GRAMMATICAL INTRICACY IN NOVELS THE COLOR PURPLE AND WHERE SHE WENT.

GRAMMATICAL INTRICACY IN NOVELS

THE COLOR PURPLE AND WHERE SHE WENT

A THESIS

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora

By:

MARIANA NATALIA SIBURIAN Registration Number: 8126111020

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2015

ABSTRACT

Mariana Natalia Siburian. Registration Number: 8126111020. Grammatical Intricacy in Novels The Color Purple And Where She Went. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Postgraduate School of State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015.

This thesis analyzes about the grammatical intricacy in two novels, first entitled „The Color Purple‟ and second entitled „Where She Went‟. The objects of the study are to: (1) investigate the way grammatical intricacy occurs in novels The Color Purple and Where She Went (2) know what can be inferred from the Grammatical Intricacy Index (GII) of the two novels. (3) know the reason why grammatical intricacy is important to be analyzed. This research used descriptive qualitative method . Sample should be selected purposively to be able to provide rich data to the researcher, due to the need of giving rich answer rather than for generalizing. The sources of data were from the novels in 1980s The Color Purple and 2000s Where She Went. Both these novels were analyzed through the grammatical intricacy. The clauses of the two novels were the data for this research. The researcher is as the key instrument in this study. As Bogdan & Biklen points out that qualitative researcher has the natural setting as the direct source of the data and the researcher is the key instrument. After finished analyzing this research, the researcher came to decisions about the three research problems. First, the highest grammatical intricacy index was found in novel „Where She Went‟, chapter 4; and the lowest grammatical intricacy index was found in novel „The Color Purple‟, letter 16. It means that chapter 4 is more informative than letter 16. Grammatical intricacy is important to be analyzed because every text has its own intricacy. The intricacy occurs because clause complex is existent. By knowing the importance of grammatical intricacy, it will help readers to understand a book or a novel which has grammatical intricacy. Readers will know how to get the information from the text. Therefore, readers will not misunderstand the meaning of the text. In conclusion, it will be known whether a book/ novel contain more information or less information and even whether a book is an easy-read book or not.

ABSTRAK

Mariana Natalia Siburian. NIM: 8126111020. Grammatical Intricacy in Novels The Color Purple And Where She Went. Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED) 2015.

Tesis ini menganalisis tentang kerumitan tatabahasa pada dua novel, pertama yang berjudul ‟The Color Purple‟ dan kedua yang berjudul ‟Where She Went‟. Objek penelitian ini adalah: (1) menelusuri cara kerumitan tatabahasa terjadi pada novel The Color Purple dan Where She Went (2) mengetahui apa yang bisa disimpulkan dari indeks kerumitan tatabahasa kedua novel (3) mengetahui alasan mengapa kerumitan tatabahasa penting untuk dianalisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Sampel harus dipilih untuk menyediakan data yang kaya kepada peneliti, untuk kebutuhan pemberian jawaban yang kaya daripada menggeneralisisr. Sumber data berasal dari novel pada tahun 1980an The Color Purple dan 2000an Where She Went. Kedua novel ini dianalisis melalui kerumitan tata bahasa. Klausa kedua novel adalah data untuk penelitian ini. Peneliti sebagai kunci instrumen pada penelitian ini. Sebagaimana Bogdan dan Biklen mengatakan bahwa peneliti kualitatif memiliki setting yang alami sebagai sumber langsung dari data dan peneliti adalah kunci instrumen. Setelah selesai menganalisis penelitian ini, .peneliti memberi kesimpulan tentang tiga masalah penelitian. Pertama, indeks kerumitan tatabahasa tertinggi ditemukan pada novel “Where She Went”, bab 4, dan indeks kerumitan tatabahasa terendah ditemukan pada novel “The Color Purple”, letter 16. Itu berarti bahwa bab 4 lebih informatif daripada letter 16. Kerumitan tatabahasa sangat penting untuk dianalisis karena setiap teks memiliki kerumitannya masing-masing. Kerumitan terjadi karena klausa kompleks ada. Dengan mengetahui pentingnya kerumitan tatabahasa, itu akan membantu pembaca untuk memahami sebuah buku atau sebuah novel yang memiliki kerumitaan tatabahasa. Pembaca akan mengetahui bagaimana mendapat informasi dari teks. Oleh karena itu, pembaca tidak akan salah memahami arti dari sebuah teks.Kesimpulannya, akan diketahui apakah sebuah buku/ novel terdiri dari lebih informasi atau kurang informasi dan bahkan apakah sebuah buku tersebut merupakan buku yang mudah dibaca atau tidak.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to God, the Lord of the universe who has given me the opportunity to accomplish this thesis. Thanks so much my dear God. It is also impossible to be accomplished without guidance, support and valuable knowledge from many people whose names cannot be mentioned all.

First, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd as her first adviser and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd as her second adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, constructive comments and previous time spent on supervising and commenting the process of writing until it comes to its present form. Second her special gratitude goes to the head of English applied linguistics, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed who has generously encouraged her in completing this study, all lecturers, for her valuable knowledge and instruction they have implemented to her during the years studying and librarians of the State University of Medan for leading some useful books and other sources that are needed in writing this thesis.

The writer also would like to sincerely thank to anonymous participants who contributed suggestions, critics and advises to this study. My deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S , Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum , Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd , without their excellent academic guidance and support, this thesis would not have been possible.

Then, a very special debt of gratitude is directed to her beloved father Manerep Siburian and beloved mother Nurhayati Purba together with her beloved brothers and sisters, Roslyna Simatupang, Tulus Simatupang, Jhon Freddy

Simatupang, Pdt. Dont Lastaria Simatupang, S.Th, and Tikno Simatupang for their full love, support, care and prayers. The writer would like to say that this thesis is a special gift to her mom in Heaven who passed way on August,2015. Mom, I do love you, I do miss you, and this is for you. It’s all because of your love. And also, her gratitude goes to her aunt and uncle, Herta Fransiska Purba and Jonggi Situmorang for their love and support to me.

Finally, a special debt of gratitude is addressed to all her beloved best friends especially Idawati Situmorang, S.S, M.Si for her unconditional love, care, support for the writers. She is my beloved friend. She always encourages the writer in all things. All her classmates LTBI A1, moreover Roikestina Silaban, S.S, M.Hum, Halimah M.Hum, Ricky Barus, S.Pd, Fenny Sormin, Irma, Rosi, Adinda, Kak Yulita, Kak Neny, Sir Giat GLC, Kak Anne, Nelly, Dortama, and many others for their close friendship and encouragement in finishing this thesis. For her special man, her future husband, Budiman Raden Barita Silalahi, S.E, for his unlimited love and time, so the writer could finish her thesis.

Last but not least, she must confess that she has done her most to accomplish this thesis but she realized it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive, criticisms, suggestions or comments will be highly appreciated.

Medan, 11 February 2016 The writer

Mariana Natalia Siburian 8126111020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ………..

i

ABSTRAK ………

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………

.

………

.. v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………

.

……... 1

1.1 The Background of the Study ………... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study .………... 5

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ………...…….. 6

1.4 The Scope of the Study ………...……….. 6

1.5The Significance of the Study ………... 7

CHA

PTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………

.

………

... 8

2.1 Theoretical Framework………..………..…..8

2.1.1 Grammatical Intricacy. ……….…………..………...…..8

2.1.2 Clause Complexes..………..……….….11

2.1.3 Embedded and Non Embedded Clauses……..……….…..16

2.1.4 The Relation of Grammatical Intricacy to experiential Metaphor………17

2.1.5 English Novel….………...18

2.1.6 The Nature of Novel….………...……20

2.1.7 Relevant Studies………..23

2.2 Conceptual Framework……….…..….28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODHOLOGY

………30

3.1 Research Design ………..………....30

3.3The Instrument of Data Collection.. ……….31

3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ………..………….31

3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ………..………..………..….32

3.6 The Trustworthiness………...33

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND

DISCUSS

ION………36

4.1 Data Analysis……….…….….………36

4.2 Findings ………..……….…..…..50 4.3 Discussion……….……….……..…………50

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...

…………54

5.1 Conclusions………..………54

5.2 Suggestions………..………54

REFERENCES

………

.

………

.

…

.

……

..55

APPEND

IX 1.………

.

………..

.58

APPEN

DIX 2………

.

………....66

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. It is needed to help people communicate each other. It enables people to exchange knowledge, beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats, commands, thanks, promises, declarations, feelings and many others. English, as one of the languages in the world, is one of the most important languages which should be known by people. It is acknowledged that learning at least one foreign language is a must. English is the most spoken one all around the world. Therefore, English is taught in Indonesia even though its status is as foreign language. In addition, due to its important function, most of the jobs requirement now is being able to communicate in English. Many schools now are applying English as a tool of communication in the classroom. Therefore, it is a must to know English whether in spoken or written form.

Written discourse is more structurally complex and more elaborate than spoken discourse. In other words, sentence in spoken discourse is short and simple, whereas it is longer and more complex in written discourse. Both spoken and written discourses have relation to grammatical intricacy which is the focus of this research.

Halliday argues that spoken discourse is not less organized. He claims that spoken discourse has its own kind of complexity. In spoken, discourses are long and spread out. Spoken discourse can be grammatically intricate as well.

The topic of grammatical intricacy (GI) is quiet interesting and important to be analyzed because it deals with the way people understand a text especially text which consists of many complex clauses. While reading an English text, sometimes people find it so hard to understand its content. Written text deals with grammatical intricacy. Grammatical intricacy refers to how often clause complexes appear in a text in comparison with simple clauses. Grammatical intricacy also refers to the number and depth of clause in a text. The grammatical intricacy in the text influences the way people analyzing a text. Eggins (2004: 255) defines clause complexes as a grammatical and semantic unit formed when two or more clauses are linked together in certain systematic and meaningful way. So it can be said that the existence of intricacy in a text arises when the amount of clause complexes is more than simple clauses.

The difficulties increase especially when the readers want to process complex clauses than simple ones. Complex clause is the reflection of intricacy as defined by transformational grammar (Slobin, 1979: 5).

Related to the simplicity of a novel, it is true that people will find it easier to understand novel with simple clauses than that with complex clauses. Long sentence in a novel can make people who read it get bored and this also can influence reader to stop reading that novel. Although, there is a time when complex clauses should be inserted in a novel in order to investigate an idea more thoroughly, give vivid description, and develop tension. So, novelists have to consider their target readers in order to help them to determine the way they write their novels.

The novels which were analyzed in this thesis come from different time. First is The Color Purple by Alice Walker in 1982 and second is Where She Went by Gayle Forman in 2011. The researcher already had these two novels. When the researcher was reading these two novels at glance, she was eager to know why these novels were written in different type. There are some examples which show that in

novel The Color Purple can be found many simple clauses.

Example of simple clause:

“She cuss at me. I’m big. He took it. I don’t have nothing. She scared. I felt sorry for mama. I don’t bleed no more. He twelve. They scream”

The sentences of She cuss at me, I’m big, and He took it have only one clause

in each sentence. They consist of one subject and one predicate/adjective. These sentences are quite easy to be understood. So, this is the preliminary observation of

novel The Color Purple. It can be assumed that whoever reads this novel, will find it

easier to understand the content of the novel.

There are also some examples which show that in novel Where She Went can

be found many complex clauses. Example of complex clause:

“This morning, after my daily prodding, I glance at the minimalist digital clock on the hotel nightstand. I finish my coffee, get dressed, and make my way down the service elevator and out the side entrance- the guest-relations manager has kindly provided me with special access keys so I can avoid the scenester parade in the lobby. I was supposed to be on the same flight as them until I realized that today was Friday the thirteenth, and I was like no fucking way!”

The sentence I was supposed to be on the same flight as them until I realized that today was Friday the thirteenth, and I was like no fucking way! has four clauses.

This sentence is quite long. This is the preliminary observation of novel Where She

Went. It can be assumed that whoever reads this novel, will find it difficult to understand the content of the novel.

After making a simple preliminary observation, the researcher made an

assumption towards the two novels. The first novel, The Color Purple, consists of

many simple clauses. It was written by Alice Walker. Since this novel tells about the life of Black American, maybe this is the reason of Alice to compose many simple sentences in this novel. Maybe, she wants to represent the way Black American speak and write sentences at that time, in which, most of them were uneducated yet. It is

different with the second novel, Where She Went. Gayle Forman tells about the love

story of the ‘today adult’. So, since she wants to describe the love story which happens today, in this modern era, then the researcher assumes that this is the reason of Gayle made her novel by composing many complex clauses.

This research was done by thinking over some steps; they are observation, questioning, exploring, association, and communication. In observation, the researcher decided to focus on grammatical intricacy of the two novels. The researcher decided to analyze the two novels because the researcher saw different type of writing especially about making clauses in sentences. In questioning, the researcher decided to make three research problems to be solved. The three problems should be solved well in order to get rich answer. In exploring, the researcher decided which sentences belong to simple and complex clauses. In association, the researcher

relates the sentences to the subordinate clause in it. In communication, the researcher knew which novel has low and high level of grammatical intricacy.

Finally, the researcher analyzed the grammatical intricacy of the two novels. Knowing about grammatical intricacy is important to know whether that novel is a good novel to read or not by considering the level of intricacy and the target readers of the novels. It is important to know the grammatical intricacy of a novel in its relation to how a book should be designed and how sentences should be composed. By learning grammatical intricacy, it helps readers to find easy way to comprehend a novel as a whole. Grammatical intricacy leads readers to know clause by clause in novel sentences which helps readers to follow the novel story. Next, the researcher also wants to know the meaning of index grammatical intricacy in the two novels. And the last, the researcher wants to know the importance of analyzing grammatical intricacy.

1.2The Problems of the Study

In accordance with the background of the study, the problems of the study were formulated as follows.

1. How does the Grammatical Intricacy occur in novels The Color Purple and

Where She Went?

2. What can be inferred from the Grammatical Intricacy Index (GII) of the two

novels?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study were described as follows.

1. To investigate the way Grammatical Intricacy occurs in novels The Color

Purple and Where She Went.

2. To know what can be inferred from the Grammatical Intricacy Index (GII) of

the two novels.

3. To know the reason why grammatical intricacy is important to be analyzed.

1.4The Scope of the Study

This study analyzes the text in novels The Color Purple and Where She Went.

This study will only focus on the grammatical intricacy of the text, that is by knowing the type of clauses used in the two novels and the GII (Grammatical Intricacy Index) of the two novels. And according to the purpose of the study, knowing the grammatical intricacy of the two novels, the researcher will only choose some chapters from the two novels randomly, not the whole chapters, because the researcher is not going to know the story of the novels. Some chapters which will be chosen from the two novels are enough to represent the using of clauses in the two novels. Moreover, in qualitative, it is not the case of the amount of samples to be shown, but as long as some samples which have been shown can answer the research problems due to the need of giving rich answers.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and practically. Theoretically, Grammatical Intricacy (GI) refers to the complexity of sentence patterns that are employed in the text. A compound complex sentence is more difficult to understand than simple clauses in its grammatical intricacy. It is hopefully to be a source to help next researcher who wants to investigate the grammatical intricacy. In this research, the index of grammatical intricacy is also discussed along with the meaning of different index of grammatical intricacy of each chapters.

Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for:

1. Novel writers, to consider their simple and common language in novel so

readers can get the message of novel easier.

2. Students of English literature, to learn more about grammatical intricacy in

order to enable them understand a text with the high level of grammatical intricacy.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data in novel The Color Purple and Where She Went so far, the researcher draws the conclusions as follows:

1. The Grammatical Intricacy Index ( GII ) in novel The Color Purple is lower than the grammatical intricacy index ( GII ) in novel Where She Went.

2. In novel Where She Went, chapter 4 has the highest GII and in novel The Color Purple, letter 16 has the lowest GII.

3. Grammatical intricacy is important to define the information contained because the more grammatical intricacy index, the more informative the novel is.

5.2 Suggestions

With reference to the conclusions, suggestions are formed as follows:

1. It is suggested for lecturers teaching English, that this study can be conducted and elaborated more in the class.

2. It is suggested for writers to consider their language and their way in composing sentences in order to make readers understand and enjoy their works.

3. It is suggested for other researchers who want to analyze about grammatical intricacy, to make further research about this.

4. It is suggested for readers to understand about grammatical intricacy to avoid them from misunderstanding of the context of a novel or a book.

References

Achugar, Mariana and Colombi, M. Cecilia. Systemic Functional Lingusitic explorations into the longitudinal study of the advanced capacities. Bell, Bernard W. 1987. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. USA: The

University of Massachusetts Pres

Birch, Eva Lennox. 1994. Black American Women’s Writing. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf

Bracey, Earnest N. 2003. On Racism, Essay on Black Popular Culture, African

American Politics, And The New Black Aesthetics. Lanham, Maryland:

University Press of America.

Bryman, A. 2000. Triangulation. Leicestershire: Loughborough University Press

Borg R Walter & Gall Meredith D. 1988. Educational Research: An Introduction

Fifth Edition. Longman.

Cresswell, John W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. USA: Sage Publication

Cruice, D Allan. 2000. Meaning in Language an Introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press

Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative

Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Duchacek, Ivo D. 1973. Rights and Liberties in the World Today. Constitutional

Promise and Reality. Clio Press.

Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter.

E. Castello. 2008. Text Complexity and Reading Comprehension Tests. Bern: Peter Lang

Freedman, Frances. S. 1970. The Black American Experience. United States: Bantam Books.

Gerot and Wignel. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Gerd Stabler.

Halliday, MAK., and Matthiessen, C. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.). London: Arnold.

Henry Louis Gates, Jr and k.A. Appiah. 1993. Escaping Slavery But Not Its Images- essay on Beloved in Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present Hughes, Langston. 1969. Sselected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Alfred A.

Knoft.

Lauret, Maria. 2000. Modern Novelist-Alice Walker. London: Macmillan Press Levin, Mark R. 2009. Liberty and Tyranny. USA: Threshold Edition.

Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Moeloeng, J. Lexy. Dr. MA. 2000. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdekarya

Mulder, J.W.F. 1994. Written and Spoken Languages as Separate Semiotic Systems. Semiotica.

Presnyakova, Irina. 2011. Systemic Functional Analysis of Elementary School

Language Arts Textbooks. Marshall University

Purdy, Jeddediah. 2003. Being America: Liberty, Commerce, and Violence in an

American World. New York: Random House.

Rahmansyah, Habib. 2012. Grammatical Intricacy and Lexical Density in SMA Student’s textbooks. Medan: State University of Medan

Robert C. Bogdan & Sari Knopp Biklen. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education (2nd ed.). Allyn and Bacon.

Slobin, D.I. 1979. Psycholinguistics. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Soepriatmadji, Liliek. Lexical Density and Gramamtical Intricacy. Universitas Stikubank.

Taverniers, Miriam. 2003. Grammatical Metaphor in SFL: A histography of the

introduction and initial study of the concept. Amsterdam: University of Ghent

Walker, Alice. 1985. The Color Purple. New York: Pocket Books Walker, Alice. 1986. Meridian. New York: Pocket Books

White, Evelyn C. 2004. Alice Walker. A Life. New York : W.W. Norton Winchell, Donna Haisty. 1992. Alice Walker. New York: Twayne

1.3The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study were described as follows.

1. To investigate the way Grammatical Intricacy occurs in novels The Color Purple and Where She Went.

2. To know what can be inferred from the Grammatical Intricacy Index (GII) of the two novels.

3. To know the reason why grammatical intricacy is important to be analyzed.

1.4The Scope of the Study

This study analyzes the text in novels The Color Purple and Where She Went. This study will only focus on the grammatical intricacy of the text, that is by knowing the type of clauses used in the two novels and the GII (Grammatical Intricacy Index) of the two novels. And according to the purpose of the study, knowing the grammatical intricacy of the two novels, the researcher will only choose some chapters from the two novels randomly, not the whole chapters, because the researcher is not going to know the story of the novels. Some chapters which will be chosen from the two novels are enough to represent the using of clauses in the two novels. Moreover, in qualitative, it is not the case of the amount of samples to be shown, but as long as some samples which have been shown can answer the research problems due to the need of giving rich answers.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and practically. Theoretically, Grammatical Intricacy (GI) refers to the complexity of sentence patterns that are employed in the text. A compound complex sentence is more difficult to understand than simple clauses in its grammatical intricacy. It is hopefully to be a source to help next researcher who wants to investigate the grammatical intricacy. In this research, the index of grammatical intricacy is also discussed along with the meaning of different index of grammatical intricacy of each chapters.

Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for:

1. Novel writers, to consider their simple and common language in novel so readers can get the message of novel easier.

2. Students of English literature, to learn more about grammatical intricacy in order to enable them understand a text with the high level of grammatical intricacy.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data in novel The Color Purple and Where She Went so far, the researcher draws the conclusions as follows:

1. The Grammatical Intricacy Index ( GII ) in novel The Color Purple is lower than the grammatical intricacy index ( GII ) in novel Where She Went.

2. In novel Where She Went, chapter 4 has the highest GII and in novel The Color Purple, letter 16 has the lowest GII.

3. Grammatical intricacy is important to define the information contained because the more grammatical intricacy index, the more informative the novel is.

5.2 Suggestions

With reference to the conclusions, suggestions are formed as follows:

1. It is suggested for lecturers teaching English, that this study can be conducted and elaborated more in the class.

2. It is suggested for writers to consider their language and their way in composing sentences in order to make readers understand and enjoy their works.

3. It is suggested for other researchers who want to analyze about grammatical intricacy, to make further research about this.

References

Achugar, Mariana and Colombi, M. Cecilia. Systemic Functional Lingusitic

explorations into the longitudinal study of the advanced capacities.

Bell, Bernard W. 1987. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. USA: The University of Massachusetts Pres

Birch, Eva Lennox. 1994. Black American Women’s Writing. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf

Bracey, Earnest N. 2003. On Racism, Essay on Black Popular Culture, African

American Politics, And The New Black Aesthetics. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

Bryman, A. 2000. Triangulation. Leicestershire: Loughborough University Press Borg R Walter & Gall Meredith D. 1988. Educational Research: An Introduction

Fifth Edition. Longman.

Cresswell, John W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. USA: Sage Publication

Cruice, D Allan. 2000. Meaning in Language an Introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press

Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative

Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Duchacek, Ivo D. 1973. Rights and Liberties in the World Today. Constitutional

Promise and Reality. Clio Press.

Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter.

E. Castello. 2008. Text Complexity and Reading Comprehension Tests. Bern: Peter Lang

Freedman, Frances. S. 1970. The Black American Experience. United States: Bantam Books.

Gerot and Wignel. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Gerd Stabler.

Halliday, MAK., and Matthiessen, C. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar

(3rd ed.). London: Arnold.

Henry Louis Gates, Jr and k.A. Appiah. 1993. Escaping Slavery But Not Its Images-

essay on Beloved in Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present

Hughes, Langston. 1969. Sselected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Alfred A. Knoft.

Lauret, Maria. 2000. Modern Novelist-Alice Walker. London: Macmillan Press Levin, Mark R. 2009. Liberty and Tyranny. USA: Threshold Edition.

Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Moeloeng, J. Lexy. Dr. MA. 2000. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdekarya

Mulder, J.W.F. 1994. Written and Spoken Languages as Separate Semiotic Systems.

Semiotica.

Presnyakova, Irina. 2011. Systemic Functional Analysis of Elementary School

Language Arts Textbooks. Marshall University

Purdy, Jeddediah. 2003. Being America: Liberty, Commerce, and Violence in an

American World. New York: Random House.

Rahmansyah, Habib. 2012. Grammatical Intricacy and Lexical Density in SMA

Student’s textbooks. Medan: State University of Medan

Robert C. Bogdan & Sari Knopp Biklen. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education (2nd ed.). Allyn and Bacon.

Slobin, D.I. 1979. Psycholinguistics. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Soepriatmadji, Liliek. Lexical Density and Gramamtical Intricacy. Universitas Stikubank.

Taverniers, Miriam. 2003. Grammatical Metaphor in SFL: A histography of the

introduction and initial study of the concept. Amsterdam: University of Ghent Walker, Alice. 1985. The Color Purple. New York: Pocket Books

Walker, Alice. 1986. Meridian. New York: Pocket Books

White, Evelyn C. 2004. Alice Walker. A Life. New York : W.W. Norton Winchell, Donna Haisty. 1992. Alice Walker. New York: Twayne