In terms of obligation, there were 42 (20.19) low
obligation, there was 91 (43.75%) medium obligation and there was 7 high obligation.
Especially the use on inclination, in this study occurred only 4 low inclinations, but it
was not found medium and high inclination. The most frequent types of modality
were modulation and the most frequent value of modality was medium obligation. It
found 91 (43.75%) used in sentences. The pattern of the use of modality and value are
used in business column of the Jakarta Post was statement. It occurs because in the
text of Jakarta Post. especially in Business column it found a proposition, the meaning
of the positive and negative poles is prescribing and proscribing. In terms of the scales
of modulation, the dominantly is medium obligation, because in business text shows
the expansion or Man as predicator.
iii
THE USE OF MODALITIES IN BUSINESS COLUMN
OF THE JAKARTA POST
A THESIS
BY
KHAIRIL
REG : 055010185
Submitted To The Englil• Applied Unguistie Study Program In Partial
FulfiDment Of The Reqoiremeat For T•e Degree Of Magister HIUDUiora
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
~
v
•
It!
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
20111
A THESIS
THE USE OF MODALITIES IN BUSINESS COLUMN
OF THE JAKARTA POST
BY
KHAIRIL
Registration Number : 055010185
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUSITICS STUDY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
This Thesis was examined on u• February 2010 by Board of Examiners
APPROVAL
This thesis was examined on
list
February 2010 by Board of Examiners
Board of Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih , MA.,Ph. D
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd
Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D
Prof. D.P Tampubolon, Ph.D
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to Allah, Lord of the world, the Beneficent Merciful, who gives me
health and safety to finish this thesis from beginning up to the end. And to the prophet
Muhanunad SAW, as well as his companions for the blessing and chances given to
completion of this thesis. One of the requirements to be fulfilled before finishing the
studies at Graduate Program in State University of Medan is to write a thesis. My
thesis is entitled "The Use ofModalities in Business Column ofthe Jakarta Post".
This study would have never been fully accomplished without the su port and
assistance of many peoples. It will be impossible to mention all. But some very
special persons deserve his deepest gratitude.
l. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D and Dr. Busmin Guming. M. d. as his first
and
second
supervisors,
who
provided
me
valuable
suggestions,
encouragement, guidance and comment during the writing for this thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd the Head of English Applied Linguistic
Program and as well as his secretary of the Program.
3. All of my lecturers in English Applied Linguistic PostGraduate Program for
z
their valuable knowledge during the academic years at State University of
Medan.
4. Administration staff of the Program and Librarian for their warm welcome in
·~
facilitating my study.
m
5.
support,
valuable
help,
sacrifice, prayer, love,
and
never
encouragements during his study until the completion of this thesis.
6. Last but not least, the writer would like to take this opportunity to thank all his
best friends who have given various kinds of support or contribution writing
this thesis in good English it is full of completed.
Medan.
Februari 2010
Reg:05SOIOI85
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 List of Modality Persentage
.................................................. 45
Table 2 List of Sub Categories ofModalization and Modulation ....... 46
Table 3 List of Sub Categories Value of
Modalizatioo and Modulation ................................................ 48
-
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................... 56
Appendix 2 ............................................................................................ 91
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEOOEMENTS .................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENl'S ..................................................................... v
1.2 Research Problems ................................................................... .
1.3 Objectives ofThe Study .......................................................... ..
1.4 The Scope ofThe study ............................................................ .
1.5 The Significance ofThe study .................................................. .
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL ORIENTATION .............................. .
2.1 Discourse Analysis ................................................................... .
2.2 Description of Language in the Newspaper ............................. .
2.3 Description of Functional Grammar and Modality ................. ..
2.4 Modality ................................................................................... .
2.4.1 Modality and Polarity ............................................................
2.4.2 Types of Modality ................................................................ .
23
2.4.4 Modal Responsibility ............................................................. 24
2.4.5 Modality in Text .............................•....................................... 34
2.5 Value of Modality ..................................................................... 36
2.6 Realization of Modality .....................•....................................... 38
2.7 Coverage of Modality................................................................ 39
2.8 Modality, in Business Column ··········-······································· 40
CHAPTER III MEniOD OF RESEARCH .............................. .......... 42
3.1 Research Design .....................................................•.................. 42
3.2 Source ofData ....................................................................• ..... 42
3.3 Technique for Collecting Data ................................................. .
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ..................................................... .
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ............. :......... .
4.1 The Dsecription OfData .......................................................... .
4.1.1 Modalities and Value ofModalities in the
Business Column .................................................................... .
4.2 Data Analysis ............................................................................ .
4.3 Research Findings .................................................................... .
4.4 Discussion ..................................................................................
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ..................... 53
5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................... 53
5.2 Suggestions................................................................................ 54
REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCfiON
1.1 Background of the Study
Human beings, as social creatures, always interact with one another. In this
interaction, a means of communication allows pe£1ple to say things to each other and
expresses their communicate needs. Dming the communication, it is important to
analyze word uttered by speaker. In the way the listener can understand the idea he
wants to convey. Therefore, in communicating or interacting with others One must
one use a language that is understood by the speaker and the listener.
Beside, language is the means of self- expression. It is through
l~e
the
humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feeling. It is through it they
store knowledge, transmit massage, transfer knowledge and experience from one
person to another, from one generation to another. Most of the activities in the world
are carried on through or by language. It is through it that humans interact or relate to
each other.
There are some important function of language, namely; firstly, language is used
or the purposes of communication and social cooperation. In this function language
enables us to influence people's behavior in detail, thereby makes communication and
social cooperation possible. Secondly, language can also function as an instrument of
thought. A philosopher, for example, uses language to clarify and develop his ideas on
subject, so here language is used as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can
also be used for a expressive purpose. Halliday (1994: 10) asserts there are fUnCtions
of language in human life: ideational, interpersonal, and textual function. These are
known as meta-function. Thus, the experiential function that is the use of language as
2
the representation of experience. The user of language is representing experience by
using a clause.
Many people get some problems when they read and write English. For example;
they fmd difficulties in comprehending many texts such as; newspaper, magazines,
books, tabloids, letters, etc. the difficulties will be clear for us, as Indonesia readers
when we try to understand the content of the English text. The general impression
among English language newspaper readers in that the standard of the language used
bas grown up last.
Along with the technological progress made by the newspapers and magazines,
writing is a means to convey one's ideas to others; it should be simple and
unambiguous. The readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To
comprehend the English language newspaper, readers should prepare their knowledge
and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to guess the
meaning of the English newspaper text; one of the readers; interests in reading a
newspaper is Business column.
Business activity.
This study addresses the use of modalities and values in Business column of the
Jakarta post. There are some reasons for selecting the topic as the subject matters.
Firstly. This research is a first attempt by English students, especially, the students
at English applied Linguistics Post Graduate Program State University of Medan.
Secondly, modality is one of important points to be discussed because through
studying modality and values one know a personal judgment on, opinion, 'flavor' or '
seasoning' to an experiential content or a speech function by the addresser, {S;gagih,
2005 : 21 ).Further, Thompson ( 1992 : 56) states the finite expresses not only tense
but also polarity and modality. Any finite is inherently positive and negative in
3
polarity. Thirdly, modality is common used in spoken and written texts. But without
doing research, we do not know how the modality used in texts, as well as the values
of modality, especially the used of modality and values used in the Jakarta Post at
business column.
Thirdly, the writer choose The Jakarta Post was chosen as the object of research
because the Jakarta Post is one of the media that used to present many topics, such as:
Editorials, business, city, social, politics, culture, science, technology, health and
sports. So in this study the writer selects one of column is business column. Because
by learning this column he can get many experiences and knowledge. Sucli as the
writer will study some news how the development of business in Indonesia as well as
world business. Besides the writer learns how language of business used in the
newspaper. Further, through analyzing business column he will get many iitformation
about business problems and he will find how business applied in some countries.
Another reasons is business column is one of interesting column for him to be
discussed.
According to Kartika (2006: 3) that in presenting the Editorials, an editor often
z
?
uses stylist or variation of language in newspapers. An editor has used a simple, clear,
short and intensive language. It is understood that and editor has to fulfill the 5 W + 1
H means that editors have to explain what, who, where, why and how, which to attraCt
readers attention to make the editorials more interesting. In the editorial the editors
also very often uses modality to describe their experience or opinion.
It is known that, modals can be found in articles or they can be found ·
written and spoken languages. For examples in the lyrics, short stori
advertisement, journal, film script, etc. And every languages has modality. In
Indonesia the modality is need as in Jbu akan pergi Ice Jakarta. In minangnese, the
4
examples, utang pitih dllpek dibaia utang budi dibao mali, amllllh mutah den
mancaliak parangai ang. Fajariah (2006 : 30) found some examples SBY 'Speech
published in 2005 such as :
1) But I must remember
2) It is something that must be constructed
3) Indonesia too must constructed
1.2. The Research Problems
Based on the background of the study the problems are formulatea as in the
following
1) What types of modalities are used in business column of The Jakarta Post ?
2) What values of modality are used in Business column of The Jakart Post ?
3) What is the pattern of modality used in Business Column of The Jakarta Post?
1.3. The Objective of the Study
The objectives of this are to describe
1) Modalities used in Business Column of the Jakarta post.
2) The value of modality used Business Column of the Jakarta post
3) The pattern of the use of modality is used in Business Column of the Jakarta
Post
1.4. The S
KIWRIL, Registration Number: OSS010185. The Use of Modalities in Business
Column of the Jaluuttl Post. A Thesis English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
POST 6RADUATE School. State University of Medan. 2010
This study used the modalities which were applied in the Business Column of
the Jakarta Post focused on types of modalities and the value of modalities. The study
has answered four problems namely; the types of modality are used in the Jakarta
post. The dominant types of modality, the dominant categories of value of modality,
the pattern of the use of modality and value are used in business column and the last
the contexts of the modality used. The sources of data are modalities and values of
modalities used in business column. It started at April up May 2008. ]'be data were
analyzed by kinds of methods, namely; descriptive quantitative and descriptive
quantitative. This study shown that: (i) there are two types of modality namely;
modalisation and modulation. The modalisation was 64 (30. 76%) and modulation was
144 (69.23%). The dominant types of modality are modulation. (ii) There are three
points of the scale of modalisation and modulation, namely; high. median and low.
Modalisation has been divided two sub-categories, namely; probability and usuality.
Modulation has been divided two ~gories
too; namely; obligation and
inciiruuion. This study found 23 (11.05%) sentences use low probability, medium
probability was 39 (18.75%) and high probability was 2 (0.96%). It was not found that
low, medium and high usuality. In terms of obligation, there were 42 (20.19) low
obligation, there was 91 (43.75%) medium obligation and there was 7 high obligation.
Especially the use on inclination, in this study occurred only 4 low inclinations, but it
was not found medium and high inclination. The most frequent types of modality
were modulation and the most frequent value of modality was medium obligation. It
found 91 (43.75%) used in sentences. The pattern of the use of modality and value are
used in business column of the Jakarta Post was statement. It occurs because in the
text of Jakarta Post. especially in Business column it found a proposition, the meaning
of the positive and negative poles is prescribing and proscribing. In terms of the scales
of modulation, the dominantly is medium obligation, because in business text shows
the expansion or Man as predicator.
iii
THE USE OF MODALITIES IN BUSINESS COLUMN
OF THE JAKARTA POST
A THESIS
BY
KHAIRIL
REG : 055010185
Submitted To The Englil• Applied Unguistie Study Program In Partial
FulfiDment Of The Reqoiremeat For T•e Degree Of Magister HIUDUiora
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
~
v
•
It!
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
20111
A THESIS
THE USE OF MODALITIES IN BUSINESS COLUMN
OF THE JAKARTA POST
BY
KHAIRIL
Registration Number : 055010185
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUSITICS STUDY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
This Thesis was examined on u• February 2010 by Board of Examiners
APPROVAL
This thesis was examined on
list
February 2010 by Board of Examiners
Board of Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih , MA.,Ph. D
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd
Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D
Prof. D.P Tampubolon, Ph.D
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to Allah, Lord of the world, the Beneficent Merciful, who gives me
health and safety to finish this thesis from beginning up to the end. And to the prophet
Muhanunad SAW, as well as his companions for the blessing and chances given to
completion of this thesis. One of the requirements to be fulfilled before finishing the
studies at Graduate Program in State University of Medan is to write a thesis. My
thesis is entitled "The Use ofModalities in Business Column ofthe Jakarta Post".
This study would have never been fully accomplished without the su port and
assistance of many peoples. It will be impossible to mention all. But some very
special persons deserve his deepest gratitude.
l. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D and Dr. Busmin Guming. M. d. as his first
and
second
supervisors,
who
provided
me
valuable
suggestions,
encouragement, guidance and comment during the writing for this thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd the Head of English Applied Linguistic
Program and as well as his secretary of the Program.
3. All of my lecturers in English Applied Linguistic PostGraduate Program for
z
their valuable knowledge during the academic years at State University of
Medan.
4. Administration staff of the Program and Librarian for their warm welcome in
·~
facilitating my study.
m
5.
support,
valuable
help,
sacrifice, prayer, love,
and
never
encouragements during his study until the completion of this thesis.
6. Last but not least, the writer would like to take this opportunity to thank all his
best friends who have given various kinds of support or contribution writing
this thesis in good English it is full of completed.
Medan.
Februari 2010
Reg:05SOIOI85
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 List of Modality Persentage
.................................................. 45
Table 2 List of Sub Categories ofModalization and Modulation ....... 46
Table 3 List of Sub Categories Value of
Modalizatioo and Modulation ................................................ 48
-
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................... 56
Appendix 2 ............................................................................................ 91
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEOOEMENTS .................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENl'S ..................................................................... v
1.2 Research Problems ................................................................... .
1.3 Objectives ofThe Study .......................................................... ..
1.4 The Scope ofThe study ............................................................ .
1.5 The Significance ofThe study .................................................. .
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL ORIENTATION .............................. .
2.1 Discourse Analysis ................................................................... .
2.2 Description of Language in the Newspaper ............................. .
2.3 Description of Functional Grammar and Modality ................. ..
2.4 Modality ................................................................................... .
2.4.1 Modality and Polarity ............................................................
2.4.2 Types of Modality ................................................................ .
23
2.4.4 Modal Responsibility ............................................................. 24
2.4.5 Modality in Text .............................•....................................... 34
2.5 Value of Modality ..................................................................... 36
2.6 Realization of Modality .....................•....................................... 38
2.7 Coverage of Modality................................................................ 39
2.8 Modality, in Business Column ··········-······································· 40
CHAPTER III MEniOD OF RESEARCH .............................. .......... 42
3.1 Research Design .....................................................•.................. 42
3.2 Source ofData ....................................................................• ..... 42
3.3 Technique for Collecting Data ................................................. .
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ..................................................... .
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ............. :......... .
4.1 The Dsecription OfData .......................................................... .
4.1.1 Modalities and Value ofModalities in the
Business Column .................................................................... .
4.2 Data Analysis ............................................................................ .
4.3 Research Findings .................................................................... .
4.4 Discussion ..................................................................................
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ..................... 53
5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................... 53
5.2 Suggestions................................................................................ 54
REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCfiON
1.1 Background of the Study
Human beings, as social creatures, always interact with one another. In this
interaction, a means of communication allows pe£1ple to say things to each other and
expresses their communicate needs. Dming the communication, it is important to
analyze word uttered by speaker. In the way the listener can understand the idea he
wants to convey. Therefore, in communicating or interacting with others One must
one use a language that is understood by the speaker and the listener.
Beside, language is the means of self- expression. It is through
l~e
the
humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feeling. It is through it they
store knowledge, transmit massage, transfer knowledge and experience from one
person to another, from one generation to another. Most of the activities in the world
are carried on through or by language. It is through it that humans interact or relate to
each other.
There are some important function of language, namely; firstly, language is used
or the purposes of communication and social cooperation. In this function language
enables us to influence people's behavior in detail, thereby makes communication and
social cooperation possible. Secondly, language can also function as an instrument of
thought. A philosopher, for example, uses language to clarify and develop his ideas on
subject, so here language is used as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can
also be used for a expressive purpose. Halliday (1994: 10) asserts there are fUnCtions
of language in human life: ideational, interpersonal, and textual function. These are
known as meta-function. Thus, the experiential function that is the use of language as
2
the representation of experience. The user of language is representing experience by
using a clause.
Many people get some problems when they read and write English. For example;
they fmd difficulties in comprehending many texts such as; newspaper, magazines,
books, tabloids, letters, etc. the difficulties will be clear for us, as Indonesia readers
when we try to understand the content of the English text. The general impression
among English language newspaper readers in that the standard of the language used
bas grown up last.
Along with the technological progress made by the newspapers and magazines,
writing is a means to convey one's ideas to others; it should be simple and
unambiguous. The readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To
comprehend the English language newspaper, readers should prepare their knowledge
and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to guess the
meaning of the English newspaper text; one of the readers; interests in reading a
newspaper is Business column.
Business activity.
This study addresses the use of modalities and values in Business column of the
Jakarta post. There are some reasons for selecting the topic as the subject matters.
Firstly. This research is a first attempt by English students, especially, the students
at English applied Linguistics Post Graduate Program State University of Medan.
Secondly, modality is one of important points to be discussed because through
studying modality and values one know a personal judgment on, opinion, 'flavor' or '
seasoning' to an experiential content or a speech function by the addresser, {S;gagih,
2005 : 21 ).Further, Thompson ( 1992 : 56) states the finite expresses not only tense
but also polarity and modality. Any finite is inherently positive and negative in
3
polarity. Thirdly, modality is common used in spoken and written texts. But without
doing research, we do not know how the modality used in texts, as well as the values
of modality, especially the used of modality and values used in the Jakarta Post at
business column.
Thirdly, the writer choose The Jakarta Post was chosen as the object of research
because the Jakarta Post is one of the media that used to present many topics, such as:
Editorials, business, city, social, politics, culture, science, technology, health and
sports. So in this study the writer selects one of column is business column. Because
by learning this column he can get many experiences and knowledge. Sucli as the
writer will study some news how the development of business in Indonesia as well as
world business. Besides the writer learns how language of business used in the
newspaper. Further, through analyzing business column he will get many iitformation
about business problems and he will find how business applied in some countries.
Another reasons is business column is one of interesting column for him to be
discussed.
According to Kartika (2006: 3) that in presenting the Editorials, an editor often
z
?
uses stylist or variation of language in newspapers. An editor has used a simple, clear,
short and intensive language. It is understood that and editor has to fulfill the 5 W + 1
H means that editors have to explain what, who, where, why and how, which to attraCt
readers attention to make the editorials more interesting. In the editorial the editors
also very often uses modality to describe their experience or opinion.
It is known that, modals can be found in articles or they can be found ·
written and spoken languages. For examples in the lyrics, short stori
advertisement, journal, film script, etc. And every languages has modality. In
Indonesia the modality is need as in Jbu akan pergi Ice Jakarta. In minangnese, the
4
examples, utang pitih dllpek dibaia utang budi dibao mali, amllllh mutah den
mancaliak parangai ang. Fajariah (2006 : 30) found some examples SBY 'Speech
published in 2005 such as :
1) But I must remember
2) It is something that must be constructed
3) Indonesia too must constructed
1.2. The Research Problems
Based on the background of the study the problems are formulatea as in the
following
1) What types of modalities are used in business column of The Jakarta Post ?
2) What values of modality are used in Business column of The Jakart Post ?
3) What is the pattern of modality used in Business Column of The Jakarta Post?
1.3. The Objective of the Study
The objectives of this are to describe
1) Modalities used in Business Column of the Jakarta post.
2) The value of modality used Business Column of the Jakarta post
3) The pattern of the use of modality is used in Business Column of the Jakarta
Post
1.4. The S