IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT TOTAL PHENOLIC CONT
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
IJPSR (2012), Vol. 3, Issue 05
ISSN: 0975-8232
(Research Article)
Received on 20 January, 2012; received in revised form 23 February, 2012; accepted 22 April, 2012
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY STUDIES OF SYNEDRELLA
NODIFLORA
Mycal Dutta 1, Aninda Kumar Nath 1, Md Zia Uddin 1, Md Akbar Hossain 2, Md. Masud Morshed 2 and Md. Hassan
Kawsar*2
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University 1, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka International University 2, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of whole plant of Synedrella
nodiflora as well as its petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and aqueous soluble partitionates were evaluated by DPPH of (1, 1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant assay
and compared with standard antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Correspondence to Author:
and ascorbic acid (ASA). The total phenolic content was also determined and
expressed in gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g of sample). A great variance
Md. Hassan Kawsar
was observed for polyphenol content as well as antioxidant activity (1.574Associate Professor, Department of
9.4136 mg GAE/g and DPPH IC50 10.52- . 5 μg/ l depe di g o the ature
Pharmacy, Dhaka International
of solvent used to fractionate the crude extract. The result demonstrated
University, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
that dichloromethane soluble fraction revealed the highest amount of
phenolic compounds (9.4136 mg GAE/g) and also had significant free radical
scavenging activity (IC50 .5 μg/ l . A positi e orrelatio
as o ser ed
between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of S. nodiflora
having correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9270. The general toxicity of the
extractive was studied by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and from the results
(LC50 0.023- .
μg/ l , it a e ell predi ted that the rude e tra t a d
the partitionate fractions contain cytotoxic principles and have considerable
toxic potencies which supported the insecticidal uses of plant by the
indigenous people.
In the present study, the organic soluble materials of
INTRODUCTION: Synedrella nodiflora (L) is a flowering
herb which belongs to the family Asteraceae. S. methanolic extract of whole plants of S. nodiflora were
subjected to assays for antioxidant activity in terms of
nodiflora grows well in different environments and
total phenolics content and free radical scavenging
mainly found in Bangladesh, India, Japan, Span, China
activity, and preliminary toxicity studies for the first
and England. The leaf juice is used in the treatment of
1
itch, eczema, scabies and any type of skin disorders , time.
while the whole plant is diuretic and laxative 2. The
Attempt has been taken to establish a correlation
anti-inflammatory 3, insecticidal 4, analgesic 5 and anti6
between the total antioxidant activity and total
feedant
activities of the plant have also been
phenolics content in the extractives.
reported.
Keywords:
Synedrella nodiflora,
Antioxidant,
Phenolic content,
Brine shrimp lethality bioassay
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
1528
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection and extraction of plant material: Whole
plants of S. nodiflora were collected in mid 2009 from
the Chittagong University campus. The collected plant
materials were chopped, dried and powdered and 900
gm was extracted with 2 .0 litre of methanol at room
temperature for 7 days. The extracts was filtered
through Whatman filter paper number 1 and
concentrated with a rotary evaporator at reduced
temperature and pressure. A portion of the
concentrated methanol extract (10.0 gm)
was
partitioned by modified Kupchan method 7 using petether, carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane and
subsequent evaporation of solvents yielded pet-ether
(PESN, 3.0 gm), carbon tetrachloride (CTCSN, 3.5 gm),
dichloromethane (DCMSN, 1.5 gm) and aqueous
(AQSN, 1.0 gm) soluble materials. The residues were
then stored in a refrigerator for further investigation.
Phosphomolybdenum Antioxidant Assay: The total
antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by the
phosphomolybdenum assay method 8 which is based
on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the extract
and subsequent formation of a green phosphate-Mo
(V) complex in acedic condition. A 0.3 ml extract (2
mg/ml) was combined with 3 ml of reagent solution
(0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate and 4
mM ammonium molybdate) and the reaction mixture
was incubated at 95oC for 90 min. Then the
absorbance of the solution was measured at 695 nm
using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer against blank
after cooling to room temperature. The antioxidant
activity was expressed as the number of milligram
equivalents of ascorbic acid (mg of ascorbic acid/100g
of plant extract).
Free Radical Scavenging Activity: The free radical
scavenging activity (antioxidant capacity) of the plant
extractives on the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was estimated by the method
established by Brand-Williams et al., (1995). Here, 2.0
ml of a methanol solution of the sample
(extractive/standard) at different concentration (500
μg/ l to .
μg/ l ere i ed ith .
l of a
DPPH etha ol solutio
μg/ l . After
i of
reaction at room temperature in dark place the
absorbance was measured at 517 nm against methanol
ISSN: 0975-8232
as blank by a UV spectrophotometer. Inhibition of free
radical DPPH in percent (I %) was calculated as follows:
(I%) = (1 – Asample/Ablank) × 100
where Ablank is the absorbance of the control reaction
(containing all reagents except the test material), and
Asample is the absorbance of the test sample. Extract
concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) was
calculated from the graph plotted with inhibition
percentage against extractive/standard concentration.
Total Phenolics Analysis: The total phenolic content of
the extractives was determined with the FolinCiocalteau reagent using the method developed by
Harbertson and Spayd 9. To 0.50 ml of each sample
(three replicates), 2.5 ml of 1/10 dilution of FolinCiocalteau reagent in water and 2 ml of Na2CO3 (7.5%,
w/v) were added and incubated at 45 °C for 15 min.
The absorbance of all samples was measured at 765
nm using a SPECTRAmax-PLUS384 UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The phenolic content was expressed as
milligram of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry
weight (mg GAE/g ) of extract.
Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay: Brine shrimp bioassay
method indicates cytotoxicity as well as a wide range
of pharmacological activities e.g., anticancer, antiviral
and pesticidal etc 10. Brine shrimp eggs were hatched
in simulated sea water to get nauplii. Test samples of
different concentrations (400 μg/ l to .
μg/ l
were prepared by dissolving in dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO). The nauplii were counted by visual inspection
and were taken in vials containing 5 ml of simulated
sea water. Then test samples were added to the premarked vials through micropipette and after 24 hours
of incubation the survivors were counted. The LC50
(lethal concentration to half of the test organism)
values of the test samples were calculated from the
regression equation, prepared from the logarithm of
sample concentration and percentage mortality of the
shrimp nauplii.
Statistical Analysis: Three replicates of each sample
were used for statistical analysis and the values are
reported as mean ± SD. Correlation analysis of free
radical scavenging activity versus total phenolics
content and reducing power was carried out using the
correlation and regression program.
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
1529
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The present study was
undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of
different organic soluble materials of a methanol
extract of S. nodiflora. The results are shown in table 1.
The total antioxidant capacity of the S. nodiflora
extracts expressed as the mg of ascorbic acid was
determined by phosphomolybdenum assay, where the
highest value was found in dichloromethane soluble
fraction followed by carbon tetrachloride and
methanol extract as evident from 0.249 mg, 0.175 mg
and 0.145 mg equivalents of ascorbic acid/100g of
sample respectively.
The total phenolic content in the extractives was found
in between 1.574 to 9.4136 mg of GAE/100gm of
sample. The total phenolic content in MeOH extract
was 6.327 mg of GAE/100gm of sample and its petether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and
ISSN: 0975-8232
aqueous soluble Kupchan fractions showed 1.574,
8.1790, 9.4136 and 5.895 mg of GAE/100gm of sample
respectively. This indicated that the dichloromethane
soluble fraction had the maximumt amount of phenolic
compounds.
In the free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, the IC50
values of the test fractions were found to be 10.52 . 5 μg/ l, here the lo er IC50 value is indicative of
higher free radical scavenging activity. The free radical
scavenging activity of dichloromethane soluble fraction
was higher among all the extractives, IC50 value was
.5 μg / l a d its a ti it
as fou d to e e e
better than the synthetic antioxidant, butylated
hydroxyl toluene, here IC50 alue as .5 μg/ l. The
strongest activity of dichloromethane fraction is most
probably due to its high phenolic content (9.4136 mg
of GAE/g of sample).
TABLE 1: TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT
PARTITIONATES OF S. NODIFLORA AND STANDARDS*
Sample code
Sample description
BHT
ASA
MESN
PESN
CTCSN
DCMSN
AQSN
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Ascorbic acid
Methanol extract
Pet ether soluble fraction
Carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction
Dichloromethane soluble fraction
Aqueous soluble fration of methanol extract
Total phenolic content
(mg of GAE/100 gm of dried
extract)
6.327 ± 1.03
1.574 ± 0.25
8.1790 ± 1.78
9.4136 ± 0.89
5.895 ± 0.57
Total antioxidant capacity
(mg of ascorbic acid/100g
of plant extract)
0.145 ± 0.22
0.060 ± 0.75
0.175 ± 0.98
0.249 ± 1.02
0.140 ± 1.57
Free radical
scavenging activity
(IC50 μg/ml)
27.5 ± 0.54
5.8 ± 0.21
17.79 ±2.08
31.25 ± 1.58
11.75 ± 0.79
10.52 ± 0.28
29.58 ± 1.29
*The average values of three calculations are presented as mean ± S.D. (standard deviation).
pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and
aqueous soluble fraction contain toxic activities. The
results are shown in table 2. The LC50 values of the
tested fractions were found in the range of 0.113 to
0.230 μg/ l here the lo est LC50 alue .
μg/ l
was revealed by the dichloromethane soluble fraction
a d the highest .
μg/ l fro the etha ol
extract and pet-ether fraction, whereas the used
standard Vincristine sulphate showed the LC50 value of
0.45 μg/ l.
FIGURE 1. CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TOTAL PHENOLIC
CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, different
mortality rate of the nauplii in all samples and no
lethality/mortality of the control group suggest that
the crude methanol extract of the whole plant and its
TABLE 2. LC50 VALUES IN BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY BIOASSAY OF
DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF S. NODIFLORA AND VINCRISTINE
SULFATE
Samples
MESN
PESN
CTCSN
DCMSN
AQSN
Vincristine sulfate
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
LD50 (µg/ml)
0.230
0.230
0.122
0.113
0.119
0.451
1530
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
CONCLUSION: From the above results, it may be
concluded that, the whole plant of S. nodiflora has
moderate antioxidant activity and strong cytotoxicity
which warrant bioactivity guided isolation of the active
compounds. The present findings from the preliminary
toxicity studies of the extractives of S. nodiflora (L)
support the insecticidal uses of the plant by the
indigenous people.
REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
Hossan MS, Hanif A, Khan M, Bari S, Jahan R and Rahmatullah
M: Ethnobotanical survey of the Tripura tribe of Bangladesh.
American Eurasian J. Sustainable Agriculture. 2009; 3: 253-261.
Brand-williams, Cuvelier W and Berset C: Use of free radical
method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm. Wiss.
Technol. 1995; 28: 25-30.
Abada MJ, Bermejoa P, Carreteroa E, Martínez-Acitoresa C,
Noguerab B and Villara A: Antiinflammatory activity of some
medicinal plant extracts from Venezuela. J. Ethnopharmacol.
1996; 55: 63-68.
ISSN: 0975-8232
4.
Belmain SR, Nealb GE, Rayb DE and Goloba P: Insecticidal and
vertebrate toxicity associated with ethnobotanicals used as
post-harvest protectants in Ghana. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2001;
39: 287-291.
5. Prekeyia TF, Oghenekevwea O: Affiliation, effects of dietary
supplementation of node weed (Synedrella nodiflora) on
toxicity of copper and lead in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Toxicol. Environmen. Chem. 2007; 89: 215 - 222.
6. Yuping Z, Bingqiu H and Xia C: Study on Antifeeding effects of 9
asteraceae plants against three pests. China Vegetables. 2010;
1: 8-10.
7. Van Wagenen BC, Larsen R, Cardellina JH, Ran Dazzo D Lidert ZC
and Swithenbank C: Ulosantoin, a potent insecticide from the
sponge. Ulosa ruetzleri. J. Org. Chem. 1993; 58: 335-337.
8. Prieto P, Pineda M and Aguilar M: Spectrophotometric
quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a
phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the
determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochem. 1999; 269: 337341.
9. Harbertson J and Spayd S: Measuring phenolics in the winery.
Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2006; 57: 280-288.
10. Meyer BN, Ferringni NR, Puam JE, Lacobsen LB, Nichols DE and
McLaughlin JL: Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for
the active constituents. Planta Med. 1982; 45: 31-32.
****************************
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
1531
IJPSR (2012), Vol. 3, Issue 05
ISSN: 0975-8232
(Research Article)
Received on 20 January, 2012; received in revised form 23 February, 2012; accepted 22 April, 2012
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY STUDIES OF SYNEDRELLA
NODIFLORA
Mycal Dutta 1, Aninda Kumar Nath 1, Md Zia Uddin 1, Md Akbar Hossain 2, Md. Masud Morshed 2 and Md. Hassan
Kawsar*2
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University 1, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka International University 2, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of whole plant of Synedrella
nodiflora as well as its petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and aqueous soluble partitionates were evaluated by DPPH of (1, 1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant assay
and compared with standard antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Correspondence to Author:
and ascorbic acid (ASA). The total phenolic content was also determined and
expressed in gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g of sample). A great variance
Md. Hassan Kawsar
was observed for polyphenol content as well as antioxidant activity (1.574Associate Professor, Department of
9.4136 mg GAE/g and DPPH IC50 10.52- . 5 μg/ l depe di g o the ature
Pharmacy, Dhaka International
of solvent used to fractionate the crude extract. The result demonstrated
University, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
that dichloromethane soluble fraction revealed the highest amount of
phenolic compounds (9.4136 mg GAE/g) and also had significant free radical
scavenging activity (IC50 .5 μg/ l . A positi e orrelatio
as o ser ed
between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of S. nodiflora
having correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9270. The general toxicity of the
extractive was studied by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and from the results
(LC50 0.023- .
μg/ l , it a e ell predi ted that the rude e tra t a d
the partitionate fractions contain cytotoxic principles and have considerable
toxic potencies which supported the insecticidal uses of plant by the
indigenous people.
In the present study, the organic soluble materials of
INTRODUCTION: Synedrella nodiflora (L) is a flowering
herb which belongs to the family Asteraceae. S. methanolic extract of whole plants of S. nodiflora were
subjected to assays for antioxidant activity in terms of
nodiflora grows well in different environments and
total phenolics content and free radical scavenging
mainly found in Bangladesh, India, Japan, Span, China
activity, and preliminary toxicity studies for the first
and England. The leaf juice is used in the treatment of
1
itch, eczema, scabies and any type of skin disorders , time.
while the whole plant is diuretic and laxative 2. The
Attempt has been taken to establish a correlation
anti-inflammatory 3, insecticidal 4, analgesic 5 and anti6
between the total antioxidant activity and total
feedant
activities of the plant have also been
phenolics content in the extractives.
reported.
Keywords:
Synedrella nodiflora,
Antioxidant,
Phenolic content,
Brine shrimp lethality bioassay
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
1528
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection and extraction of plant material: Whole
plants of S. nodiflora were collected in mid 2009 from
the Chittagong University campus. The collected plant
materials were chopped, dried and powdered and 900
gm was extracted with 2 .0 litre of methanol at room
temperature for 7 days. The extracts was filtered
through Whatman filter paper number 1 and
concentrated with a rotary evaporator at reduced
temperature and pressure. A portion of the
concentrated methanol extract (10.0 gm)
was
partitioned by modified Kupchan method 7 using petether, carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane and
subsequent evaporation of solvents yielded pet-ether
(PESN, 3.0 gm), carbon tetrachloride (CTCSN, 3.5 gm),
dichloromethane (DCMSN, 1.5 gm) and aqueous
(AQSN, 1.0 gm) soluble materials. The residues were
then stored in a refrigerator for further investigation.
Phosphomolybdenum Antioxidant Assay: The total
antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by the
phosphomolybdenum assay method 8 which is based
on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the extract
and subsequent formation of a green phosphate-Mo
(V) complex in acedic condition. A 0.3 ml extract (2
mg/ml) was combined with 3 ml of reagent solution
(0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate and 4
mM ammonium molybdate) and the reaction mixture
was incubated at 95oC for 90 min. Then the
absorbance of the solution was measured at 695 nm
using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer against blank
after cooling to room temperature. The antioxidant
activity was expressed as the number of milligram
equivalents of ascorbic acid (mg of ascorbic acid/100g
of plant extract).
Free Radical Scavenging Activity: The free radical
scavenging activity (antioxidant capacity) of the plant
extractives on the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was estimated by the method
established by Brand-Williams et al., (1995). Here, 2.0
ml of a methanol solution of the sample
(extractive/standard) at different concentration (500
μg/ l to .
μg/ l ere i ed ith .
l of a
DPPH etha ol solutio
μg/ l . After
i of
reaction at room temperature in dark place the
absorbance was measured at 517 nm against methanol
ISSN: 0975-8232
as blank by a UV spectrophotometer. Inhibition of free
radical DPPH in percent (I %) was calculated as follows:
(I%) = (1 – Asample/Ablank) × 100
where Ablank is the absorbance of the control reaction
(containing all reagents except the test material), and
Asample is the absorbance of the test sample. Extract
concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) was
calculated from the graph plotted with inhibition
percentage against extractive/standard concentration.
Total Phenolics Analysis: The total phenolic content of
the extractives was determined with the FolinCiocalteau reagent using the method developed by
Harbertson and Spayd 9. To 0.50 ml of each sample
(three replicates), 2.5 ml of 1/10 dilution of FolinCiocalteau reagent in water and 2 ml of Na2CO3 (7.5%,
w/v) were added and incubated at 45 °C for 15 min.
The absorbance of all samples was measured at 765
nm using a SPECTRAmax-PLUS384 UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The phenolic content was expressed as
milligram of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry
weight (mg GAE/g ) of extract.
Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay: Brine shrimp bioassay
method indicates cytotoxicity as well as a wide range
of pharmacological activities e.g., anticancer, antiviral
and pesticidal etc 10. Brine shrimp eggs were hatched
in simulated sea water to get nauplii. Test samples of
different concentrations (400 μg/ l to .
μg/ l
were prepared by dissolving in dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO). The nauplii were counted by visual inspection
and were taken in vials containing 5 ml of simulated
sea water. Then test samples were added to the premarked vials through micropipette and after 24 hours
of incubation the survivors were counted. The LC50
(lethal concentration to half of the test organism)
values of the test samples were calculated from the
regression equation, prepared from the logarithm of
sample concentration and percentage mortality of the
shrimp nauplii.
Statistical Analysis: Three replicates of each sample
were used for statistical analysis and the values are
reported as mean ± SD. Correlation analysis of free
radical scavenging activity versus total phenolics
content and reducing power was carried out using the
correlation and regression program.
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
1529
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The present study was
undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of
different organic soluble materials of a methanol
extract of S. nodiflora. The results are shown in table 1.
The total antioxidant capacity of the S. nodiflora
extracts expressed as the mg of ascorbic acid was
determined by phosphomolybdenum assay, where the
highest value was found in dichloromethane soluble
fraction followed by carbon tetrachloride and
methanol extract as evident from 0.249 mg, 0.175 mg
and 0.145 mg equivalents of ascorbic acid/100g of
sample respectively.
The total phenolic content in the extractives was found
in between 1.574 to 9.4136 mg of GAE/100gm of
sample. The total phenolic content in MeOH extract
was 6.327 mg of GAE/100gm of sample and its petether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and
ISSN: 0975-8232
aqueous soluble Kupchan fractions showed 1.574,
8.1790, 9.4136 and 5.895 mg of GAE/100gm of sample
respectively. This indicated that the dichloromethane
soluble fraction had the maximumt amount of phenolic
compounds.
In the free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, the IC50
values of the test fractions were found to be 10.52 . 5 μg/ l, here the lo er IC50 value is indicative of
higher free radical scavenging activity. The free radical
scavenging activity of dichloromethane soluble fraction
was higher among all the extractives, IC50 value was
.5 μg / l a d its a ti it
as fou d to e e e
better than the synthetic antioxidant, butylated
hydroxyl toluene, here IC50 alue as .5 μg/ l. The
strongest activity of dichloromethane fraction is most
probably due to its high phenolic content (9.4136 mg
of GAE/g of sample).
TABLE 1: TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT
PARTITIONATES OF S. NODIFLORA AND STANDARDS*
Sample code
Sample description
BHT
ASA
MESN
PESN
CTCSN
DCMSN
AQSN
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Ascorbic acid
Methanol extract
Pet ether soluble fraction
Carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction
Dichloromethane soluble fraction
Aqueous soluble fration of methanol extract
Total phenolic content
(mg of GAE/100 gm of dried
extract)
6.327 ± 1.03
1.574 ± 0.25
8.1790 ± 1.78
9.4136 ± 0.89
5.895 ± 0.57
Total antioxidant capacity
(mg of ascorbic acid/100g
of plant extract)
0.145 ± 0.22
0.060 ± 0.75
0.175 ± 0.98
0.249 ± 1.02
0.140 ± 1.57
Free radical
scavenging activity
(IC50 μg/ml)
27.5 ± 0.54
5.8 ± 0.21
17.79 ±2.08
31.25 ± 1.58
11.75 ± 0.79
10.52 ± 0.28
29.58 ± 1.29
*The average values of three calculations are presented as mean ± S.D. (standard deviation).
pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and
aqueous soluble fraction contain toxic activities. The
results are shown in table 2. The LC50 values of the
tested fractions were found in the range of 0.113 to
0.230 μg/ l here the lo est LC50 alue .
μg/ l
was revealed by the dichloromethane soluble fraction
a d the highest .
μg/ l fro the etha ol
extract and pet-ether fraction, whereas the used
standard Vincristine sulphate showed the LC50 value of
0.45 μg/ l.
FIGURE 1. CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TOTAL PHENOLIC
CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, different
mortality rate of the nauplii in all samples and no
lethality/mortality of the control group suggest that
the crude methanol extract of the whole plant and its
TABLE 2. LC50 VALUES IN BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY BIOASSAY OF
DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF S. NODIFLORA AND VINCRISTINE
SULFATE
Samples
MESN
PESN
CTCSN
DCMSN
AQSN
Vincristine sulfate
Available online on www.ijpsr.com
LD50 (µg/ml)
0.230
0.230
0.122
0.113
0.119
0.451
1530
Dutta et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(5): 1528-1531
CONCLUSION: From the above results, it may be
concluded that, the whole plant of S. nodiflora has
moderate antioxidant activity and strong cytotoxicity
which warrant bioactivity guided isolation of the active
compounds. The present findings from the preliminary
toxicity studies of the extractives of S. nodiflora (L)
support the insecticidal uses of the plant by the
indigenous people.
REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
Hossan MS, Hanif A, Khan M, Bari S, Jahan R and Rahmatullah
M: Ethnobotanical survey of the Tripura tribe of Bangladesh.
American Eurasian J. Sustainable Agriculture. 2009; 3: 253-261.
Brand-williams, Cuvelier W and Berset C: Use of free radical
method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm. Wiss.
Technol. 1995; 28: 25-30.
Abada MJ, Bermejoa P, Carreteroa E, Martínez-Acitoresa C,
Noguerab B and Villara A: Antiinflammatory activity of some
medicinal plant extracts from Venezuela. J. Ethnopharmacol.
1996; 55: 63-68.
ISSN: 0975-8232
4.
Belmain SR, Nealb GE, Rayb DE and Goloba P: Insecticidal and
vertebrate toxicity associated with ethnobotanicals used as
post-harvest protectants in Ghana. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2001;
39: 287-291.
5. Prekeyia TF, Oghenekevwea O: Affiliation, effects of dietary
supplementation of node weed (Synedrella nodiflora) on
toxicity of copper and lead in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
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