LA TA R B E L A K A N G P E M IK IR A N P ID A N A A D A T BALI S U A T U ST U D I P E N D A H U L U A N Dl K ER T H A G O SA

  SKRI PSI MADE DARMA WEDA

LAT AR BELAKANG PEMIKIRAN PIDAN A

ADAT BALI SU AT U ST UDI PEN DAH U LU AN

Dl KERT HA GOSA

  

FAK ULT AS HUK UM

UNIVERSIT AS AIRLANGGA

  1 9 8 6 L A T A R B E L A K A N G E E M I K i a A H P l B A I i A A D A T B A L I S U A T U S T U D I P E N D A H U L U A N D I K E R T H A G O S A M

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  MATE E&fiMA V7EDA

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  FAKULTAS HUKUM UK IVER SIT A S AIHLANGGA S U. R A R A Y A 1986 L A T A R B E L A K A U G P E M I K I R A N P I D A N A A D A T B A L I

S U A T U S T U D I P E N D A K U L U A N D I K E R T H A G O S A

  S K R IP S I D IA J U KA N . U N TU K M E LE N G KAPX TU G AS DAN. M M E N U H I S Y.A R A T.- S YA R A T U N TU K MEN C A P A I G E LA R S A R J A N A HUKUM.

  O LE H MAD E D ARMA W EDA 0 3 8 2 1 1 4 2 1

  F A K U L TA S HU KU M U N IV E R S IT A S A IR L A N G G A S U R A B A X A

  1986

KATA PENGANTAR

  D e n g a n m e n g u c a p k a n s y u k u r k e p a d a T u h a n Y a n g M a h a E s a y a n g t e l a h m e lim p a h k a n r a h m a t - N y a k e p a d a s a y a , s e h i n g - g a t e r c a p a i l a h s e b a g i a n d a r i c i t a - c i t a s a y a , y a i t u m e n y e - l e s a i k a n k u l i a h d i F a k u l t a s H u ku m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a .

  P e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n i s e b a g a i s y a r a t b a g i s e t i a p m a h a s is w a u n tu k m e n c a p a i g e l a r s a r j a n a h u ku m t e l a h s a y a la k u k a n d e n g a n u s a h a y a n g m a k s im a l d e n g a n s e g a l a k e k u r a n g - a n y a n g a d a p a d a s a y a .

  P a d a k e s e m p a ta n i n i p u l a p e r k e n a n k a n l a h s a y a m e n g ­ u c a p k a n t e r i m a k a s i h d i s e r t a i p e n g h a r g a a n y a n g s e t i n g g i - t i n g g i n y a k e p a d a :

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  1 . b a p a k S a m p e R a n d a Tu rn a n a n , S . H . s e l a k u p e m b im b in g y a n g d e n g a n p e n u h k e s a b a r a n m e m b e r i p e t u n j u k s e - h i n g g a s a y a d a p a t m e n y e l e s a ik a n s k r i p s i i n i ; 2 . b a p a k D r s . D u ta N u r d ifc y a n a n d a r u d a n i b u S o e d a r t i , S . H . s e l a k u t im p e n g u j i ’ ; 3 . b a p a k I G u s t i M a d e W a r s i k a y a n g t e l a h m e m b a n tu d a la m p e m b u a ta n s k r i p s i i n i ; i f . D e s s y d a n U d d y y a n g t e l a h m em b a n tu s a y a d a la m m e - n g u m p u lk a n d a t a ; 5 . b a p a k - b a p a k d a n i b u - i b u d o s e n y a n g t e l a h m em b im ta L n g s a y a s e la m a k u l i a h ;

  i i i i v

  6 . b a p a k d a n i b u s a y a y a n g t e r c i n t a y a n g t e l a h m e n g - a s u h , m e m b im b in g , d a n m e m b e r i d o r o n g a n s e m a n g a t d a l am m en y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i i n i ; 7 . b a p a k d a n i b u S . A g u n g P i t o y o ;

  8 . R a t n a p a n i W id iw id a n a d a n R i c k y y a n g m e n d o r o n g s a y a d a l am m en y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i i n i ; 9 . r e k a n - r e k a n . s a y a y a n g t i d a k d a p a t s a y a s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r s a t u y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k m e m b e r ik a n s a r a n p a d a s a a t s a y a m en y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i i n i . P a d a k e s e m p a ta n i n i p u l a s a y a m e r a s a w a j i b m e n y i s i h - k a n s e c a r a t e r s e n d i r i u c a p a n t e r i m a k a s i h d a n h o r m a t s a y a k e p a d a B a p a k P r o f . D r . J . E . S a h e t a p y , S . H . y a n g t e l a h m em - p e r h a t i k a n s a y a s e l a m a s a y a k u l i a h . .

  S e m o g a T u h a n m e m b a la s s e g a l a a m a l b a ik b a p a k d a n ib u - d e n g a n k e b a i k a n p u l a . B a n s e b a g a i a k h l r k a t a s e m o g a s k r i p s i i n i a d a m a n fa a t n y a b a g i p a r a p e m b a c a .

  S u r a b a y a , N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 6 P e n u l i s ,

  M a d e D a r n a W ed a D A F TA R I S I h a la m a n K A T A P E N G A N TA R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i

  D A FTA R I S I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v B A B I PEN D AHU LU AJI.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  1 1 . P e r m a s a l a b a n : L a t a r B e l a k a n g d a n P e r u m u s a n n y a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  1 2 . P e n j e l a s a n d a n A l a s a n P e m i l i h a n J u d u l . . . . . . . .

  6 3 . T u ju a n P e n u l i s a n , M e t o d o l o g i , d a n P e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a n S i s t e m a t i k a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  8 B A B

  I I T IN J A U A N UMUM. TE N TA KG KE J A H A TA N DAN B E B E RAPA KAU .SA K E J A H A T A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  12 1 . P e n g e r t i a n d a n P a n d a n g a n M e n g e n a i K e j a h a t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  12 2 . K a u s a K e j a h a t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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  3 . S e k i l a s M e n g e n a i K e j a h a t a n M e n u r u t H u ku m A d a t B a l i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  18 B A B

  I I I P E RA N A N KE R TKA G O S A S E B A G A I PE N C E G AH KE JA H A TA N D I M AS A L A M P A U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  21 1 . K e j a h a t a n M e n u r u t G a m b a r d i K e r t h a G o s a . . .

  21 2 . E k s i s t e n s i K e r t h a G o s a S e b a g a i P e n g a d i l a n A d a t D i M a s a L a m p a u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2k 3 . P e r a n a n K e r t h a G o s a S e b a g a i P e n c e g a h K e j a h a t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&

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  I V G AM B ARAK AN CAMAN P ID A N A D I KE R TH A G O S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 31 K A n cam a n P i d a n a D a la m G a m b a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 31

  

2. Pe ngaruh Ancaman P i d an a Ed. K e rt h a Gosa

  D e w a s a i n i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3 9 B A B

  V P E N U T U P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4 2 1 . K e s i m p u l a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4 2

  2. S aran ............................................................................ 44

  D A F TA R B A C A A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5

  B AB I PE N D AH U LU AN 1• P e r m a s a l a h a n : L a t a r B e l a k a n g d a n P e r u m u s a n n v a

  K e j a h a t a n m e r u p a k a n s u a tu p e r m a s a la h a n y a n g ta m p a k - n y a s u l i t u n tu k d i b e r a n t a s , k e c u a l i d i b a t a s i , d a n s u d a h a d a s e j a k d a h u lu k a l a , B er m a ca m - m a ca m p e n d a p a t t e l a h d i - k e m u k a k a n o l e h p a r a s a r j a n a d a r i b e r b a g a i d i s i p l i n il m u d a la m r a n g k a m e n c a r i s e b a b m u s a b a b k e j a h a t a n *

  K e j a h a t a n tu m b u h s e r t a b e r k e m b a n g d a n s e l a l u a d a d a la m m a s y a r a k a t . K e d u a h a l i n i , y a k n i k e j a h a t a n d a n m a s y a r a k a t , t i d a k d a p a t d i p i s a h k a n . " C r im e i s e t e r n a l - a s e t e r n a l a s s o c i e t y " , d e m ik ia n F r a n k T a n n e n b a u m . 1

  D a la m r a n g k a m e n g a t a s i k e j a h a t a n , l a z i m n y a d i k e l u a r - k a n l a h p e r a t u r a n y a n g m en g a n ca m s e t i a p p e r b u a t a n j a h a t d e n g a n s a n k s i p i d a n a . S a n k s i d a la m h u ku m p i d a n a , d ik a t a k a n o l e h S u d a r t o , m e r u p a k a n s i s t e m s a n k s i y a n g n e g a t i f . I a d i - t e r a p k a n j i k a s a r a n a ( u p a y a ) l a i n s u d a h t i d a k m e m a d a i. J a d i hu ku m p i d a n a d i k a t a k a n m e m p u n ya i f u n g s i y a n g s u b - s i d i a i r . D a la m h u b u n g a n i n i , o r a n g fc is a m e n g a ju k a n

  V . E . S a h e t a p y , K a u s a K e i a h a t a n . P u s a t S t u d i K r i m i n o - l o g i F a k u l t a s Hu ku m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a , 1 9 7 9 > h . 1 . p

  S o e d a r t o , Hu ku m d a n Hu ku m P i d a n a . A l u m n i, B a n d u n g , 1 9 7 7 , h . 3 0 .

  1

  2

  p e r t a n y a a n : d a p a tk a h p i d a n a y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e - l a n g g a r hu ku m u n tu k m e n g a t a s i k e j a h a t a n ? E r a t d e n g a n p e r t a n y a a n i n i i a l a h : a p a h a k i k a t p i d a n a i t u ? B a n y a k o r a n g m e n g a ta k a n b a h w a h a k i k a t p i d a n a a d a la h . s u a t u p e n d e r i t a a n a t a u n e s t a p a . R u s l a n S a l e h , m i s a l n y a , m e n g a ta k a n p i d a n a a d a l a h r e a k s i a t a s d e l i k , d a n i n i b e r - w u ju d s u a tu n e s t a p a y a n g d e n g a n s e n g a j a d it im p a k a n n e g a r a p a d a p e m b u a t d e l i k i t u . D a la m k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p i d a n a ,

  J . E , S a h e t a p y d a la m b u k u n y a y a n g b e r j u d u l " S u a t u S t u d i K h u s u s M e n g e n a i A n ca m a n P i d a n a M a t i T e r h a d a p P em b u n u h a n

  B e r e n c a n a " m e n u l i s b a h w a t u j u a n , a r t i , s i f a t , d a n b e n t u k p id a n a h a r u s d ib e d a - b e d a k a n t e t a p i t i d a k d a p a t d i p i s a h - p i s a h k a n d a n m e r u p a k a n s a t u k e s a t u a n . D a la m h a l i n i , y a n g t e r p e n t i n g a d a l a h t u j u a n p i d a n a k a r e n a t u j u a n p i d a n a l a h y a n g m e w a r n a i a r t i , s i f a t , d a n b e n tu k p i d a n a . ^

  B a n y a k s a r j a n a d a r i b e r b a g a i d i s i p l i n il j n u t e l a h m em b a h a s m a s a la h k e j a h a t a n , b a i k d a r i s e g i y u r i d i s , m a u p u n d a r i s e g i s o s i o l o g i s d a n k r i m i n o l o g i s . B a n y a k p u l a y a n g m e n c o b a m e m b e r i p e r u m u s a n t e n t a n g k e j a h a t a n . T e t a p i t a k s a tu p u n p e n g e r t i a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n s e c a r a l e n g k a p , b u l a t , d a n t u n t a s . D a r i b e r b a g a i r u m u s a n i t u , u n tu k m u d a h n y a ,

  S a h e t a p y , S u a tu S t u d i K h u s u s M e n g e n a i A n ca m a n P id a n a M a t i T e r h a d a p P em b u n u h a n B e r e n c a n a . R a j a w a l i , J a k a r t a , 1 9 8 2 , h . 1 8 9 .

  3

  s a y a k u t i p d a r i J . E . S a h e ta p y s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

• . . . k e j a h a t a n p a d a d a s a m y a m e r u p a k a n s u a tu a b s t r a k s i m e n t a l , d a n o l e h k a r e n a i t u s e y o g i a n y a d i l i h a t s e b a g a i s u a tu p e n a m a a n p e r w u j u d a n y a n g r e l a t i f . K o n o t a s i t e n t a n g p e r w u ju d a n y a n g r e l a t i f i n i t e n t u b e r a k a r p a d a d a n o l e h k a r e n a i t u b e r g a n t u n g d a r i h a s i l p r o s e s a t a u i n t e r a k s i d a la m w a d a h n i l a i - n i l a i s o s i a l , b u d a y a , d a n s t r u k t u r a l m a s y a r a k a t y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n , y a n g b i s a m e n d a p a tk a n r a n g s a n g a n d a r i b e r b a g a i f a k t o r , . . . . ^

  D e m ik ia n p u l a d e n g a n m a s a la h p i d a n a m e r u p a k a n m a s a l a h y a n g b a n y a k m e n im b u lk a n t a n g g a p a n d a r i p a r a s a r j a n a d a n m e l a h i r - k a n t e o r i - t e o r i t e n t a n g p i d a n a . P i d a n a m e r u p a k a n f a k t o r a t a u u n s u r y a n g p a l i n g d a s a r , y a n g p a l i n g e s e n s i a l , y a n g p a l i n g v i t a l , y a n g p a l i n g c o n d i t i o s i n e q u a n o n , f a k t o r a t a u u n s u r m a n a , b u k a n s a j a m e m b e r i w a r a a t e r t e n t u k e p a d a h u ku m p i d a n a c . q . b u d a y a hu ku m y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n , m e l a in k a n j u g a t a n p a p i d a n a , k i t a t i d a k m u n g k in d a p a t b e r b i c a r a t e n t a n g a p a y a n g d in a m a k a n hu ku m p i d a n a . ^

  P i d a n a t e l a h a d a d a la m m a s y a r a k a t k e t i k a k e j a h a t a n i t u l a h i r . R a n y a b e n tu k d a n p e r w u j u d a n n y a y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a s e s u a i d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t .

  S e b e lu m W . v . S . d i b e r l a k u k a n d i n e g a r a k i t a ; k i t a s e b e n a r n y a s u d a h m e n g e n a l h u ku m p id a n a y a n g d i s e b u t d e n g a n h u ku m a d a t p i d a n a . H u ku m a d a t p i d a n a i n i p u n t e l a h m e n g e n a l

  ^ J . E . S a h e t a p y , P i s a u A n a l i s a K r i m i n o l o g j . P i d a t o P e n g u k u h a n P e n e r im a a n J a b a t a n G u r u B e s a r D a la m M a ta P e l a j a r - a n K r i m i n o l o g i F a k u l t a s H u ku m U n i v e r s i t a s - A i r l a n g g a D I

  S u r a b a y a P a d a T a n g g a l 30- J u l i 1 9 8 3 j h . 6 .

  ■^ J .E . S a h e t a p y , M a s a la h P i d a n a . B a h a n K u l i a h H u ku m P id a n a I I , S t e n s i l a n , h . 1 .

  k p i d a n a b a g i p a r a p e l a n g g a r h u k u m .

  D i B a l i , t e r d a p a t s e b u a h b a l a i y a n g d i s e b u t d e n g a n n a m a B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a . K e r t h a G o s a i n i t e r l e t a k d i d a e r a h k a b u p a t e n K l u n g k U n g . K e r t h a G o s a m e r u p a k a n s u a tu t e m p a t y a n g d i p a k a i u n tu k m em b a h a s s e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g b e r t a l i a n d e n g a n s i t u a s i k e a m a n a n , k e m a k m u r a n s e r t a k e a d i l a n d i w i - l a y a h k e r a j a a n B a l i . B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a s e t e l a h r u n t u h n y a k e r a j a a n B a l i p e r m u l a a n a b a d 19 m e n j a d i B a l a i P e n g a d i l a n

  A d a t . S e t i a p o r a n g y a n g b e r p e r k a r a , a p a p u n b e n t u k n y a , y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e r t i k a i a n b e r k e n a a n d e n g a n a d a t d a n a g a m a d a p a t m e n g a ju k a n n y a d i K e r t h a G o s a .

  P e r s i d a n g a n p e n g a d i l a n a d a t i n i d i p i m p i n o l e h s e - o r a n g r a j a d e n g a n d i s a k s i k a n o l e h p a r a p e d a n d e , P a r a p e - d a n d e a t a u d a p a t j u g a d i s e b u t p e n d e t a a t a u u la m a b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i p e n a s e h a t r a j a d a la m m e m u tu s k a n s u a tu p e r k a r a .

  K e u n ik a n d a r i B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a i n i ta m p a k p a d a l a n g i t - l a n g i t y a n g m e n j a d i te m p a t p e r s i d a n g a n . L a n g i t - 1 a n g i t B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a d i h i a s i d e n g a n b e r b a g a i l u k i s a n y a n g m e n c e r i t e r a k a n p e r b u a t a n - p e r b u a t a n m a n u s ia y a n g t e r - c e l a d i d u n ia d a n b e r b a g a i p i d a n a a t a u s a n k s i n y a d i a k h e r a t . A p a y a n g t e r g a m b a r d i l a n g i t - l a n g i t K e r t h a G o s a i t u d a p a t d ip a n d a n g s e b a g a i nK i t a b U n d a n g - u n d a n g H u ku m P i d a n a " a d a t

  B a l i .

  A p a k a h s e k a r a n g B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a m a s ih b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i p e n g a d i l a n a d a t ? S e k a r a n g B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a t i d a k

  5

  l a g i b e r f u n g s i * T e t a p i d a h u lu h u ku m a d a t p i d a n a m a s ih b e r ­ f u n g s i d a n b e r l a k u d a la m w i l a y a h a d a t m a s in g - m a s in g .

  S e t e l a h d i b e r l a k u k a n n y a h u ku m p id a n a t e r t u l i s d a la m h a l i n i W . v . S . , k e d u d u k a n d a n p e r a n a n h u ku m a d a t p i d a n a d i B a l i m e n j a d i b e r k u r a n g .

  H u ku m a d a t ( p i d a n a ) B a l i b e r l a k u d a la m h a l - h a l d i m a n a h u ku m a d a t i t u b e lu m d i g a n t i d e n g a n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r - a n t e r t u l i s .

  D a la m l i n g k u n g a n p e n g a d i l a n n e g e r i , s e c a r a t e o r i t i s hu ku m a d a t p i d a n a t i d a k b e r l a k u s e j a k W . v . S . - N e d . I n d i e d i b e r l a k u k a n p a d a t a n g g a l 1 J a n u a r i 1 9 1 8 . M e s k ip u n s e c a r a t e o r i t i s d a n f o r m i l h u ku m a d a t p i d a n a t i d a k b e r l a k u l a g i , n a m u n d a la m p a s a l 5 a y a t 3 b U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o m o r 1 / D r t . / T a h u n 1 9 5 1 » m a s ih d i b e r i k e s e m p a ta n b e r l a k u n y a h u ku m a d a t .

  P a s a l 5 a y a t 3 b t e r s e b u t m e n y a ta k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : H u ku m m a t e r i i l s i p i l d a n u n tu k s e m e n t a r a w a k tu p u n h u ku m p i d a n a s i p i l y a n g s a m p a i k i n i b e r l a k u u n tu k k a u l a - k a u l a d a e r a h S w a p r a j a d a n o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g d a h u lu d i a d i l i o l e h p e n g a d i l a n a d a t , a d a t e t a p b e r l a k u u n tu k k a u l a - k a u l a d a n o r a n g - o r a n g i t u , d e n g a n p e n g e r t i a n ; b a h w a s u a tu p e r b u a t a n y a n g m e n u r u t h u ku m y a n g h id u p h a r u s d ia n g g a p p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a , a k a n t e t a p i t i a d a b a n d in g n y a d a la m K i t a b H u ku m P i d a n a S i p i l , ra a k a d i ­ a n g g a p d ia n c a m d e n g a n h u ku m a n . y a n g t i d a k l e b i h d a r i t i g a b u la n p e n j a r a d a n / a ta u d e n d a l i m a r a t u s r u p i a h , y a i t u s e b a g a i h u k u m a n p e n g g a n t i b il a m a n a h u k u m a n a d a t y a n g d i j a t u h k a n t i d a k d i i k u t i o l e h p i h a k y a n g te r h u k u m d a n p e n g g a n t i a n y a n g d im a k s u d d i a n g g a p s e p a d a n o l e h h a k im d e n g a n b e s a r k e s a l a h a n y a n g te r h u k u m , d a n b a h w a b il a m a n a h u k u m a n a d a t y a n g d i j a t u h k a n i t u m e n u r u t f i k i r a n h a k im m e la m p a u i p a d a n y a d e n g a n h u k u m a n k u r u n g - a n a t a u d e n d a y a n g d im a k s u d d i a t a s , m a k a a t a s k e s a l a h ­ a n t e r d a k w a d a p a t d ik e n a k a n h u k u m a n n y a p e n g g a n t i s e - t i n g g i 10 ta h u n p e n j a r a , d e n g a n p e n g g a n t i a n b a h w a h u ku m a d a t y a n g m e n u r u t fa h a m h a k im t i d a k s e l a r a s l a g i d e n g a n

  & . za m a n s e n a n t i a s a m e s t i d i g a n t i s e p e r t i t e r s e b u t d i a t a s d a n b a h w a s u a t u p e r b u a t a n y a n g m e n u r u t h u ku m y a n g h id u p h a r u s d l a n g g a p p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a d a n y a n g a d a b a n d in g n y a d a la m K i t a b H u ku m P i d a n a S i p i l , m a k a d ia n g g a p d ia n c a m d e n g a n H u ku m a n y a n g s a m a d e n g a n h u ku m a n b a n d in g n y a y a n g p a l i n g m i r i p k e p a d a p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a i t u *

  D a la m k e n y a t a a n n y a s e k a r a n g , B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a t i d a k l a g i d ip e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i p e n g a d i l a n a d a t * Gam b a r - g a m b a r y a n g t e r d a p a t d i B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a m e n u n ju k k a n k e p a d a k i t a b a h w a p i d a n a t e l a h a d a s e j a k za m a n d a h u lu s e b e l u m d i b e r l a k u - k a n n y a W . v . S . b e r d a s a r k a n a s a s k o n k o r d a n s i .

  B a g i m a s y a r a k a t B a l i , a d a n y a ga m b a r a n d i B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a m e r u p a k a n s u a t u p e t u n j u k t e n t a n g a n c a m a n p i d a n a y a n g m e n u n tu t a g a r s e t i a p m a n u s ia m e n g h in d a r i h a l - h a l y a n g t e r - c e l a . J a d i g a m b a r - g a m b a r y a n g t e r d a p a t d i B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a s e c a r a e k s p l i s i t d a n i m p l i s i t b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i p r e v e n s i k e j a h a t a n *

  D a r i a p a y a n g s u d a h d i u r a i k a n d i a t a s , m a k a d a p a t - l a h d ir u m u s k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : 1 . s e j a u h m a n a p e r a n a n K e r t h a G o s a d a p a t b e r f u n g s i s e ­ b a g a i p e n c e g a h k e j a h a t a n ;

  2 . a p a k a h a n cam a n p i d a n a d i K e r t h a G o s a l e b i h b e r m a k n a d a n a p a k a h a d a p e n g a r u h n y a d e w a s a i n i .

  2 * P e n . i e l a s a n d a n A l a s a n P e m i l l h a n J u d u l S k r i p s i i n i s a y a b e r i j u d u l : L a t a r B e l a k a n g P e m i k i r - a n P i d a n a A d a t B a l i , S u a tu S t u d i P e n d a h u l u a n D i B a l a i K e r t h a

  G o s a .

  7 M a s a la h p i d a n a t id a k . h a n y a d i k e n a l d a la m h u ku m

  p i d a n a m o d e r e n . H u ku m a d a t B a l i t e l a h m e n g e n a l p i d a n a s e ­ b a g a i u p a y a u n tu k m e n a n g g u l a n g i k e j a h a t a n .

  B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a m e r u p a k a n p e n g a d i l a n a d a t B a l i y a n g t e r d a p a t d i k a b u p a te n K l u n g k u n g . B i B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a i n i l a h d a h u lu d ip u tu s k a n s e t i a p p e r t i k a i a n a t a u p e r b u a t a n j a h a t y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n a d a t d a n a g a m a . D i B a l a i K e r t h a G o s a d a p a t d i k e t a h u i p i d a n a a d a t B a l i d i m a s a la m p a u , d a n p e m i k i r a n a p a s a j a y a n g m e l a t a r b e l a k a n g i p i d a n a t e r - s e b u t .

  D ik a ta k a n s u a t u s t u d i p e n d a h u l u a n , k a r e n a s k r i p s i i n i t i d a k m em b a h a s s e c a r a t u n t a s s e g a l a m a s a la h p i d a n a y a n g a d a d i K e r t h a G o s a . D a n m e r u p a k a n s u a tu k e i n g i n a n s a y a k e l a k s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n m e n j a d i s u a tu s t u d i k h u s u s , y a n g m em b a h a s . s e c a r a l e b i h m e n d a la m .

  J u d u l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s m e n c o b a m 'e m b e r i g a m b a r a n y a n g m e l a t a r b e l a k a n g i p i d a n a a d a t B a l i y a n g t e r d a p a t d i K e r t h a G o s a *

  S e b a g a im a n a d i k e t a h u i , KU H P H i n d i a B e l a n d a d i n y a t a - k a n b e r l a k u s e j a k 1 J a n u a r i 1 9 1 8 . B e r d a s a r k a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o m o r 1 T a h u n 1 9 4 6 W . v . S . d i b e r l a k u k a n h a n y a u n tu k J a w a d a n M a d u r a . K e m u d ia n W . v . S . d in y a t a k a n b e r l a k u u n tu k s e - l u r u h I n d o n e s i a b e r d a s a r k a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o m o r 7 3 T a h u n 1 9 3 8 * J a d i W . v . S . i n i s e s u n g g u h n y a m e r u p a k a n w a r i s a n B e l a n d a b e r d a s a r k a n a s a s k o n k o r d a n s i y a n g d i b e r l a k u k a n d i I n d o n e s i a .

  8 B i l i h a t d a r i s e j a r a h W . v . S . , j e l a s l a h b a h w a p i d a n a y a n g

  b e r l a k u s e k a r a n g t i d a k b e r d a s a r k a n p a d a b u d a y a b a n g s a k i t a s e n d i r i . A t a u u n tu k m e m in ja m u n g k a p a n J . E . S a h e t a p y , p i d a n a KU H P H i n d i a B e l a n d a t i d a k b e r d a s a r k a n n i l a i - n i l a i s o s i a l , a s p e k b u d a y a , d a n f a k t o r s t r u k t u r a l , y a n g d ia k r o n im k a n d e n g a n S O B U R A L.

  B a n g s a I n d o n e s i a d e n g a n b u d a y a n y a s e n d i r i m e m p u n ya i c a r a y a n g t e r s e n d i r i p u l a u n tu k m e m b e r i n e s t a p a b a g i p a r a p e l a k u k e j a h a t a n , y a n g d i s e b u t p id a n a a d a t , M e s k ip u n p i d a n a a d a t p a d a m a s a s e k a r a n g s u d a h t i d a k b e r l a k u l a g i k a r e n a a d a - n y a u n i f l k a s i d i b id a n g h u ku m p i d a n a , n a m u n p e r l u d i k e t a h u i d a n d i m e n g e r t i b a g a im a n a p id a n a a d a t i t u . H a l i n i p e n t i n g , a p a l a g i j i k a p i d a n a a d a t i t u t i d a k p u n y a e q u i v a l e n s i d e n g a n W . v . S . D a n j i k a k i t a m e l i h a t p a s a l 14 d a n p a s a l 2 7 U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o m o r 14 T a h u n 1 9 7 0 , t e r n y a t a k e d u a p a s a l t e r s e b t r t s e c a r a e k s p l i s i t m e n g a k u i e k s i s t e n s i h u ku m a d a t ( p i d a n a ) .

  S u a tu p e r k e m b a n g a n d i b id a n g h u ku m a d a t , a p a b i l a n a n t i r a n c a n g a n KU H P ( N a s i o n a l ) d is a h k a n m e n j a d i KU H P N a s i o n a l . D a la m r a n c a n g a n BU KU I KU H P N a s i o n a l y a n g t e l a h d is u s u n o l e h B PH N , a s a s n u llu m c r im e n s i n e l e g e y a n g t e r - ca n tu rn d a la m p a s a l 1 a y a t l W . v . S . m a s ih t e t a p d i p e r t a h a n - k a n , d e n g a n t am b a h a n b a h w a a s a s i t u t i d a k m e n g u r a n g i k e - t e n t u a n n i l a i - n i l a i y a n g h id u p d a la m m a s y a r a k a t y a n g t i d a k m e m p u n ya i e q u i v a l e n s i d e n g a n KU H P N a s i o n a l .

  S e l a i n a l a s a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , k e l a n g k a a n s k r i p s i

  9

  y a n g m em b a h a s m a s a la h p i d a n a a d a t B a l i , k h u s u s n y a K e r t h a G o s a , m e n d o r o n g s a y a u n tu k m e m il ih j u d u l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s .

  3 . T u .iu a n P e n u l i s a n , M e t o d o l o g i , d a n P e r t a n g g u n g . ia w a b a n S i s t e r n a t i k a

  P e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i b e r t u j u a n s e l a i n u n tu k m e - m e n u h i s y a r a t k e l u l u s a n s t u d i d i f a k u l t a s h u k u m , j u g a a d a - n y a k e h e n d a k u n tu k m em b a h a s m a s a la h p i d a n a a d a t B a l i y a n g t e r d a p a t d i K e r t h a G o s a . D e n g a n d e m ik ia n a k a n d i p e r o l e h s u a tu u n g k a p a n p e m i k i r a n y a n g m e l a t a r b e l a k a n g i p i d a n a a d a t B a l i .

  D a la m p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i s a y a m e n g g u n a k a n p e n - d e k a t a n h i s t o r i k - d e s k r i p t i f , y a i t u p e n d e k a t a n y a n g m e n c a r i d a n m e n g a n a l i s i s p e n j e l a s a n m a s a la m p a u d a n m e m b a n d in g k a n - n y a d e n g a n p e r m a s a l a h a n m a s a s e k a r a n g .

  U n tu k m e m p e r o le h d a t a y a n g d a p a t m e n u n ja n g p e n u l i s ­ a n i n i , s a y a m e n g a m b il d a t a y a n g b e r s u m b e r d a r i : 1 . p e n e l i t i a n k e p u s t a k a a n , y a i t u d e n g a n m e m p e l a j a r i t e r - l e b i h d a h u lu b a h a n - b a h a n t e r t u l i s y a n g a d a k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g a k a n d i t u l i s ; 2 . p e n e l i t i a n l a p a n g a n u n tu k m e l e n g k a p i t e o r i - t e o r i y a n g s a y a p e r o l e h d a r i p e n e l i t i a n k e p u s t a k a a n .

  D a ta y a n g s a y a p e r o l e h , b a i k y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i s t u d i k e p u s t a k a a n m a u p u n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n l a p a n g a n , d i o l a h d a n d i - a n a l i s i s s e s u a i d e n g a n p e r m a s a la h a n y a n g t e l a h s a y a r u m u s - k a n . K e m u d ia n h a s i l n y a s a y a tu a n g k a n d a la m t u l i s a n i n i .

  10 P e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i t e r d i r i d a r i l i m a b a b . B a b

  y a n g s a t u d e n g a n b a b y a n g l a i n s a l i n g b e r k a i t a n , s e h i n g g a p e n u l i s a n i n i d ih a r a p k a n m e r u p a k a n s u a tu k e b u l a t a n u r a i a n .

  T u l i s a n i n i d i m u l a i d e n g a n p e n d a h u lu a n y a n g d i d a la m - n y a d i u r a i k a n s e c a r a g a r i s b e s a r p e r m a s a la h a n d a n p e r u m u s a n - n y a . J u g a d a la m p e n d a h u lu a n d i u r a i k a n a l a s a n d a n p e n j e l a s - a n j u d u l s e r t a t u j u a n p e n u l i s a n , m e t o d o l o g i , d a n p e r t a n g - g u n g ja w a b a n s i s t e m a t i k a .

  S e b e lu m m em b a h a s p e r a n a n K e r t h a G o s a s e b a g a i s a r a n a p e n c e g a h k e j a h a t a n , t e r l e b i h d a h u lu h a r u s l a h d i k e t a h u i k e ­ j a h a t a n s e c a r a umum d a n b e b e r a p a k a u s a k e j a h a t a n , y a n g a k a n s a y a u r a i k a n d a la m M E I I . S e l a n j u t n y a d a la m E AB I I I ' a k a n d ib a h a s , f u n g s i n y a K e r t h a G o s a , a p a , b a g a im a n a d a n k e j a h a t ­ a n a p a s a j a y a n g d ig a m b a r k a n d i l a n g i t - l a n g i t K e r t h a G o s a . D e n g a n d e m ik ia n d ih a r a p k a n a k a n t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n y a n g e r a t a n t a r a b a b - b a b t e r s e b u t ,

  D a la m b a b s e l a n j u t n y a a k a n d i b a h a s j u d u l "G a m b a r a n A n ca m a n P id a n a D i K e r t h a G o s a " . D a la m b a b i n i j u g a a k a n d ib a h a s j e n i s - j e n i 6 a n ca m a n p i d a n a d i K e r t h a G o s a . J u g a a k a n d ib a h a s b a g a im a n a p e n g a r u h a n c a m a n t e r s e b u t d e w a s a i n i . D e n g a n s e l e s a i n y a p e m b a h a s a n i n i , m a k a d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n y a n g l o g i s d a n t e r a t u r a n t a r a k e t i g a b a b t e r s e b u t .

  S e b a g a i b a b p e n u tu p d a la m t u l i s a n i n i , d ir u m u s k a n k e s im p u l a n d a n b e b e r a p a s a r a n . K e s im p u l a n m e r u p a k a n i n t i s a r i d a r i p e m b a h a s a n r a a s a l a h - m a s a l a h s e b e lu m r iy a , s e d a n g - k a n s a r a n - s a r a n d ip a n d a n g s a n g a t b e r g u n a d a la m r a n g k a p e r k e m b a n g a n h u ku m d a n m a s a la h p i d a n a .

  1 . P e n g e r t i a n d a n P a n d a n g a n M e n g e n a i K e . i a h a t a n

  K e j a h a t a n m e r u p a k a n p e r s o a l a n y a n g d i a l a m i m a n u s ia d a r i w a k tu k e w a k tu . M e n g a p a k e j a h a t a n t e r j a d i d a n b a g a i - m a n a c a r a m e m b e r a n ta s n y a , m e r u p a k a n p e r s o a l a n y a n g t i a d a h e n t i n y a d i p e r d e b a t k a n . K e j a h a t a n m e r u p a k a n p r o b l e m a m a n u s ia O l e h k a r e n a i t u d i m a n a a d a m a s y a r a k a t m a n u s ia d i s a n a p a s t i a d a k e j a h a t a n . " C r im e i s e t e r n a l - a s e t e r n a l a s s o c i e t y , " d e m ik ia n t u l i s F r a n k T a n n e n b a u m .^

  P e n g e r t i a n k e j a h a t a n s e c a r a y u r i d i s b e r a r t i s e g a l a t i n g k a h l a k u m a n u s ia y a n g d a p a t d i p i d a n a d i a t u r d a la m h u ku m p i d a n a . P e n g e r t i a n k e j a h a t a n s e c a r a y u r i d i s b u k a n l a h m e r u p a ­ k a n p e n g e r t i a n y a n g l e n g k a p . B e r b a g a i s a r j a n a t e l a h b e r u s a h a m e m b e r ik a n p e n g e r t i a n t e n t a n g k e j a h a t a n y a n g d ia n g g a p t e p a t , n a m u n u s a h a m e r e k a m e n g a la m i k e g a g a l a n . H a l y a n g s a m a p e r n a h d il a k u k a n p u l a o l e h p a r a ' a h l i h u ku m d a la m m e n c a r i a r t i hu ku m s e b a g a im a n a d ik e m u k a k a n o l e h Im m a n u e l K a n t : " N o c h s u c h e n

  n d i e y u r i s t e n e i n e d e f i n i t i o n zu ih r e m b e g r i f f e v o n r e c h t .

  ^ J . E . S a h e t a p y I , l o c . c i t .

  7

  ' L . J . v a n A p e l d o o r n , P e n g a n t a r I l m u H u ku m . P r a d n y a P a r a m i t a , J a k a r t a , 1 9 8 1 , h . 1 3 .

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  13 J i k a k i t a m em b u k a W . v . S . , a k a n d i p e r o l e h s u a tu

  g a m b a r a n t e n t a n g p e r b u a t a n man a y a n g d i k u a l i f i k a s i k a n s e ­ b a g a i k e j a h a t a n d a n man a y a n g d i k u a l i f i k a s i k a n s e b a g a i p e - l a n g g a r a n . M e n g e n a i p e n g e r t i a n k e j a h a t a n i t u s e n d i r i k i t a t i d a k a k a n m e n ju m p a in y a d i d a la m W . v . S . D a la m W . v . S . h a n y a t e r d a p a t k u a l i f i k a s i p e r b u a t a n y a n g d in y a t a k a n s e b a g a i p e r ­ b u a ta n p i d a n a . P e r b u a t a n p i d a n a i n i k e m u d ia n d i b a g i d a la m d u a k l a s i f i k a s i , y a i t u y a n g d in a m a k a n k e j a h a t a n d a n p e l a n g - g a r a n . P e r b e d a a n a n t a r a k e j a h a t a n d a n p e l a n g g a r a n h a n y a

  Q d id a s a r k a n a t a s b e r a t r i n g a n n y a p i d a n a . I n i t i d a k b e r a r t i b a h w a s e o r a n g y a n g m e la k u k a n p e r b u a t a n y a n g m e l a n g g a r BU KU I I W . v . S . d i k a t a k a n s e b a g a i p e n j a h a t . U n tu k i t u p e r l u a d a n y a p u tu s a n h a k im y a n g m e m p u n ya i k e k u a ta n h u ku m y a n g p a s t i .

  D a r i s e g i k r i m i n o l o g i , s e t i a p t i n d a k a n a t a u p e r ­ b u a ta n t e r t e n t u y a n g t i d a k d i s e t u j u i o l e h m a s y a r a k a t d i - a r t i k a n s e b a g a i k e j a h a t a n . I n i b e r a r t i s e t i a p k e j a h a t a n t i d a k h a r u s d ir u m u s k a n t e r l e b i h d a h u lu d a la m s u a t u p e r - a t u r a n h u ku m p i d a n a . J a d i s e t i a p p e r b u a t a n y a n g a n t i s o s i a l , m e r u g ik a n s e r t a m e n j e n g k e l k a n m a s y a r a k a t , s e c a r a

  Q k r i m i n o l o g i s d a p a t d i k l a s i f i k a s i k a n s e b a g a i k e j a h a t a n . 7 Q

  M o e l j a t n o , A z a s - a z a s H u ku m P i d a n a . G a d ja h M a d a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 8 0 , h . 4 9 . ^ J . E . S a h e ta p y d a n M a r d j o n o B e k s o d i p u t r o , P a r a d o s

  D a la m K r i m i n o l o g i . P u s a t S t u d i F a k u l t a s H u ku m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a , 1 9 7 6 , h . 1 0 .

  14 J a d i k e j a h a t a n a d a l a h s e t i a p p e r b u a t a n y a n g a n t i

  s o s i a l , m e r u g ik a n d a n m en j e n g k e l k a n m a s y a r a k a t . M a s y a r a k a t - l a h y a n g m e n i l a i p e r b u a t a n t e r s e b u t b a i k a t a u b u r u k .

  D a r i s e g i a p a p u n d i b i c a r a k a n s u a tu k e j a h a t a n , p e r l u - l a h d i k e t a h u i b a h w a k e j a h a t a n b e r s i f a t r e l a t i f . R e l a t i f n y a k e j a h a t a n i n i b e r g a n t u n g p a d a r u a n g , w a k tu , d a n s i a p a y a n g m en a m a k a n s e s u a t u i t u k e j a h a t a n . " M is d a a d i s b e n o e m in g " , k a t a H o e f n a g e l s ; a r t i n y a , t i n g k a h l a k u d i d e f i n i s i k a n s e ­ b a g a i j a h a t o l e h m a n u s ia - m a n u s ia y a n g t i d a k m e n g k u a l i f i k a s i - k a n d i r i s e b a g a i p e n j a h a t . ^ D a la m k o n t e k s i t u d a p a t d i ­ k a t a k a n b a h w a k e j a h a t a n a d a l a h s u a tu k o n s e p s i y a n g b e r s i f a t a b s t r a k . A b s t r a k d a la m a r t i i a t i d a k d a p a t d i r a b a d a n t i d a k d a p a t d i l i h a t , k e c u a l i a k i b a t n y a s a j a .

  M e s k ip u n k e j a h a t a n b e r s i f a t r e l a t i f , a d a p u l a p e r - b e d a a n a n t a r a 'm a l a i n s e ' d e n g a n 'm a l a p r o h i t a t a ' . 'M a l a i n s e ' a d a l a h s u a tu p e r b u a t a n y a n g t a n p a d ir u m u s k a n s e ­ b a g a i k e j a h a t a n s u d a h m e r u p a k a n k e j a h a t a n . S e d a n g k a n 'm a l a p r o h i b i t a ' a d a l a h p e r b u a t a n m a n u s ia y a n g d i k l a s i f i k a s i k a n s e b a g a i k e j a h a t a n a p a b i l a t e l a h d ir u m u s k a n s e b a g a i k e j a h a t ­ a n d a la m u n d a n g - u n d a n g .

  2 . K a u s a K e . ia h a ta n K e j a h a t a n m e r u p a k a n p r o b l e m a b a g i m a n u s ia , k a r e n a

  S a h e t a p y , K a n i t a S e l e k t a K r i m i n o l o g i . A l u m n i, B a n d u n g , 1 9 7 9 , h . 6 7 .

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  m e s k ip u n t e l a h d i t e r a p k a n s a n k s i y a n g b e r a t , k e j a h a t a n i t u s e l a l u a d a d a la m m a s y a r a k a t m a n u s ia . M e n g a p a k e j a h a t a n m a s ih s a j a t e r j a d i ? H a l i n i m e r u p a k a n p e r s o a l a n y a n g b e lu m d a p a t d ip e c a h k a n s a m p a i s e k a r a n g ,

  B a n y a k s a r j a n a b e r u s a h a u n t u k m e n e m u k a n d a n m e n e r a n g - k a n k a u s a k e j a h a t a n . D a la m t u l i s a n i n i d ik e m u k a k a n b e b e r a p a p e n d a p a t s a r j a n a t e n t a n g k a u s a k e j a h a t a n .

  U s a h a m e n e r a n g k a n k a u s a k e j a h a t a n s u d a h d i m u l a i s e - b e lu m a b a d k e - 1 8 . P a d a w a k tu i t u , s e s e o r a n g y a n g m e la k u k a n k e j a h a t a n d ip a n d a n g s e b a g a i d i r a s u k s e t a n . 11 T a n p a d i r a s u k s e t a n o r a n g b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a s e s e o r a n g t i d a k a k a n m e la k u k a n k e j a h a t a n . P a d a m a s a s e k a r a n g t e n t u s a j a p a n d a n g a n i n i t i d a k b i s a d i t e r i m a k a r e n a t i d a k b e r s i f a t i l m i a h .

  P a d a a b a d k e - 1 8 m u n c u l s u a tu t e o r i y a n g d i d a s a r k a n a t a s p s i k o l o g i h e d o n i s t i s . 12 A l i r a n i n i d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a m a M a d za b K l a s i k . T o k o h n y a y a n g t e r k e n a l a d a l a h B e c c a r i a ( 1 7 7 5 ) . M e n u r u t t e o r i i n i , s e t i a p p e r b u a t a n m a n u s ia d i d a s a r k a n a t a s p e r t im b a n g a n m e n d a p a tk a n k e s e n a n g a n . M a n u s ia b e r h a k m e m il i h m a n a y a n g b a i k d a n ra a n a y a n g b u r u k . J a d i m e n u r u t t e o r i i n i , o r a n g m e la k u k a n k e j a h a t a n k a r e n a o r a n g i t u s e n d i r i t e l a h m e m p e r tim b a n g k a n k e s e n a n g a n n y a d i a t a s k e s u s a h a n n y a . T e o r i S a h e ta p y I , o n . c i t . . h . 2 .

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  i n i s u l i t d a p a t d i p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a t k a n t e r h a d a p b e r b a g a i k r i t i k .

  P a d a p e r m u la a n a b a d k e - 1 9 m u n c u l s u a tu t e o r i y a n g m e n g h u b u n g k a n t i m b u l n y a k e j a h a t a n d e n g a n k o n d i s i i k l i m . T e o r i i n i d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a m a " T h e r m a l T h e o r y " , S e c a r a s i n g k a t t e o r i i n i m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k e j a h a t a n y a n g d i l a k u - k a n t e r h a d a p m a n u s ia d i s e b a b k a n p e n g a r u h i k l i m p a n a s . D L - k a t a k a n p u l a b a h w a k e j a h a t a n t e r h a d a p h a r t a b e n d a d i p e n g a - r u h i o l e h i k l i m d i n g i n . D i s e k i t a r a k h i r a b a d 1 9 , k e j a h a t a n d ih u b u n g k a n d e n g a n n a i k t u r u n n y a h a r g a g a n d u m . A p a b i l a h a r g a g a n d u m t i n g g i , m a k a k e j a h a t a n b e r ta m b a h , s e d a n g k a n j i k a h a r g a ga n d u m r e n d a h , m a k a k e j a h a t a n a k a n b e r k u r a n g .

  P a d a ta h u n 1 8 7 5 m u n c u l a l i r a n y a n g d i s e b u t " T y p o ­ l o g i c a l s c h o o l " , A l i r a n i n i m e n i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a s i f a t - s i f a t t e r t e n t u d a r i k e p r i b a d i a n m a n u s ia . A d a t i g a a l i r a n y a n g te r m a s u k d a la m " T y p o l o g i c a l s c h o o l " , y a i t u y a n g d i - n a m a k a n L o m b r o s ia n , M e n t a l t e s t e r s , d a n P s y c h i a t r i c . 1-^

  L o m b r o s ia n l e h L h d i k e n a l s e b a g a i m a d z a b I t a l i a y a n g d i p e l o p o r i o l e h L o m b r o s o , M e n u r u t a l i r a n i n i , o r a n g j a h a t m e m p u n ya i c i r i - c i r i t e r t e n t u d a n o r a n g y a n g m e la k u k a n k e ­ j a h a t a n d i l a h i r k a n s e b a g a i p e n j a h a t . P e n j a h a t d e m ik ia n d i ­ s e b u t s e b a g a i " a b o r n c r i m i n a l " . P a d a m u la n y a a l i r a n i n i

  1^ E d w in H . S u t h e r l s u i d , A z a s - a z a s K r i m i n o l o g i . d i -

  s a d u r M om on M a r t a s a p u t r a , A l u m n i, B a n d u n g , 1 9 6 9 j h . 7 0 ,

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