True mangrove of North Gorontalo Regency Indonesia their list status and habitat structural complexity in easternmost coast area
Tr u e m a n gr ove of N or t h Gor on t a lo Re ge n cy,
I n don e sia , t h e ir list , st a t u s a n d h a bit a t - st r u ct u r a l
com ple x it y in e a st e r n m ost coa st a r e a
1
Faizal Kasim , 1 Sit t i Nursinar, 1 Cit ra Panigoro,
Lam alango
1
1,2
Zulkifli Karim ,
1,2
Aldin
Depart m ent of Aquat ic Resour ces Managem ent , Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Goront alo St at e Universit y, Gor ont alo, I ndonesia; 2 Goront alo Coast al Ecological and
Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) , Dulalowo, Telaga Jaya, Gor ont alo, I ndonesia.
Cor r esponding aut hor: F. Kasim , faizalkasim @ung.ac.id
Abst r a ct . The Goront alo's biodiversit y is well known t hrough several iconic of m am m als and birds of
world conservat ion value. The present st udy aim ed t o revise a species list of t rue m angroves in
east ernm ost coast of Nort h Goront alo Regency. An indexing of diversit y and st at us I UCN red list for
conservat ion was t aken int o account . Also st ruct ural com plexit y of habit at feat ure on each sit e was
discussed at spat ial int erval m easurem ent am ong sit e. The result showed t hat t here were 19 species
belonging to 9 genera wit hin 7 fam ilies of t rue m angrove in east ernm ost coast . The known t rue
m angrove, Rhizophoraceae, was t he richest in t axa at both genus and species level. Two species found
which considered globally im port ant , i.e. Aegiceras floridum Roem . & Schult ( locally nam ed as Tongge)
and Cer iops decandra ( Griff.) Ding Hou ( locally called as Posi- posi) . Ot her t han bot h were t rue
m angroves species enlist ed least concerned globally. However , since Herit iera lit t oralis Ait on ( locally
referred and nam ed as Kayu t in) was t he rarest species ( only found 2 t rees of 1 sit e) , it t hen considered
crit ically im port ant endangered species locally. I n t he cont ext of habit at st ruct ural- diversit y relat ionship,
t he dist inct ive feat ure which m ay com parat ively m easurable were durat ion- depended t idal range, t ypes
of freshwat er supply, land cover change, m angrove form ation, int erval level of spat ial dist ribut ion scale.
I n current case, sam pling m et hod applied was t he addit ional for struct ural com plexit y of m angrove
diversit y. Those are a com parat ively feat ures of diversit y's m easure was be t aken int o analysis am ong
each sit e or ot her region out side Nort h Goront alo.
Ke y W or ds: Goront alo’s m angrove, endangered species, m angrove diversit y, Br ay-Curt is sim ilarit y
index, coast al feat ure.
I nt r odu ct ion . Generally m angroves can be found t hroughout t he I ndonesian
archipelago. So far, in I ndonesia t her e ar e at least 202 species of m angrov e plant s,
cov ering 89 species of t rees, 5 species of palm , 19 species of clim ber s, 44 t ypes of soil
herbs, 44 t ypes of epiphyt es and 1 t ype of ferns. Am ong t he 202 species, 43 species
( including 33 t ree species and som e shrubs) ar e found as t rue m angr oves; ot her species
are found around m angrov es and ar e known as associat ed m angr ov e species.
While m angrove in I ndonesia has a high diversit y of global species, t heir ext ent of
cov erage has t ended declining yearly because of som e dist urbances and in t he process of
becom ing ponds. The dist urbances ar e t im ber ext ract ion for com m ercial purposes and
shift ing cult ivat ion for farm s and farm ing areas, especially rice and coconut ( Noor et al
2012) . Loss of m angrov e area also occur r ed in Goront alo. Recent ly report fr om
Depart m ent of Fisheries and Marine Goront alo Province ( 2016) st at ed t hat an ongoing
t hreat ed condit ion occurring on Goront alo’s m angrov e. Of t he t ot al 17,204.84 ha
m angrov e forest in t he sout hern and nort hern coast line of Goront alo. Unt il end 2015, a
num ber of 3,084.68 ha ( about 17.9% of m angrov e on Goront alo) are dam aged which of
1.107,93 ha ( 35.9% of t ot al dam aged m angrove) occurr ed in Nort her n Goront alo. This
t hreat ens condit ion, t her efor e, will effect t o coast al product ivit y and loss diversit y of
m angrov e in I ndonesia in general.
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Biogeographically, Gor ont alo area is locat ed in t he heart of t he Wallacea, t he
t ransit ional zone bet ween t he Asian, or Orient al ( Paleot ropical) , and Aust ralian
( Not ogaean) . Consequent ly, Gor ont alo has unique and rare biodiversit y, hom e t o
num erous unique species ( Gorlinski 2012; Mano 2016) . I n unique biodiversit y t erm s,
Goront alo has a num ber of conservat ion ar eas nam ely Bogani Nani Wart abone Nat ional
Park ( TNBNW) in Bone Bolango Regency, Nant u- Boliyohut o Wildlife Reser ve in Nort h
Goront alo, Gor ont alo and Boalem o Regency . I n addit ion t here ar e Panua Nat ure Reserv e
and Tanj ung Panj ang Nat ure Reserv e in Pohuwat o Regency , Popay a Mas Raj a Nat ur e
Reser ve in Nort h Gor ont alo Regency, and Tangale Nat ure Reserv e in Gor ont alo Regency ,
as well as m angrov e for est . I n t erm s of rare biodiversit y, such im port ant sit e for
conser vat ion areas was being t he last st rongholds for Sulawesi's richness ( Corbin 2013;
Nant ufor est 2017) . They were hom e t o a large num ber of species endem ic t o Sulawesi
like as Macr ocephalon m aleo ( t he incubat or bird m aleo) , Macaca nigra ( t he cr est ed black
m acaques) , Baby r ousa celebensis ( babushkas or deer- pigs) , Acer os cassidix ( t he r edknobbed hornbill) , and Bubalus sp. ( dwarf buffalo or anoa) . These faunas wer e being t he
Goront alo’s iconic of for world conservat ion value ( Kart ika 2008) .
Recent ly, Gor ont alo was declared t o be t he Third Conservat ion Province in
I ndonesia by t he Minist ry of Environm ent of I ndonesia Gov ernm ent , aft er West Papua
Province and East Kalim ant an ( Paino 2017) . Therefore, t he disclosure of m angr ov e
for est s condit ion as part of com pr ehensive m anagem ent for conser vat ion area is a need
I n t he pr esent r esear ch, w e conduct ed an invent ory st udy upon m angrov e
biodiversit y in Goront alo. The aim was t o check t he species list of t rue m angr ov es in
east ernm ost coast ar ea of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency and t heir st at us t o com plet e diver sit y
inform at ion for I ndonesia’s m angrov e dat a base. Pr esent st udy also highlight ed feat ur es
am ong sit es as habit at which m ight be t he st ruct ural com plexit y of t rue m angrove
species diversit y in east ernm ost coast ar ea.
M a t e r ia l a n d M e t h od. Field dat a of t he r esearch was conduct ed in May – August us 2017
in t he east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency, Goront alo Pr ovince ( Figure 1) .
Figure 1. Field st at ion of r esear ch locat ion for m angrov e sam pling on coast al area of
villages in east ernm ost regency ar ea of dist rict s, Nort h Goront alo Regency, I ndonesia.
D e scr ipt ion of t h e st u dy sit e s. Sit e locat ion was bet w een lat it ude 0 o 52’ 53.2’’ – 0 o 56’
27.8’’ ( N) and longit ude 122 o 56’ 15.6’’ – 123 o 6’ 51.2’’ ( E) . Adm inist rat ively, sit es of
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st udy were coast al areas of 7 villages part of 3 dist rict s; Kot aj in Ut ara, Oluhut a, and
I m ana ( Dist rict of At inggola) ; Pasalae ( Dist rict of Gent um a Raya) ; Tanj ung Karang,
Huidum elit o, and Dam balo ( Dist rict of Tom ilit o) .
Based on Nort h Gor ont alo Regency pr ofile in 2015, av erage t em perat ur e by Mont h
ranged fr om 24.14 o C ( Februar y) t o 28.39 o C ( Decem ber) wit h hum idit y of ar ea ranged
from 61.90% ( Sept em ber) t o 84.77% ( Januar y ) . The av erage of t he highest rainy days
occurr ed in June t hat was 19 day s, while t he highest rainfall occur red in May was 188.00
m m . The av erage rainy day and rainfall decr eased com par ed t o t he previous y ear , and
one of t he causes is t he El Nino phenom enon ( BPS- St at ist ics of Gor ont alo Ut ara Regency
2016) .
D a t a colle ct ion . Purposive t ransect line ( TL) was em ployed for dat a collect ion wit hin t he
sit es of dist ribut ed m angrov e. The lengt h of each TL varied fr om 150 m t o 1,400 m , was
only est ablished on t he widest dist ance of belt m angrov e area wit hin each sit e ( village) ,
st art ed from t he front form at ion ( seaward) pass t hrough t he m angrove com m unit y t o t he
back form at ion ( landward) , one t o t hree in accordance wit h size of belt and shape of t he
m angrov e ext ent inside each sit e area. The inform at ion was generat ed from Google Eart h
im age in desk assign. Plot m et hods size 10 x 10 m ( Hanum et al 2012; Jam ili et al 2015)
was used for veget at ion sam pling wit hin each TL wit h an int erval dist ance of 30 m t o 50
m bet ween plot s. Each plot was divided int o diagonally sub- plot s size 5 x 5 m ( Hidayat et
al 2010) . A t ot aling area of 5,100 squar e m et er ( 0.51 ha) w as result ed fr om regular plot s
wer e est ablished along t he t ot aling 13 TLs wit hin all sit es.
Type a n d sou r ce s of da t a . Only t ype of t rue m angrov es was invent oried and
enum erat ed. Type of t rees and saplings cat egories was invent oried fr om each plot s,
seedlings from sub- plot s. Mangrove species ident ificat ion was based on t he descript ion of
t rue m angroves by Kusm ana et al ( 2003) , Noor et al ( 2012) , and Wet land I nt ernat ional
( 2017) . Mangrove populat ion st ruct ure w as collect ed fr om basal area ( BA) and t r ee
densit y param et er s result ed fr om t he num ber of individual m angrove t runk of t r ee and
sapling, and t heir diam et er at br east height ( DBH) in each plot . Diam et er was r esult ed
from circum fer ence value m easur ed using a m easuring t ape, wit h for m ula of diam et er =
circum ference.π- 1 . Mangrov e t r ee wit h t runk height > 1.5 m was furt her cat egorized based
on t heir diam et er at DBH, i.e. t r ees has diam et er of > 10 cm at DBH, sam plings cat egory
has diam et er of 3–10 cm . St em height < 1.5 m was cat egorized as seedlings ( Cint ron &
Nov elli 1984; Cañizares & Ser onay 2016; Jam ili et al 2015; Joshi & Ghose 2014; Sukueng et al 2013; Winat a et al 2017) .
D a t a a n a lysis. The I UCN st at uses w er e t aken fr om t he I UCN Red List of Thr eat en ed
Species Ver sion 2017- 2 ( I UCN 2017) ; was t aking int o account feat ur es considered in t he
present species list for t he t rue m angroves. Condit ion of m angrov e com m unit ies ( Joshi &
Ghose 2014) including Species diversit y Shannon- Wiener index, H′ ( Shannon & Wiener
( 1963) dom inance Sim pson’s index, Cd ( Sim pson 1949) and evenness Pielou’s index, E
( Pielou 1966) were det erm ined, also m ult ivariat e clust ering ( Bray- Curt is’s index) for
spat ial discrim inat ion of species diversit y ( Jum awan et al 2015) was followed, calculat ed
using PAleont ological STat ist ics ( PAST Version 3.15) ( Ham m er 2017) .
Re su lt s a n d D iscu ssion . Each sit es of m angrov e areas wer e separat e sporadic. Back
area of m angrov e on m or e sit es was found im m ediat ely curt ailed by t he foot hills. No
wonder since average t opography of locat ion was dom inat ed by highlands, range from 8
m in Gent um a Raya and 9 m in At inggola t o 66 m in Tom ilit o. How ev er, m ost ly sit es,
except Huidum elit o, having enough fresh wat er supply from river ( be found in Kot aj in
Ut ara and Dam balo) , rills, cricks, and perhaps sm all st ream t hat flows int erm it t ent ly or
seasonally. These out let s t ypes of fr eshwat er sources m ay be t he support for t he gr owt h
of m angrov es in t his locat ion.
Ex ist in g spe cie s of t r u e m a n g r ove . Following t he lit erat ure review and field survey of
t he pr esent st udy w e ident ified a t ot al of 19 species of t rue m angr ov es of all 7 sit es on
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east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Goront alo. These species belonged int o 7 differ ent
fam ilies of 9 genera. Of t he 7 fam ilies, Rhizophoraceae shows t he m ax im um richest t axa
at bot h genus and species level. This fam ily, oft en referr ed t o as t he “ t ru e m angr ov e
fam ily” ( Duke et al 1998 in Barik & Chowdhury 2014) , show s t he richest assem blage in
m ost of t he m angrov e ecosy st em s of t he w orld, as also evident in t he present st udy
having 3 genera which are 8 species wit hin. The det ails of t he encount ered species ar e
given in Table 1.
Table 1
Species of t rue m angrove encount er ed on t he east ernm ost coast ar ea of Nort h Gor ont alo
Regency and t heir dist ribut ion occurr ence in each sit e
Adm inist rat ive area*
No
Fam ily
Gener a
Scient ific nam e
D1
D2
Kj I m Ol
I UCN
Red list
D3
Ps BR Da Hm TK
**
1
2
Myrsinaceae
Aegicer as
A. corniculat um ( L.) Blanco
A. floridum Roem . & Schult
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
LC
NT
3
4
5
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia
A. alba Blum e
A. m arina (Forsk.) Vierh.
A. officinalis L.
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
LC
LC
LC
B. cylindrica ( L.) Blum e
+
B. gym norhiza ( L.) Lam .
B. par viflor a Wight & Arn. ex Griffit h -
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
LC
LC
LC
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
NT
LC
Na
6
7
8
Bruguiera
Rhizophoraceae
9
10
Ceriops
11 Asclepiadaceae Gym nant hera
12
Malvaceae
Herit iera
13
14 Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora
15
16
17
Lyt hraceae
Sonnerat ia
18
Meliaceae
Xylocarpus
C. decandra ( Griff.) Ding Hou
C. t agal ( Perr) C.B. Rob.
-
G. paludosa ( Bl.) K. Schum
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
H. lit t oralis Ait on
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
LC
R. apiculat a Blum e
R. m ucronat a Lam .
R. stylosa Griff.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
LC
LC
LC
S. alba Sm .
S. caseolaris ( L.) Engl.
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
LC
LC
X. m oluccensis ( Lam .) M. Roem .
Sum of species
8
+
11
5
+
6
7
7
9
8
LC
* Abbreviat ion of villages: Kj - Kot aj in Ut ara, I m - I m ana, Ol - Oluhut a, Ps - Pasalae, BR - Bolango Raya, Da Dam balo, Hm - Huidum elit o, TK - Tanj ung Karang. Abbreviat ion of dist rict s; D1 - At inggola, D2 - Gent um a
Raya, D3 - Tom ilit o. * * I UCN red list code: NT - Near Threat ened, LC - Least Concern, VU - Vulnerable, Na Not available.
Noor et al ( 2012) st at ed t hat at least 43 species, but Giesen et al ( 2007) st at ed 48
species, of t he 52 of t r ue m angrove species w hich are list ed in Sout heast Asia ( SE Asia)
occurs in I ndonesia. Sev ent een species list ed in t he present st udy ar e I ndonesia’s
m angrov e species which wer e also enlist ed of SE Asia's m angrove ( Giesen et al 2007;
Noor 2012) . One species, Gym nant hera paludosa ( Bl.) K. Schum was unlist ed in Giesen
et al ( 2007) ’s list , and also has not yet been enlist ed in I UCN Red List . Noor ( 2012)
st at ed if t his species was possibly found t hroughout I ndonesia coast al area, alt hough
m ost ly r ecorded on Jav a and Madura.
The present st udy found t hat in t he east ernm ost area t here w er e t wo species, i.e
Aegiceras floridum Roem . & Schult ( locally nam ed as Tongge) and Ceriops decandra
( Griff.) Ding Hou ( locally called as Posi- posi) are globally considered im port ant r egarding
t heir conservat ion im port ance as enlist ed st at us in near globally t hreat ened list ( I UCN
2017) . Likewise, w e not iced anot her Aegicer as ( A. corniculat um ( L.) Blanco which is
locally called as Tangalo put ih) , and Avicennia officinalis L. ( locally nam ed Tangalo
m erah) and Herit iera lit t oralis Ait on ( locally refer red and nam ed as Kayu t in) were 3
species consider ed endanger ed locally in addit ion t o t he ot her previous of t wo globally
im port ant species. Mor eover, H. lit t oralis was consider ed in current st udy as crit ically
endanger ed since t heir assem blage species rar ely occur red ( 2 t ree individuals) wit hin 1
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sit e. Densit y of all cat egory of t rue m angr ov e’s list encount er ed during sam pling in
east ernm ost coast ar ea is showed in Figure 2.
533
600
225
286
129
159
212
235
-
12
-
20
31
51
45
71
35
-
-
4
-
-
-
C. t agal
8
-
C. decandra
-
-
B. gym norhiza
96
98
59
55
31
25
29
4
B. cylindrica
-
12
8
-
49
45
73
47
49
4
31
10
100
94
102
200
137
155
231
237
300
292
296
345
400
402
439
500
Trees
Sapling
X. m oluccensis
X. granat um
S. caseolaris
S. alba
R.st ylosa
R. m ucronat a
R. apiculat a
H. lit t oralis
G. paludosa
B.parviflora
A. officinalis L.
A. m arina
A. alba
A. floridum
A. corniculat um
-
Seedling
Figure 2. The m angr ove species densit y ( ind. Ha - 1 ) of each cat egory of t rue m angr ov e list
t rough all sit es. ( Densit y was calculat ed from plot s num ber and t heir size on each sit e) .
Available publicat ions concerning inform at ion of m angroves diver sit y in Nort h Goront alo
region is lim it ed. Am ong such rar e publicat ions, Gusasi ( 2014) recorded 10 m aj or
m angrov e species and 2 m inor m angrove species in Kwandang Regency, in t he cent er
part of Nort h Goront alo. Anot her r eport fr om Baderan ( 2013) showed t hat phenom enon
of dam age occur red in such m angrove ecosyst em s ar ea due t o ant hropogenic act ivit y.
Relat ed t o m angrov e for est m anagem ent , Kusm ana ( 2015) pr oposed 3 pillars for
m angrov e sust ainable developm ent : ecological, social, and econom ical. I n which
m angrov e biodiversit y is part of t he ecological pillar in relat ion t o m aint ain t he funct ion,
product ivit y, and carr ying capacit y exist ed in a m angrov e area.
To get com pr ehensive inform at ion or t o com pare our curr ent r esult s wit h ot her
researches in cont ext of m angr ov e st at us in ent ire Goront alo ar ea, new st udies were
needed. Mor e det ailed surveys conduct ed on ot her areas w er e needed t o ident ify species
occurr ed and found, especially t o com pare t o t hreat ened and endanger ed species wit h
t he cur rent r esult s. I t wer e includes t he r elic and fairly int act of species st at us on lesser
known m angrov e ar eas, beside t he m et hod applied in ot her Goront alo region. I n t he
curr ent r esearch, all t hose v ariables of com parison called as st ruct ural com plexit y in lat er
discussion.
Chosen variables of st ruct ural com plexit y analyzed in t he present research on
each research st at ion in east ernm ost ar ea of Nort h Goront alo Regency was t he appr oach
for t he init ial part of m angrov e com parison r esearch which was applied lat er t o t he ent ire
Nort h Gor ont alo coast al ar ea.
Based on m et hod approach in present r esear ch which using st andard com binat ion
of LT and plot m et hods, it was revealed t hat t he longest TL, in t erm s of relat ed t o widt h
of m angrov e’s belt , was found on sit e of Tanj ung Karang’s m angrove, as t his sit e has t he
largest m angrov e’s belt ( Figure 3) . How ev er , t he highest species num ber of m angrove
was found in I m ana’s m angrov e ( 11 species) which has narrower belt w it h m ore
dist ribut ion of LT used for sam pling.
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Figure 3. Mangr ov e area on east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency.
D ist in ct iv e sp a t ia l dive r sit y of t r u e m a n g r ove s. Vij ayan et al ( 2015) st at ed t hat
different species of m angrov e r ev ealed t he degree of dispersion of t he individual species
am ong t hem in an area, expr essed in t er m s t heir occur r ence. Furt herm or e, t heir
dist ribut ion is det erm ined by salinit y, species and sub- species com pet it ion and ot her
physical fact ors. Com posit ion and arrangem ent of physical m at t er at a locat ion defined as
habit at st ruct ure which has at least 3 m aj or elem ent s: st ruct ural com plexit y,
het er ogeneit y and scale. While t he st ruct ural com plexit y repr esent s variat ion in habit at
st ruct ur e at t ribut able t o t he abundance of individual st ruct ural com ponent s, it w ill be
essent ial t o int erpret effect s of it s m easurem ent bet ween different st udies and habit at s t o
underst and t he condit ions under which habit at st ruct ur e affect s t he densit y and diversit y
of species ( Beck 1998; Byrne 20009) . Ther e wer e t he direct and indirect relat ionships
am ong habit at st ruct ure and ecological variables. I n t erm of t he present st udy of Nort h
Goront alo’s t rue m angr ov e, t he habit at st ruct ure for t heir ecological variables ( physically
soil and wat er condit ion) which linked t o t heir dist inct ively spat ial dist ribut ion,
occurr ence, and diversit y m ay influenced by sociocult ural and form of landscape wit hin
each locat ion of t his resear ch.
I n cont ext of index m easur em ent , pr esent st udy in east ernm ost area of Nort h
Goront alo found t hat t he highest value according t o bot h Shannon- Wiener ( H’) index and
Sim pson’s index ( Cd) was found in Dam balo which were dom inat ed by 2 com m unit ies
equally; Avicennia m arina ( Forsk .) Vierh, which locally is called as Tangalo Put ih and
Xylocarpus m oluccensis ( Lam .) M. Roem . ( locally refer eed as Ant ai) . Wher eas, t he low est
was in Oluhut a which t he t rue m angrove consist ed pr edom inant ly of 3 species of genera
m em bers, different each ot her, i.e Rhizophora m ucronat a Lam . ( locally nam ed Songge) ,
Sonnerat ia alba ( locally called Yapi yapi) and Bruguiera cylindrica which locally is called
Bido- Bido. I nform at ion of som e vary indexes w hich was analyzed t he m angrov e diver sit y
based on num ber of individuals of all cat egory ( t rees, saplings and seedling) on each sit e
is showed in Figure 4.
I nt er est ingly, as seen in Figure 4, t here was no consist ency bet ween bot h result of
Sim pson’s index and Shannon- wiener’s index r elat ed t o generally t heor et ical
underst anding about corr elat ion bet ween t he num bers of plot s sam pling and diversit y;
m or e plot s higher diversit y. I n t his t erm , it seem s t hat Shannon- Wiener’s index m ay best
represent t he applied m et hod, wher eas Sim pson’s index result m ay use t o indicat e t he
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wor ked habit at feat ur es on sit es of curr ent st udy. I n t he pr esent st udy, while t he m ain
dist inct ive habit at feat ure am ong sit es were freshwat er supply availabilit y ( only not
available in Huidum elit o) which t hus influence salinit y, also t he ext ent and spat ial
dist ribut ion pat t ern of t rue m angrov e com m unit ies for m ed by t he t opographic condit ion
in back landscape of habit at in each sit es, anot her which m ay dist inct ively effect was
curr ent m et hod approach which effect t o applied size of TL and num ber of plot s wit hin in
each sit e relat ed t o t heir size of m angrov e belt . Thus, all of t hese wer e consider ed as
fact ors of st ruct ural com plexit y in t his curr ent st udy sit uat ion which will be t he
com parable m easur em ent of sim ilar research, eit her t o adj acent m angrov e habit at s
wit hin ot her coast ar ea of Nort h Goront alo or t o m angr ov e habit at s in sout hern coast
area of Goront alo Pr ovince.
2.500
1.505
700
600
2.075
2.142
2.000
1.599
1.748
800
1.918
2.072
900
1.500
0
7
Kot aj in
Dom inance_D
Sim pson_1- D
0.864
0.885
0.774
1.000
0.135
0.170
0.136
0.500
0.223
13
I m ana
8
Oluhut a
0.830
0.851
0.777
0.825
0.843
0.662
0.157
0.241
100
0.232
200
0.638
300
0.759
0.900
0.768
400
0.865
500
0.000
6
Pasalae
Shannon_H
5
Tanj ungkarang
Evenness_e^ H/ S
8
Dam balo
n individu
7
Huidum elit o
Plot s
Figure 4. Various diver sit y index inform at ion of t rue m angrov es species am ong each sit e
in east ernm ost coast ar ea of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency. ( The infom at ion was count ed
from all st ruct ure cat egories of t r ees, saplings and seedlings) .
The spat ial discrim inat ive analysis based on som e curr ent inform at ion’s of t rue m angrove
species diver sit y on each sit e in east ernm ost coast ar ea in Nort h Goront alo is show in
Figure 5.
The r esult s show t hat t here are 2 m ain clust ering bet ween sit es wit hin
east ernm ost coast ar ea at sim ilarit y level of 0.675. The first clust er w as Tanj ung Karang
which has own t ypical habit at separat ely ( in field, was charact erized by long durat ion of
inundat ion of t ide since only have a nar row t idal range. Thus, a canoe is required t o
surv ey in front form at ion and crawled bet ween t he t r ee branches at t he backward
for m at ion of m angrove) . Second one was t he com binat ion of sit es clust er where hav e
sim ilar t ypical of durat ion of t idal inundat ion which differ t han Tanj ung Karang, as t he
prim ary t ypical of habit at difference.
The second m ain clust er was clust er ed furt her at hierarchy value of t heir sim ilarit y
based on t he t ypical feat ures of each sit e. For exam ple, while Dam balo and Kot aj in Ut ara
which feat ured by t he richness of fr eshwat er supply from big st ream relat ively wit hin
t hem as t heir m ain habit at st ruct ure of sim ilarit y, habit at of Oluhut a and I m ana, in ot her
hand, was j oint t heir sim ilarit y by sam e flat area as t heir m ain habit at feat ur e, beside of
t he adj acent area each ot her in t heir scale. Likewise, habit at on Pasalae and Huidum elit o
wer e feat ur ed by t heir sam e sit uat ion m ay r elat e t o associat ed t ype of m angrov e ( not
account ed and invent or y in current st udy) and land cover change. Therefore, all of t hese
habit at com binat ions feat ures wit hin t hem m ay as dist inct ive t ypical t o differ from
Tanj ung Karang.
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Figure 5. Dendogram of sim ilarit y clust ering of dist inct ive t rue m angr ove diversit y
spat ially each sit e on east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency.
The effect of each habit at ’s feat ure on m angrov e diversit y abov e, was a coar sely
est im at ion t hat only based on t he m ain t ypical obser ved t oget her during where field
surv ey and m angrov e dat a’s collect ing was conduct ed. I t m ust be det ails analysis
perform ed t o specify t he corr elat ion am ong t ypical feat ures wit hin each sit es m or e
precisely, which are m or e focused relat e t o m et hod analysis approaches and ot hers of
st ruct ur e com plexit y com ponent wit hin each sit e com par ed. However, pr esent st udy
revealed t he advant age of m ult ivariat e clust ering approach t o under st and briefly which
feat ur es has t he m ain effect no t rue m angrove diversit y in east ernm ost coast .
Con clu sion s. A num ber of 19 species of t rue m angr ov e, belonging t o 9 genera of 7
fam ilies, wer e ident ified in t he present st udy on east ernm ost coast of Nort h Goront alo
Regency. Of 9 fam ilies, Rhizophoraceae was t he richest in t axa at bot h genus and species
level. Am ong 19 species encount er ed, A. flor idum and C. decandra wer e 2 im port ant
species regarding t o t heir conser vat ion im port ance st at us which is enlist ed globally as
near t hr eat ened ( NT) species. Generally, encount er ed species w ere enlist ed in I UCN
redlist least concerned ( LC) species. How ev er , A. corniculat um , and A. officinalis and H.
lit t oralis w er e 3 species consider ed endanger ed locally. Moreov er, since H. lit t oralis was a
rar est occurr ed in east ernm ost coast ( only 2 t rees found during field survey on all sit e) ,
t hus, it was consider ed int o crit ically endanger ed species locally.
I n habit at 's diversit y cont ext , t her e were general feat ures am ong sit es in
east ernm ost coast of Nort h Gor ont alo which m ay considered as habit at st ruct ural which is
dist inct ive for t rue m angrov e's diver sit y wit hin Nort h Gor ont alo coast ar ea lev el when
com pared t o ot her ar ea, and am ong each sit es wit hin. Com binat ion of all t hose feat ur es
t hen m ay be t he represent at ion com m on feat ure of Nort h Goront alo for t rue m angrov e
species habit at . I n t he present st udy, it was pr esent ed t he by t heir value of sim ilarit y of
0.675. This sim ilarit y value of t he t rue m angrov e's diver sit y, from r egency level t o village
level ( sit e) ( t he m easure of spat ially scale int er val) , are result ed by feat ures of st ruct ural
com plexit y of habit at ( sit es) which has effect on t he t rue m angrov e's diversit y. I n one
side, t hose wer e habit at feat ures which including durat ion of t idal inundat ion, presence of
t ypes of fr eshwat er supply t o coast line inlet ( river, rills, creeks, and perhaps bourn) ,
ant hropogenic influencing land cover change, and spat ial dist ribut ion pat t ern of
m angrov e. I n anot her side, t her e was an addit ion t o t hose habit at feat ures m easur em ent
for t rue m angrove diver sit y i.e. t he m et hod applied which depend t o t he ext ent and
dist ribut ion form at ion of m angrove habit at .
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All above were a com parabilit y m easurem ent of habit at st ruct ural which m ay be
curr ent dist inct ive diver sit y found t o t he t rue m angrov e occur rence in east ernm ost m ost
coast ar ea, which m ay be consider ed in furt her com parat ive r esear ch of m angrove eit her
wit hin adj acent habit at in Nort h Gor ont alo area or in ot her place in Gor ont alo.
Ack now le dg e m e n t s. We are grat eful for t he close collaborat ion bet ween Goront alo
Coast al Ecological and Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) and Jalipat i Tuhet eru,
Olpien Um ar, and Sandriant o ( m em bers of DEHETO Club) in com plet ing t his st udy.
Special t hanks also t o all st udent s of Aquat ic Resources Managem ent Depart m ent for
dedicat ion in dat a collect ing and also t o t he local fisherm en for pr oviding support during
t he r esear ch. This st udy was part ly funded by KEMERI NTEKDI KTI RI for Fundam ent al
Com pet it ion Grand First Year 2017- 2018.
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* * * BPS- St at ist ics of Goront alo Ut ara Regency, 2016 Nort h Goront alo. The official
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of
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of
Goront alo
Ut ara
Regency .
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dam age in Gor ont alo is increasingly alarm ing ( I ndonesia) . ht t ps: / / gor ont aloprov .
go.id/ inform asi/ berit a/ prov- gor ont alo/ kerusakan- hut an- m angrove- di- gor ont aloyang- kian- m engkhawat irkan. Accessed on 26 August 20174.
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Received: 02 October 2017. Accept ed: 19 Novem ber 2017. Published online: 27 Novem ber 2017.
Aut hors:
Faizal Kasim , Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Depart m ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6, e- m ail: faizalkasim @ung.ac.id
Sit t i Nursinar, Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Depart m ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6, e- m ail: im elbaru.sinar@gm ail.com
Cit ra Panigoro, Goront alo St ate Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Departm ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6, e- m ail: cit rapanigoro@ung.ac.id
Zulkifli Karim , Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Departm ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6; Goront alo Coast al Ecological and Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) ,
I ndonesia, Goront alo, 96181, Telaga Jaya, Dulalowo, e- m ail: zulkiflikarim 23@gm ail.com
Aldin Lam alango, Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Depart m ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6; Goront alo Coast al Ecological and Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) ,
I ndonesia, Goront alo, 96181, Telaga Jaya, Dulalowo, e- m ail: aldin14lam alango@gm ail.com
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Kasim F., Nursinar S., Panigoro C., Karim Z., Lam alango A., 2017 True m angrove of Nort h Goront alo Regency,
I ndonesia, t heir list , st at us and habit at - st ruct ural com plexit y in east ernm ost coast area. AACL Bioflux
10( 6) : 1445-1455.
AACL Bioflux, 2017, Volum e 10, I ssue 6.
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1455
I n don e sia , t h e ir list , st a t u s a n d h a bit a t - st r u ct u r a l
com ple x it y in e a st e r n m ost coa st a r e a
1
Faizal Kasim , 1 Sit t i Nursinar, 1 Cit ra Panigoro,
Lam alango
1
1,2
Zulkifli Karim ,
1,2
Aldin
Depart m ent of Aquat ic Resour ces Managem ent , Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Goront alo St at e Universit y, Gor ont alo, I ndonesia; 2 Goront alo Coast al Ecological and
Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) , Dulalowo, Telaga Jaya, Gor ont alo, I ndonesia.
Cor r esponding aut hor: F. Kasim , faizalkasim @ung.ac.id
Abst r a ct . The Goront alo's biodiversit y is well known t hrough several iconic of m am m als and birds of
world conservat ion value. The present st udy aim ed t o revise a species list of t rue m angroves in
east ernm ost coast of Nort h Goront alo Regency. An indexing of diversit y and st at us I UCN red list for
conservat ion was t aken int o account . Also st ruct ural com plexit y of habit at feat ure on each sit e was
discussed at spat ial int erval m easurem ent am ong sit e. The result showed t hat t here were 19 species
belonging to 9 genera wit hin 7 fam ilies of t rue m angrove in east ernm ost coast . The known t rue
m angrove, Rhizophoraceae, was t he richest in t axa at both genus and species level. Two species found
which considered globally im port ant , i.e. Aegiceras floridum Roem . & Schult ( locally nam ed as Tongge)
and Cer iops decandra ( Griff.) Ding Hou ( locally called as Posi- posi) . Ot her t han bot h were t rue
m angroves species enlist ed least concerned globally. However , since Herit iera lit t oralis Ait on ( locally
referred and nam ed as Kayu t in) was t he rarest species ( only found 2 t rees of 1 sit e) , it t hen considered
crit ically im port ant endangered species locally. I n t he cont ext of habit at st ruct ural- diversit y relat ionship,
t he dist inct ive feat ure which m ay com parat ively m easurable were durat ion- depended t idal range, t ypes
of freshwat er supply, land cover change, m angrove form ation, int erval level of spat ial dist ribut ion scale.
I n current case, sam pling m et hod applied was t he addit ional for struct ural com plexit y of m angrove
diversit y. Those are a com parat ively feat ures of diversit y's m easure was be t aken int o analysis am ong
each sit e or ot her region out side Nort h Goront alo.
Ke y W or ds: Goront alo’s m angrove, endangered species, m angrove diversit y, Br ay-Curt is sim ilarit y
index, coast al feat ure.
I nt r odu ct ion . Generally m angroves can be found t hroughout t he I ndonesian
archipelago. So far, in I ndonesia t her e ar e at least 202 species of m angrov e plant s,
cov ering 89 species of t rees, 5 species of palm , 19 species of clim ber s, 44 t ypes of soil
herbs, 44 t ypes of epiphyt es and 1 t ype of ferns. Am ong t he 202 species, 43 species
( including 33 t ree species and som e shrubs) ar e found as t rue m angr oves; ot her species
are found around m angrov es and ar e known as associat ed m angr ov e species.
While m angrove in I ndonesia has a high diversit y of global species, t heir ext ent of
cov erage has t ended declining yearly because of som e dist urbances and in t he process of
becom ing ponds. The dist urbances ar e t im ber ext ract ion for com m ercial purposes and
shift ing cult ivat ion for farm s and farm ing areas, especially rice and coconut ( Noor et al
2012) . Loss of m angrov e area also occur r ed in Goront alo. Recent ly report fr om
Depart m ent of Fisheries and Marine Goront alo Province ( 2016) st at ed t hat an ongoing
t hreat ed condit ion occurring on Goront alo’s m angrov e. Of t he t ot al 17,204.84 ha
m angrov e forest in t he sout hern and nort hern coast line of Goront alo. Unt il end 2015, a
num ber of 3,084.68 ha ( about 17.9% of m angrov e on Goront alo) are dam aged which of
1.107,93 ha ( 35.9% of t ot al dam aged m angrove) occurr ed in Nort her n Goront alo. This
t hreat ens condit ion, t her efor e, will effect t o coast al product ivit y and loss diversit y of
m angrov e in I ndonesia in general.
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Biogeographically, Gor ont alo area is locat ed in t he heart of t he Wallacea, t he
t ransit ional zone bet ween t he Asian, or Orient al ( Paleot ropical) , and Aust ralian
( Not ogaean) . Consequent ly, Gor ont alo has unique and rare biodiversit y, hom e t o
num erous unique species ( Gorlinski 2012; Mano 2016) . I n unique biodiversit y t erm s,
Goront alo has a num ber of conservat ion ar eas nam ely Bogani Nani Wart abone Nat ional
Park ( TNBNW) in Bone Bolango Regency, Nant u- Boliyohut o Wildlife Reser ve in Nort h
Goront alo, Gor ont alo and Boalem o Regency . I n addit ion t here ar e Panua Nat ure Reserv e
and Tanj ung Panj ang Nat ure Reserv e in Pohuwat o Regency , Popay a Mas Raj a Nat ur e
Reser ve in Nort h Gor ont alo Regency, and Tangale Nat ure Reserv e in Gor ont alo Regency ,
as well as m angrov e for est . I n t erm s of rare biodiversit y, such im port ant sit e for
conser vat ion areas was being t he last st rongholds for Sulawesi's richness ( Corbin 2013;
Nant ufor est 2017) . They were hom e t o a large num ber of species endem ic t o Sulawesi
like as Macr ocephalon m aleo ( t he incubat or bird m aleo) , Macaca nigra ( t he cr est ed black
m acaques) , Baby r ousa celebensis ( babushkas or deer- pigs) , Acer os cassidix ( t he r edknobbed hornbill) , and Bubalus sp. ( dwarf buffalo or anoa) . These faunas wer e being t he
Goront alo’s iconic of for world conservat ion value ( Kart ika 2008) .
Recent ly, Gor ont alo was declared t o be t he Third Conservat ion Province in
I ndonesia by t he Minist ry of Environm ent of I ndonesia Gov ernm ent , aft er West Papua
Province and East Kalim ant an ( Paino 2017) . Therefore, t he disclosure of m angr ov e
for est s condit ion as part of com pr ehensive m anagem ent for conser vat ion area is a need
I n t he pr esent r esear ch, w e conduct ed an invent ory st udy upon m angrov e
biodiversit y in Goront alo. The aim was t o check t he species list of t rue m angr ov es in
east ernm ost coast ar ea of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency and t heir st at us t o com plet e diver sit y
inform at ion for I ndonesia’s m angrov e dat a base. Pr esent st udy also highlight ed feat ur es
am ong sit es as habit at which m ight be t he st ruct ural com plexit y of t rue m angrove
species diversit y in east ernm ost coast ar ea.
M a t e r ia l a n d M e t h od. Field dat a of t he r esearch was conduct ed in May – August us 2017
in t he east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency, Goront alo Pr ovince ( Figure 1) .
Figure 1. Field st at ion of r esear ch locat ion for m angrov e sam pling on coast al area of
villages in east ernm ost regency ar ea of dist rict s, Nort h Goront alo Regency, I ndonesia.
D e scr ipt ion of t h e st u dy sit e s. Sit e locat ion was bet w een lat it ude 0 o 52’ 53.2’’ – 0 o 56’
27.8’’ ( N) and longit ude 122 o 56’ 15.6’’ – 123 o 6’ 51.2’’ ( E) . Adm inist rat ively, sit es of
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st udy were coast al areas of 7 villages part of 3 dist rict s; Kot aj in Ut ara, Oluhut a, and
I m ana ( Dist rict of At inggola) ; Pasalae ( Dist rict of Gent um a Raya) ; Tanj ung Karang,
Huidum elit o, and Dam balo ( Dist rict of Tom ilit o) .
Based on Nort h Gor ont alo Regency pr ofile in 2015, av erage t em perat ur e by Mont h
ranged fr om 24.14 o C ( Februar y) t o 28.39 o C ( Decem ber) wit h hum idit y of ar ea ranged
from 61.90% ( Sept em ber) t o 84.77% ( Januar y ) . The av erage of t he highest rainy days
occurr ed in June t hat was 19 day s, while t he highest rainfall occur red in May was 188.00
m m . The av erage rainy day and rainfall decr eased com par ed t o t he previous y ear , and
one of t he causes is t he El Nino phenom enon ( BPS- St at ist ics of Gor ont alo Ut ara Regency
2016) .
D a t a colle ct ion . Purposive t ransect line ( TL) was em ployed for dat a collect ion wit hin t he
sit es of dist ribut ed m angrov e. The lengt h of each TL varied fr om 150 m t o 1,400 m , was
only est ablished on t he widest dist ance of belt m angrov e area wit hin each sit e ( village) ,
st art ed from t he front form at ion ( seaward) pass t hrough t he m angrove com m unit y t o t he
back form at ion ( landward) , one t o t hree in accordance wit h size of belt and shape of t he
m angrov e ext ent inside each sit e area. The inform at ion was generat ed from Google Eart h
im age in desk assign. Plot m et hods size 10 x 10 m ( Hanum et al 2012; Jam ili et al 2015)
was used for veget at ion sam pling wit hin each TL wit h an int erval dist ance of 30 m t o 50
m bet ween plot s. Each plot was divided int o diagonally sub- plot s size 5 x 5 m ( Hidayat et
al 2010) . A t ot aling area of 5,100 squar e m et er ( 0.51 ha) w as result ed fr om regular plot s
wer e est ablished along t he t ot aling 13 TLs wit hin all sit es.
Type a n d sou r ce s of da t a . Only t ype of t rue m angrov es was invent oried and
enum erat ed. Type of t rees and saplings cat egories was invent oried fr om each plot s,
seedlings from sub- plot s. Mangrove species ident ificat ion was based on t he descript ion of
t rue m angroves by Kusm ana et al ( 2003) , Noor et al ( 2012) , and Wet land I nt ernat ional
( 2017) . Mangrove populat ion st ruct ure w as collect ed fr om basal area ( BA) and t r ee
densit y param et er s result ed fr om t he num ber of individual m angrove t runk of t r ee and
sapling, and t heir diam et er at br east height ( DBH) in each plot . Diam et er was r esult ed
from circum fer ence value m easur ed using a m easuring t ape, wit h for m ula of diam et er =
circum ference.π- 1 . Mangrov e t r ee wit h t runk height > 1.5 m was furt her cat egorized based
on t heir diam et er at DBH, i.e. t r ees has diam et er of > 10 cm at DBH, sam plings cat egory
has diam et er of 3–10 cm . St em height < 1.5 m was cat egorized as seedlings ( Cint ron &
Nov elli 1984; Cañizares & Ser onay 2016; Jam ili et al 2015; Joshi & Ghose 2014; Sukueng et al 2013; Winat a et al 2017) .
D a t a a n a lysis. The I UCN st at uses w er e t aken fr om t he I UCN Red List of Thr eat en ed
Species Ver sion 2017- 2 ( I UCN 2017) ; was t aking int o account feat ur es considered in t he
present species list for t he t rue m angroves. Condit ion of m angrov e com m unit ies ( Joshi &
Ghose 2014) including Species diversit y Shannon- Wiener index, H′ ( Shannon & Wiener
( 1963) dom inance Sim pson’s index, Cd ( Sim pson 1949) and evenness Pielou’s index, E
( Pielou 1966) were det erm ined, also m ult ivariat e clust ering ( Bray- Curt is’s index) for
spat ial discrim inat ion of species diversit y ( Jum awan et al 2015) was followed, calculat ed
using PAleont ological STat ist ics ( PAST Version 3.15) ( Ham m er 2017) .
Re su lt s a n d D iscu ssion . Each sit es of m angrov e areas wer e separat e sporadic. Back
area of m angrov e on m or e sit es was found im m ediat ely curt ailed by t he foot hills. No
wonder since average t opography of locat ion was dom inat ed by highlands, range from 8
m in Gent um a Raya and 9 m in At inggola t o 66 m in Tom ilit o. How ev er, m ost ly sit es,
except Huidum elit o, having enough fresh wat er supply from river ( be found in Kot aj in
Ut ara and Dam balo) , rills, cricks, and perhaps sm all st ream t hat flows int erm it t ent ly or
seasonally. These out let s t ypes of fr eshwat er sources m ay be t he support for t he gr owt h
of m angrov es in t his locat ion.
Ex ist in g spe cie s of t r u e m a n g r ove . Following t he lit erat ure review and field survey of
t he pr esent st udy w e ident ified a t ot al of 19 species of t rue m angr ov es of all 7 sit es on
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east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Goront alo. These species belonged int o 7 differ ent
fam ilies of 9 genera. Of t he 7 fam ilies, Rhizophoraceae shows t he m ax im um richest t axa
at bot h genus and species level. This fam ily, oft en referr ed t o as t he “ t ru e m angr ov e
fam ily” ( Duke et al 1998 in Barik & Chowdhury 2014) , show s t he richest assem blage in
m ost of t he m angrov e ecosy st em s of t he w orld, as also evident in t he present st udy
having 3 genera which are 8 species wit hin. The det ails of t he encount ered species ar e
given in Table 1.
Table 1
Species of t rue m angrove encount er ed on t he east ernm ost coast ar ea of Nort h Gor ont alo
Regency and t heir dist ribut ion occurr ence in each sit e
Adm inist rat ive area*
No
Fam ily
Gener a
Scient ific nam e
D1
D2
Kj I m Ol
I UCN
Red list
D3
Ps BR Da Hm TK
**
1
2
Myrsinaceae
Aegicer as
A. corniculat um ( L.) Blanco
A. floridum Roem . & Schult
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
LC
NT
3
4
5
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia
A. alba Blum e
A. m arina (Forsk.) Vierh.
A. officinalis L.
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
LC
LC
LC
B. cylindrica ( L.) Blum e
+
B. gym norhiza ( L.) Lam .
B. par viflor a Wight & Arn. ex Griffit h -
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
LC
LC
LC
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
NT
LC
Na
6
7
8
Bruguiera
Rhizophoraceae
9
10
Ceriops
11 Asclepiadaceae Gym nant hera
12
Malvaceae
Herit iera
13
14 Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora
15
16
17
Lyt hraceae
Sonnerat ia
18
Meliaceae
Xylocarpus
C. decandra ( Griff.) Ding Hou
C. t agal ( Perr) C.B. Rob.
-
G. paludosa ( Bl.) K. Schum
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
H. lit t oralis Ait on
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
LC
R. apiculat a Blum e
R. m ucronat a Lam .
R. stylosa Griff.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
LC
LC
LC
S. alba Sm .
S. caseolaris ( L.) Engl.
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
LC
LC
X. m oluccensis ( Lam .) M. Roem .
Sum of species
8
+
11
5
+
6
7
7
9
8
LC
* Abbreviat ion of villages: Kj - Kot aj in Ut ara, I m - I m ana, Ol - Oluhut a, Ps - Pasalae, BR - Bolango Raya, Da Dam balo, Hm - Huidum elit o, TK - Tanj ung Karang. Abbreviat ion of dist rict s; D1 - At inggola, D2 - Gent um a
Raya, D3 - Tom ilit o. * * I UCN red list code: NT - Near Threat ened, LC - Least Concern, VU - Vulnerable, Na Not available.
Noor et al ( 2012) st at ed t hat at least 43 species, but Giesen et al ( 2007) st at ed 48
species, of t he 52 of t r ue m angrove species w hich are list ed in Sout heast Asia ( SE Asia)
occurs in I ndonesia. Sev ent een species list ed in t he present st udy ar e I ndonesia’s
m angrov e species which wer e also enlist ed of SE Asia's m angrove ( Giesen et al 2007;
Noor 2012) . One species, Gym nant hera paludosa ( Bl.) K. Schum was unlist ed in Giesen
et al ( 2007) ’s list , and also has not yet been enlist ed in I UCN Red List . Noor ( 2012)
st at ed if t his species was possibly found t hroughout I ndonesia coast al area, alt hough
m ost ly r ecorded on Jav a and Madura.
The present st udy found t hat in t he east ernm ost area t here w er e t wo species, i.e
Aegiceras floridum Roem . & Schult ( locally nam ed as Tongge) and Ceriops decandra
( Griff.) Ding Hou ( locally called as Posi- posi) are globally considered im port ant r egarding
t heir conservat ion im port ance as enlist ed st at us in near globally t hreat ened list ( I UCN
2017) . Likewise, w e not iced anot her Aegicer as ( A. corniculat um ( L.) Blanco which is
locally called as Tangalo put ih) , and Avicennia officinalis L. ( locally nam ed Tangalo
m erah) and Herit iera lit t oralis Ait on ( locally refer red and nam ed as Kayu t in) were 3
species consider ed endanger ed locally in addit ion t o t he ot her previous of t wo globally
im port ant species. Mor eover, H. lit t oralis was consider ed in current st udy as crit ically
endanger ed since t heir assem blage species rar ely occur red ( 2 t ree individuals) wit hin 1
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sit e. Densit y of all cat egory of t rue m angr ov e’s list encount er ed during sam pling in
east ernm ost coast ar ea is showed in Figure 2.
533
600
225
286
129
159
212
235
-
12
-
20
31
51
45
71
35
-
-
4
-
-
-
C. t agal
8
-
C. decandra
-
-
B. gym norhiza
96
98
59
55
31
25
29
4
B. cylindrica
-
12
8
-
49
45
73
47
49
4
31
10
100
94
102
200
137
155
231
237
300
292
296
345
400
402
439
500
Trees
Sapling
X. m oluccensis
X. granat um
S. caseolaris
S. alba
R.st ylosa
R. m ucronat a
R. apiculat a
H. lit t oralis
G. paludosa
B.parviflora
A. officinalis L.
A. m arina
A. alba
A. floridum
A. corniculat um
-
Seedling
Figure 2. The m angr ove species densit y ( ind. Ha - 1 ) of each cat egory of t rue m angr ov e list
t rough all sit es. ( Densit y was calculat ed from plot s num ber and t heir size on each sit e) .
Available publicat ions concerning inform at ion of m angroves diver sit y in Nort h Goront alo
region is lim it ed. Am ong such rar e publicat ions, Gusasi ( 2014) recorded 10 m aj or
m angrov e species and 2 m inor m angrove species in Kwandang Regency, in t he cent er
part of Nort h Goront alo. Anot her r eport fr om Baderan ( 2013) showed t hat phenom enon
of dam age occur red in such m angrove ecosyst em s ar ea due t o ant hropogenic act ivit y.
Relat ed t o m angrov e for est m anagem ent , Kusm ana ( 2015) pr oposed 3 pillars for
m angrov e sust ainable developm ent : ecological, social, and econom ical. I n which
m angrov e biodiversit y is part of t he ecological pillar in relat ion t o m aint ain t he funct ion,
product ivit y, and carr ying capacit y exist ed in a m angrov e area.
To get com pr ehensive inform at ion or t o com pare our curr ent r esult s wit h ot her
researches in cont ext of m angr ov e st at us in ent ire Goront alo ar ea, new st udies were
needed. Mor e det ailed surveys conduct ed on ot her areas w er e needed t o ident ify species
occurr ed and found, especially t o com pare t o t hreat ened and endanger ed species wit h
t he cur rent r esult s. I t wer e includes t he r elic and fairly int act of species st at us on lesser
known m angrov e ar eas, beside t he m et hod applied in ot her Goront alo region. I n t he
curr ent r esearch, all t hose v ariables of com parison called as st ruct ural com plexit y in lat er
discussion.
Chosen variables of st ruct ural com plexit y analyzed in t he present research on
each research st at ion in east ernm ost ar ea of Nort h Goront alo Regency was t he appr oach
for t he init ial part of m angrov e com parison r esearch which was applied lat er t o t he ent ire
Nort h Gor ont alo coast al ar ea.
Based on m et hod approach in present r esear ch which using st andard com binat ion
of LT and plot m et hods, it was revealed t hat t he longest TL, in t erm s of relat ed t o widt h
of m angrov e’s belt , was found on sit e of Tanj ung Karang’s m angrove, as t his sit e has t he
largest m angrov e’s belt ( Figure 3) . How ev er , t he highest species num ber of m angrove
was found in I m ana’s m angrov e ( 11 species) which has narrower belt w it h m ore
dist ribut ion of LT used for sam pling.
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Figure 3. Mangr ov e area on east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency.
D ist in ct iv e sp a t ia l dive r sit y of t r u e m a n g r ove s. Vij ayan et al ( 2015) st at ed t hat
different species of m angrov e r ev ealed t he degree of dispersion of t he individual species
am ong t hem in an area, expr essed in t er m s t heir occur r ence. Furt herm or e, t heir
dist ribut ion is det erm ined by salinit y, species and sub- species com pet it ion and ot her
physical fact ors. Com posit ion and arrangem ent of physical m at t er at a locat ion defined as
habit at st ruct ure which has at least 3 m aj or elem ent s: st ruct ural com plexit y,
het er ogeneit y and scale. While t he st ruct ural com plexit y repr esent s variat ion in habit at
st ruct ur e at t ribut able t o t he abundance of individual st ruct ural com ponent s, it w ill be
essent ial t o int erpret effect s of it s m easurem ent bet ween different st udies and habit at s t o
underst and t he condit ions under which habit at st ruct ur e affect s t he densit y and diversit y
of species ( Beck 1998; Byrne 20009) . Ther e wer e t he direct and indirect relat ionships
am ong habit at st ruct ure and ecological variables. I n t erm of t he present st udy of Nort h
Goront alo’s t rue m angr ov e, t he habit at st ruct ure for t heir ecological variables ( physically
soil and wat er condit ion) which linked t o t heir dist inct ively spat ial dist ribut ion,
occurr ence, and diversit y m ay influenced by sociocult ural and form of landscape wit hin
each locat ion of t his resear ch.
I n cont ext of index m easur em ent , pr esent st udy in east ernm ost area of Nort h
Goront alo found t hat t he highest value according t o bot h Shannon- Wiener ( H’) index and
Sim pson’s index ( Cd) was found in Dam balo which were dom inat ed by 2 com m unit ies
equally; Avicennia m arina ( Forsk .) Vierh, which locally is called as Tangalo Put ih and
Xylocarpus m oluccensis ( Lam .) M. Roem . ( locally refer eed as Ant ai) . Wher eas, t he low est
was in Oluhut a which t he t rue m angrove consist ed pr edom inant ly of 3 species of genera
m em bers, different each ot her, i.e Rhizophora m ucronat a Lam . ( locally nam ed Songge) ,
Sonnerat ia alba ( locally called Yapi yapi) and Bruguiera cylindrica which locally is called
Bido- Bido. I nform at ion of som e vary indexes w hich was analyzed t he m angrov e diver sit y
based on num ber of individuals of all cat egory ( t rees, saplings and seedling) on each sit e
is showed in Figure 4.
I nt er est ingly, as seen in Figure 4, t here was no consist ency bet ween bot h result of
Sim pson’s index and Shannon- wiener’s index r elat ed t o generally t heor et ical
underst anding about corr elat ion bet ween t he num bers of plot s sam pling and diversit y;
m or e plot s higher diversit y. I n t his t erm , it seem s t hat Shannon- Wiener’s index m ay best
represent t he applied m et hod, wher eas Sim pson’s index result m ay use t o indicat e t he
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wor ked habit at feat ur es on sit es of curr ent st udy. I n t he pr esent st udy, while t he m ain
dist inct ive habit at feat ure am ong sit es were freshwat er supply availabilit y ( only not
available in Huidum elit o) which t hus influence salinit y, also t he ext ent and spat ial
dist ribut ion pat t ern of t rue m angrov e com m unit ies for m ed by t he t opographic condit ion
in back landscape of habit at in each sit es, anot her which m ay dist inct ively effect was
curr ent m et hod approach which effect t o applied size of TL and num ber of plot s wit hin in
each sit e relat ed t o t heir size of m angrov e belt . Thus, all of t hese wer e consider ed as
fact ors of st ruct ural com plexit y in t his curr ent st udy sit uat ion which will be t he
com parable m easur em ent of sim ilar research, eit her t o adj acent m angrov e habit at s
wit hin ot her coast ar ea of Nort h Goront alo or t o m angr ov e habit at s in sout hern coast
area of Goront alo Pr ovince.
2.500
1.505
700
600
2.075
2.142
2.000
1.599
1.748
800
1.918
2.072
900
1.500
0
7
Kot aj in
Dom inance_D
Sim pson_1- D
0.864
0.885
0.774
1.000
0.135
0.170
0.136
0.500
0.223
13
I m ana
8
Oluhut a
0.830
0.851
0.777
0.825
0.843
0.662
0.157
0.241
100
0.232
200
0.638
300
0.759
0.900
0.768
400
0.865
500
0.000
6
Pasalae
Shannon_H
5
Tanj ungkarang
Evenness_e^ H/ S
8
Dam balo
n individu
7
Huidum elit o
Plot s
Figure 4. Various diver sit y index inform at ion of t rue m angrov es species am ong each sit e
in east ernm ost coast ar ea of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency. ( The infom at ion was count ed
from all st ruct ure cat egories of t r ees, saplings and seedlings) .
The spat ial discrim inat ive analysis based on som e curr ent inform at ion’s of t rue m angrove
species diver sit y on each sit e in east ernm ost coast ar ea in Nort h Goront alo is show in
Figure 5.
The r esult s show t hat t here are 2 m ain clust ering bet ween sit es wit hin
east ernm ost coast ar ea at sim ilarit y level of 0.675. The first clust er w as Tanj ung Karang
which has own t ypical habit at separat ely ( in field, was charact erized by long durat ion of
inundat ion of t ide since only have a nar row t idal range. Thus, a canoe is required t o
surv ey in front form at ion and crawled bet ween t he t r ee branches at t he backward
for m at ion of m angrove) . Second one was t he com binat ion of sit es clust er where hav e
sim ilar t ypical of durat ion of t idal inundat ion which differ t han Tanj ung Karang, as t he
prim ary t ypical of habit at difference.
The second m ain clust er was clust er ed furt her at hierarchy value of t heir sim ilarit y
based on t he t ypical feat ures of each sit e. For exam ple, while Dam balo and Kot aj in Ut ara
which feat ured by t he richness of fr eshwat er supply from big st ream relat ively wit hin
t hem as t heir m ain habit at st ruct ure of sim ilarit y, habit at of Oluhut a and I m ana, in ot her
hand, was j oint t heir sim ilarit y by sam e flat area as t heir m ain habit at feat ur e, beside of
t he adj acent area each ot her in t heir scale. Likewise, habit at on Pasalae and Huidum elit o
wer e feat ur ed by t heir sam e sit uat ion m ay r elat e t o associat ed t ype of m angrov e ( not
account ed and invent or y in current st udy) and land cover change. Therefore, all of t hese
habit at com binat ions feat ures wit hin t hem m ay as dist inct ive t ypical t o differ from
Tanj ung Karang.
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Figure 5. Dendogram of sim ilarit y clust ering of dist inct ive t rue m angr ove diversit y
spat ially each sit e on east ernm ost coast area of Nort h Gor ont alo Regency.
The effect of each habit at ’s feat ure on m angrov e diversit y abov e, was a coar sely
est im at ion t hat only based on t he m ain t ypical obser ved t oget her during where field
surv ey and m angrov e dat a’s collect ing was conduct ed. I t m ust be det ails analysis
perform ed t o specify t he corr elat ion am ong t ypical feat ures wit hin each sit es m or e
precisely, which are m or e focused relat e t o m et hod analysis approaches and ot hers of
st ruct ur e com plexit y com ponent wit hin each sit e com par ed. However, pr esent st udy
revealed t he advant age of m ult ivariat e clust ering approach t o under st and briefly which
feat ur es has t he m ain effect no t rue m angrove diversit y in east ernm ost coast .
Con clu sion s. A num ber of 19 species of t rue m angr ov e, belonging t o 9 genera of 7
fam ilies, wer e ident ified in t he present st udy on east ernm ost coast of Nort h Goront alo
Regency. Of 9 fam ilies, Rhizophoraceae was t he richest in t axa at bot h genus and species
level. Am ong 19 species encount er ed, A. flor idum and C. decandra wer e 2 im port ant
species regarding t o t heir conser vat ion im port ance st at us which is enlist ed globally as
near t hr eat ened ( NT) species. Generally, encount er ed species w ere enlist ed in I UCN
redlist least concerned ( LC) species. How ev er , A. corniculat um , and A. officinalis and H.
lit t oralis w er e 3 species consider ed endanger ed locally. Moreov er, since H. lit t oralis was a
rar est occurr ed in east ernm ost coast ( only 2 t rees found during field survey on all sit e) ,
t hus, it was consider ed int o crit ically endanger ed species locally.
I n habit at 's diversit y cont ext , t her e were general feat ures am ong sit es in
east ernm ost coast of Nort h Gor ont alo which m ay considered as habit at st ruct ural which is
dist inct ive for t rue m angrov e's diver sit y wit hin Nort h Gor ont alo coast ar ea lev el when
com pared t o ot her ar ea, and am ong each sit es wit hin. Com binat ion of all t hose feat ur es
t hen m ay be t he represent at ion com m on feat ure of Nort h Goront alo for t rue m angrov e
species habit at . I n t he present st udy, it was pr esent ed t he by t heir value of sim ilarit y of
0.675. This sim ilarit y value of t he t rue m angrov e's diver sit y, from r egency level t o village
level ( sit e) ( t he m easure of spat ially scale int er val) , are result ed by feat ures of st ruct ural
com plexit y of habit at ( sit es) which has effect on t he t rue m angrov e's diversit y. I n one
side, t hose wer e habit at feat ures which including durat ion of t idal inundat ion, presence of
t ypes of fr eshwat er supply t o coast line inlet ( river, rills, creeks, and perhaps bourn) ,
ant hropogenic influencing land cover change, and spat ial dist ribut ion pat t ern of
m angrov e. I n anot her side, t her e was an addit ion t o t hose habit at feat ures m easur em ent
for t rue m angrove diver sit y i.e. t he m et hod applied which depend t o t he ext ent and
dist ribut ion form at ion of m angrove habit at .
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All above were a com parabilit y m easurem ent of habit at st ruct ural which m ay be
curr ent dist inct ive diver sit y found t o t he t rue m angrov e occur rence in east ernm ost m ost
coast ar ea, which m ay be consider ed in furt her com parat ive r esear ch of m angrove eit her
wit hin adj acent habit at in Nort h Gor ont alo area or in ot her place in Gor ont alo.
Ack now le dg e m e n t s. We are grat eful for t he close collaborat ion bet ween Goront alo
Coast al Ecological and Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) and Jalipat i Tuhet eru,
Olpien Um ar, and Sandriant o ( m em bers of DEHETO Club) in com plet ing t his st udy.
Special t hanks also t o all st udent s of Aquat ic Resources Managem ent Depart m ent for
dedicat ion in dat a collect ing and also t o t he local fisherm en for pr oviding support during
t he r esear ch. This st udy was part ly funded by KEMERI NTEKDI KTI RI for Fundam ent al
Com pet it ion Grand First Year 2017- 2018.
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Received: 02 October 2017. Accept ed: 19 Novem ber 2017. Published online: 27 Novem ber 2017.
Aut hors:
Faizal Kasim , Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Depart m ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6, e- m ail: faizalkasim @ung.ac.id
Sit t i Nursinar, Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Depart m ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6, e- m ail: im elbaru.sinar@gm ail.com
Cit ra Panigoro, Goront alo St ate Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Departm ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6, e- m ail: cit rapanigoro@ung.ac.id
Zulkifli Karim , Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Departm ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6; Goront alo Coast al Ecological and Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) ,
I ndonesia, Goront alo, 96181, Telaga Jaya, Dulalowo, e- m ail: zulkiflikarim 23@gm ail.com
Aldin Lam alango, Goront alo St at e Universit y, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Depart m ent of Aquat ic
Resources Managem ent , I ndonesia, Goront alo 96128, Kot a Goront alo, Kot a Tengah, Dulalowo Tim ur, Jam bura
Cam pus, Jl. Sudirm an No. 6; Goront alo Coast al Ecological and Spat ial Mapping St udies Club ( GCESM) ,
I ndonesia, Goront alo, 96181, Telaga Jaya, Dulalowo, e- m ail: aldin14lam alango@gm ail.com
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Kasim F., Nursinar S., Panigoro C., Karim Z., Lam alango A., 2017 True m angrove of Nort h Goront alo Regency,
I ndonesia, t heir list , st at us and habit at - st ruct ural com plexit y in east ernm ost coast area. AACL Bioflux
10( 6) : 1445-1455.
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